Section II: From Republic to Section II: From Republic to EmpireEmpire

(Pages 132 - 137)(Pages 132 - 137)

Section II: From Republic to Section II: From Republic to EmpireEmpire

(Pages 132 - 137)(Pages 132 - 137) This section is about:This section is about: How conflicts between How conflicts between

military leaders and military leaders and political parties led to political parties led to war in Rome.war in Rome.

How OctavianHow Octavian’’s s leadership led to the leadership led to the building of the Roman building of the Roman Empire and many years Empire and many years of peace.of peace.

The 200 years Rome The 200 years Rome enjoyed peace, enjoyed peace, expansion, and expansion, and prosperity.prosperity.

Start by reading the Start by reading the ““Main Main IdeasIdeas”” on page 132. on page 132.

We won’t look at most of it in class, but look at pages 136 and 137 (especially “Life of a Roman Soldier”).

There started to be some There started to be some problems in the Republic of problems in the Republic of Rome.Rome.

Two tribunes (brothers) Two tribunes (brothers) tried to change some laws tried to change some laws (to help the poor), but the (to help the poor), but the nobles wouldnnobles wouldn’’t agree to the t agree to the changes.changes.

One brother was murdered One brother was murdered and the other died in a riot.and the other died in a riot.

Eventually, civil war came Eventually, civil war came to Rome.to Rome.

Major Changes for RomeMajor Changes for Rome The Roman Army started The Roman Army started

getting strong.getting strong. Marius was elected Marius was elected

Consul (and was also a Consul (and was also a great military leader).great military leader).

He was elected over and He was elected over and over again - even though over again - even though he should have had to he should have had to wait 10 years in wait 10 years in between.between.

One of his big changes One of his big changes was with his was with his legionslegions – – who he gave many who he gave many rewards to.rewards to.

They ended up being They ended up being more loyal to his than more loyal to his than they were to Rome.they were to Rome.

A group of 5000 soldiers

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar formed a group (with Pompey and Crassus)formed a group (with Pompey and Crassus)

This This ““TriumvirateTriumvirate”” was going to try was going to try and control the and control the government. government.

Crassus was killed Crassus was killed though – so then though – so then Julius Caesar and Julius Caesar and Pompey got into a Pompey got into a struggle for struggle for power.power.

Group of three people who share powers

Caesar took his army and went Caesar took his army and went to conquer Gaul (France today)to conquer Gaul (France today)

While he was gone, Pompey While he was gone, Pompey ordered him to disband his ordered him to disband his army and come home. army and come home. Caesar refused – he knew Caesar refused – he knew hehe’’d have no power without d have no power without his army.his army.

He eventually came back to He eventually came back to Italy – Pompey and his Italy – Pompey and his supporters went to Greece – supporters went to Greece – where Caesar’s army found where Caesar’s army found them and defeated them.them and defeated them.

The Roman senate was so The Roman senate was so happy with Julius Caesar, happy with Julius Caesar, they voted him they voted him ““dictator for dictator for life.life.””

Julius Caesar’s life: time line

As dictator, As dictator, Julius CaesarJulius Caesar did many important thingsdid many important things

He improved RomanHe improved Roman’’s s lives.lives.

Created new jobsCreated new jobs Gave more people Gave more people

citizenshipcitizenship Gave public land to the Gave public land to the

poor.poor. Re-organized RomeRe-organized Rome’’s s

territories.territories. Made a new calendar – we Made a new calendar – we

call it the Julian Calendar.call it the Julian Calendar. We even have a month We even have a month

called July.called July.

But everything wasnBut everything wasn ’’t t perfectperfect

Many senators were Many senators were worried about Caesarworried about Caesar’’s s ambition – and that he ambition – and that he was becoming too was becoming too powerful.powerful.

On March 15On March 15thth, 44 BC, , 44 BC, two of Caesar's two of Caesar's friends, Brutus and friends, Brutus and Cassius assassinated Cassius assassinated him.him.

This date is known as This date is known as ““the Ides of March.the Ides of March.””The Life of Julius Caesar

Horrible Histories: The Assassination of Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar had a grandnephew – Julius Caesar had a grandnephew – Octavian (18 when Caesar was Octavian (18 when Caesar was

assassinated)assassinated) Octavian and Marc Octavian and Marc

Antony (Roman Antony (Roman general) defeated general) defeated Brutus and Cassius in Brutus and Cassius in a battle in Greece.a battle in Greece.

But then, Octavian But then, Octavian and Marc Anthony get and Marc Anthony get in a struggle for power in a struggle for power and they fought.and they fought.

Octavian eventually Octavian eventually defeated Marc Antony defeated Marc Antony (and his (and his ““friendfriend”” Cleopatra of Egypt).Cleopatra of Egypt).

OctavianOctavian knew it would be a knew it would be a bad idea to call himself bad idea to call himself ““kingking””

He called himself He called himself ““princepprincepss”” – which means – which means ““first first citizen.citizen.””

He kept the senate (but he He kept the senate (but he controlled it) and in controlled it) and in exchange, they called him exchange, they called him AugustusAugustus (which means (which means ““reveredrevered””).).

His reign brought peace His reign brought peace and stability to Rome.and stability to Rome.

This time is even called the This time is even called the Pax RomanaPax Romana (Roman (Roman Peace)Peace)

The Augustan Age is a The Augustan Age is a golden age golden age of Ancient of Ancient RomeRome

Made the tax system Made the tax system more fair (set up a more fair (set up a census).census).

Built many new roads Built many new roads (and kept them safe).(and kept them safe).

Chased pirates off the Chased pirates off the seas.seas.

More trade – even to More trade – even to India and China.India and China.

More building and More building and town planning.town planning.

More impressive art, More impressive art, poetry, literature.poetry, literature.

Luke 2:1: In those days, Caesar Augustus made a law. It required that a list be made

of everyone in the whole Roman world…

Augustus did have trouble Augustus did have trouble finding someone who could finding someone who could

succeed him.succeed him. When Augustus died in 14 AD, his When Augustus died in 14 AD, his

stepson succeeded him.stepson succeeded him. TiberiusTiberius had a bad personality and had a bad personality and

was unpopular.was unpopular. His successor – His successor – CaligulaCaligula was was

assassinated after 4 years.assassinated after 4 years. Both were cruel and brutal leaders.Both were cruel and brutal leaders. Next: Next: ClaudiusClaudius – conquered what is – conquered what is

now England.now England. Then, Then, NeroNero – who was blamed for a – who was blamed for a

fire that destroyed much of Rome.fire that destroyed much of Rome. Eventually Eventually TitusTitus – who was fairly – who was fairly

popular (and built the colosseum – popular (and built the colosseum – the largest arena in the world and the largest arena in the world and the center of social life in Rome).the center of social life in Rome).

From 100 to 200 (AD) Rome From 100 to 200 (AD) Rome had had ““Five Good EmperorsFive Good Emperors””

Below describes this time period (from: Below describes this time period (from: ““The History of the The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman EmpireDecline and Fall of the Roman Empire””):):

““Their united reigns are possibly the only period in history in Their united reigns are possibly the only period in history in which the happiness of a great people was the sole object which the happiness of a great people was the sole object of governmentof government””

(Page 135 in our books)

Horrible Histories: Decimation