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Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
SCAR Renewal:The 3 C’s
CooperationCoordinationCollaboration
Colin Summerhayes
Executive Director
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
•Formed in 1958 by ICSU;•Continues coordination of Antarctic research begun in
IGY 1957-58;•32 Nations plus 7 ICSU Unions;•Delegates and Science Groups meet every 2 years;•Executive meets annually;•Secretariat housed at SPRI, Cambridge, UK;•Executive Director appointed April 2004.
Background
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
SCAR Strategic Plan
• Provides roadmap to the future model for national committees response to the Review of SCAR (2000) response to Review by ICSU (2003) advice on development of the IPY (2007-2009) response to a new challenge: -how to understand the role of the
Antarctic region in the global system? response to the advance of global science programmes into the
Antarctic region (form partnerships) a plan to bring in the new funds needed to get the job done
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
New Mission and Remit
Mission
to be the leading independent organisation for facilitating and coordinating Antarctic research, and for identifying issues emerging from greater scientific understanding of the region that should be brought to the attention of policy makers
Remit
Antarctica, its offshore islands, and the surrounding Southern Ocean including the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Five New Objectives
• initiate, develop, and co-ordinate high-quality international scientific research in the Antarctic region, and on the role of the Antarctic region in the Earth System
• provide objective and independent scientific advice to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings and other organizations on issues of science and conservation affecting the management of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean
• facilitate free and unrestricted access to Antarctic scientific data and information
• develop scientific capacity in all SCAR Members, especially with respect to younger scientists, and promote the incorporation of Antarctic science in education at all levels
• communicate scientific information about the Antarctic region to the public
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
New StructureDelegates Meeting
Executive Committee-------------------------------
SCAR Secretariat
Delegate Committee on Delegate Committee onScientific Affairs Standing Committees
Standing Scientific Groups Standing Committees
Geosciences Antarctic Treaty System-------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Life Sciences Finance--------------------------------------
Physical Sciences
Scientific Research SCAR–COMNAP JointProgrammes Committee on Antarctic
Data Management
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
New Science Organisation
• Umbrella provided by Standing Scientific Groups [Geosciences, Life Sciences, & Physical Sciences]
• 5-6 Major Research Programmes lasting 4-10 years• Action Groups to address short term initiatives (2 - 4 years) • Expert Groups where a longer term view is required (4 - 10
years): Oceanography• Joint Committee for Antarctic Data Management (JCADM).• New Open Science Conference every 2 years
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
New Partnerships with Global Research Groups
• WCRP: Climate and the Cryosphere Programme; Southern Ocean Implementation Panel; International Programme for Antarctic Buoys;
• SCOR: SCAR-SCOR Oceanography Expert Group (with iAnZone);
• Space Agencies : Bi-polar Cryosphere Theme study with IGOS-Partners
• IGBP: GLOBEC: Southern Ocean Panel; Interdisciplinary Climate and Ecosystems Dynamics programmme
• JCADM (NADC) - IODE (NODC) Ocean Data and Information Network development
• Sloan Foundation: Circum-Antarctic Census of Marine Life• IASC: exploring partnership
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Policy Partnerships
• COMNAP - for logistics for science;
• Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting and Antarctic Treaty Secretariat - to provide scientific advice;
• CCAMLR - to provide scientific advice on Southern Ocean biology;
• ACAP (Advisory Committee to the Convention on Albatrosses and Petrels) - to provide scientific advice.
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
New Science Programmes
• AGCS: Antarctica and the Global Climate System
• ACE: Antarctic Climate Evolution
• EBA: Evolution and Biodiversity in the Antarctic
• ICESTAR: Interhemispheric Conjugacy Effects in Solar-Terrestrial and Aeronomy Research
• SALE: Subglacial Antarctic Lake Environments
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Antarctica and the Global Climate System
Use: deep and shallow ice cores, satellite data, global and regional coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models meteorological and oceanic data
Assess: • role of ENSO in modulating Antarctic climate;
• recent climate variability;;
• climate change over the next 100 years;
• how climate change in the Antarctic influences conditions elsewhere
IPY:
test models and high-low latitude climate links;
carry out a major bi-polar shallow ice drilling programme.
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Antarctic Peninsula
Warming • Annual mean temp increase
3 °C in the last 50 years the largest warming in the SH.
• Sea ice decrease.• Precipitation increase.• Strong ENSO linkages.• Changes in water masses on
the continental shelf.• What are the contributions
of natural climate variability and anthropogenic forcing?
