[Savefile]060525195612 Plumbing Pipefitting Sewerage

7/31/2019 [Savefile]060525195612 Plumbing Pipefitting Sewerage

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FM 3-34.471

Plumbing Fixtures 4-5

Wall Hung

4-13. To mount a wall-hun g tank, use t he following steps and Figure 4-5 .

S t ep 1 . Install a 2- by 4-inch mounting board by notching the wall studs atthe h eight r ecommended by the man ufacturer.

Figure 4-4. Floor-Mounted Tank

Figure 4-5. Wall-Hung Tank

Closet tank

Gasket

Washer

Nut

Closetbowl

Bolts

Closet tank

Outlet

Rubber washerMetal friction ring

Slip-joint nut

Water closet elbow

Slip-joint nut

Rubber-washerInlet

SpudCloset

Spud flange

Metal friction ring

Supply pipe

Water closet elbow

Mounting board

Tank

Closet screw

Water closet elbow detail


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4-6 Plumbing Fixtures

Step 2 . Inst all the elbow an d spu d conn ection (flange) to the r ear of th e bowl.Step 3 . Slide the slip nut, ring, and washer (in that order) onto the other endof th e elbow.

Step 4 . Attach the tank to the wall's mounting board with screw bolts. Makesure th e elbow is in th e ta nk's outlet a nd t he ta nk is level.S tep 5 . Check the elbow alignment and tighten the slip-joint nuts.

FLUSHING MECHANISMS

4-14. Figure 4-6 shows ta nk mechan isms and flushometers.

Tank F lush ing Mechan i sms

4-15. A ta nk 's flushing mechan ism is mechanical ly opera t ed to flush th ewater closet. The two most common mechanisms are the ball cock and floatcu p (Figure 4-6) . Fo l low man ufactu r e r ' s i n s t ru ct ions to in s t a l l a flu sh ing

Figure 4-6. Flushing Mechanisms

Ball-cock mechanism Float-cup mechanism

Piston type

Tank flushing mechanisms

Flushometers

Diaphragm type


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mecha nism in a t ank . After ins ta l la t ion, connect th e water supply service ,check the f lu sh ing mechan i sms ope ra t ion , an d ad jus t i t t o ma in ta in theproper water level in t he t ank.

F lushomete r s

4-16. The flushometer valve del ivers (under p ressure) a preset amount of water directly into a water closet for flushing. The flushing action is quick a ndshuts off automat ica l ly. Always fol low the manufacturer ' s ins t ruct ions toinstall a flushometer. After installation, turn on the water supply and operatethe flushometer several t imes, checking for leaks an d pr oper operat ion. Themost common t ype of flushometer valves are the d iaphragm and the pis ton(Figure 4-6) .

TANK WATER SU P PLY CONNECTION

4-17. The water su pply is connected from th e rough-in plumbing to a shut off

valve and from the valve to the inlet at the bottom of the tank. Use Figure 4-7 and the following steps to connect the water supply:

S tep 1 . Slide the chrome cover on th e pipe projecting out from t he wa ll andpush i t against t he wall.Step 2 . Coat the threads with joint compound or Teflon tape and screw theshutoff valve onto the pipe. Tighten the valve so that its other opening isstraight.Step 3 . Bend th e flexible tube with a s pring bender to get a pr oper fit. (Steel-coated flexible supply lines are commonly used.)S tep 4 . Slide the inlet-coupling nut on with the tubing threads up, andatta ch i t to the tan k's inlet and t ighten han d tight.S tep 5 . Slide the coupling nut threads and compression ring down onto thetubing. Screw the coupling nut onto the valve hand tight.

Figure 4-7. Tank Water Supply Connection

Tank

Inlet-coupling nut

Flexiblecopperor plastic tube

Compression coupling nut

Ferrul compression ring

Shutoff valve

Chromecover


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Step 6 . Tight en t he inlet-coupling nu t a nd valve-coupling n ut .S tep 7 . Open the shutoff valve for the water supply and check for leaks.S tep 8 . Adjust to get a proper wat er level of 1 inch below the t op of the

overflow tube. If an adjustment is made, check the operation.S tep 9 . Place the tan k cover on t he t ank and install the water closet seat.

REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE

4-18. See Chapter 3 for water-closet stoppages.

F lushomete r s

4-19. When th e valve is not f lushin g or wi l l not s top flushing, repai r th eflushometer (Figure 4-8) . If the flushometer is a

Diaphragm-type,S tep 1 . Turn off the water supply and remove the outer cover.

S tep 2 . Remove the inner core. If the cover will not remove easily,pry it off with a screwdriver.S tep 3 . Remove the relief valve.S tep 4 . Remove the valve seat.S tep 5 . Remove the clogged or worn diaphragm and clean.S tep 6 . Install the new diaphragm.S tep 7 . Reassemble the valve.S tep 8 . Turn the wa ter su pply on a nd check the valves operation.

P is ton -type ,S tep 1 . Turn the water supply off and remove the outer cover andgasket.

S tep 2 . Remove the inner cover and the gasket.S tep 3 . Remove the bra ss screws a nd retaining plate.S tep 4 . Remove the clogged or worn rubber cup.S tep 5 . Install the n ew rubber cup.S tep 6 . Reassemble the valve.S tep 7 . Turn the wa ter su pply on a nd check the valves operation.

4 -20 . Use the s t eps be low to r epa i r hand les (Figure 4-9, page 4-10) whenthere is a

Wate r leak a t t he hand le .Step 1 . Turn the water supply off at the angle valve and unscrew theretaining nut.S tep 2 . Pull out the h andle body conta ining all the pa rts up t o thepacking nu t.Step 3 . Grip the handle body with a wrench and unscrew the packingnut with another wrench.S tep 4 . Remove the worn packing washer an d install the n ewpacking washer.S tep 5 . Reassemble all the par ts.


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Step 6 . Turn the water supply on and check the handle for leaks andfor proper operation.

NOTE: Replace th e Mylar seal and t ighten the re ta in ing nut .

Loose or wobbly han dle.S tep 1 . Turn the water supply off at the angle valve and unscrew theretaining nut.S tep 2 . Pull out the h andle body conta ining all the pa rts up t o thepacking nut .Step 3 . Grip the handle body with a wrench and unscrew the packingnut with another wrench.S tep 4 . Grip the handle body with a wrench and unscrew the bushingwith lock-grip pliers.

Figure 4-8. Flushometer Repairs

Outer cover

Gasket

Inner cover

Gasket

Brass screws

Retaining plate

Rubber cup

Piston type Diaphragm type

Diaphragm

Valve seat

Relief valve

Inner cover

Outer cover


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Step 5 . Remove the worn bushing spring or plunger and replaceworn parts with new ones.S tep 6 . Reassemble all the par ts.

Step 7 . Turn the water supply on and check the handle for leaks andfor proper operation.

Tank F lush ing Mechan i sms

4-21. Fixtur e contr ol devices ar e used for f lushing water c losets , holdingwater in a lavatory bowl, and draining waste. These devices get much usageand wear (Figure 4-10) . Us e t he procedur es below for ball-cock an d float -cuprepairs.

4-22. Ba l l -Cock Rep a i r s . Use t he fol lowing s teps to ma ke repa i rs to th eball cock when

The water level is so high that i t is running into the top of the overflowpipe.Step 1 . Remove the t an k top an d un screw the float ball from th e floatrod.Step 2 . Sha ke th e float ball to find out if water is in t he ball. If wat eris inside the ball, replace the ball. If no water is in the ball, the floatball is functional.S tep 3 . Screw the float ball back onto the r od.S tep 4 . Place both hands on the middle of the float rod and carefullybend t he ba ll side of the r od down a bout 1/2 inch.Step 5 . Flush the water closet to see that the water level is about one

inch below the top of the overflow pipe and then replace the tank top. There is water running in a water closet .

S tep 1 . Remove the tank top and tur n off the water supply at theshutoff valve.S tep 2 . Flush t he water closet to empty the tan k.S tep 3 . Unscrew th e flush (ta nk) ball from t he lift wire.S tep 4 . Check the bottom of the flush ball for damage or wear.S tep 5 . If the flush ball is damaged or worn, replace it with a newone.

Figure 4-9. Flushometer Handle Repair

Handle

Retaining nut

Handle body

Plunger

Bushing spring(plunger) Bushing

Packingwasher Washer

Gasket

Packing nut


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Step 6 . Clean the flush outlet valve seat with emery cloth or steelwool.S tep 7 . Operate the han dle to see tha t t he flush ball sits evenly inth e flush-out let valve.S tep 8 . Turn the water supply on and flush the water closet to check the repair. Replace the tan k top.

There is a faulty ball cock operation.S tep 1 . Remove the ta nk t op an d tu rn the wat er supply off.S tep 2 . Flush th e water closet to empty the tan k.S tep 3 . Remove the float rod with the float ball attached.S tep 4 . Remove th e screws or pins a t t he t op of the ball cock assembly.S tep 5 . Lift t he plun ger out of th e assembly.

