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IMPACT OF SELECTED BANKING SYSTEM ON SMALL SCALE NDUSTRIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GUJARAT

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO

SAURASTRA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSPOHY

IN ECONOMICS

By ASHISH P. VORA Lecturer in Economics

C. Z. Patel College of Business and Management, Vallabh Vidyanagar.

Research Supervisor DR. VIBHA BHATT

Lecturer and Head , Economics Department,

P D M Commerce College, Rajkot.

November, 2008.

Ashish Pravinchandra Vora,

Lecturer: Economics,

C Z Patel College of Business & Management,

Sardar Patel University,

Vallabh Vidyanagar – 388 120.

CERTIFICATE

I hereby declare that the research work on “ Impact of selected banking

system on small scale industries with special reference to Gujarat” is

carried out by me individually this is my original work and it is not

submitted to any other universities for any other degree.

Ashish P Vora

Dr. Vibha Bhatt,

Lecturer & Head,

Economics Department,

P D M Commerce College,

Rajkot.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Impact of selected banking

system on small scale industries with special reference to Gujarat” is a

bonafide research work carried out independently by Mr. Ashish

Pravinchandra Vora, Lecturer, C Z Patel College of Business &

Management, Vallabh Vidyanagar under my supervision during 2005 -

2008 in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of the degree

of Doctor of Philosophy and the thsis has not formed the basis for the

award previously of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or

any other similar titles.

Dr. Vibha Bhatt

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to my supervisor and guide Dr. Vibha Bhatt, Professor, P D M

Commerce College, Rajkot for without her help and constant guidance I would have

accomplished nothing.

I would like to offer my deepest gratitude to my younger brother Mr. Jayesh Vora for his

support and assistance, without his help this mammoth task would not have been

possible.

I offer my humble pranams to my Dada - Dadi, Nana – Nani, my mother Vijayagauri P.

Vora & my father Pravinchandra T Vora for being there always when I needed their

blessing and support. They are the source of my inspiration and strength. I am special

thankful to my younger brother Jayesh Vora for he has been with me in all my

endeavours, motivating me to march ahead and also thankful to my brother Subodh Vora,

Mr. Sureshbhai Yagnik, Mrs. Chandrika Yagnik, Ms Abhaya and Mr. Sagar for showing

keen interest in my work.

I express my sincere thanks to my well wishers Dr. Sonalde Desai and Dr. Smita Zala for

keeping me steady on my work track with their inspiring words and good wishes.

My special thanks are due to the following bank officials who supplied me adequate data

and the necessary information for my research. They are

Mr. V R Pandey, Asst. Manager, Union Bank of India, Ahmedabad.

Mr. D M Patel, Chief Manager, Union Bank, Main Branch, Ahmedabad.

Mr. D T Nathan, Senior Manager, Dena Bank, Ahmedabad.

Mr. R J Patel, Lead District Manager, SLBC Dena Bank, Surat.

Mr. Anil Purohit, Lead District Manager, Dena Bank, Mehsana.

Mr. Bhagwati Patel, Lead Bank Manager, Surat.

Mr. Mahesh Patel, Lead District Manager, Godhra.

Mr. Arvind S Patel, Senior Manager, Bank of Baroda, Ahmedabad.

Mr. Yagnik, Lead District Manager, Rankot.

I take this opportunity to express my sincerest gratitude to the authorities of Charutar

Vidya Mandal, Dr. Nikhil Zaveri and Principal Dr. Atul Bansal for providing me

facilities and help to carry out my research work.

I am also thankful to Mrs. Niranjanaben and Mr. Navalsinh Chauhan, Reference

Department, Gujarat Vidyapith Library, Ahmedabad for their valuable service.

I also acknowledge the help by Dr. Ketki Nagar, Dr. Dhavla Ketan Diwan,

Mrs. Shehnaz Shaikh, Ms. Rakhi Thakur, Mr. Sanjiv Sharma, Ms. Sudhadhara Shamal,

Mr. Devranjan Hota, Mr. Jayesh Mehta, Mrs. Preeti Mehta, Mrs. Bhavna Padhya, Mrs.

Malini Sukesh Shah, Dr. Nayanjeet Chaudhary, Mrs. Reema Chaudhary, Mr. Kamyadeep

Chaudhary, Mr. Hiren Unadakat Mr. Rajiv Patel, Mr. Mehul Parmar and Dr. Raju

Chaudhury, And last but not list my dear and darling students.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No Title

Pate No.

