Sea Buckthorn Poster
1
Background Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a plant native to Asia and China. The berries are small, orange, and very bitter due to the high acid content. The plant grows best in sandy soil, cold climates, and altitudes of 1200- 1400meters. (Dharmananda, 2004) Traditionally used in Tibetan, Mongolian, Chinese, and Middle Asian cultures, Sea buckthorn has been the common remedy for relieving coughs, aiding in digestion, increasing blood circulation, and alleviating pain since ancient times. The berries and seed oil contain flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C, and unsaturated fatty acids (Guliyeau et al., 2004). Although used widely in China and Russia for its myriad of properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumoral, hepato-protective, skin protective, and wound healing qualities, it has only recently gained notice within the United States. Composition of fruit Per 100 grams of berries Camille McGoven Concordia College Moorhead, MN Literature cited Cardiovascular Disease •A juice mixture containing vitamin A, alpha tocopherol, beta-carotene, and flavonoids from Sea buckthorn was given to participants to determine relation to risk factors for coronary artery disease. It appears that a slight increase in HDL cholesterol was evident, as well as a potential reduction in susceptibility of LDL to oxidation (Eccleston et al., 2002). •Sea buckthorn berries were analyzed to determine effects on infections and inflammation in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Sea buckthorn berries may play a role in reducing levels of C-reactive protein, an indicator of inflammation and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Larmo et al., 2008). • A study was done to determine the effect of Sea buckthorn’s pulp and oil on risk factors of cardiovascular disease, such as levels of plasma lipids and glucose, and platelet aggregation. The researchers found that both rate of platelet aggregation and total amount of platelet aggregation was reduced in the participants receiving the Sea buckthorn pulp and oil extract. This indicates the possibility that Sea buckthorn could aid those who have increased blood clotting problems(Johansson et al., 2000). Atopic Dermatitis •A placebo-controlled, double-blind study was conducted on the effects of seeds and pulp oils of sea buckthorn on patients with atopic dermatitis. Participants orally consumed 500 mg of Sea buckthorn oil in gel caplets ten times per day. Researchers found that the alpha-linolenic acid in Sea buckthorn oil seems to have a beneficial effect on the atopic dermatitis (Baoru et al., 1999). Wound Healing •The safety of oral intake and value of Sea buckthorn seed oil on full- thickness burn wounds on rats was researched. In this study, the results suggest that the Sea buckthorn seed oil contains wound healing properties and has no toxic effects. The animals showed improvement through reduced or no edema when healing and an increase in the level of hydrozyproline (a marker of collagen content) which shows that the tissues are becoming stronger and can regenerate (Upadhyay et al., 2008). Food Preservation •A study was conducted on the anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial properties of Sea buckthorn seeds. The seeds showed anti-bacterial properties in relation to specific food-borne pathogens including Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus coagulans, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Bacillus subtilis. The growth of the pathogens decreased, showing how Sea buckthorn could be used as a natural food preservative (Negi et al., 2005). Safety and adaptogenic activity •Research on rats indicates that heavy metal toxicity is not a concern with oral intake of Sea buckthorn. Also, this study shows that Sea buckthorn has a high level of adaptogenic activity, which means the fruit contains antioxidants and the plant may increase the body's resistance to stress, trauma, anxiety, and fatigue (Saggu et al., 2006). Sea buckthorn: A powerhouse for prevention Fatty acid content of Sea buckthorn oils [From Seed, Pulp Oil, Fruit Residue Oil] Benefits Vitamin C (RDA is 75mg for females and 90mg for males) 200-1,500 mg (typical amount: 600 mg) Vitamin E (mixed tocopherols) (RDA 15mg) Up to 180 mg Folic