Figure 4-10. Tank Mechanism Repairs

Plunger Overflow pipe

Trip lever

Float rod

Float ball

Connectingwire

Lift wire

Flush (tank) ballDouglas (outlet) valve

Refill tube

Operatinghandle

Ball cockassembly

Overflow pipe

Flapper

ValveAdjustment clip

Float-cupmechanism


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Step 6 . Remove the washer located under the bottom of the plungerand O-ring from around t he plunger an d replace them.S tep 7 . Reassemble th e ball cock assembly float r od with a float ball

attached.S tep 8 . Turn the water supply on and check the ball cock.

4-23. F loa t -Cup Repa i r s . Use t he fol lowing s teps to ma ke r epai rs to th efloat cup when

The water level is so high that i t is running into the overflow pipe.S tep 1 . Remove the tank top. Squeeze the top and bottom of theadjustment clip and move it down on the pull rod to lower the floatcup.Step 2 . Flush t he ta nk and then check t he incoming water level. Thelevel should be about one inch below the top of the overflow pipe.S tep 3 . Replace th e t an k t op if th e level is corr ect. If th e level is n ot

correct, repeat steps 1 and 2 until it is correct.S tep 4 . Replace the t ank top.

Water is running in the water closet .Step 1 . Remove the ta nk t op. Turn off the wa ter su pply at th e shut off valve and flush the water closet.Step 2 . Lift up the flapper and check the bottom for damage or wear.If the flapper is damaged or worn, replace it.S t ep 3 . Clean t he outlet valve seat with emery cloth or steel wool.S tep 4 . Operate the h andle to ensure tha t t he flapper si ts evenly inthe outlet valve.Step 5 . Turn the water supply on and flush the water closet to check the r epair. Replace the tan k t op.

LAVATORIES

4-24. A lavatory is des igned for wa shing one 's han ds an d face . Lavator iescome in a va riety of sha pes, sizes, an d colors. They a re m ade of vitreous china,enameled cast iron, stainless steel, and plastic. Hot and cold water is suppliedthrough the supply system an d the waste dr ains into the sanitary sewer.

TYPES

4-25. Figure 4-11 shows examples of wall-hung, vanity, pedestal, and troughlavatories.

Wall Hung4-26. This lavatory hangs on a bracket a t t ached to the wal l. I t may or maynot have legs for added support.

Vanity

4-27. Vanities ar e inst alled on a cabinet or counter.


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P e d e s t a l

4-28. This lavat ory's weight rests on the floor and does not require support .

Trough

4-29. This lavatory is mostly used in commercial plants a nd certain military

facilities.

INSTALLATION

Wall Hung

4-30. Use the following steps, the manufacturer s inst ructions, and Figure4-12, page 4-14, to install a wall-hung lavatory:

S tep 1 . Install the mounting board between th e studs a t t he proper h eight,using the same method as for a wall-hung flush tank (paragraph 4-10, page 4-4) .

NOTE: Refe r to the man ufac tu re r s spe c i f i ca t ions an d p lans fo r t he

requ i red he igh t and e l eva t ion .S tep 2 . Attach a hanger bracket on the finished wall using the proper lengthof wood screws at the recommended height. The metal bracket must be level.S tep 3 . Place the lavatory on t he bracket and push down. Make sure thelavatory is level.

Figure 4-11. Lavatories

Wall hung Vanity

TroughPedestal


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Fauce t s

4-31. See Chapter 7 for faucet installation and repairs.

Drain Assembly

4-32. The waste from the lavatory may be re leased by e i ther a chain-typeplug or a pop-up plug (Figure 4-13) . Insta llation of the flange is th e sa me forboth types . (Fol low manufacturer ' s ins t ruct ions to ins ta l l the pop-up plugmechanism to att ach t he ta ilpiece.) To inst all a flange

Step 1 . Apply a ring of plumber 's putty a round th e drain outlet and set theflange firmly into th e outlet.S t ep 2 . Connect the flange to the bowl with a washer and locknut.S tep 3 . Coat the flange threads with pipe-joint compound and screw on thetailpiece.S tep 4 . Connect the P-trap between th e rough-in waste outlet an d th e

tailpiece (Figure 4-14) . All connections should be ma de with wash ers a nd slipnu ts to form leakproof joints.

Water Supply Connect ion

4-33. Figure 4-15, pa ge 4-16, shows how to connect wa ter services (hot an dcold) for a lavatory. After installation, turn the water supply on and check forleaks.

Figure 4-12. Wall-Hung Lavatory Installation

Mounting boardLevel

Hanger

Mounting board

Hanger

Lavatory (on hanger)

Water supply

Shutoff valve

P-trap


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POP-UP PLUG REPAIRS

4-34. Use th e repair steps below when th e pop-up plug (stopper) fails to keep

water in the bowl (Figure 4-16, page 4-17) .S t ep 1 . Loosen the clevis screw with pliers.S tep 2 . Push the pop-up plug (stopper) down so that it sits snugly on theflange.S tep 3 . Tighten the clevis screw. Ensure that it fits snugly on the flange.S tep 4 . Squeeze the s pring clip a nd pull out t he pivot r od from th e clevishole. The stopper then should operate easily. Place the pivot rod through thenext higher or lower hole in the clevis.

Figure 4-13. Drain-Plug Assembly

Figure 4-14. P-Trap Connection

Chain

Rubber stopper

Flange

Strainer

Tailpiece

Rubber washer

Pull-outplug drain

Locknut

Outlet

Nut

Chain stay

Strainer

Operating(lift) rod

Stopper

Rubber washer

Stuffing box nutPivot rod

Tailpiece

Pop-upplug drain

Tailpiece

Washer

Cleanout plug Trap

Washer

Waste arm

Slip nuts


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Step 5 . Close the stopper and fill the bowl with water.S tep 6 . Check th e water level to ensur e that the st opper holds water in thebowl.

N O TE : I f s t e p s 1 -6 d o n o t f ix t h e p r o b le m , c o n t i n u e b y u s i n g t h efol lowing s teps :

S tep 7 . Tighten the pivot-ball retaining nut. If the leak continues, remove

the nu t with pliers.S tep 8 . Squeeze the spring clip, sliding the pivot rod out of the clevis hole.S tep 9 . Slide the pivot-ball retaining nut and worn washers off the pivot rod.Step 10. Slide new washers (plastic or r ubber) and t he ball nu t onto the pivotrod and tighten the pivot ball.Step 11. Reassemble th e pivot r od into th e clevis hole.Step 12. Run water into the lavatory and check the connection for leaks.

N O TE : C h e c k t h e p o p - u p s t o p p e r s a b i l i t y t o h o l d w a t e r a f t e rrepai r ing the pivot-bal l connect ion.

SINKS

4-35. Sinks ar e avai lable for d i fferent uses an d come in severa l s izes andshapes (Figure 4-17) . They are made of enameled cast iron, enameled pressed-s tee l , ga lvanized s tee l , and s ta in less s tee l . (Refer to Chapter 7 for faucetinstallation.)

Figure 4-15. Water Supply Connection

Supply line

Compressionring

Shutoff valve

Coupling nut


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Figure 4-16. Pop-Up Plug Repairs

Figure 4-17. Sinks

Pivot-ball retaining nut

WashersPop-up plug

Pivot rod

Slip-joint pliers

Spring clip

Clevis

Clevis screw

Lift rod

Kitchen sinks

Scullery sink Slop sink


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SCULLERY SINK

4-36. Scullery sinks ar e large, deep sinks used in mess-hall-type facil i t ies.Scullery sinks need only installation of faucets and connection to waste- and

water supply lines.

SLOP SINK

4-37. Slop sinks are used for buckets and m ops.

KITCHEN SINK

4-38. Kitchen sinks can be either single- or double-compar tment and can bewal l hung or se t in a counter top. Ki tchen s inks have a s t ra iner to preventfood wast e from en tering th e waste system (Figure 4-18) . Connect the waterservice the same as for a lavatory (refer to Figure 4-15, page 4-16) .

URINALS4-39. A urinal is a fixture th at carries human liquid waste to the sewer. I t ismad e of vitreous china or ena meled cast -iron.

TYPES

4-40. Urinal types are wall hung, stall , and trough (Figure 4-19) .

Figure 4-18. Kitchen Sink Drain Assembly

Gasket

Washer

Strainer

Body

Sink bottom

Metal ring

Locknut

Plastic insert

Coupling nut

Tailpiece

Retainer


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Wall Hung

4 -4 1. T h i s u r i n a l ca n h a v e a b u i lt - in w a t e r - s ea l t r a p o r a P -t r a p w i t h awashdown or siphon-jet flushing action. The flushing device for a wall-hungurinal is a flushometer valve.

Sta l l

4 -42 . The s t a l l u r ina l i s s e t i n to the f loo r. A beeh ive s t r a ine r cove r s thewaste out le t , which is caulked to a P- t rap below f loor level . The f lushingaction is t he wa shdown-type produced by a flushometer valve.

Trough

4 -4 3 . A t r o u g h u r i n a l is w a l l h u n g w it h a f l u s h t a n k . T h e u r i n a l h a sperforated pipe a cross the rear, which allows wat er t o flow down th e back of the t rough when flushed.

