Chapter 9 – Ancient Greece

Section Notes Geography and the Early Greeks Government in Athens Greek Mythology and Literature

Video Democracy and the World

Today

History Close-up Democracy in Action

Images Early Trading Cultures Olympian Gods Aesop

Quick Facts Government in Athens Democracy Then and Now Chapter 9 Visual Summary

Maps Greece: Physical Minoan and Mycenaean

Civilizations Greek City-States and Colonies,

c. 600 BC

Geography and the Early Greeks

The Big Idea

Greece’s geography and its nearness to the sea strongly influenced the development of trade and the growth of

city-states.

Main Ideas

•  Geography helped shape early Greek civilizations.

•  Trading cultures developed in the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations.

•  The Greeks created city-states for protection and security.

•  Mountains cover much of Greece, so contact with other villages was difficult.

•  People created their own governments and ways of life.

•  People settled in the flat areas along the coast and in river valleys.

•  Because travel was so difficult inland, Greeks turned to the seas on all sides.

•  They became skilled shipbuilders and sailors.

Main Idea 1: Geography helped shape early Greek

civilizations.

•  The sea became a source of food as well as a way of trading with other communities.

•  They also exchanged ideas with other cultures.

Main Idea 2: Trading cultures developed in the Minoan

and Mycenaean civilizations.

Minoans •  They spent much of their time

at sea, trading in the Mediterranean.

•  Ships carried goods such as wood, olive oil, and pottery all around the eastern Mediterranean.

•  They became the victims of a huge volcano that erupted north of Crete.

•  They were not considered to be Greek, since they didn’t speak Greek.

Mycenaeans •  They were the first people to be

considered Greek. •  They lived inland and built

fortresses. •  They were more violent in their

trade. •  They took over Crete and became

the major traders in the eastern Mediterranean.

•  They developed colonies in northern Greece and Italy, from which they shipped goods around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

Main Idea 3: The Greeks created city-states for protection

and security.

•  During the Dark Ages, the Greeks started joining together in small groups for protection.

•  These groups set up independent city-states. The Greek word for city-state is polis.

•  The creation of city-states marks the beginning of Greece’s classical age, an age marked by great achievements.

Life in a City-State

•  A city-state was usually built around a strong fortress on top of a high hill called an acropolis.

•  The town around the acropolis was surrounded by walls for protection. People no longer had to fear raiders.

•  Life in the city focused on the marketplace, or agora.

•  The city-state became the foundation for Greek civilization and gave the Greeks an identity.

City-States and Colonization

•  Life in Greece became more settled, and people agreed that the Greeks should establish colonies.

•  Before long, groups from city-states around Greece began setting up colonies in distant lands.

•  They spread all around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

Patterns of Trade

•  Although the colonies were independent, they often traded with city-states on the mainland.

•  Trade made the city-states much richer.

•  Soon the Greeks had become the greatest traders in the whole Aegean region.

Government in Athens

The Big Idea

The people of Athens tried many different forms of government before creating a democracy.

Main Ideas

•  Aristocrats and tyrants ruled early Athens.

•  Athens created the world’s first democracy.

•  Ancient democracy was different than modern democracy.

Main Idea 1: Aristocrats and tyrants

ruled early Athens.

•  Democracy was born in Athens

•  Started out as an oligarchy: only a few rich landowners called aristocrats held power (aristocracy)

–  Plot to overthrow by rebels

–  Draco created harsh laws to rule to prevent overthrow

–  Solon takes over and created a set of laws allowing all free men to be citizens to participate in government.

•  Peisistratus overthrew the oligarchy to become the ruler of Athens

–  Called a tyrant, a leader who held power through the use of force.

–  Tyrants were usually good, not harsh, leaders in ancient Greece.

Main Idea 2: Athens created the world’s

first democracy.

•  500 BC - Cleisthenes came to power –  Established the world’s first democracy

–  Considered the father of democracy

–  All citizens

•  Right to participate in government

•  Right to speak their opinion

•  Encouraged to participate in assemblies

Changes in Athenian Democracy

•  As time passed, citizens got more power, such as serving on juries.

•  Athens reached its height under Pericles, who encouraged people to take pride in their city.

•  He also began to pay people who served in public office or on juries.

The End of Democracy in Athens

•  Athens was conquered by the Macedonians and fell under their influence.

•  The king ruled like a dictator. No one could make decisions without his approval.

•  The assembly still met to make laws, but it had to be careful not to upset the king.

•  Eventually, a new king took over and ended Athenian democracy altogether.

•  Direct Democracy

•  All citizens could participate directly in the government

•  Each vote counted

•  The majority ruled

•  United States is too large for direct democracy to work for the whole country.

•  We have a representative democracy.

Main Idea 3: Ancient Democracy/Modern Democracy.

Athens United States •  Representative

Democracy

•  Also called a republic

•  Citizens elect officials to represent them-Congress

•  Officials make laws

Greek Mythology and Literature

The Big Idea

The ancient Greeks created great myths and works of literature that influence the way we

speak and write today.

Main Ideas

•  The Greeks created myths to explain the world.

•  Ancient Greek literature provides some of the world’s greatest poems and stories.

•  Greek literature lives in and influence our world even today.

Main Idea 1: The Greeks created myths to

explain the world.

•  Instead of scientific explanations, the Greeks used mythology to explain things.

•  Mythology is a body of stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the world works.

•  They believed gods caused things like volcanic eruptions and the changing seasons.

•  To keep the gods happy, they built great temples. The Greeks expected help when they needed it in return.

Heroes in Mythology

•  Many Greek myths told about the adventures of great heroes.

•  Some heroes were real, while others were not.

•  Some of the major heroes were Theseus, Jason, and Hercules.

– Theseus traveled to Crete and killed the minotaur, a half-human, half-bull monster.

– Jason sailed across the seas in search of great treasure.

– Hercules was the most famous her. He fought many monsters and performed nearly impossible tasks.

Main Idea 2: Ancient Greek literature provides some of

the world’s greatest poems and stories.

•  Among the earliest Greek writings are two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer.

•  The Iliad tells the story of the last years of the Trojan War.

•  The Odyssey describes the challenges that Odysseus faced on his way home from the war.

•  These poems were central to the education system and influenced later writing as well.

•  Some poems were set to music.

•  The writers of these poems were called lyric poets, after their instrument, the lyre.

•  The most famous lyric poet was a woman named Sappho.

•  Her poems were beautiful and emotional. They spoke of love and relationships with her friends and family.

Lyric Poetry and Fables

•  Other Greeks told short stories that taught the reader lessons about life or gave advice on how to live. These stories were called fables.

•  Aesop is famous for fables such as “The Tortoise and the Hare” and “The Boy Who Cried Wolf.”

Main Idea 3: Greek literature lives in and influence our

world even today.

•  The most obvious way we see the influence of the Greeks is in our language.

•  Many English words and expressions come from mythology, such as “odyssey” and “titanic.”

•  Greek myths have inspired artists and writers for centuries.

•  Moviemakers have borrowed some of these stories.

•  Mythological references are also common among names of sports teams.

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