Science 1206 UNIT 4 WEATHER DYNAMICS Name: BOOK SECTIONS...
Transcript of Science 1206 UNIT 4 WEATHER DYNAMICS Name: BOOK SECTIONS...
Science 1206 UNIT 4 – WEATHER DYNAMICS
Name: ____________________
BOOK SECTIONS
• Chapter 13
– Getting started, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.6, 13.8, 13.9, 13.10, 13.13
• Chapter 14
– Getting started, 14.2, 14.3,14.5, 14.6
• Rest of Chapter 14, 15, 16
• WHY IS A STUDY OF WEATHER IMPORTANT TO OUR LIVES?
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WHAT FACTORS AFFECT OUR WEATHER PATTERNS?
• GLOBAL Local
– _____________ ______________________
– _____________ ______________________
– _____________ ________________________
– ______________ ________________________
– _______________ _________________________
– ______________
– _____________
– _____________
SOME GENERAL TERMS
• WEATHER DYNAMICS is the study of
_____________________________________________________________
_______________.
• WEATHER
– ___________________________________________________.
– Ex: _______________________________________________
• CLIMATE
– ________________________________________________________
________________
– Ex:
___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________
Measuring Weather and Climate
When describing weather conditions, there are several things that are
measured and/or taken into account:
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
______________________
Temperature
Temperature is defined as
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Temperature is measured with a ___________________________. The
temperature scale most commonly used in Canada (and most of the world) is the
__________________________. The United States still uses the
__________________________________.
Temperature and comfort
There are two additional factors that along with temperature determine our level
of comfort. The first factor is __________________ and the second factor is
_____________________
1)_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2)_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Humidity
Humidity is a
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Humidity affects the weather. If the humidity is low it is less likely to rain
than when the humidity is high, given the same conditions of temperature
and atmospheric pressure.
In general, ____________________ can hold much more water vapour than
can _________________________. Since the amount of moisture that air
can hold is related (relative) to the temperature of the air, the term
_____________________________________________is used.
One instrument that may be used to measure relative humidity is known as
a __________________________________
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Atmospheric pressure is due to the ________________________. Since air
is an example of matter, it has mass and takes up space as do all other
forms of matter. The Earth's gravity
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
Measuring Pressure
The most common way to measure atmospheric pressure is to use an
instrument known as the _______________________________.
Some measuring scales are labeled to measure the actual pressure of the
atmosphere in
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Other barometers are labeled according to the likely change in weather
condition that is normally associated with the particular range of
atmospheric pressure.
For example, low atmospheric pressure to high atmospheric
pressure is normally associated with the following range of weather
conditions
respectively______________________________________________
________.
Wind Speed and Direction
The instrument normally used to measure wind speed is known as an
___________________________________ This device spins around at
different rates depending on the speed of the wind. The anemometer is
then calibrated to convert the number of revolutions per minute into
wind speed which is measured in kilometers per hour (km/h)
The _____________________________________ may also be used as a
measure of wind speed. This scale is based on the characteristics of smoke
exiting from the top of a chimney. You may also make use of the smoke coming
from the top of a chimney to determine wind direction.
Precipitation
Precipitation means
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Precipitation may be either in liquid or solid form (rain, snow, etc.).
Precipitation is measured in ___________________________
The instrument used to measure precipitation is the
_________________________________.
Professional Weather maps
Read "Interpreting and Creating Weather Maps" on Pages 683-685. Know
the symbols (they will show up on test and final exam)
Meteorology
The study of weather and forecasting is called __________________________.
The people who study the weather and try to predict future trends are called
_________________________________.
Radiosondes and weather balloons
Man developed weather balloons to explore the atmosphere to an
altitude up to about 30 km. Each balloon caries a small radio transmitter
known as a ___________________________. This device transmits signals
about
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________ back to weather stations.
Aircraft have also been fitted with weather sensing instruments and can
also transmit data. This information can then be transmitted to a central
location and shared by all.
Weather Satellites
Two basic types of satellites:
1) _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2) _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Radar
________________________________ is a modern technology that
developed out of the radar technology that was originally developed
during World War II. Although radar was initially invented to detect
aircraft, its first use in weather detection came in 1942, when radar was
used to follow a thunderstorm and hailstorm.