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0 1978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999
Temperature
0
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Mean ice concentration
Temp Conc
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Regional change
Changes in winter sea ice duration
(Parkinson 2002 Ann Glaciol 34, 2002)
Antarctic Peninsula region. One of the most rapidly warming regions on the planet
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Circum-Antarctic Wave
Red = warm; Blue = cool; Grey = ice edge;T = wind stress, stretching and compressing ice extent
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Upper Tropospheric Height Anomalies Associated with El Nino Events
Rossby Wave connection
The PSA signal is less robust than the PNA because of the strength of the Southern Hemisphere
westerlies
The link to El Niño
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Theme 1 - Decadal Time Scale Variability
• Focus on mechanisms of change• Time scale of years to centuries – Holocene to
next 100 years - the time scale on which much of the ocean variability takes place
• Atmospheric analyses only extend back a few decades, so will rely on extensive ice core data
• Investigate variability of SO water masses
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Theme 2 - Global & Regional Signals in Ice
Cores • Investigate routes by which global and regional climate signals arrive at drilling sites
• Quantify relationships between signals in cores and measures of the global climate system
• Focus on the non-linearity of the system• Use IPY as a Special Observing Period to investigate the high
resolution spatial variability of accumulation.
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Traverses of the International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE)
240 firn cores collected20,000 km ofsnow radarNumerous publications
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Theme 3 - Anthropogenic & Natural Forcing
• Separate and quantify natural and anthropogenic changes over recent decades
• Produce a series of predictions for the next century based on various greenhouse gas scenarios
• Use regional models
One prediction of Antarctic temperature change for 2100
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Theme 4 - The Export of Antarctic Climate
Signals • How does Antarctic climate variability affect conditions at
more northerly latitudes• Focus on Antarctic Bottom Water, intermediate water and
mode water• Examine the effect of removal of sea ice• Consider how atmospheric
variability affects water mass properties
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Thermohaline Circulation links Asia
Antarctica
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
AGCS: Why Now?Recent advances in analysis of ice cores give annual or sub-annual resolution
Atmospheric re-analysis data sets provide excellent data on variability over the last 30 years
Regional Antarctic climate models are just becoming possible with advances in computer power
High degree of interest in the media regarding Antarctic climate change
If we delay others will move forward in these areas
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
AGCS Deliverables• World class science papers in journals• Input to the next IPCC assessment• Better representation of high latitude processes
in climate models• High visibility for SCAR science• Future climate predictions for other SCAR groups
(life scientists)• New data sets of Antarctic ice core and Southern
Ocean data• Important contribution to the IPY, e.g. the high
resolution array of ice cores
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Antarctic Climate Evolution
• Climate and glacial history of Antarctica;
New “ground truth” data from Eocene (40Ma) to end of Pleistocene glaciation (15,000 yrs);
• Processes governing Antarctic climate change and links elsewhere;
Rrole of polar ocean gateways in exchanges of heat and freshwater.
• Model past climate changes in Antarctica;
Develop/test paleoclimate models: Eocene-Oligocene events; Oligocene-Miocene boundary; mid Miocene climate shift; glacial warm events.
Test and improve models of: ice sheet; coupled ice-sheet/climate/ocean; and coupled ice sheet and sediment.
• Data sets for testing models of future change.
IPY: model (i) mid-Miocene climate shift; (ii) Pleistocene warm periods; (iii) Trans-Antarctic Mountains-McMurdo region; (iv) East Antarctic Ice Sheet; use new
drilling technology to drill on land (SHALDRILL) and from ice shelves (ANDRILL)
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Dome C Ice Core
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Initiation of East Antarctic Glaciation
DeConto and Pollard2003
Coupled GCM-ice
sheet model
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Evolution and Biodiversity in the
Antarctic • Evolutionary history of the biota.
• Evolutionary adaptations to the environment.
• Patterns of gene flow within, into and out of the region, and their consequences for population dynamics.
• Patterns and diversity of organisms, ecosystems and habitats, and controlling ecological and evolutionary processes.
• Impact of past, current and predicted environmental change on biodiversity and the consequences for Antarctic ecosystem function.