INSTALLATION

Wall Hung

4-44. Use the following steps and t he man ufactur er 's instru ctions to han g awall-hung urinal:

Figure 4-19. Urinals

Wall-hung

Trough

Stall


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Step 1 . Install the m ounting board and bracket.S tep 2 . Install the urinal on the bra cket.S tep 3 . Make the waste connection to the rough-in piping.

S tep 4 . Make the water connection to the rough-in piping to include theflushometer valve.S tep 5 . Turn on th e main wat er supply and flush the ur inal several t imes tocheck for leaks.

Trough

4-45. Use the following steps and the man ufacturer's inst ructions or milita ryconstru ction drawing to han g a trough u rinal:

S tep 1 . Install the mounting board for th e trough and ta nk.S tep 2 . Atta ch t he tan k to the wall and install the flushing mechan ism.S tep 3 . Install the hanger for the trough bowl.

S tep 4 . Attach the bowl to the wall.S t ep 5 . Inst all the waste connection to the r ough-in piping.S tep 6 . Install the piping from t he ta nk to the tr ough bowl.S tep 7 . Install a wat er l ine between the t ank and the r ough-in piping.S tep 8 . Turn on th e main wat er supply and flush the ur inal several t imes tocheck for leaks.

F lushomete r s

4-46. Refer to paragraph 4-16, page 4-7, for flushometers.

SHOWERS

4-47 . A shower has ma ny advan tages ove r a ba th tu b which includethesmal l amount of space required for ins ta l la t ion, th e sma l l amount of waterused compared with batht ub use, and sanitation. Figure 4-20 shows t he t ypesof showerheads. The two types of individual shower installations are: t i ledand th e steel-sta ll. (Group sh owers a re u sually tile or concrete.)

TYPES

Tile

4 -4 8 . T h e t i l e s h o w e r h a s t i l e or m a r b l e w a ll s on t h r e e s i d es w i t h awaterproof shower curtain or door that can be closed while the shower is inuse. The tiled floor slopes to the center (or rear) where a drain is placed. Thewall should be water proofed by set ting t he tile in wa terpr oof cement . The flooris generally laid upon a lead shower pan, which forms a waterproof base onwhich to lay the tile, as shown in Figure 4-21 .

S ta l l

4-49. The s ta l l shower is a prefabr ica ted uni t wi th th ree s ides and a base ,fitted together. The sides are thin sheets of grooved steel, fitted together witha wa te r t igh t j o in t . The base i s u sua l ly p recas t conc re t e . Sp ray f rom the


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showerhead causes considerable noise as i t hits the thin steel , and the metalsides tend to rust rapidly.

INSTALLATION

4-50. Complete waterproofing is the m ost important requirement of showerinstallation. Tile installed with good-quality waterproof cement provides awaterproofed wall . For the floor, a waterproof base (shower pan) under theshower is necessary, since water standing on the tile surface can seep throughand cause leaks. (Refer to Chapter 7 for faucet assembly and installation.)

Figure 4-20. Showerheads

Figure 4-21. Shower Pan Installation

Strainer

Tile

Moisture drain from pan Seepage flange

Lead shower pan

Cement

Caulked joint

Upper flange

Trap


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Lead Shower Pan

4-51. Before ins ta l ling the lead shower pan , a carpenter must r ough in thegeneral out l ine of th e s t a l l an d lay a solid base of subf loor ing or p lywood.

Without a sol id base , the shower pan is sof t and f lexible . I f not suppor tedproper ly, the pan wil l sag and leak under the weight of the t i le. Inspect ther o u gh i n of t h e t r a p u n d e r n e a t h t h e f l oor i n g t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e ou t l e t i scorr ectly placed.

4-52. Many types of shower dra ins are avai lable. The one in Figure 4-21, page 4-21 , has the proper-length n ipple for p lacing the seepage flange a t al evel w i th th e l ead pan th readed in to th e n ipp le . The l ead pan i s made byusing a solid sheet of lead 6 to 8 inches larger t ha n t he size of the sh ower floorand bending up the edges at r ight an gles to the desired height. Use Figure4-21and the following procedure to install a lead shower pan:

S tep 1 . Cut a hole where the drain is located and lower the lead shower paninto place. The pa n should rest firmly on t he seepage flange of th e showerdrain.S tep 2 . Coat the inside of the lead shower pan with asphalt.S t ep 3 . Place pipe-joint compoun d or pu tty u nder th e top of th e flan ge.S tep 4 . Place the upper flange on top of the lower flange and attach themtogether to form a watertight joint between the shower waste and the showerpan.S tep 5 . Thread the strainer down into the flanges to the desired level of thetile.S tep 6 . Complete the installation by laying cement in the shower pan andtiling the floor.

Concre t e Show er Pan

4-53. Concrete shower pans with pr efabricated, steel shower stalls are easyto install . They are often set up after the original construction. In this case,the cement base is laid directly on top of th e floor.

WATER SU PP LY CONNECTION

4-54. The water sup ply for a shower ma y be hidden in the wall or exposed.Figure 4-22 shows exposed h ot- an d cold-water l ines t ied into a single wat erline ending in a showerhead. The cold-water l ine is brought in on the rightside while the hot-water line is brought in on the left. A variety of faucet andvalve combinations is a vailable on un exposed inst allations (Figure 4-23, page4-24). The compression valve provides a tempered water l ine of chromium-

pla ted tu bing, ending in a gooseneck and showerhead. In the s ingle-han dlem i x i n g v a l v e , t h e h o t a n d c o l d w a t e r a r e m i x e d i n a c a s t - b r a s s m i x i n gchamber. The handle controls a piston-like valve. By turning the valve handleclockwise, warmer water is supplied to the sh owerhead. A great er var iety of showerheads than valves is available (se e Figure 4-20, pa ge 4-21) .


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BATHTUBS

TYPES

4-55. A var ie ty of bui l t -in bath tu bs is avai lable . They are des igned to berecessed for corner installation of square, rectangular, and angled tubs andtubs wi th one or more ledge seats . Tubs are made of enameled cas t i ron orsteel an d fiberglass.

INSTALLATION

4-56. Modern cast-iron tubs a re designed to rest on the floor a nd fit a gainstthe wal l fram ing (s tuds) . They need no wal l suppor t , except th at s tee l tubshave f langes suppor t ed by l - by 4 -inch boa rds , na i led to the s tuds . Use awater proofing cement t o caulk th e joint bet ween th e finished wa ll surface an dthe tub. Mount the over-rim tub filling, with or without a shower diverter, onthe wa ll at one end of the tu b. The drain may be t he pull-out or pop-up t ype.

Figure 4-22. Shower With Exposed Piping

Street elbow

Shower head

Hot water

Union

Valve

Cold water

Tempered water


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Install removable service panel in the wall behind the tub to provide access tothe tr ap an d the wat er supply valve.

LAUNDRY TUBS

4-57. Laundry tu bs are usually placed in th e basement or ut i li ty room.

TYPES

4 -5 8 . T h e m o s t com m o n t y p e i s con c r e t e w i t h a m e t a l r i m , a l t h ou g henameled cas t - iron/s tee l an d plas t ic uni ts are a lso avai lable . They come insingle- and double-compart ment styles (Figure 4-24) .

INSTALLATION

4-59 . Use the fol lowing s t eps and Figure 4-25 , t o in s t a l l a t ub ( r e fe r t oChapter 7 for faucet installation):

S tep 1 . Assemble the metal stand by bolting its sections together.S tep 2 . Place the stand in a convenient place in front of the rough-in pipingand carefully set th e tub on t he stan d.S tep 3 . Connect the P -tra p to the t ub as shown in Figure 4-25 .S t ep 4 . Connect a swing-combinat ion fau cet to th e hot- an d cold-watersupply lines. Usually, the faucet is furnished with a hose bib for attaching ahose.

Figure 4-23. Showers With Unexposed Piping

Combination compression faucet(with or without shower)

Single-knob noncompression faucet(without shower)


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DRINKING FOUNTAINS

4-60 . Dr ink ing foun t a ins (Figure 4-26, page 4-26) are made of porcela inenameled steel, cast iron, or stainless steel.

TYPES

4-61. The three types of drinking founta ins are th e pedestal , wall-hun g, andelectrically cooled. The pedestal fountain needs no wall support . The wall-hung founta in i s bol ted to a mount ing board on the wal l . The e lec t r ica l lycooled founta in has a ref r igera t ing uni t in which the water supply tubing

Figure 4-24. Laundry Tubs

Figure 4-25. Laundry Tub Installation

Double Single

Twin fitting

Iron pipe, threaded

Slip-joint nut

Metal friction ring

Rubber washer

P-trap

Waste pipe (to sewer)

Waste run

Drainage T

Vent pipe

Tub

Tailpiece


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passes over the refrigerating coils to be cooled before being supplied to thedrinking outlet.

INSTALLATION

4-62. Sani ta t ion is an ext remely importa nt considera t ion when ins ta l l ingdrinking fountains. Water from the drinking outlet should not fall back on thebubbler head. The bubbler head should project at least 3/4 inch above the rimof the fountain and be located so that a person's mouth cannot touch it . Thefount a in dr a in should have a good s t r a iner to keep chewing gum and otherobjects from enter ing th e drain line.

