Section IV: An Age of ReformsSection IV: An Age of Reforms(Pages 525 - 529)(Pages 525 - 529)

Section IV: An Age of ReformsSection IV: An Age of Reforms(Pages 525 - 529)(Pages 525 - 529)

This section is about:This section is about: The women's rights The women's rights

movement and efforts movement and efforts to achieve labor to achieve labor reforms in the reforms in the nineteenth century.nineteenth century.

The economic theories The economic theories of capitalism, of capitalism, socialism, and socialism, and communism that communism that developed during the developed during the Industrial Revolution.Industrial Revolution.

Look at the Look at the ““Main IdeasMain Ideas”” on page 525 – especially on page 525 – especially C.C.

We should look at the We should look at the three vocabulary words three vocabulary words (on page 525) that are in (on page 525) that are in ““CC ””: capitalism, socialism, : capitalism, socialism, and communism.and communism.

LetLet’’s look at each picture, s look at each picture, too: starting on page too: starting on page 526.526.

WomenWomen’’s Rightss Rights

Just like the Industrial Just like the Industrial Revolution helped Revolution helped promote some social promote some social changes in working changes in working conditions, there were conditions, there were also changes in family also changes in family life and roles of family life and roles of family members.members.

Some of the middle Some of the middle class women who didclass women who didnn ’’t have to devote t have to devote their time to work their time to work began to try and began to try and improve society.improve society.

The Seneca Falls The Seneca Falls ConventionConvention

Lucretia MottLucretia Mott and and Elizabeth Elizabeth Cady StantonCady Stanton opposed opposed slaveryslavery..

Mott had even went to an Mott had even went to an anti-slavery convention in anti-slavery convention in England (she couldnEngland (she couldn’’t speak t speak though – she was a woman).though – she was a woman).

Both were also Both were also interested in interested in womenwomen’’s rightss rights (as a teacher, (as a teacher, Mott only got half what the Mott only got half what the men got).men got).

Women at the time also Women at the time also lacked property rights, the lacked property rights, the right to an equal education, right to an equal education, and the right to vote.and the right to vote.

The two ladies called a womeThe two ladies called a womenn ’’s rights convention in New s rights convention in New York to talk about womenYork to talk about women’’s s suffragesuffrage..

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The right to vote

At the end of the At the end of the convention, 68 women convention, 68 women and 32 men had signed and 32 men had signed the the ““Declaration of Declaration of Sentiments.Sentiments.””

This is where women This is where women began to make some began to make some strides towards equality.strides towards equality.

Elizabeth Blackwell Elizabeth Blackwell became the first female became the first female doctor in the United doctor in the United States.States.

Lucy Stone kept her Lucy Stone kept her maiden name when she maiden name when she got married.got married.

Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony worked worked to get women the right to to get women the right to vote.vote.

The Right to VoteThe Right to Vote None of these ladies lived long enough to None of these ladies lived long enough to

see women get the right to vote (1920).see women get the right to vote (1920). In England it took until 1928.In England it took until 1928. In France, it wasnIn France, it wasn’’t until 1944.t until 1944.

1893 New Zealand 1902 Australia1 1906 Finland 1913 Norway 1915 Denmark 1917 Canada2 1918 Austria, Germany, Poland, Russia 1920 United States 1921 Sweden 1928 Britain, Ireland 1931 Spain 1944 France 1945 Italy 1947 Argentina, Japan, Mexico, Pakistan 1949 China 1950 India 1954 Colombia 1962 Algeria 1963 Iran, Morocco 1964 Libya 1967 Ecuador 1971 Switzerland 1972 Bangladesh 1974 Jordan 1976 Portugal 1993 Kazakhstan, Moldova 1994 South Africa 2005 Kuwait 2006 United Arab Emirates 2011 Saudi Arabia

Changing Roles of WomenChanging Roles of Women Women took leadership in Women took leadership in

other reform areas:other reform areas: One school was opened in One school was opened in

Boston to help teach the blind Boston to help teach the blind (including (including Helen KellerHelen Keller).).

Many women worked in the Many women worked in the temperance movement.temperance movement.

Dorothea DixDorothea Dix worked to worked to improve treatment for improve treatment for mentally ill people (they used mentally ill people (they used to just be put in prison).to just be put in prison).

Many women worked to get Many women worked to get better conditions and better conditions and treatment for prisons.treatment for prisons.

You already know about You already know about Florence Nightingale and the Florence Nightingale and the work women nurses did. In work women nurses did. In the U.S., Clara Barton founded the U.S., Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross and the American Red Cross and became known as became known as ““the angel the angel of the battlefield.of the battlefield.””

The Rights of WorkersThe Rights of Workers

Child labor, long hours, and Child labor, long hours, and low wages were common low wages were common conditions in factories during conditions in factories during the I.R.the I.R.

People were often hurt and People were often hurt and killed in machinery killed in machinery accidents.accidents.

The factories had poor The factories had poor lighting, loud noise, and lighting, loud noise, and harsh conditions.harsh conditions.

12 hours a day, 6 days a 12 hours a day, 6 days a week.week.

Complain? Get fired.Complain? Get fired.

The The Union Union

MovementMovement One of the most important One of the most important

movements was when labor movements was when labor unions were groups that unions were groups that formed to protect the formed to protect the welfare, interests, and welfare, interests, and rights of itrights of it’’s members.s members.