Doppler radar produces a series of microwave pulses which reflects off
small particles of rain, hail, or snow. The data is then collected, and
passed on to a computer for analysis. There are 3 Doppler radar stations
In Atlantic Canada:
_____________________________________________________________.
GLOBAL WEATHER PATTERNS
• 3 MAIN PARTS OF THE EARTH influence GLOBAL WEATHER:
– 1) _______________________
– 2) _______________________
– 3) _______________________
SOME GLOBAL WEATHER TERMINOLOGY
Geography:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Longitude:__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Latitude:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Some Special Latitude Lines
1) Arctic circle:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2) Antartic circle:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3) Tropic of Cancer:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4) Tropic of Capricorn:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
GLOBAL REGIONS
• POLAR REGION
– ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
• MIDLATITUDE REGION
– ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
• TROPICAL REGION
– ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
HOW IS ENERGY TRANSFERRED?
• As you already know, all of the earth’s energy initially comes from the
______________, with its steamy average temperature of
__________________________ and its energy output of
________________________________
• Weather and climate patterns are based on the
____________________________ between and within
_______________________________________________________
• 4 METHODS OF ENERGY TRANSFER
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
RADIATION
• The transfer of energy in the form of _________________________.
• This type of energy can travel through _______________________ as
opposed to through a _______________________
• Examples of radiation waves include:
– ____________________________________________________
• ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
CONDUCTION
• The transfer of energy through the __________________________
through __________________.
• Occurs in conductive materials (i.e., _____________________).
• Small role in weather, bigger role in surface heating.
CONVECTION
• The transfer of energy by the ___________________ movement of
particles in _____________________.
• Fluids are considered ______________________ or __________________.
• Important for weather patterns.
•
ADVECTION
• The transfer of energy by the ___________________________ movement
of particles in fluids.
• Important for weather patterns.
• Ex: FOG
These forms of heat transfer do not always act alone!
LATENT HEAT
Latent heat:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Have you ever observed a boiling pot of water. It seems to take forever
for the water to boil away as steam. This is due to a physical phenomenon
known as
______________________________________________________. The
temperature of the water and steam are the same (100 ° C)
A similar phenomenon occurs as ice melts from solid ice at 0 ° C into liquid
water at 0 ° C. You can place crushed ice on a stove and watch it melt.
Even though energy is continuously being added to the ice, all it does is
melt, the temperature does not change. The heat energy required to melt
ice is known as the
______________________________________________. This energy is
used to break apart the crystal structure of the ice to liquid not to change
temperature
THE ALBEDO EFFECT
• Recall that ALBEDO is an ________________________________.
• LIGHT-coloured objects have a ________________ albedo.
DARK-coloured objects have a ________________ albedo
HOW MUCH OF THE SUN’S ENERGY IS REFLECTED?
• Refer to Figure 4 on p. 506 of your text.
• If we count the Sun’s energy as starting with 100 %, then:
– ____ is absorbed by land/oceans
– ____ is absorbed by clouds
– ____ is reflected by surface
– ____ is reflected by clouds
HEAT SINK
• Any object or material that ______________ energy and becomes
______________.
• A ______________________ is one that heats ups
_____________________, absorbing a________________ amount of heat
before it heats up, such as _________________.
• A POOR HEAT SINK increases its temperature _________________ when
exposed to even a _________________ amount of heat, but it
_________________heat just as quickly, such as what happens with
_______________________________________________
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
• A measure of the amount of heat energy required to raise the
temperature of _________________ of a substance by _______________.
• See Figure 5 on page 506 for a list of some heat capacities.
– _______________ has a high heat capacity, meaning it has to
absorb a lot of heat to increase in temperature.
– ________________ has a low heat capacity, meaning it increases
temperature with a relatively small addition of heat.
THE EARTH’S SEASONS
• The earth rotates on its axis once a day in a ________________________
direction.
• The earth also orbits around the Sun elliptically and is tilted at an angle of
_____________________.
• The earth’s orbit around the Sun takes approximately _______________
days.
• Changes in the intensity of the Sun’s rays, dues to daily and annual
rotations, give us SEASONS.
• SOLSTICE: Points when the poles are tilted at their _______________
toward or away from sun.
• EQUINOX: Sun’s rays strike Earth’s surface directly at ______________;
Day and night of roughly ______________ length everywhere on earth.
• SUMMER SOLSTICE
• Northern hemisphere at MAXIMUM tilt ________________ sun.
• ______________ is longest day of year.
• WINTER SOLSTICE
• Northern hemisphere at MAXIMUM tilt __________________ sun.
• _______________ is shortest day of year.