4-63. Ins ta l l fount a ins wi th the bubbler head a t a h eight des igned for theave rage use r. Ensure tha t t he moun t ing i s s tu rdy to suppor t cons iderab leweight in a ddition to th at of the fixtur e. Install a 1 1/4-inch P-trap below t hewaste pipe. The electrically cooled founta in r equires a near by electrical outlet.Follow the manufacturer's instructions when installing a water fountain.

Figure 4-26. Water Fountains

Pedestal

Wall-hung

Electrically cooled


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5-1

Chapter 5Water Heaters

Water heaters are classified into four categories: range boilers and gas, oil-burning, and electric water heaters. Each type should have a temperature-and pressure-rel ief valve and a sediment drain at the lowest part of thetank. Relief valves are set to allow water to blow into a drain line when thepressure exceeds 210 degrees F ahr enhei t or when the pressure exceeds125 psi.

TYPES

RANGE BOILERS

5-1. The range boiler is a hot-water st orage tan k, varying from 1 to 5 feet indiameter and f rom 6 to 15 feet in length . I t has a furnace coi l , an exter iordevice to heat the water, or a combination of the two.

Range Bo i l e r and Fu rnace Co i l

5-2. In th e range boiler and furna ce-coil arran gement shown in Figure 5-1 , page 5-2 , the range boiler i s usual ly mount ed upr ight on a s tand. A dra in i splaced a t the bot tom to remove sediment , and a temperature- and pressure-relief valve is placed at the top for safety. The furnace coil is located in thefurnace firebox, which supplies heat to the building. This type of installationis of value only when t he furn ace is heating the building; it is impractical inthe summer months.

Range Bo i l e r and Hea te r

5-3 . In the range boi ler and heater ins ta l la t ion (Figure 5-2, page 5-2) , t heboiler is usually installed horizontally on a stand. The heater may be fired bycoal, gas, or oil.

GAS WATER HEATERS

Side-Arm Gas Heater

5-4 . The side-arm gas water heater (Figure 5-3, page 5-3) (usually in olderinstallations) is used mostly during the summer months to support furnace-oilwater heaters.

Gas Water Hea ter

5-5 . The gas water heater (Figure 5-4, page 5-3) is a galvanized-iron, copper,or porcelain-lined (gas-lined) steel tan k enclosed in a n insulat ing jacket. A gasburne r p rovides th e hea t . The the rmos ta t con t ro l s t he t empera t u re o f t he


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5-2 Water Heaters

water in t he insulated tan k. I ts operat ion is au tomatic and will keep water a t

any temperature from 110 degrees to 165 degrees Fahrenheit, according to thes e t t i n g o n t h e t h e r m o s t a t . W h e n g a s i s a v a i l a b l e , t h e g a s w a t e r h e a t e rprovides an efficient a nd in expensive way to supply hot wa ter at all times.

OIL-FIRED WATER HEATER

5-6. The oil-fired water heater is similar to the gas water h eater, except tha ta vaporizing or pressure oil burner supplies the heat.

Figure 5-1. Range Boiler and Furnace Coil

Figure 5-2. Range Boiler and Heater

Siphon holein the pipe

Cold-water inlet

Hot-water outlet

Temperature- andpressure-relief valve

Furnace coil

Drain valve

Cold-water inletSiphon hole in the pipe


Hot-water outlet

Heater (coal,gas, or oil)

Drain valve


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Water Heaters 5-3

ELECTRIC WATER HEATER

5 -7 . T h e el e ct r i c w a t e r h e a t e r (Figure 5-5 , page 5-4) n o r m a l l y h a s t w oi m m e r s i on - t yp e h e a t i n g e le m e n t s . T h e u p p e r h e a t e r u s u a l l y h a s h i g h erwat ta ge than the lower. Thermosta ts contr ol these e lements to ensure th atthe opera t ion is aut omat ic. The hea ter d oes not n eed a f lue or smoke pipe,

Figure 5-3. Side-Arm Gas Heater

Figure 5-4. Gas Water Heater


Hot-water outletFlue to chimney

Gas line

Gas heater

Furnace coil

Cold-water inlet

Drain valve

Siphon hole in the pipe

Cold-water inlet

Hot-water outlet


Pressure relief line

Drain valve

Thermostat

6"

Gas burner

Gas line

Gas control valve

Siphon hole in the pipe

Flue to chimney


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since th ere ar e n o burning products. The electric water heater may be locatedaway from th e chimney, in a closet, for example.

FIELD WATER-HEATING DEVICES

5-8. Under field conditions, water-heating devices are desirable to mainta inthe health, cleanliness, and morale of the troops. In some climates, heat fromthe sun wi ll t a ke th e ch i ll f rom shower wa t e r. (Pa in t ing wa te r con ta ine r sblack can absorb more heat from the sun.) When a device is needed to heatwater , it can be assembled by using a vailable mater ials. Two devices for m ess-kit washing and showers are t he vapor bur ner an d th e oil-water flash burner,which is assembled from a kit.

Vapor Burner

5-9. Fu els such a s diesel oil, kerosene, gasoline, or a combinat ion a re used.In cold clima tes, gasoline m ay be a dded t o thin th e oil before use. To constru ctthe burner, several sections of pipe, a valve, pipefittings, and a fuel reservoir

are needed. The burner operates by preheating the fuel to form a vapor beforeburning. Figure 5-6 shows a vapor burn er for a mess-ki t washing se tu p, asdescribed in the following procedures:

S tep 1 . Assemble th e pipe so that it doubles under it self. The best pipe sizeto use is 1/2- or 1/4-inch.S tep 2 . Drill small holes (1/16 inch or less) in the top of the lower pipe, wherethe water containers will be placed.S tep 3 . Cap the end of the pipe so that fuel can only escape from the drilledholes.

Figure 5-5. Electric Water Heater

Cold-water inlet

Hot-water outlet

Drain valve

Baffle

Lower heatingelement

Thermostat

Upper heatingelement

Thermostat

Insulation



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Water Heaters 5-5

Step 4 . Burn the fuel from the lower pipe to heat the fuel in the upper pipe,causing the fuel to vaporize. The vapor causes pressure in the lower pipe andforces the fuel out through the holes as a spray, making a better flame.S tep 5 . Place th e pipes in a fire t rench for more efficient operat ion. Th etren ch sh ould be about 1 foot wide an d 15 inches deep.S tep 6 . Coil iron wire around the lower pipe near the holes and around theupper p ipe just above the holes to serve as a n a ut omatic relighting device. Thewires become red hot after th e burn er ha s been opera ting for a few minu tes. If the flame goes out, the heat from the wires relights the fuel, preventing anexplosion from gas collected in the trench.S tep 7 . Before lighting th e bur ner, open t he control valve to allow a sma llamount of fuel to run through the lower pipe.S tep 8 . Ignite th e fuel by heating th e upper pipe and start ing the fuel-heat-gas pr essur e cycle.

Oil-Water Flash Burner

5 -10 . Th i s bu rn e r can be a s sembled an d ins t a l l ed from a k i t , fol lowingman ufactu r e r ' s i n s t ruc t ions . A p rope r ly opera t ed bu rn e r p r oduces a b lueflame. If th e blue flame blows itself out , insufficient fuel is getting t hr ough th eholes. Open the valve slightly or enlarge the holes to correct this situation. Ayellow flame indicates incomplete burning caused by too much fuel escapingfrom t he holes . Close t he valve s l ight ly or decrease the s ize of the holes tocorrect this condition.

Figure 5-6. Vapor Burner

Fuel storage

55-gallon drumswith tops removed

Pipe arrangement at bottom of drum

Fire trench

Scrap-iron supports


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SIZES

5-11. The maximum load and the working load determine the amount of hotwater needed per hour. A heater wi th a s torage capaci ty and recovery ra tesupplying that amount should be installed.

MAXIMUM LOAD

5-12. The maximum load of a water heat er is the maximum amount of waterused da ily per person per h our. (The am oun t of daily water u sed is spread oversevera l h ours . ) The amount of water var ies with the s ty le of living and thetype o f bu i ld ing . To de te rm ine th e s i ze of ho t -wa te r hea t e r n eeded for ab u i ld i n g , con s i d e r t h e m a x i m u m h o u r l y u s e a n d t h e n u m b e r of u s e r s .Generally, the maximum hourly use of hot water per person would be

Schools 2 or 3 gallons Offices 4 or 5 gallons

Living quarters and barracks 8 to 10 gallons

WORKING LOAD

5-13. The working load of a wat er heater is the percentage of maximum loadexpected under normal conditions in any given hour. Approximate workingloads are

School or office buildings 25 percent Residential buildings 35 percent Barracks buildings 40 percent

5-14. For example, the capacity of a water heater for a barracks that houses50 soldiers can be determined as follows:

S tep 1 . 50 user s x 8 gallons per h our (GPH) each = 400 gallonsS tep 2 . 400 gallons x 40 percent working load = 160 gallons

5-15. A heater wi th a 100-gal lon s t orage capaci ty and a 60-GPH r ecoveryrate (100 degrees Fahrenheit rise) could be installed.

