Security Equipment - CCTV

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C4 Risk Management Group Ltd

CCTVUnit Standard 21110


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Electronic Security Equipment

Introduction

This study guide is designed to prepare you for assessment against NZQA Unit

Standard 21110 Demonstrate knowledge of and operate electronic equipment as

a security officer.

This Unit Standard is a compulsory requirement of the National Certificate in

Security Level 3 and 4.

It is knowledge based module and can be achieved by completing the three

distance learning modules mentioned below.

Trainer/Assessor

Your trainer and assessor will issue you this module and give a time frame for it to

be completed by.

If you have any questions at any time you can contact your assessor at any time.

Once you have completed this module your assessor will discuss this it with you

to ensure your knowledge is sufficient to pass assessment.

Recommended Study Technique

1.Browse or read through this workbook to get the general idea of what it isabout.

2.Study each section and complete the Self Assessments at the end of eachsection.

3.Complete the Assessment form at the end of this module and hand theentire workbook to your assessor for marking.

4.The completed workbook will be returned to you for your records.


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Introduction

CCTV stands for Closed Circuit Television. This is a commonly used surveillance

system that uses cameras to enhance the security of sites, buildings and houses.

The basic CCTV system consists of a single video camera

which is connected to a video monitor. More complex

systems consist of multiple cameras, lenses, recording

devices as well as a variety of protective housings.

CCTV systems can activate warning and alarm systems and

video can be sent in real time to your laptop computer or

cell phone.

Purpose of CCTV systems

The purpose of a CCTV system is to deter criminal activity before it happens,

detect it as it happens and provide valuable evidence after it happens. Criminals

tend to avoid offending in areas where they know they will be

observed by a CCTV camera.

However as we well know many criminals hide their identity

when they are in a CCTV monitored area. CCTV systems are

used for identifying that an offence has occurred and

hopefully identifying the offender as well.


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CCTV systems are also used for:

yIdentification of criminal activityyOffender identificationyUnlawful entryySuspicious packagesyVehicle number plate recognitionyFacial recognitionyTraffic monitoringyTransport safetyyPublic disorder in city streetsyVisual (virtual) patrols of areasyRemote monitoringyWorkplace safety & healthyManufacturing production line quality controlyProduct movement checksyPrevent of identify staff theftyTerrorism investigationsyTracking missing children

Some CCTV systems today are equipped with a speaker

and have the added ability for the monitoring station to

talk to a person that they are observing.


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Covert or Overt

When we see a camera mounted on a post or a wall it is called an overt system. A

covert system is one that we cannot see. Private investigators use small covert

pinhole cameras to observe and record suspicious activity.

As we have already seen, overt cameras may prevent someone from stealing.

However often in the case of theft by staff members a covert camera may be of

more benefit to the client who wants to know the identification of the thief.

Types of cameras

Cameras are used in a wide variety of settings including, retail, industrial, Central

Business Districts (CBD), commercial, educational, government, home, event,

investigation, indoor - outdoor, day - night etc. Therefore the types of cameras

available are numerous. They include:

yBlack and whiteoLess expensive cameras, often work better when light level is low

yColouroEasier to watch, provide better identification, more expensive

yFixedoProvide 24/7 coverage of an area such as a gate

yPan Tilt Zoom (or PTZ)oCamera can move and cover a wide variety of areasyLow lightoCameras designed to be efficient in low light areas

yNightoDesigned to operate at times of darkness

yOvert


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oVisible to everyone, provides deterrence factoryCovert

oHidden from view, often used in investigation workyHigh resolution

oHigher resolution camera provide greater detail for identificationpurposes

Other Equipment

Camera mounts

The camera mount is simply the bracket that allows the camera housing to be

attached to a wall or pole.

Protective housing

Cameras often need protection from the environment, insects or tampering &damage by criminals. Protective shields called housing or domes are often placed

around the cameras. Different housings enable cameras protection from theft,

tampering as well as damage from gun fire and the effects of explosives.

Monitors

Monitors are the same as televisions and come in as many types and sizes astelevisions do. They enable a security officer working in a monitoring station to

observe the images or video that the cameras are recording or have recorded if a

recording system has been installed.