Acid (RDA 2.4mcg) Up to 80 mcg Carotenoids, including beta carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthine 30-40 mg Fatty acids (oils); unsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid, and linolenic acid 6-11% (3-5% in fruit pulp, 8-18% in seed) Flavonoids 100-1,000 mg •Can be taken orally through juice blends, oil caplets, or as whole berries •Berries are used for juice blends, seeds are used in oil caplets •Serving size of fruit is 50-100g of berries •Oil caplets contain 1500-3000mg of oil •Sea buckthorn berry is the part of the plant most often used due to high levels of vitamin C, vitamin E, flavonoids, and carotenoids •Unpleasant whey-like flavor that is similar to that of over-ripe or old fruit; thought to be caused by flavor precursors from the saturated and the unsaturated fatty acids as well as the carboxylic acids •Flavor can be modified by incubating Sea buckthorn product with cut pieces of raw, intact, healthy acid rich fruits such as apples, bananas, and pears •Process allows enzymes in the acid rich fruits to degrade the flavor precursors within the Sea buckthorn (Beveridge,T. et al., 1999) •Leaves can be used within teas Sea buckthorn products Type Seed Oil Pulp Oil Fruit Residue Oil Unsaturated fatty acids 87% 67% 70% Saturated fatty acids 13% 33% 30% •Antioxidants- Vitamin C and vitamin E, and carotenoids -Antioxidants can protect the body from the effect of free radicals, which are molecules that are produced when the body breaks down food or are formed from tobacco, smoke, or radiation. •Free radicals can cause cell damage, and may play a role in cardiovascular disease and cancer (Medline Plus, 2009). •Flavonoids- Group of antioxidants; may possibly increase ability of antioxidative enzymes, inhibit platelet aggregation, improve blood circulation, reduce inflammation, and inhibit the growth and speeding up of apoptosis of cancer cells. -Amount of flavonoids varies depending on location, subspecies, and the harvesting dates (Yang, B. et al., 2009). Processing •Three main products produced: seed oil, yellow pigment, and juice •Berries are harvested in the fall and cleaned and juice is extracted by pressing the berry -Juice has high amount of suspended solids; pulp oil is within solids •Oil is removed, remaining juice mixture is called “mixed juice” •Mixed juice separates into three layers including the surface layer, the clear middle portion, and the sinking sediment. •Pulp removed through filtration or centrifugation (Beveridge et al., 1999). Beveridge, T., Li, T.C., Oomah, D. & Smith, A. (1999) Sea buckthorn products: manufacture and composition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47, 3480-3488. Dharmananda, S. (2004) Sea buckthorn. Institute for Traditional Medicine. Retrieved November 23, 2009 http://www.itmonline.org/art/seabuckthorn.htm Eccleston, C., Yang, B., Tahvonen, R., Kallio, H., Rimbach, G.H. & Minihane, A.M. (2002) Effects of an antioxidant-rich juice (Sea buckthorn) on risk factors for coronary heart disease in humans.The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 13(6)346-354. Guliyeu, V.B., Gul, M., Yildirim, A. (2004) Hippophae rhamnoides L.: Chromatographic methods to determine chemical composition, use in traditional medicine and pharmacological effects. Journal of Chromatography B., 812(1-2)291-307. Johansson, A.K., Korte, H., Yang, B., Stanley, J.C. & Kallio, H.P. (2000) Sea buckthorn berry oil inhibits platelet aggregation. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 11(10)491-495. Larmo, P., Alin, J., Salminen, E., Kallio, H. & Tahvonen R. (2008) Effects of sea buckthorn berries on infections and inflammation: a double- blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 9, 1223-1130. Medline Plus. (2009) Antioxidants. Retrieved November 29, 2009 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html Negi, P.S., Chauhan, A.S., Sadia, G.A., Rohinishree, Y.S. & Ramteke, R.S. (2005) Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of various sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed extracts. Food Chemistry, 92, 119-124. Saggu, S., Divikar, H.M., Sawhney, R.C., Gupta, V., Banerjee, P.K. & Kumar, R. (2006) Adaptogenic and toxicity evaluation of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) leaf extract: A dose dependent study.Toxology Letters, 164(1)S196. Upadhyay, N.K., Kumar, R., Mandotra, S.K., Meena, R.N., Siddiqui, M.S., Sawhney, R.C. et al.