Schmoll Meeting the MDGs - Hydrology.nl • Portal to...

Koblenz8 December 2009

The case of Tajikistan

Oliver Schmoll

Federal Environment AgencyBad Elster, Germany

Meeting the MDGs and access to safe water:the case of Tajikistan

Koblenz, 8 December 2009



Water won the „Oscar“



Technology access as progress indicator

“Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water …”

“Measurement” or progress throughWHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)

Key assumptions: • Certain technologies better protect health than others

(e.g. better infrastructures, better resource protection)• “Improved” and “unimproved” technologies

Source:UNICEF and WHO 2008



JMP 2006 assessment

Source:UNICEF and WHO 2008 CISWorld



JMP 2006 global coverage data

20062002

20062002

20062002

Year

3342

3018

3740

Total

4253

77Unimproved

3521

1211Other improved

2326

8182

Piped into dwelling, yard or plot

RuralUrbanTAJIKISTAN

Source:UNICEF and WHO 2008



Tajikistan



Reality checkDisrupted or non-functioning infrastructures

Rayon Water supply Numerator Workingcondition

Servingcapacity

Khatlon Oblast 258 152 994.908Qabadiyan УВК Кабадиян МКХ РТ 1 1 5.320

С-з 50 лет СССР уч. Хает 1 1 3.100С-з 50 лет СССР уч. Большевик 1 1 3.120С-з 50 лет СССР уч. Чаркурган 1 0 3.220К-з Околтин уч. Янгиюль 1 1 5.000К-з Чкалова 1 0 5.148К-з Навои уч. Калинин 1 1 4.526К-з Шахоб уч. Ленин 1 1 4.369К-з Коммунизм уч. Центр 1 0 5.414К-з Коммунизм уч. Социализм 1 0 4.200К-з Гулистон 1 0 5.206К-з Пахтакор уч. Истиклолият 1 0 14.534к-з Тельман уч. Горький 1 0 15.646к-з Бобогулов уч. Бештемир 1 0 7.110Sub-total: 14 6 85.913

22 % of p

iped supplies

are

not in “working co

ndition”



Reality checkDisrupted or non-functioning infrastructures



Reality checkLack of electricity and intermitted supply

Kulyab: 92,000 inhabitants

80 % deep groundwater wells

“Power rationing” of 2 months(February/March 2009):

Source: Oxfam 2009




Source: Oxfam 2009




Kulyab: 92,000 inhabitants

80 % deep groundwater wells

“Power rationing” of 2 months(Feb/March 2009):• Collection time: more than 2 hrs/d • Collection distance: up to 3 km • Volumes: 40 litre for personal use

Expected health impacts: • Lack of hygiene (flush toilets!)• Carry of heavy loads• Miss of school• Harassment

Source: Oxfam 2009

Common phenomenon in Tajik

istan



Reality checkDisease outbreaks

Frequent typhoid fever outbreaks reported since mid 1990ies

Two major outbreaks in southern provinces with > 7,500 cases (1996)

Several major outbreaks in Dushanbe with• > 10,900 cases and 108 deaths (1996/1997)• > 500 cases and 3 deaths (2002)• > 2,000 cases (2003)

Ongoing endemic in several locations



Reality checkDisease outbreaks in Dushanbe

Tap waterVarzob river(raw water)



Reality checkDisease outbreaks in Dushanbe

Tap water



Reality checkWater supply structure



Reality checkAnalysis of disease outbreaks in Dushanbe

Overflow from old and poorly maintained sewage systems after heavy rainfalls into source

Simple treatment (sedimentation & filtration):• Aged and poorly maintained

infrastructure• Turbidity 7-15 NTU

(during outbreak 1997)• TTC > 150 cfu/100 ml

(during outbreak 1997)• 33 % positive E. coli analysis

(2004)• Shortage of chlorine

Distribution has high potential for cross contamination and back-siphonage:• Low and intermittent pressure is

common• Many buildings have booster

pumps causing negative pressure• Non-standard connections from

mains• Pipes run inside storm drains



Reality checkDrinking-water quality surveillance

Poor personal and technical resources of state surveillance agencies (in rural areas)