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Most CCTV software systems allow a single monitor to show numerous camera

views at the same time.

Lenses

The most important aspect of a camera is the lense. These vary depending on

what the camera is supposed to do.

Recorders

Today all recorders are digital rather than the old tape system. This allows for all

CCTV recordings to be stored in hard drives and utilized with various software

programmes. Recordings can be copied, emailed or enhanced to provide high

quality evidence.

Digital recorders use a system called multiplexing which allows them to record a

number of cameras (up to 16) at the same time.

Keyboard controllers

The keyboard is the interface between camera system and the human operator

that allows them to switch to various cameras as required. A joystick allows the

operator to pan, tilt or zoom into a target area or suspicious person. The

keyboard also allows an operator to manage alarm conditions activated by the

CCTV system

Analogue systems

Analogue systems require a dedicated hard wiring of the camera to the monitor

and recording devices. These are often considered old technology with the

introduction of IP systems.


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IP Cameras

Internet protocol cameras (IP) are a growing part of the CCTV products available

on the market. IP cameras allow the client to view their cameras through any

internet connection. Cell phones with 3G are also able to access these cameras.

Mobile CCTV

Vehicle mounted CCTV units are used by local councils to monitor areas events for

criminal and anti-social behavior. These can include, shopping areas, sports

events, areas of prostitution, drug dealing and graffiti.

Vehicle mounted cameras are becoming more common these days. Many security

vehicles have dashboard or surface mounted cameras installed in their vehicles.

These cameras record and provide evidence of offending as well as providing a

safer environment for the security officer.

Infrared

Where there is insufficient natural light to clearly identify movement or a suspect

the use of infrared technology allows a CCTV system to obtain more detail by the

use of invisible infrared light or infrared illuminators.

Dummy cameras

Fake or dummy cameras have been commonly used on buildings and sites to tryand deter criminal activity. The dummy unit often just comprises the housing

mounted on the side of a building or on a roof. At times there may be a cheap

plastic fake camera placed inside.


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Lighting

CCTZ cameras are often dependant on a good source of light. This is obviously a

critical component of night time security. Both the amount of light and the area

covered by the lights are important to ensure a complete coverage of a site.

Lights or sunlight can also be a problem if they shine or reflect directly into the

camera in the same way that staring into direct sunlight affects our vision.

Maintenance

The maintenance of a CCTV system must be done by a qualified and contracted

CCTV technician. This is normally done on a scheduled time table and recorded ina log book.

Security officers are often able to identify faults with the system and inform the

technician through the client, their own supervisor or their control room. Security

officers should not attempt to remedy technical faults themselves.

However the removal of dust, prevention of damage and regular checks of the

system can be carried out by a security officer.

Tampering with CCTV cameras

Criminals have been known to damage or mask the camera prior to carrying out a

criminal attack on a premise. This can be done by;

yTheft of the camerayDestruction of the cameraySpraying the camera lense or done with paint or acidyCovering the lense with tape, cloth etcyUsing laser pointers to prevent vision


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Criminal use of cameras

Criminals value CCTV systems as much as security industry does. The following

examples indicate how wide their usage is in the criminal world.

In 2006 about $20,000 was skimmed from an Auckland Bank of New Zealand

ATM machine after credit card skimming devices were used along with a pinhole

camera which recorded the ATM users PIN number. BNZ quickly identified the

fraudulent activity and cancelled the credit cards.

Police searching premises used for the manufacture of illegal drugs have found a

number of CCTV systems used to warn the occupants of approaching police. Most

of the components of the CCTV systems have been stolen from commercial or

industrial sites with some having been stolen from city car parks.

Code of Practice, Standards & Legislation

CCTV systems and the installation of these systems are controlled by various legal

requirements such as the;

yNew Zealand Electricity Act 1992,yAustralian & New Zealand Standards 3000yManufacturers Specifications

The use of these systems can also be affected by legislation such as the;

yNew Zealand Privacy Act 1993yNew Zealand Health & Safety in Employment Act 1992

Recommendations are also made in the New Zealand Security Association Code of

Practice (www.security.org.nz)

Security Equipment - CCTV

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