(2009) Safety and healing efficacy of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil on burn wounds in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(6)1146-1153. Yang, B., Kalimo, K.O., Mattila, L.M., Kallio, S.K., Katajisto, J.K., Peltola, O.J., Kallio, H.P. (1999)Effects of dietary supplementation with Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) seed and pulp oils on atopic dermatitis. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 10 (11)622- 630. Yang, B., Halttunen, T., Raimo, O., Price, K. & Kallio H. (2008) Flavonol glycosides in wild and cultivated berries of three major subspecies of Hippophae rhamnoides and changes during harvesting period. Food Chemistry, 115(2)657-664. •Foods- juices, jellies, honeys •Oils •Skin care products- lotions, soaps, lip balms, moisturizers (Dharmananda, 2004) (Dharmananda, 2004) http://www.pitchengine.com/brands/sibubeauty/images/19954/SibuBeautySyst em.jpg http://mont-echo.com/site_flash/skin_products.html http://www.wikimedia.org (Dharmananada, 2004) / •Sea buckthorn has been extensively researched and utilized in China; however, there is only a small body of research thus far in the United States. •Current research indicates Sea buckthorn may play a preventative role in cardiovascular disease, may help with atopic dermatitis symptoms, wound healing, and could possibly be used as a natural food preservative. •Sea buckthorn contains a large amount of antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids. •The seeds are good source of unsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3 fatty acids. http://www.wikimedia.org Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids- Essential component of cell membranes; affect functions including enzymes, ion channels, and receptors. -Help regulate immune reaction and inflammation (Yang, et al., 1999). Conclusion Description and Usage Recommendations
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Transcript of Sea Buckthorn Poster
Background Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a plant native to Asia and China. The berries are small, orange, and very bitter due to the high acid content. The plant grows best in sandy soil, cold climates, and altitudes of 1200-1400meters. (Dharmananda, 2004) Traditionally used in Tibetan, Mongolian, Chinese, and Middle Asian cultures, Sea buckthorn has been the common remedy for relieving coughs, aiding in digestion, increasing blood circulation, and alleviating pain since ancient times. The berries and seed oil contain flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C, and unsaturated fatty acids (Guliyeau et al., 2004). Although used widely in China and Russia for its myriad of properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumoral, hepato-protective, skin protective, and wound healing qualities, it has only recently gained notice within the United States.
Composition of fruit Per 100 grams of berries
Camille McGoven
Concordia College Moorhead, MN
Literature cited
Cardiovascular Disease •A juice mixture containing vitamin A, alpha tocopherol, beta-carotene, and flavonoids from Sea buckthorn was given to participants to determine relation to risk factors for coronary artery disease. It appears that a slight increase in HDL cholesterol was evident, as well as a potential reduction in susceptibility of LDL to oxidation (Eccleston et al., 2002).
•Sea buckthorn berries were analyzed to determine effects on infections and inflammation in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Sea buckthorn berries may play a role in reducing levels of C-reactive protein, an indicator of inflammation and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Larmo et al., 2008).
• A study was done to determine the effect of Sea buckthorn’s pulp and oil on risk factors of cardiovascular disease, such as levels of plasma lipids and glucose, and platelet aggregation. The researchers found that both rate of platelet aggregation and total amount of platelet aggregation was reduced in the participants receiving the Sea buckthorn pulp and oil extract. This indicates the possibility that Sea buckthorn could aid those who have increased blood clotting problems(Johansson et al., 2000).