Systematic routine surveillance is not existent or not functioning

Non-representative surveillance findings:• Biased to urban areas• Random data

Data are not ready for analysis:• Scattered between institutions• Varying structures and formats• Outdated



Reality checkRapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality 2005

Provision of statistical representative snapshot:• Provision of baseline information on water quality• Assessment of compliance with standards or guidelines• Assessment of public health risks to the population

Rapid procedures:• One-off exercise• Limited time-span

Cluster sampling strategy



Reality checkRADWQ study coverage

RRS & DushanbeClusters: 15Utility piped supplies: 506Protected springs: 108Households: 60

GBAOClusters: 7Utility piped supplies: 24Protected springs: 63Households: 15

KhatlonClusters: 16Utility piped supplies: 346Protected springs: 103Households: 40

SughdClusters: 15Utility piped supplies: 410Protected springs: 46Households: 45

nTJK = 1.720



Reality checkCritical parameter approach

Appearance

Conductivity

Iron

Nitrate

Arsenic

Fluoride

Thermotolerant coliforms

Turbidity

pH

Chlorine residuals

Physical and chemicalMicrobial and related



Reality checkUse of field testing methods



Reality checkUse of sanitary inspections

Water quality analysis:• Details on current conditions

Sanitary inspections:• Powerful on-site risk assessment tool• Information on immediate/ongoing

risks and their causes

PROTECTED SPRINGI General informationa. WSS No:………………………………..b. Community Name……………………...c. Date of visit: …………………………...d.Water sample - TTC/100ml …………..

II Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment Risk1. Is the spring unprotected? Y/N2. Is the masonry protecting the spring faulty Y/N3. Is the backfill area eroded? Y/N4. Does spilt water flood the collection area? Y/N5. Is the area around the spring unfenced? Y/N6. Can animals have access within 10m of the spring? Y/N7. Is there a latrine within 30m and uphill of the spring? Y/N8. Does surface water collect uphill of the spring? Y/N9. Is the diversion ditch absent or faulty? Y/N10. Are there nay other sources of pollution uphill of the spring Y/N(e.g. solid waste, animal kraal etc)?

Total risk score /10Results and commentsSignature of inspector



Reality checkAssessment of overall compliance

73 %

73 %

33 %

91 %

78 %

TJKSTD

82 %

78 %

58 %

94 %

86 %

WHOGV

334

63

60

103

108

No.

Protectedsprings

62 %

67 %

45 %

61 %

78 %

TJKSTD

88 %

67 %

86 %

85 %

93 %

WHOGV

66 %87 %1,6201,286TAJ

71 %75 %8724G.B.A.O.

43 %82 %470410Sughd

68 %87 %449346Khatlon

78 %92 %614506Dushanbe/RRS

TJKSTD

WHOGV

No.No.

Total “improved”

Utility piped supplies

Area



Reality checkWater quality and sanitary inspection grading

1.5 %4.5 %22.5 %71.5 %

Very high risk:urgent action

High risk:higher action priority

Intermediate risk:low action priority

Low risk:no action

00009-101115176-804502373-5261281,1590-2

> 10011-1001-10< 1

Thermotolerant coliform count(cfu/100ml)

SanitaryInspection

Score



Reality checkSanitary risks identification

12 %Are there any other sources of pollution uphill of the spring?10

19 %Is the diversion ditch above the spring absent or non-functional?9

7 %Does surface water collect uphill of the spring?8

2 %Is there a latrine uphill and/or within 30 m of the spring?7

52 %Can animals have access within 10 m of the spring?6

63 %Is the fence absent or faulty?5

13 %Does spilt water flood the collection area?4

8 %Is the backfill area behind the retaining wall eroded?3

38 %Is the masonry protecting the spring faulty?2

44 %Is the spring unprotected?1

PROTECTED SPRINGS: 334 sites inspected



Conclusions

Water quality is an eye-catching issue in the European Region

Waterborne disease remains a major challenge

Access to “improved” sources does not necessarily equal to access to safe water

Continuity and reliability of “improved” supplies is challenged:• Aged and poorly maintained infrastructures• Irregular electricity supply• Lack of adequate treatment in response to source water quality

(incl. lack of chemicals)

Gap in routine drinking-water quality surveillance



Danke

Thank you

Source: Rod Shaw

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