Section 3 Workbook (units 7, 8 & 9)

Name: _______________

Nervous System: C11. Analyze the transmission of nerve impulses

1. Identify the 3 main parts of the neuron (dendrite, cell body, axon).

2. Complete the table.

Name of

Structure

Function

dendrite

cell body

axon

3. Identify the 3 types of neurons as well as X & Y in the diagram.

X

Y

4. Differentiate among sensory, motor, and interneuron by completing the table.

Name of

Neuron

Diagram Location

Function

Motor

neuron

Draw a motor neuron

5. Identify the parts of the reflex arc in the diagram and explain what a reflex is.

6. What is a dorsal-root ganglion?

7. Relate the structure of a myelinated nerve fibre to the speed of impulse conduction, with reference to

myelin sheath, Schwann cell, node of Ranvier, and saltatory transmission / conduction.

Action Potential 8. Explain the transmission of a nerve impulse through a neuron, using the following terms:

resting and action potential depolarization and repolarization axoplasm refractory period

sodium-potassium

pump

sodium and potassium gates polarity

9. What is the sodium-potassium pump? In what phase of the action potential is it active?

10. What is diffusion?

11. What is an oscilloscope?

12. What is an action potential?

13. What are sodium gates? When do the sodium gates open?

14. What are potassium gates? When do the potassium gates open?

15. Nerve impulse – Action potential

Range of mV Charge

inside the

neuron

Charge

outside the

neuron

Describe Na+ and K

+ concentrations

or movement

Resting

potential

Depolarization

Repolarization

Refractory

period

16. On the following nerve impulse label:

a) Threshold b) Resting potential c) Depolarization d) Repolarization e) Action potential

f) Refractory period g) When sodium ions move inside h) When potassium ions move outside i) When Na+/K+ pump in action

17. During the refractory period, why are the sodium and potassium gates unable to open for a brief

amount of time?

18. Put the following statements in proper order.

______ Membrane is depolarized

______ Potassium gates open

______ Sodium-potassium pump restores resting potential

______ Sodium is inside neuron, potassium is outside

______ Sodium is outside neuron, potassium is inside

______ Sodium gates open

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19. Explain what is happening in the following diagrams

Explanation:

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Synaptic Transmission: 20. What is a synapse?

21. Explain the concepts of threshold, ‘all or none’ response, inhibitory and excitatory

neurotransmitters, and summation as they relate to synaptic transmission.

22. Label these major components of a synapse: presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane,

synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicle, axon bulb, neurotransmitter, calcium ions and contractile proteins

23. What is a neurotransmitter?

24. Number the following events for synaptic transmission in the correct order

____ An action potential is stimulated at the postsynaptic membrane and impulse travels down dendrite

____ An enzyme cleaves the neurotransmitter substance and clears out the synaptic cleft

____ Impulse reaches synapse from the axon

____ Impulse stimulates synaptic vesicles to move to presynaptic membrane

____ Neurotransmitter substance diffuses across the cleft

____ Neurotransmitter substance fits into receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane

____ Synaptic vesicles dump neurotransmitter substance into synaptic cleft

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25. What is exocytosis? Where does it occur in synaptic transmission?

26. A) Name the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

B) Name the enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine/noradrenalin

27. If the neurotransmitter is not broken down by an enzyme, what happens to it?

28. Why is a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft for only a short period of time?

29. Why would the axon bulb have mitochondria?

30. How does the design of a synapse ensure nerve impulses travel in one direction?

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10

Autonomic Nervous System

Body Function

Sympathetic NS

Parasympathetic NS

heart rate

C12. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the divisions of the nervous system

31. What are the two main divisions of the nervous system and describe their function(s)?

32. What are the two main parts of the central nervous system?

33. What is the job of the central nervous system?

34. What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

35. Complete the chart to compare the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the

autonomic nervous system.

breathing rate

pupil size

digestion

neurotransmitter

overall response

“fight or flight”

relaxed state

36. What is the source gland for adrenalin? Explain its role in the “fight or flight” response.

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The Brain 37. What are ventricles?