OPERATION HAZARDS

5-16. Operat ion ha zards an d methods of reducing th em are as follows:

Carbon m onoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorlessgas given off when bur ning is incomplete. The ha zard may be r emovedby proper operation and adequate ventilation.

Lead poisoning. Lead poisoning r esults from using leaded fuel such a se thy l gasol ine . Brea t h ing t he vapors i s ve ry da ngerous . Adequa teventilation is absolutely necessary.

Explosion. A serious explosion can occur when a burner is not built oroperated properly. If the flame of a burner goes out and the fuel is nottur ned off or relight ed immediat ely, gas m ay build u p. An explosioncan result if the gas is ignited. The vapor burner is more dangerousthan the o i l -wa te r f l a sh bu rne r, bu t t he vapor bu rne r ' s au tomat i crelighting device reduces the chance of an explosion.


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6-1

Chapter 6Pipes and Fittings

Pipes and f i t t ings for p lumbing sys tems are c lass i f ied in to four bas icgroups: (1) cas t-iron soil pipe a nd fitt ings, (2) galvan ized-steel/iron pipean d f i t t ings , (3) copper tubing a nd fi t t ings , an d (4) p las t ic p ipe . Otherpipes a re a lso covered in th is chapt er.

P IPE SELECTION

6-1. Table 6-1 gives the char acter ist ics a nd uses of p ipes an d f i t t ings in aplumbing sys tem. Appendix D covers pipe capacities and the allowance forfriction loss in pipes.

Table 6-1. Pipe Characteristics and Uses

System

Type of Pipe Rigid Flexible Water Waste

Cast-iron soil pipe:Hub and spigotDouble hubHubless

***

***

Galvanized-steel/ iron pipe * * *

Copper tubing:

K1

L2

M3

DMV

****

**

***

*

Plastic pipe:PBPEPVC

CPVC 4

ABS

***

*

*

***

*

*

1Thick wall2Medium wall3Thin wall4CPVC is used for cold- and hot-water systems.


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6-2 Pipes and Fittings

P IPE ASSEMBLY MATERIALS

JOINT MATERIALS

6-2. All joints m ust be water tight an d gastight. To do th is, a specific mat eriali s u s e d w i t h e a c h k i n d o f p i p e. R e fe r t o t h e p a r a g r a p h s b e low a n d t h edefinit ions in t he glossar y of this ma nua l for additiona l inform ation on jointmaterials.

Oakum

6-3. Oaku m is hemp or jute fibers soaked with a bitu minous compoun d. It isloosely tw is t ed o r spun in to a rope or ya rn . I t i s u sed wi th l ead or o the rma t e r i a l s t o ma ke cau lked jo in t s i n h ub-and-sp igot cas t - i ron p ipe and invitrified-clay tile or concret e pipe.

Lead

6-4. Lead is mel ted and poured in to the joint . Alterna t ively, lead wood orshredded lead, packed cold, may be used on top of th e oakum in caulked joints.

P ipe -Jo in t Compound

6-5. Thread a nd pipe jo ints a re made by us ing one of severa l compounds ,referred to as dope , for protecting the threads and for easy maintenance.

So lde r

6-6. Solder is used with solder fit t ings to join copper tu bing and brass a ndcopper pipe. A nonacid flux (a substance, such as rosin, applied to promoteunion of mater ia ls ) must be used. A 95 percent t in a nd 5 percent a luminum

compound or su bstan ce is u sed for copper tu bing.

So lven t Cemen t

6-7 . Solvent cement i s used wi th p las t ic fi t t ings to join r ig id p las t ic p ipe .This cement comes in severa l types for each different plastic pipe and fitt ing.

B i tumen

6-8. Bituminous compounds, such as asphalt and tar pitch, are used to make join t s in vit r ified-cla y t ile a nd concret e pipe.

Gaskets

6-9. Flan ge joint s need gaskets of ru bber, cork, composition, sheet m etal, orother material .

OTHER MATERIALS

6-10. In addi t ion t o the fol lowing, some ma ter ia ls are d iscussed under thedifferent types of pipes in th is chapter .

Shee t Metal , Alumin um , Lead Copper, and Galvanized -Iron

6-11. These mater ia ls are used for f lashing around s t acks and for showerpans .


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Pipes and Fittings 6-3

Pipe Hanger s

6-12. Many types of ha ngers for supporting pipe are available (Figure 6-l).Among the m ost common a re th e perforat ed iron stra p furnished in r olls a nd

cut to length, U-shaped wire h angers, an d iron-ring ha ngers.

Oi l

6-13. Cut t ing oi l or lard oi l is used as a lubr icant when cut t ing threads onpipe.

Insula t ion

6-14. See Chapter 12 for pipe insulation.

P IPE MEASUREMENTS

6-15. Fi t t ings are par t of a p ipe-run length . The tota l length measurementmus t i nclude th e d i s t ance (engagemen t ) a p ipe goes in to a fi t t i ng and thefitting's dimensions. This section describes determinations and definitions of pipe runs and plumbing measurements.

Figure 6-1. Pipe Hangers

Pipe strap

Adjustable hanger

Wall hanger

Common hanger

Common hanger


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DEFINITIONS

Pipe Engagemen t

6-16. A pipe engagement i s th e d ista nce the pipe goes in to a fi t t ing . Thisdistance is determined by the pipes nominal size diameter (Figure 6-2) .

Type of Fitting Material Nominal SizeDiameter (in Inches)

Approximate PipeEngagement (in

Inches)

1/81/43/81/23/41

1 1/41 1/2

23

1/43/83/81/2

9/1611/1611/1611/16

3/41

1/43/81/23/41

1 1/41 1/2

5/163/81/23/4

15/161

1/18

1/23/41

1 1/41 1/2

234

1/25/83/4

11/1611/16

3/41 1/21 3/4

23456

2 1/22 3/4

333

Figure 6-2. Pipe Engagement in Fittings

Steel, threaded(pipe-joint compound)

Copper(solder)

Plastic(solvent cement)

Cast-iron(oakum and lead)


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Fi t t ing Dimens ion

6-17. A fitt ing's dimension is the measu remen t from th e center of a fitt ing tothe end of the fi t t ing, as shown in Figure 6-3 . Use th is d imension when the

fitting is part of the pipe-run length.

TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS

6-18 . Of th e seve ra l me th ods o f measu r ing p ipe l eng ths , t he ones mos tcommonly used are the face- to-face and the center- to-center methods , asshown in Figure 6-4 .

Figure 6-3. Fitting Dimension

Figure 6-4. Types of Measurements

End-to-end

End-to-center

Face-to-end

Center-to-center

Face-to-face


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Face-to-Face

6-19. A face-to-face measu re is th e distan ce between th e faces of each fitting.To determine the pipe length needed, add the pipe engagement distance for

each fitting to th e face-to-face m easur ement .

Center-to-Center

6-20. A cent er-to-center m easur e is used when pipe fitt ings ar e on each end.To d et e r m i n e t h e p i p e l en g t h n e e d e d , s u b t r a c t t h e s u m of b ot h fi t t i n gdimensions a nd t hen add th e sum of both pipe engagements.

End-to-End

6-21. En d-to-end measu re is the full length of pipe, including both th reads.

Offset

6 -22 . An o ffse t measuremen t i s u sed to in s t a l l a p ipe line run a round anobstacle ( Figure 6-5 ). The following steps explain how to run a n offset using3-inch st eel-th readed pipe; 45-degree elbows with a fitting dimension of 4 5/8inches; and a 1-inch threaded-pipe engagement:

S tep 1 . Determin e th e vertical distance "A" from th e center of the pipe tocenter of the pipe. In this example, the distance is 40 inches.S tep 2 . Refer t o Table 6-2 for the 45-degree offset constant, which is 1.4142.

S tep 3 . Multiply 1.4142 inches by 40.1.4142 by 40 = 56.5680 = 56.57 = 56 9/16 inches of pipe

S tep 4 . Since two elbows a re needed, subt ra ct the sum of both elbow-fittingdimen sions from 56 9/16 inches. A 3-inch, 45-degree elbow-fitt ing dimen sion is4 5/8 inches.

4 5/8 + 4 5/8 = 8 10/8 = 9 2/8 = 9 1/4 ( or 9 4/16)

56 9/16 9 4/16 = 47 5/16

Figure 6-5. Offset Measurement

End-to-center

C

End-to-center

C e n t e r - t o - c e n t e r

B

A

Degreeof offset


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Step 5 . Add the sum of the 1-inch pipe engagement for each fitting to 47 5/16inches.

47 5/16 + 2 = Total pipe length needed for "C"

CAST-IRON SOIL P IPE AND FITTINGS

6-23. Cast i ron is avai lable in two different wa l l th icknesses or weights ,service weight (SW) and extra-heavy weight (XH).

US E

6-24. Cast - iron soi l p ipe is used for sewers , dra ins , s tacks , and vents in awaste sys tem. SW is used in households and is adequate for most mi l i taryconstruction; XH is used where liquids may corrode the pipe or where greaterstrength is needed for tall stacks or under roadways.