• IPY: (i) Circum-Antarctic Census of Marine Life, (ii) MarBIN (Marine Biodiversity Information Network)
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Atkinson et al (2004)
Circumpolar distribution of
krill
No. krill /m2
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< 2
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Euphausia superba
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
19761978198019821984198619881990199219941996199820002002
Year
Density (no. m-2)
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Declining krill population
Biodiversity Change
Atkinson et al, 2004
Increasing salps
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Temporal Take Home Messages
• Molecular tools are solving problems of dispersal vs. in situ survival of groups
• Antarctica is not as isolated as it once was• On the sub-Antarctic islands the rate of
species introductions is high and their impacts are substantial
• The forecast is not optimistic: globally the interaction between climate change and invasion is of major concern
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Spatial Take Home Messages
• Antarctic diversity is remarkable• Much remains to be done to achieve a full, spatial
catalogue of diversity• Essential for information-based plans for protection
of the Antarctic environment• SCAR, in collaboration with COMNAP, is providing
such information– Circum-Antarctic Census of Marine Life, – SCAR-MarBin– Terrestrial genomics programmes
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Subglacial Antarctic Lake Exploration
• genetic diversity in the water columns and benthic sediments;
• geochemical and isotopic composition of lake water constituents;
• biological processes and water column stability;
• age of lake water;
• tectonic and ice sheet setting of lakes;
• relation between ice sheet processes and lake water circulation;
• lake and ice sheet histories;
IPY (I) address technological challenges and environmental stewardship issues including environmental concerns and safeguards; (ii) initial exploration of selected lake(s) e.g small Lake Ellsworth (2007), larger Lake Concordia (2008))
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Under-Ice Lakes
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Interhemispheric Conjugacy Effects in Solar-Terrestrial and Aeronomy Research
• Coordinate bipolar research in solar-terrestrial physics and polar aeronomy
• Share experimental data from arrays of geophysical instruments.
• Use emerging Grid technology (computers linked via Internet) to share data and converge data and models
• Fill gaps in understanding of the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction, and of the dynamics of the Earth’s magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms and coronal mass ejections.
• Learn how solar forcing affects the upper atmosphere at high latitudes
• Create a data portal linking geophysical databases to provide a systems view of the polar upper atmosphere, and encourage collaboration
IPY Develop the appropriate observatories (e.g. complete coverage with radars) for observing geospace
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Action And Expert Groups
Geosciences: Neotectonics; Digital Magnetic Anomaly; Southern Ocean bathymetry; Permafrost; Geodetic Infrastructure; Geographic Information; Marine Survey; Communication,
Life Sciences: Birds; Seals; Human Biology and Medicine; Best Practices for Conservation; Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA); Biological Monitoring
Physical Sciences: Plateau Astronomy Site Testing; Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Electron Precipitation; Antarctic Peninsula Tropospheric-Ionospheric Coupling; Oceanography; Reference Antarctic Data for Environmental Research; Modelling and Observational Studies of Katabatic Winds; Tropospheric Aerosols and their Role in Climate; Solar-Terrestrial Processes and Space Weather; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Operational Meteorology; Ice Sheet Mass Balance and Sea level; International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition; Sea-Ice Processes and
Climate; Ice-drilling technology; King George Island
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
New Strategic Elements Capacity building and education (SCAR Fellowship Programme:
$40,000/year);
Communication (web, newsletter, poster, brochures, articles, conference);
Expand JCADM remit for data and Information management;
Increase income Involve SCAR in the IPY
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
SCAR Involvement with IPY
• SCAR Executive Director is on the ICSU/WMO Joint Committee on the IPY (which steers the process);
• The Committee includes one current SCAR Vice President, one past SCAR Vice President, and several SCAR scientists;
• SCAR’s 5 major research programmes have been selected to lead IPY research clusters;
• Several other SCAR groups are playing a prominent role in IPY proposals;
• SCAR is in a good position to influence the way in which the IPY develops.
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
SCAR goals for the IPY Legacy
• A data and information management plan providing easy access to data
• A benchmark series of geological, geophysical and bathymetric maps
• A network of autonomous geophysical observatories to investigate pan-Antarctic phenomena.
• An integrated Southern Ocean observing system
• Improved coordination of cryospheric observations
• Understanding of major geological features for which no plate tectonic explanation exists (Gamburtsev Mountains)
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Southern Ocean CO2
(red = sink)
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Southern Ocean Circulation
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Southern Ocean Observing System
Hydrographic Sections
Rintoul et al
CLIVAR/CliC/SCARSO Implementation
Panel
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Progress in Deploying Argo Floats
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Under-Ice Observing System
HAFOS(Fahrbach)
MooringsSurface DriftersUnder-Ice Floats
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Engaging All MembersTo be fully inclusive, SCAR needs more Asian involvement: e.g.nominations for:
SCAR FellowshipsMembership of SCAR Action and Expert GroupsMembership of the steering groups or subgroups of the 5 SCAR SRPsOfficers of 3 SCAR SSGsSCAR-led IPY projectsSpeakers and attendees at the Open Science Conference in HobartServing time in the SCAR Office
Most countries are already members of JCADM, but we need more national contributions to pan-Antarctic SCAR databases
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Thank you