• VERNAL EQUINOX (SPRING EQUINOX)
• Marks the first day of _______________ in the Northern
Hemisphere (___________________)
• AUTUMNAL EQUINOX
• Marks the first day of _______________ in the Northern
Hemisphere.(___________________)
THE ATMOSPHERE
atmosphere:
• The blanket of air and water vapour that surrounds the Earth.
• It is about 500 km thick, containing 78% ____, 21% _______ , and some
trace elements (ex: _________________________).
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
- Defined according to___________________, or elevation above sea level.
1) _____________________
– ____________________ altitude, layer _______________ to earth’s
surface
– This layer is the most _____________, meaning it contains the most
particles.
– _______________ occurs in this layer.
– Temperature ranges from _______to _________degrees Celsius.
– The _________________ is on the upper end of this layer
2) ____________________
– ________________ altitude
– Very ___________, temperature average is ___________ degrees
Celsius.
– This layer contains ___________, responsible for absorbing
_______________________________from the Sun.
– ____________________ fly in this layer.
3) ____________________
– ________________ altitude
– Temperature average is ______________ degrees Celsius.
4) ____________________________________________
– ______________________ altitude
– Temperature average is ____________ degrees Celsius.
– Molecules and ions have _______________ because they are
absorbing powerful waves from the ___________.
– On earth, we can see the __________________________ in the
Northern Hemisphere and the ______________________ in the
Southern Hemisphere.
5) _____________________
– Outer layer converging with _________________.
– Thin layer, made up mostly of __________and ______________
particles
AURORAS
• The Sun ejects ionized particles into space that travel to the Earth. Earth’s
magnetic field deflects these particles toward the poles, creating massive
magnetic storms. They vibrate, and when they return to the original state,
light is emitted.
HOW DOES THE ATMOSPHERE SUPPORT LIFE?
1. Molecules such as _________________________ needed to support life
processes.
2. __________________________,needed to absorb harmful UV rays.
3. _________________________ necessary to replenish water in
atmosphere, land, and water bodies.
4. Protection from _______________________.
5. Maintenance of ________________________.
6. Move_____________________around the Earth.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• Defined as the pressure that _____________________ exert as
________________________pulls them toward the centre of the earth
• Air pressure is __________________ at sea level where air is most
_____________________ (i.e., thick)
• Air pressure ________________ with altitude. Thus, if you climb a
mountain, the weight of the air above you is ___________, and the
___________________ is less
PRESSURE GRADIENT
• Another factor that affects air pressure is whether air is ___________ or
______________.
• A pressure gradient is a measure of these changes in air pressure over
____________________
• Pressure gradients can be _________________ or _________________.
HORIZONTAL PRESSURE GRADIENTS
• Horizontal pressure gradients can be shown on a map by joining points of
equal atmospheric pressure in concentric circles.
• They can be used to predict high and low pressure areas and direction and
strength of winds.
HOW DO WE MEASURE AIR PRESSURE?
• Air pressure is measured with an aneroid _________________, (“aneroid”
meaning “without ______________).
– Figure 5, p. 512.
• Air pressure is measured in kPa, or ___________________. 1 kPa =
________________ Pa.
– If a barometer detects a :
• low pressure system (less than ______________ kPa), this is a
sign of poor weather.
• High pressure system (greater than _____________ kPa, this
is a sign of good weather.
WINDS
• ________________is the movement of ____________in the atmosphere.
– Some winds are ____________while others are ____________.
• _________________ occur in a fairly _____________ region.(thermals,
sea breezes, land breezes)
• _________________ are wind patterns that affect ________________
around the world.
THERMALS
Thermals are caused by the
_________________________________________________. Land does not
have as high a _____________________________________ as does water
so the air above the land becomes heated. As the temperature of the air
rises, it _____________________________________________. Rising
convection air currents (sometimes called an updraft) form above the
land.
SEA BREEZES
Sea breezes are the result of the difference in the specific heat capacity of water
and land. During the day,
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
As a result of the difference in temperature, a thermal begins to form above the
land. The ________________________ therefore tends to move in since the air
pressure over the sea is higher than over the land
LAND BREEZES
During the night, land ___________________________________ than the
large body of water nearby. As a result, the convection cell associated
with the sea breeze is essentially reversed. The cool air over the land
becomes more dense and forms a high pressure region. Since the air
above the water tends to be ________________________________ then
the cooler air over the land, air begins to move from the land toward the
body of water forming a relatively mild land or off-shore breeze. Because
of the higher stability of water temperature, the night time land breezes
are normally much calmer than the day time sea breezes.