Atopic Dermatitis •A placebo-controlled, double-blind study was conducted on the effects of seeds and pulp oils of sea buckthorn on patients with atopic dermatitis. Participants orally consumed 500 mg of Sea buckthorn oil in gel caplets ten times per day. Researchers found that the alpha-linolenic acid in Sea buckthorn oil seems to have a beneficial effect on the atopic dermatitis (Baoru et al., 1999).
Wound Healing •The safety of oral intake and value of Sea buckthorn seed oil on full-thickness burn wounds on rats was researched. In this study, the results suggest that the Sea buckthorn seed oil contains wound healing properties and has no toxic effects. The animals showed improvement through reduced or no edema when healing and an increase in the level of hydrozyproline (a marker of collagen content) which shows that the tissues are becoming stronger and can regenerate (Upadhyay et al., 2008).
Food Preservation •A study was conducted on the anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial properties of Sea buckthorn seeds. The seeds showed anti-bacterial properties in relation to specific food-borne pathogens including Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus coagulans, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Bacillus subtilis. The growth of the pathogens decreased, showing how Sea buckthorn could be used as a natural food preservative (Negi et al., 2005).
Safety and adaptogenic activity •Research on rats indicates that heavy metal toxicity is not a concern with oral intake of Sea buckthorn. Also, this study shows that Sea buckthorn has a high level of adaptogenic activity, which means the fruit contains antioxidants and the plant may increase the body's resistance to stress, trauma, anxiety, and fatigue (Saggu et al., 2006).
Sea buckthorn: A powerhouse for prevention
Fatty acid content of Sea
buckthorn oils [From Seed, Pulp Oil, Fruit Residue Oil]
Benefits
Vitamin C (RDA is 75mg for females and 90mg for males)
200-1,500 mg (typical amount: 600 mg)
Vitamin E (mixed tocopherols) (RDA 15mg) Up to 180 mg
Folic Acid (RDA 2.4mcg) Up to 80 mcg
Carotenoids, including beta carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthine
30-40 mg
Fatty acids (oils); unsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid, and linolenic acid
6-11% (3-5% in fruit pulp, 8-18% in seed)
Flavonoids 100-1,000 mg
•Can be taken orally through juice blends, oil caplets, or as whole berries •Berries are used for juice blends, seeds are used in oil caplets •Serving size of fruit is 50-100g of berries •Oil caplets contain 1500-3000mg of oil •Sea buckthorn berry is the part of the plant most often used due to high levels of vitamin C, vitamin E, flavonoids, and carotenoids •Unpleasant whey-like flavor that is similar to that of over-ripe or old fruit; thought to be caused by flavor precursors from the saturated and the unsaturated fatty acids as well as the carboxylic acids •Flavor can be modified by incubating Sea buckthorn product with cut pieces of raw, intact, healthy acid rich fruits such as apples, bananas, and pears •Process allows enzymes in the acid rich fruits to degrade the flavor precursors within the Sea buckthorn (Beveridge,T. et al., 1999) •Leaves can be used within teas
Sea buckthorn products
Type Seed Oil Pulp Oil Fruit Residue Oil
Unsaturated fatty acids 87% 67% 70%
Saturated fatty acids 13% 33% 30%
•Antioxidants- Vitamin C and vitamin E, and carotenoids
-Antioxidants can protect the body from the effect of free radicals, which are molecules that are produced when the body breaks down food or are formed from tobacco, smoke, or radiation. •Free radicals can cause cell damage, and may play a role in cardiovascular disease and cancer (Medline Plus, 2009).
•Flavonoids- Group of antioxidants; may possibly increase ability of antioxidative
enzymes, inhibit platelet aggregation, improve blood circulation, reduce inflammation, and inhibit the growth and speeding up of apoptosis of cancer cells. -Amount of flavonoids varies depending on location, subspecies, and the harvesting dates (Yang, B. et al., 2009).