TYPES AND SIZES

6-25. This p ipe is man ufactur ed in th ree different types (Figure 6-6, page6-8) :

Hub and Sp igo t

6-26. Hu b-an d-spigot pipe comes in 5-foot length s ran ging in diameter from2 to 15 inches.

Doub le Hub

6-27. Double-hub pipe comes in lengths r anging in d iameter f rom 2 to 15inches.

Hub les s

6-28. Hu bless pipe comes in 10-foot lengths r an ging in diameter from 1 1/2 to8 inches.

Table 6-2. Offset Degree Constants

Degree ofOffset

When A=1,B=

When B=1,A=

When A=1,C=

60 0.5773 1.7320 1.1547

45 1.0000 1.0000 1.4142

30 1.7320 0.5773 2.0000

22 1/2 2.4140 0.4142 2.6131

11 1/4 5.0270 0.1989 5.1258

5 3/8 10.1680 0.0983 10.2170


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HANDLING AND STORAGE

6-29. Cast - iron pipe is heavy and br i t t le ; therefore , i t must be s tored andhandled with care to prevent cracks or breakage.

FITTINGS

6-30. The ma jor types of fitt ings used for cast-iron pipe are Ts, Y-bra nches,bends, and traps. (Less commonly used fi t t ings are l isted in paragraph 6-36, page 6-1 1 . ) These fit t ings ar e u sed for conn ecting hub-and-spigot or hu blesscast-iron pipes.

Ts

6-31. Sani tary Ts are designed to carry dr ainage and straight T s ar e used forvent lines (Figure 6-7) . Use a tapped T, either sanitary or straight, to connectthreaded-pipe branch dra ins or vent l ines . Use a tes t T for tes t ing a newlyinsta lled wast e system for leaks. A Ts size is always given first by th e th roughsection (ru n) an d th en by t he t akeoff (outlet).

Figure 6-6. Cast-Iron Pipes

Spigot Hub (or bell)

Hub and spigot

Double hub

Hubless

Laying length 60"

Size (diameter)


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Y-Branches

6-32. Y-branches are u sed to join one or more sanitary sewer branches or toconn ect a bran ch to a m ain line. This design a llows a smooth er chan ge in flowdi rect ion . Th e m os t common Y-bran ches a re the 45 - and 90-degree types(Figure 6-8) .

Figure 6-7. Cast-Iron Ts

Figure 6-8. Cast-Iron 45- and 90-Degree Y-Branches

Straight T(reducing)

Tappedstraight "I"

Sanitary T(reducing)

Tappedsanitary "I"

Test T

Regular 45 Reducing 45 Tapped inverted 45

Upright 90 Reducing 90 Regular 90

Double 90 Box 90


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45-Degree . A 45-degree Y-branch has a s ide takeoff enter ing theth r ough sect ion a t a 75 -degree ang le. The s ide t akeoff may be t hesame diam eter or a smaller diameter. If the t akeoff is sma ller, i t is a

reducing Y-branch. Other types of 45-degree branches are inverted,tapped, and tapped inverted. 90-Degree . The 90-degree Y-bran ch, also called a combina tion Y an d

1/8 bend or T-Y, i s made in severa l shapes . The double 90-degreeY-branch i s u sed ex tens ive ly in a un i t ven t i n s t a l l a t ion . The box90-degree Y-bran ch with a side ta keoff on each side is u sed to inst all astack in a room corner. The 90-degree Y-branches also have tappedside takeoffs.

B e n d s

6-33. Bends ar e used to change the di rec t ion of a cas t - iron pipeline . Thedegree of d irec t ion change is g iven a s a common mat h f rac t ion. Bends ar edesigna ted in fractions of 1/16, 1/8, 1/6, 1/5, 1/4, an d 1/2 as th ey change th edirection of 22 1/2, 45, 60, 72, 90, and 180 degrees, r espectively. These bendscan be regular, short sweep, or long sweep (Figure 6-9) .

Figure 6-9. Cast-Iron Bends

1/16 bend(regular)

1/8 bend(regular)

1/4 bend(regular)

1/2 or return

1/4 short bend(or sweep) 1/4 long bend

(or sweep)

Reducing sweep

Soil-pipe closet bends


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Close t Ben ds

6-34. A closet bend is a special fitt ing to connect a soil waste bra nch line for awater closet ( to ile t ). I t can be pla in or tap ped for waste or vent ing. Closet

bends are made to fi t different types of floor flanges (rims for attachment).One type may have a spigot end for caulking, which is marked for cutting to adesired length. Another type has a hub end that connects to the floor flangewith a sleeve as shown in Figure 6-9 .

Traps

6-35. A trap provides a water seal, which keeps sewer gases from entering abui ld ing through a waste out le t . The most common type is a P- t rap . The P -trap is used in a parti t ion to connect a drain to a wast e branch. A run ning trapis used in a bu ilding's dra in l ine when the local plumbing codes require th atthe bui ld ing dra in be t rapped. Figure 6-10 shows four general t ypes of cast-iron soil pipe traps. (See Chapter 9 for further information on traps and trap

seal loss.)

Other Fi t t ings

6-36. The following fittin gs (except th e tucker coupling) may be used on alltypes of pipe.

Offset . An offset (Figure 6-11, page 6-12 ) carries soil or waste l inepast an obst ruct ion in a bui ld ing. Offse ts are e i ther regular or 1 /8-degree bend. The 1/8-degree bend gives smooth er t ran sit ion th an theregular one.

Inc rease r . An increaser (Figure 6-11, page 6-12) increases thediameter of a straight-through pipeline. It is usually used at the top of a stack.

Figure 6-10. Cast-Iron Traps

P-Trap S-Trap

Running Trap3/4 S-trap


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Cleanout . The cleanout (Figure 6-11) is a removable, threaded plugplaced in dra inage lines for cleaning or removing st oppages.

Tucker coup l ing . The tu cker-coupling fitting (Figure 6-11) connects

a hu b-an d-spigot pipe section to a th readed pipe section. This fit t inghas a hub on one end and female threads at the other end. Sewer th imble . The sewer thimble (Figure 6-11) is a special fitting

that connects the building sewer line to the main sewer line.

MEASURING

6-37. Measure cas t - i ron soil p ipe us ing one of the m ethods in paragraph6-18, page 6-5.

Figure 6-11. Cast-Iron Fittings

Hub

Regular offset Increaser

Cleanout plug

Tucker-typecoupling

1/8-degreebend offset

Female screwthread

Oakum

LeadSoil pipe

Sewer thimble

NOTE: All of these fittings except the tucker coupling canbe used on all types of pipes.


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CUTTING

6-38. Cast-iron soil pipe can be cut by scoring with a ha mmer an d cold chiselor by cutting with a soil-pipe cutter (Figure 6-12) . Use the following steps:

S tep 1 . Make a chalk or crayon mark completely around the pipe where itwill be cut.S tep 2 . Cut the pipe with a soil-pipe cutter or by using a hammer and coldchisel.

So i l -p ipe cu t t e r . Set th e p ipe in a v ise and posit ion the cut t ingwheels on th e ma rk by turn ing the a djusting knob. Apply pressure onthe han dle until the pipe is cut. U se the adjusting kn ob to keep a goodbite on the pipe (Figure 6-13) .

Figure 6-12. Cast-Iron Soil-Pipe Cutting Tools

Figure 6-13. Cutting Cast-Iron Soil Pipe

Hammer and cold chisel

Soil-pipe cutter

Hammer-and-chisel method

Pipe-cutter method

NOTE: The pipe-cutter method is preferred.


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Hammer and co ld ch i se l . Place the pipe on a board or mound of dirtat the point to be cut. Then place the chisel's cutting edge on the mark and hit i t l ightly with the hammer while rotating completely aroundthe pipe. Continue scoring around the pipe using harder blows until

the pipe is cut (Figure 6-13, page 6-13) .

JOINING

6-39. Determine the am oun t of oakum an d lead for a lead joint by the pipesize being connected (Table 6-3). Oth er t ypes of joint ma terialscompressiongaskets an d n eoprene sleeves with stainless steel clampsare man ufactur edfor different pipe sizes.

Hub-and-Spigot Joint

6 -40 . A hub-and-sp igot p ipe join t i s made wi th oakum and l ead and /or arubber compression gasket. A lead joint can be either vertical or h orizont al .Figure 6-14 shows the tools and mat er ia ls required. Figure 6-15 shows onetype of lead-melting furnace. Several types of melting furnaces are available.Follow the manufacturer's instructions and safety precautions.

Table 6-3. Joint-Material Requirements

Pipe Size(Inches)

Oakum(Feet)

Lead(Pounds)

2 3 1 1/2

3 4 1/2 2 1/4

4 5 3

5 6 1/2 3 3/4

6 7 1/2 4 1/2

Figure 6-14. Tools and Materials for Lead Joints

Lead

Oakum

Joint runner Hammer

Pickout iron

Inside caulking iron

Outside caulking iron

Large-pattern packing iron

Regular packing iron


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6-41. Horizonta l Lead Joint . Use Figure 6-16, pa ge 6-16 , and the followingsteps to make a joint.