AIR MASSES
Air masses are
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
As a result, air masses pick up the humidity and temperature
characteristics from the land or water over which they form. In North
America, there are ____________ air masses that tend to affect North
American weather system.
Polar Air Masses
Three of these air masses originate in the
______________________________________________________.
As a result, they tend to be relatively __________ air masses. The
polar air masses tend to move southward into Canada and may
move as far south as the U.S. or even Mexico. The
______________________________ mass originates over the
central north so it tends to be ___________________. The other
two polar air masses are called ______________________________
because they originate over the ocean. Because they originate over
water, they tend to be ________________________.
Tropical Air Masses
There are also three ________________________________ which
originate in the tropics to the south of the U.S. The
_______________________________ air mass tends to be relatively
smaller in area and originates over Mexico. It tends to push
northward carrying ________________________ into the
continental United States. The other two are
_______________________________ which originate over the
oceans (one in the tropical Atlantic, southeast of the U.S., and the
other in the tropical Pacific, southwest of the U.S.) Both of the
tropical air masses tend to be _______________________.
Movement of Air Masses
The weather systems over North America are a result of the interaction
between these polar and tropical air masses. The
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
as can often be seen in satellite sequences
Weather Systems
A ________________________ is the total of all the conditions of
temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction
for a relatively large geographical region that moves over the surface of
the region for a period of several days.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Characteristics of Low-Pressure (Cyclonic) Systems
Low pressure systems (often called a _______________________ or
simply __________________ when elongated) are generally associated
with cloudy conditions. This is the result of the inward spiraling of air
causing the upward movement of air at the low pressure center. As air
rises it expands and cools causing the condensation of water vapour to
form the clouds. Low pressure systems are marked using the symbol L on
the weather map. When viewed from satellite, low pressure systems tend
to form an inward moving spiral. As a result of ________________ and
frictional effects, the spiral tends, in the northern hemisphere, to rotate
in a counter-clockwise (cyclonic) direction. This rotation is known as a
__________________________.
Horizontal changes in pressure tend to be greater than with high pressure
regions. As a result, winds associated with a low-pressure system
generally have higher speeds than the winds associated with a high
pressure system
Characteristics of High-Pressure (Anticyclonic) Systems
High pressure systems (often called a ___________________
or simply ________________ when elongated) generally bring clear
weather. When viewed from satellite, the air mass surrounding a high
pressure center (marked H on a weather map) tends to move outward
from the high pressure center toward the low pressure center and due to
the Coriolis effect tend to spiral outward in a clockwise direction. Since
this pattern of rotation is opposite the low pressure pattern (known as a
cyclone), the high pressure pattern is said to be _______________.
Air tends to sink in the anticyclone (high pressure center) to
replace the air that is spiralling outward at the Earth's surface to form a
relatively large area of similar atmospheric pressure. Since the pressure
does not vary much over distance the winds tend to be relatively calm
Frontal Systems
The term front refers to
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
In general, when cold air masses meet warm air masses, the physical
differences in temperature, air pressure or density, and humidity cause
them not to mix very well. Because cold air is generally more dense than
warm air, the
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
As the warm air mass increases in altitude the air expands leading to
cooling and formation of clouds.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Types of Fronts
1) Cold Front
a. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
2) Warm Front:
a. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3) Occluded Front:
a. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4) Stationary Front:
a. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
PREVAILING WINDS
• In the early 1800s, SAILORS discovered that, in certain areas, the winds
blow in the same direction all of the time.
THE CORIOLIS EFFECT
• The change of ___________________________ of a moving object in a
constantly rotating system.
• The rotation of the _____________________ deflects moving air AND
water to the___________________________ of its initial direction in the
Northern Hemisphere (opposite in the Southern Hemisphere).
– Note:
• This direction of deflection is from the viewpoint of the
starting position of WHAT IS BEING DEFLECTED (ex: plane,
wind, etc.).
– FIGURE 2 - pg. 517
– FIGURE 1 - pg. 525
Prevailing Winds in the Northern Hemisphere
• ___________________________ help distribute ___________________
and ____________________ around the globe.
• TYPES IN NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
– _________________________
• Cold easterly winds blow from the poles to 60 degrees.
– _________________________
• Warm, moist winds blow from the west
• _______________________ is affected by these.
– _________________________
• Winds that blow toward the equator
JET STREAMS
• Fast moving ______________ of air that race across the high altitude sky,
sometimes at speeds as high as __________________.