One of the early labor One of the early labor leaders was Samuel leaders was Samuel Gompers (AFL). He started Gompers (AFL). He started the idea of the idea of collective collective bargainingbargaining and said and said workers had the right to workers had the right to strike or refuse to work if strike or refuse to work if negotiations broke down.negotiations broke down.

………………………………………………When someone represents the whole group of workers and their needs

Back then and even Back then and even today again, many today again, many people opposed labor people opposed labor unions.unions.

Some people say they Some people say they have too much power have too much power and control.and control.

But what they did do was But what they did do was help get higher wages, help get higher wages, child labor laws, and child labor laws, and workers pay for injuries.workers pay for injuries.

EnglandEngland’’s labor unions s labor unions are a little different – are a little different – theythey’’re a lot more re a lot more involved in politics than involved in politics than Gompers was.Gompers was.

Today, union arguements Today, union arguements and politics completely and politics completely go together.go together.

The Progressives in the United The Progressives in the United StatesStates

In the early 1900In the early 1900’’s, a s, a group called group called the the Progressive MovementProgressive Movement focused on the need for focused on the need for improvement in many improvement in many issues.issues.

Some of the Some of the progressives were progressives were called called ““muckrakers.muckrakers.””

They They used newspapers, used newspapers, magazines, and books magazines, and books to expose their to expose their concernsconcerns. .

………………………………. .

Wanted social and economic reforms in the early 1900’s

One reform they (writer One reform they (writer Ida Ida TarbellTarbell) wanted was to ) wanted was to limit the power of John limit the power of John Rockefeller and Standard Rockefeller and Standard Oil and how they nay have Oil and how they nay have become wealthy and become wealthy and powerful through corrupt powerful through corrupt methods.methods.

Another was Another was Upton Upton SinclairSinclair’’ss book book ““The JungleThe Jungle”” about the food and meat about the food and meat packing industry.packing industry.

Not all Progressives were Not all Progressives were muckrakersmuckrakers..

Jacob RiisJacob Riis published a book published a book of photos (of photos (““How the Other How the Other half Liveshalf Lives””) about the poor ) about the poor tenements of the day – tenements of the day – and child labor………..and child labor………..

Progressives and PoliticsProgressives and Politics

Progressives tried to get city Progressives tried to get city and state governments to be and state governments to be more aware of the people.more aware of the people.

In 1913, they worked to In 1913, they worked to make a change. State make a change. State senators are now elected by senators are now elected by the people and not by their the people and not by their state legislatures.state legislatures.

Another thing they attacked: Another thing they attacked: large corporations, large corporations, monopolies, and trusts. monopolies, and trusts.

President T. Roosevelt was President T. Roosevelt was on the side of the on the side of the Progressives and he Progressives and he ““broke broke upup”” many of the big many of the big corporations (he was corporations (he was ““the the Trust BusterTrust Buster””).).

Economic Systems / Economic Systems / CapitalismCapitalism

Review: capitalism: system Review: capitalism: system where money and the means where money and the means of production are privately of production are privately owned.owned.

Owners invest their own Owners invest their own money (or capital) and try money (or capital) and try and make a profit on their and make a profit on their investment.investment.

In exchange for the risk they In exchange for the risk they take, they get to keep the take, they get to keep the profits (after taxes).profits (after taxes).

The hope is that theyThe hope is that they’’ll put ll put their profits back in the their profits back in the business.business.

Adam Smith argued that Adam Smith argued that capitalism was good.capitalism was good.

Many Americans like the idea Many Americans like the idea that hard work, that hard work, independence, competition, independence, competition, inventiveness and risk inventiveness and risk taking can pay off.taking can pay off.

Other Economic SystemsOther Economic Systems

During the I.R., some other During the I.R., some other ideas arose: socialism and ideas arose: socialism and communism.communism.

In In socialismsocialism, the means of , the means of production are owned production are owned collectively, or by the collectively, or by the government.government.

All economic decisions are All economic decisions are based on whatbased on what’’s best for s best for the common good – for the the common good – for the sake of social harmony and sake of social harmony and distribution of income. distribution of income. They say capitalism makes They say capitalism makes people selfish and too people selfish and too powerful.powerful.

……………………………………....

Three men (Francois Noel Three men (Francois Noel Babeuf and Charles Fourier from Babeuf and Charles Fourier from France and Robert Owen from France and Robert Owen from Great Britain) set up Great Britain) set up communities to try and achieve communities to try and achieve the ideas of socialism.the ideas of socialism.

They raised wages, built They raised wages, built schools, cut working hours, built schools, cut working hours, built company stores, and company company stores, and company housing.housing.

Most place they tried only lasted Most place they tried only lasted a couple of years.a couple of years.

Socialism is very similar to Socialism is very similar to communism,communism, where production where production of goods and services are of goods and services are controlled by the government controlled by the government and property is owned equally and property is owned equally by everybody.by everybody.

Communism though (Karl Marx) Communism though (Karl Marx) says violent revolutions are says violent revolutions are needed to overthrow capitalism.needed to overthrow capitalism.

Marx hoped that eventually Marx hoped that eventually there would be no need for there would be no need for government and all people government and all people would be equal.would be equal.