38. What is the function of the midbrain?

39. Complete the table and identify the parts on the diagram.

Parts of the Brain

Structure Function

medulla oblongata cerebrum

thalamus cerebellum hypothalamus anterior pituitary

gland

posterior pituitary

gland

corpus callosum meninges

40. Label:

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41. Explain how the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland interact as the neuroendocrine control centre.

42. Label the lobes of the cerebral cortex

Urinary System C13. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the urinary system.

42. Draw lines to identify the following structures on the diagram and complete the table.

Urinary System

Structure

Function

Kidney

ureter

urethra

urinary bladder

Adrenal Gland

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43. Explain the urinary reflex (urination and the nervous system)

44. Urinary tract infections:

a) Define:

b) Symptoms

c) Where do urinary tract infections occur?

d) Causes of these infections?

e) Treatment?

f) Tips to prevent infection are:

45. Label the structures on the diagram and complete the table.

The Kidney

Structure

Function

renal cortex

renal medulla

renal pelvis

Renal artery and

Vein

ureter

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The Nephron

Structure Function

glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

afferent arteriole

efferent arteriole

peritubular capillary network

proximal convoluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

loop of Henle

Renal Cortex

Renal Medulla

46. Complete the table and label these structures on the diagram of the nephron.

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47. Label the following diagram where indicated. Shade in the nephron & colour the

blood vessels.

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48. List the pathway of a red blood cell from the aorta to the inferior vena cava through the nephron.

49. Describe how these processes contribute to the formation of urine.

a) pressure filtration

b) selective reabsorption

c) tubular excretion

d) Describe the reabsorption of water in the nephron.

50. Describe the components of urine.

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51. In each box, names the process that occurs to produce urine and label all the indicated structures

52. Describe how the kidneys maintain blood pH.

53. Compare urea and glucose content of blood in the renal artery with that of the renal vein and

explain the differences.

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54. Identify the source gland(s) for antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

55. Describe how the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, ADH, and the nephron

achieve homeostasis of water levels in the blood.

Male Reproductive System:

C14. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the male reproductive system.

56. Complete the table and label these structures on the diagram of the male reproductive system.

The Male Reproductive System

Structure Function

testes

seminiferous tubules

interstitial cells

scrotum

epididymis

Vas deferens

prostate gland

Cowper’s glands

seminal vesicles

penis

urethra

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57. Label the structures in the diagram.

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58. Label the parts of the testis.

59. Where do sperm mature and get the ability to swim? _____________________________________

60. Where does spermatogenesis occur?

________________________________________________

61. Describe the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethral

opening.

62. List the components of seminal fluid and describe the functions of each component.

63. Complete the table and label these structures on the diagram of a sperm cell.

A Sperm Cell

Structure Function

flagellum

midpiece

head

acrosome

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64. Complete the following table in reference to the MALE reproductive system.

LH FSH Testosterone

Where is the

hormone produced?

What is the function

of the hormone?

How is the hormone

controlled?

65. Describe the homeostatic regulation of testosterone levels by the hypothalamus, anterior

pituitary gland, and testes.

Female Reproductive System

C15. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the female reproductive

system.

66. Label.

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The Female Reproductive System

Structure Function

ovaries

oviducts

uterus

endometrium

cervix

vagina

follicles

corpus luteum

67. Complete the table.

68. Describe the functions of estrogen.

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69. What is ovulation?

70. Where are cilia found in the female reproductive system and what is their function?

71. Complete the following diagram:

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Use the following diagram to assist you in answering the next 3 questions.

72. Describe the sequence of events in the ovarian cycle, with reference to the follicular phase (days 1-

13), ovulation (day 14), and the luteal phase (days 15-28) including the hormones involved.

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73. Describe the sequence of events in the uterine cycle, with reference to menstruation (days 1-

5), the proliferative phase (days 6-13), and the secretory phase (days 15-28) including the

hormones involved.

74. Describe the control of the ovarian and uterine cycles by hormones including

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing

hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone.

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75. Describe the hormonal changes that occur as a result of implantation, including production of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to maintain the corpus luteum increased production of progesterone by the corpus luteum.

76. Describe a positive feedback mechanism involving oxytocin.

77. Label the following:

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78. Label:

79. What do birth control pills do?

80. What is menopause?

END