• Jet streams occur about ________________ up in the upper regions of the
troposphere.
• They consist mostly of _______________winds, and are caused by strong
differences in ________________ and _________________.
• Air at the equator is _______________ and moves from ____________ to
____________ pressure areas (i.e., N or S of the equator).
• Jet streams can be ______________________ miles long,
____________________________ miles wide, but only
______________________ deep.
JET STREAMS
• Pilots can reduce flight time by ________________ a ride on a jet stream.
• Long lines of ____________________ often indicate the presence of a jet
stream
THE HYDROSPHERE
• Water covers _______________ of the Earth’s surface, or 320 million
cubic miles.
• The hydrosphere is _________________ that exists on the planet. It
includes water in:
– _______________________
– ______________________
– ______________________
– ______________________
– ______________________
– ______________________
WATER DISTRIBUTION
• _________________ is salt water, ______________ is fresh water.
• Most of our fresh water supply is trapped in polar ice caps ___________
• Canada is rich in fresh water resources, having __________ of the total
world supply.
THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
• Water is cycled through __________, ____________, and _____________
bodies.
• Important processes that occur in the water cycle include:
– EVAPORATION: ____________________
– CONDENSATION: _____________________
– TRANSPIRATION: _____________________
– SUBLIMATION: _____________________
– DEPOSITION: _____________________
– INFILTRATION: _____________________
– PRECIPITATION: _____________________
•
MAJOR OCEAN CURRENTS
• Oceans have a HUGE effect on weather patterns. Here are just a few of
the ways water is significant in this regard:
– Oceans are _____________________ since most of the sun’s direct
rays hit water.
– If water is _______________, air above it is ______________,
meaning lots of _______________. If water is _____________, air
above it is ________________.
– Warm water is constantly moving from the _______________ to the
___________________.
– Cold water is constantly moving from the _______________ to the
____________________.
MAJOR OCEAN CURRENTS
• Which ones influence NEWFOUNDLAND weather?
_____________________________________________________________
WHAT CAUSES OCEAN CURRENTS?
1) _______________________________
2) ______________________________
3) ______________________________
4) ______________________________
5) ______________________________
6) ______________________________
CLOUDS
• Clouds are a collection of water droplets that has become
_______________ enough to be __________________. Water evaporates
and cools as it rises, and _____________________ into clouds.
• They are important _____________________ of weather patterns.
• Clouds can be grouped according to how they _____________, how they
are _________________, whether or not they will lead to
________________________, and how _______________they are
3 TYPES OF CLOUD FORMATION
• 1. ______________________
• 2. ______________________
• 3. _______________________
CONVECTION CLOUDS
• Convection clouds form when warm air near ________________________
such as the ______________________ gain energy from these sources.
• As this warm air _________________ in heat, it _________________ and
carries water vapour into the atmosphere.
• The water vapour _____________ in the upper atmosphere, forming a
convection cloud.
• These clouds are often _____________________
•
OROGRAPHIC CLOUDS
• Orographic clouds result from warm, moist air _________________ up a
______________________, forming clouds on the ________________
slope as the __________________ decreases
• Thus, the near side of the mountain has ____________________, and the
far side of the mountain is often ___________________
•
FRONTAL CLOUDS
• Frontal clouds form when two ___________________ of different
temperatures meet.
• Warm air masses generally are less _________________ and contain more
________________________ than cold air masses, thus rising over, or
being pushed upward and over, cold air.
• The rising air cools and condenses forming a frontal cloud.
• Where the two air masses meet, this leading edge is called a
_________________.
•
GROUPS OF CLOUDS
• ______________________________
– ________________________clouds, from a term meaning “pile” or
“heap”, referring to a TALL CLOUD
– ________________________clouds, from “stratum,” or layer,
referring to low-level layered clouds.
• _____________________________
– ____________________ clouds, from a term meaning “rain”,
referring to rain-bearing clouds
• ____________________________
– LOW LEVEL: ________________________
– MEDIUM LEVEL: ____________________
– HIGH LEVEL: _____________________
FOG
• Fog is a cloud that forms near the _____________________
• Although there are many different types of fog, it basically forms such that
water vapour, as it ___________________, attaches itself to little particles
such as _______________________.
• Some _____________________________________ that cause fog include
heat rising from the Earth’s surface and cooling rapidly, warm air passing
over snow, and warm ocean air meeting cold ocean air.
•