S tep 1 . Clean the pipe end and/or the fitting end.S tep 2 . Center the spigot or cut end in the hub of another pipe or fitting.S tep 3 . Pack strands of oakum into the hub completely around the pipe orfitting with a packing iron to within 1 inch of the hub's end (Figure 6-16).

Figure 6-15. Lead-Melting Furnace

WARNINGAlways wear protective clothing, protective gloves, arespirator, and goggles when working with molten lead.Severe personal injury and permanent disability mayresult from accidents.

Melting pot

Plumbers ladle

Hood

Gasoline valve

Air pump

Tank

Flame control

Filter plug

Carrying handle


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Step 4 . Clamp the joint r unn er ar ound the pipe or fi t t ing (Figure 6-16) .S t ep 5 . Pour th e molten lead into the hub in one pour, using a plumber 'sladle.S tep 6 . Remove the joint ru nner when the lead h ardens.S tep 7 . Caulk the lead (Figure 6-16) .

6-42. Ver t ica l Lead Join t . Use Figure 6-17 and th e following steps to ma kea joint.

S tep 1 . Wipe the hub and spigot or the cut end to remove moisture andforeign matter.S tep 2 . Center the spigot or cut end in the hub of the pipe or fitting.S tep 3 . Pack strands of oakum into the hub completely around the pipe orfittin g with a packing iron t o with in 1 inch of the hu b's end (Figure 6-17) .

Figure 6-16. Horizontal Lead Joint

WARNINGAlways wear protective clothing, protective gloves, arespirator, and goggles when working with moltenlead. Severe personal injury and permanent disabilitymay result from accidents.

Oakum

Step 3

Joint runner

Steps 4 and 5

Step 7


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Step 4 . Pour hot molten lead carefully into the hub in one pour, using aplumber's ladle (Figure 6-17) .

Figure 6-17. Vertical Lead Joint

WARNINGAlways wear protective clothing, protective gloves, arespirator, and goggles when working with moltenlead. Severe personal injury and permanent disabilitymay result from accidents.

Oakum

Step 3

Step 4

Lead

Ensure that the cut end of thepipe is centered in the hub.

Lead

Oakum

Elevation view

Lead

Equal spacingall around Plan view

Step 6

Caulking

Oakum

Lead

Hub

Oakum


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Step 5 . Allow th e lead to cool one minu te or m ore to ha rden.S tep 6 . Caulk th e lead against th e pipe with the inside caulking iron a ndthen against t he hu b with t he outside caulking iron, as shown in Figure 6-17,

pa ge 6-18 . The joint is th en complete a nd leakproof.N O TE : I f h o t m o l t e n l e a d c a n n o t b e u s e d , m a k e a c o l d c a u l k jo i n tus ing l ead w oo l o r sh redded l ead . Ro l l the l ead w oo l o r sh redded l eadi n t o s e v e r a l s t r a n d s a b o u t 1 /2 i n c h i n d i a m e t e r a n d 1 t o 2 f e e t l o n g .F o r c e t h e s t r a n d s i n t o t h e h u b a n d c a u l k . Fo r b e s t r e s u l t s , a r ra n g ethe en ds o f t he s t r ands a l t e rna te ly.

Hub les s Jo in t

6-43. A hubless joint i s made wi th a neoprene s leeve and a s ta in less s teelclamp. To make a hubless joint use Figure 6-18 an d t he following steps:

S tep 1 . Remove t he n eopren e sleeve from t he sta inless-steel clamp.S tep 2 . Slide the sleeve on t he en d of one pipe or fitting u ntil it is firmlyagainst the collar inside the sleeve.S tep 3 . Slide the clamp on the other pipe.S tep 4 . Slide the pipe end into the sleeve until it is firmly against the collarinside th e sleeve.S tep 5 . Center the clamp over the sleeve and tighten with a screwdriver orwrench.

SUPP ORTING PIPE JOINTS

6-44. To prevent str ain on the joints, cast-iron pipe should be supported a tva r ious poin t s a long p ipe ru ns a nd f i t t i ngs . Th is p ipe mus t be suppor t ed(vertically and horizontally) to maintain alignment and the proper drainageslope.

Figure 6-18. Hubless Joint

Stainless-steelclamps

Neoprene sleeve Neoprene sleve


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GALVANIZED-STEEL/IRON PIPE AND FITTINGS

US E

6-45. Galvanized-steel/iron p ipe can be used for hot- and cold-water supplydistribution, certain drainage applications, and vent installations.

TYPES AND SIZES

6-46. This pipe comes in t hree str engths: (1) stan dard, (2) extra st rong, and(3) double ext ra s t rong. Th e def in i t ions Schedule 40 a n d Schedule 80 alsodescr ibe p ipe s t r eng th s . Schedu le 40 s t an da rd i s mos t commonly used inplumbing. Pipe diameter sizes (nominal pipe sizes) are 1/8 inch to 12 inches,also referred to as iron-pipe size. The pipe comes in 21-foot lengths, threadedor unthreaded ( Figure 6-19 ).

HANDLING AND STORAGE

6-47. Galvanized pipe should be s tored in a dry place . I f the p ipe ends arethreaded, they must be protected from damage.

FITTINGS

6 -4 8. F i t t in g s (Figure 6-20) for th is p ipe are c lass i fied as e i ther ordinar y(sta nda rd) or dr aina ge (recessed).

Ordinary (s tandard) . Ordinary fi t t ings are used for water servicean d vent ing. They ran ge in size from 3/8 inch t o 6 inches.

Figure 6-19. Galvanized-Steel/Iron Pipe

Figure 6-20. Ordinary and Drainage Pipe Fittings

Threaded

Unthreaded

Ordinary fitting

1/4" slope per foot

No pocket

Drainage (recessed) fitting (ideal make-up)

90


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Dra inage ( r ecessed ) . Drainage fi t t ings are used in waste systems.They have threads a t a s l ight a ngle so that hor izonta l dra inage pipewill slope about 1/4 inch per foot (Figure 6-20, page 6-19) . They range

in size from 1 1/4 to 12 inches.

Ts

6 -4 9. Ts (Figure 6-21) a re used when a p ipe run b ranches a t a 90 -degreeangle. T size is specified by the through section (run) and then the outlet.

Elbows (Ls)

6 -50 . E lbows (Figure 6-22 ) are used t o chan ge the di rect ion of a p ipeline .They come in a variety of sizes and patterns. The most common elbow are 90-and 45-degree angle. Either t ype can be a sta nda rd or a reducing L. The size of an L is given first by the larger opening and then by the smaller opening.

Coupl ings

6-51. Couplings (Figure 6-23) ar e used to connect t wo lengths of pipe.

S tanda rd coup l ing . An ordinar y coupling conn ects pipes of th e sam esize.

Reduc ing coup l ing . A reducing coupling connects pipes of differentsizes.

Eccen t r i c coup l ing . An eccent ric redu cing coupling conn ects pipes of different sizes.

Figure 6-21. Ts

Branch

Outlet

Standard T

Branch

OutletReducing T (external)

Run

Branch

Run

Reducing T (internal)

Outlet

Side-outlet T

NOTE: Branch and run can be reversed.

Run


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Unions

6-52. Unions (Figure 6-24, page 6-22) are used t o join t he en ds of two pipesthat can be turned or disconnected.

Ground . A ground union has three dis t inct par ts : a shoulder p iece

with female threads; a thread piece wi th female and male threads;and a ring (or collar) with a n inside flange tha t m atches the shoulderof t h e s h o u ld e r p i e ce a n d a f e m a l e t h r e a d t h a t m a t c h e s t h e m a l ethr ead of the t hread piece. The pipes ar e screwed to the th read a ndshou lde r p i eces . They a re d rawn toge the r by the co ll a r, ma k ing agastight and watertight joint.

F lange . The flange union has two parts, each with a female thread,tha t a re sc rewed to th e p ipes to be joined . Nu t s a nd bo l t s pu l l t heflanges together. A gasket between the flanges makes a gastight and

Figure 6-22. Elbows

Figure 6-23. Couplings

Y-elbow (orside-outlet elbow)

Reducing elbowStreet elbow

90 elbow 45 elbow

Standard coupling Reducing coupling Eccentric reducingcoupling

Extension piece


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water tight joint. P lain-faced flan ges are shown in Figure 6-24 . Theymay h ave ma le and female faces or t ongue and groove faces.

Dielect r ic . Dielectric u nions are used to connect dissimilar-metal,water supply pipes to prevent electrolysis (corrosion). This union isused when connecting galvanized-steel/iron pipe to copper pipe.

Nipples

6 -53 . A n ipp le i s u sed to make a n ex tens ion f rom a f i t t ing o r to join twofit t ings. Nipples are pieces of pipe 12 inches or less in length, threaded oneach end. Th ere a re close, shoulder, and long n ipples (Figure 6-25) .

P lugs and Caps

6-54. Plugs and caps ar e used to seal off openings in o ther fi t t ings or p ipeends (Figure 6-25) . These f i t t ings seal off a wa ter sys tem for tes t ing. Thisrough-in system is in place until the fixtures are installed.