Processing •Three main products produced: seed oil, yellow pigment, and juice •Berries are harvested in the fall and cleaned and juice is extracted by pressing the berry -Juice has high amount of suspended solids; pulp oil is within solids •Oil is removed, remaining juice mixture is called “mixed juice” •Mixed juice separates into three layers including the surface layer, the clear middle portion, and the sinking sediment. •Pulp removed through filtration or centrifugation (Beveridge et al., 1999).
Beveridge, T., Li, T.C., Oomah, D. & Smith, A. (1999) Sea buckthorn products: manufacture and composition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47, 3480-3488. Dharmananda, S. (2004) Sea buckthorn. Institute for Traditional Medicine. Retrieved November 23, 2009 http://www.itmonline.org/art/seabuckthorn.htm Eccleston, C., Yang, B., Tahvonen, R., Kallio, H., Rimbach, G.H. & Minihane, A.M. (2002) Effects of an antioxidant-rich juice (Sea buckthorn) on risk factors for coronary heart disease in humans.The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 13(6)346-354. Guliyeu, V.B., Gul, M., Yildirim, A. (2004) Hippophae rhamnoides L.: Chromatographic methods to determine chemical composition, use in traditional medicine and pharmacological effects. Journal of Chromatography B., 812(1-2)291-307. Johansson, A.K., Korte, H., Yang, B., Stanley, J.C. & Kallio, H.P. (2000) Sea buckthorn berry oil inhibits platelet aggregation. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 11(10)491-495. Larmo, P., Alin, J., Salminen, E., Kallio, H. & Tahvonen R. (2008) Effects of sea buckthorn berries on infections and inflammation: a double- blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 9, 1223-1130. Medline Plus. (2009) Antioxidants. Retrieved November 29, 2009 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html Negi, P.S., Chauhan, A.S., Sadia, G.A., Rohinishree, Y.S. & Ramteke, R.S. (2005) Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of various sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed extracts. Food Chemistry, 92, 119-124. Saggu, S., Divikar, H.M., Sawhney, R.C., Gupta, V., Banerjee, P.K. & Kumar, R. (2006) Adaptogenic and toxicity evaluation of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) leaf extract: A dose dependent study.Toxology Letters, 164(1)S196. Upadhyay, N.K., Kumar, R., Mandotra, S.K., Meena, R.N., Siddiqui, M.S., Sawhney, R.C. et al.(2009) Safety and healing efficacy of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil on burn wounds in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(6)1146-1153. Yang, B., Kalimo, K.O., Mattila, L.M., Kallio, S.K., Katajisto, J.K., Peltola, O.J., Kallio, H.P. (1999)Effects of dietary supplementation with Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) seed and pulp oils on atopic dermatitis. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 10 (11)622- 630. Yang, B., Halttunen, T., Raimo, O., Price, K. & Kallio H. (2008) Flavonol glycosides in wild and cultivated berries of three major subspecies of Hippophae rhamnoides and changes during harvesting period. Food Chemistry, 115(2)657-664.
•Foods- juices, jellies, honeys
•Oils
•Skin care products- lotions, soaps, lip balms, moisturizers (Dharmananda, 2004)
(Dharmananda, 2004)
http://www.pitchengine.com/brands/sibubeauty/images/19954/SibuBeautySystem.jpg
http://mont-echo.com/site_flash/skin_products.html
http://www.wikimedia.org
(Dharmananada, 2004)
/
•Sea buckthorn has been extensively researched and utilized in China; however, there is only a small body of research thus far in the United States. •Current research indicates Sea buckthorn may play a preventative role in cardiovascular disease, may help with atopic dermatitis symptoms, wound healing, and could possibly be used as a natural food preservative. •Sea buckthorn contains a large amount of antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids. •The seeds are good source of unsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3 fatty acids.
http://www.wikimedia.org
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids- Essential component of cell membranes; affect functions including enzymes, ion channels, and receptors. -Help regulate immune reaction and inflammation (Yang, et al., 1999).
Conclusion
Description and Usage
Recommendations
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