Crosses

6-55. A cross joins two different pipelines in the sa me plane, mak ing themperpendicular to each other (Figure 6-25) . Crosses can also be side-outlet andreducing.

Figure 6-24. Unions

Shoulder piece

Ground joint

Collar

Thread piece

Ground joint

Flange union

Gasket

Bolted ground-joint union

Ground-joint union

Dielectric union


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Bush ings

6-56. A bushing is used to reduce a f i t t ing out le t or to connect a p ipe to alarger outlet . A bushing can be a pipe bush ing and/or a face bushing (Figure6-25) .

CUTTING AND REAMING

6-57 . S tee l p ipe is cu t a nd r eam ed us ing a v ise , p ipe cu t t e r, and r eam er(Figure 6-26) . To avoid pipe wast e, use Figure 6-27, page 24, and the followingsteps:

Figure 6-25. Nipples, Plugs, Caps, Bushings, and Cross

Figure 6-26. Steel-Pipe Tools

Close nipple Shoulder (or short) nippleLong nipple

Iron-pipe cross

Hexagon-socketplug

Slotted-headplug

Square-headplug

Bushings

Cap

NOTE: See Figure 6-11 for additional fittings.

Pipe vise Pipe cutter Pipe reamer


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Step 1 . Determine the length of pipe and mar k t he spot for t he cut.S tep 2 . Lock th e pipe tightly in th e vise with th e cutt ing mar k about 8 inchesfrom the vise.

S tep 3 . Open th e jaws of the cut ter, us ing the single-wheel cut ter, by tur ningthe ha ndle coun terclockwise.

S tep 4 . Place the cutter around the pipe with the cutting wheel exactly onthe ma rk. The rollers will ensure a straight cut ( Figure 6-27, A ). If using athree-wheel cutter, place the cutting wheel of the movable jaw on the mark;ensure t hat all three wheels are a t r ight angles t o the centerline of the pipe.S tep 5 . Close the vise jaws lightly against the pipe by turning the handleclockwise.S tep 6 . Give the handle a quarter turn clockwise when the cutting wheel androllers have made contact with the pipe.S tep 7 . Apply cutting oil and rotate the cutter completely around the pipe,making a quarter turn on the handle for each complete revolution around thepipe. Continue the action until the pipe is cut.S tep 8 . Push the r eamer int o the pipe. Turn the r eamer clockwise in short ,even strokes, while keeping steady pressure against the pipe (see Figure 6-27, B) until the inside burrs are removed.S tep 9 . Remove the outside burrs with a file if using a three-wheel cutter.

THREADING

N O TE : T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l t y p e s o f t h r e a d s , s u c h a s a u t o m o t i v e t h a tp r o d u c e s f i n e a n d c o u r s e t h r e a d s a n d p l u m b i n g a n d p i p e f i t t i n gth reads iden t i fi ed a s NPT. P ipe th reads a re cu t a t a t ape r.

Figure 6-27. Cutting and Reaming Steel Pipe

A B


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6-58. Many types of pipe-thr eading sets are in use. A common set conta ins ara t chet , n onadjus ta ble s tock wi th sol id d ies, an d individual guides (Figure6-28) . A d i e a n d g u i d e m u s t b e t h e s a m e s i z e t o f i t t h e p i p e s i z e b e i n g

th readed . When us ing a th read ing se t , r e fe r t o the manufac tu re r ' s o r t heaccompanying inst ructions with the following steps:

NOTE: Iden t i fy p ipe d i e s a s NPT to ensu re tha t t h i s i s t he type be ingused fo r p ipe th read ing .

S tep 1 . Lock th e pipe securely in t he vise with enough pipe pr ojecting forthreading.S tep 2 . Slide the diestock over the end of the pipe with the guide on the

inside. Push th e die against t he pipe with one ha nd (Figure 6-29) .

S t ep 3 . Make t hr ee or four sh ort, slow, clockwise str okes unt il the die isfirmly started on the pipe. Apply a generous amount of cutting oil on the die.

Figure 6-28. Stock and Die Set

Figure 6-29. Threading Pipe


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Step 4 . Give the stock a complete clockwise turn, and then turn itcounterclockwise a quarter turn. This will clear cut metal from the die andburrs from the new threads. Continue to apply oil.

S t ep 5 . Cont inue St ep 4 u ntil 1/2 to 1/4 inch (or two thr eads) extends fromthe diestock. Continued threading will cause the thread taper to be lost.S t ep 6 . Carefully tur n th e diestock counterclockwise un til th e die is free of the cut threads.S tep 7 . Use a heavy rag to wipe away excess oil and a wire brush to removean y chips. The p ipe is now ready t o be joined.

6-59. Too much pipe thr ead is as un desirable as too li t t le. A good rule is tocut thr eads un t i l the p ipe extends about 1 /4 inch f rom the base of the d ies.Table 6-4 , gives information to determine thread length.

JOINING

6-60. Fit t ings are normally screwed to the pipe after i t is threaded, while thep ipe i s s t i l l in th e v i se. Th i s ensu res a good f i t . The a s sembled p ipe an dfit t ings should then be screwed int o the pr oper place in t he insta llation. UseFigure 6-30 and the following joining steps:

Table 6-4. Thread Length Data

Normal PipeSize (in Inches)

ThreadsPer Inch

ApproximateLength ofThread

(in Inches)

ApproximateNumbers of

Threads to be Cut

ApproximateTotal Thread MakeupEngagement (in

Inches)

1/4 18 5/8 11 3/8

3/8 18 5/8 11 3/8

1/2 14 3/4 10 7/16

3/4 14 3/4 10 1/2

1 11 1/2 7/8 10 9/16

1 1/4 11 1/2 1 11 9/16

1 1/2 11 1/2 1 11 9/16

2 11 1/2 1 11 5/8

2 1/2 8 1 1/2 12 7/8

3 8 1 1/2 12 1

3 1/2 8 1 5/8 13 11/16

4 8 1 5/8 13 11/16

5 8 1 3/4 14 13/16

6 8 1 3/4 14 13/16


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Step 1 . Check the fitting threads for cleanliness and damage. If necessary,clean with a wire brush or replace.S tep 2 . Repeat Step 1 for t he pipe thr eads.S tep 3 . Apply pipe-joint compound or Teflon tape to the pipe thr eads only(Figure 6-30) .S t ep 4 . Screw the fitting on, hand tight (Figure 6-30) .S t ep 5 . Tighten the fitting using two pipe wrenches, one on the fitting(backup wrench) and the other on the pipe (Figure 6-30) , provided no vise isavailable. The backup wrench keeps the fitting from turning.

COPPER TUBING AND FITTINGS

6-61. Copper tubing is lightweight , easily joined, and corrosion-resista nt . Itcan be rigid or flexible, and it is classified by its wall thickness (Figure 6-31, pa ge 6-28) .

US E

6-62. Copper tu bing is used for h ot- and cold-water supply systems, certa indrainage applications, and venting.

TYPES AND SIZES

6-63. Types an d sizes of copper tu bing include the

K . K is a thick-walled, r igid or flexible copper tubing available in20-foot lengths or 100-foot coils. Diameter sizes range from 1/4 inch to12 inches.

Figure 6-30. Joining Threaded Pipe

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

Backup wrench

PipeJoint

Compound


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L . L is a medium-walled, rigid or flexible copper tubing available in20-foot lengths or 100-foot coils. Diameter sizes are the same as K.

M . M is a thin-walled, rigid copper tubing available in 20-foot lengths.Diameter sizes are the same as K and L.

D r ai n w a s t e v e n t ( DWV) . DWV is available in 20-foot lengths.Diameter sizes range from 1 1/4 to 8 inches.

FITTINGS

6-64. Fit t ings for copper tu bing can be solder, flared, or compr ession t ypes(Figure 6-32) .

So lde r

6-65. Solder fitt ings can be used with eith er rigid or flexible copper tubing.The f i t t i ng s i zes a re s imi l a r t o ga lvan ized- s t ee l / i ron f i t t i ngs . S i zes a re

identified in t he sam e man ner.

Flared

6-66. Flar ed fi t t ings are used wi th flexible copper tu bing th at h as f laredends. Fitting sizes range from 3/8 inch to 3 inches in diameter.

DWV

6-67. DWV fittings ar e similar to cast -iron fittings of the solder type.

Figure 6-31. Copper Tubing

K L M

Rigid

Flexible

ML


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MEASURING

6 -6 8 . M e a s u r e co p p er t u b i n g u s i n g on e o f t h e m e t h o d s d e s cr i b e d in pa ra grap h 6-18, pa ge 6-5 .

CUTTING AND REAMING

6-69. Copper tubing can be cut with a t ubing cutt er or a fine-tooth hacksaw(32 teeth per inch), as shown in Figure 6-33, pa ge 6-30 . Use the following stepsto make a cut:

S tep 1 . Determine the length of tubing required and mark the spot for the cut.Step 2 . Set the cutting wheel on the mark and turn the cutter knob clockwiseto get a bite on the tubing.

[Savefile]060525195612 Plumbing Pipefitting Sewerage

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