1 Sectoral Credit Concepts and Overview 1

2 Research Frame Work 21

3 Small Scale Industries: An Introductory Framework 28

4 Sub Regional Analysis 71

5 Finding, Suggestions and Conclusions 246

1

Chapter 1

Sectoral Credit-Concepts & Overview

Sr. No Title

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Characteristics of Credit

1.3 Kinds of Credit

1.4 Importance of Credit

1.5 Need of Credit

1.6 Financing of Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Indian &

Global Scenario

2

1.1 Introduction:

Credit has assumed wide significance as an important instrument of promoting

and sustaining economic growth of modern economies. It constitutes the foundation upon

which the financial and through it the real investment in the economy is determined we

have transcended the narrow confines of money economy and we enjoy the vast horizon

of credit money economy. Although money is the basis of credit creation by the banks in

the economy, on account of the increasing importance of credit in modern tome it is held

by many that man today is living in a credit money economy. This aspect of the

contemporary economics life has been discussed by many economists, such as Willis and

Hawtrey. These economists regard money as a substitute for credit, rather than regard

credit as substitute for money. According to them, credit is characteristics of a system

whereby exchanges are normally effected. There are other who regard credit as a means

of transferring capital. John Stuart Mill wrote that from the point of view of society credit

merely transfers capital that is already in existence. Of itself it is not capital any more

than it is not capital any more than if is money, all it does is to put the present capital in

to the productive hands.

The word credit has been derived from the Latin word Credo, meaning “I

believe”. Credo, however, is a combination of the Sanskrit word Cred, meaning “trust”

and the Latin meaning “I place” according to Wingfield Stratford, credit is “nothing more

or less on the stock exchange than before the alter, is the substance of things hoped for,

the evidence of things not seen”. According to William Stanley Jevons, credit is ‘nothing

but the deffering of payment’. According to Cole, “Credit is purchasing power not

derived from income, but created by financial institutions either as an offset to idle

incomes held by depositors in the banks, or as a net addition to the total amount of

purchasing power”. It is in this sense that the term credit is used in current monetary

discussion.

3

1.2 Characteristics of Credit

When credit to an individual or business enterprise is provided the credit has

some salient features which are important. These characteristics of credit are being

discussed as given under:-

(1) Confidence

The basis of credit is confidence. No person will part with his goods in exchange

for a provide to pay money unless he has trust or confidence in the ability and will of the

debtor to make payment when it becomes due.

(2) Capacity

The paying capacity of the borrower affects the credit. Creditor must satisfy

himself with regard to the ability and paying capacity of the borrower before making

loans and advances. The reputation of the borrower and ability to repay is based on

certain personal qualities, training and successful experience. He gives reasonable

assurance to repay the advances in time.

(3) Goodwill

Goodwill of debtor is another salient feature of credit. It also affects the amount of credit

to be extended by the creditor. If a person has a goodwill that he will repay its out

standing credit in time then he will get the credit without any difficulty. The goodwill is

based on the character of the borrowers.

(4) Securities

General credit is provided by banks. Before granting credit bank has to see

whether the debtor has proper securities or not. If the debtor or borrow has adequate

property and assets at his disposal, then he will be given loan by the bank.

4

(5) Size of Credit

Availability of credit is also depends on the amount of credit generally credit of

small size is easily available but the sanction of large amount of credit taken time and

various formalities are to be completed.

(6) Period of credit

The period of credit also affects the availability of credit. Short period and

medium period credit is easily sanctioned by banks and other financial institution. But the

long term credit is not easily available as it involves risk because future is uncertain and

repayment requires more time.

Thus we can say that credit is affected by the various factors. The relations

between creditor and debtor are more important. Besides these factors goodwill of the

borrower, period of credit and amount of credit are taken into consideration by creditor

before sanctioning the amount of credit.

1.3 Kinds of credit

In modern times credit is required for many purposes and is employed by almost

every sector of the economy. Indeed the demand for credit is ubiquitous in the economy.

In the developed countries of the west the purchases of most customer durables – cars we

see on the roads, refrigerators used in the kitchen, the T.V. sets in the drawing rooms and

the like – are all financed by banks and other financial intermediaries. Producers

undertake production on a large scale by depending upon the banks to finance the

purchases of raw materials, wage payment by seeking overdraft and cash credit since it

permeates throughout the economy, but as a rough approximation to classification, on the

basis of the use to which it is put credit can be classified into industrial credit,

commercial credit, agriculture credit, etc. according as it is used to finance the

development of industry, commerce, agriculture etc. On the basis of the period for which

credit is repaid advanced we have short period credit which is replying after the period of

few days or a few months, and long period credit which is repayable after a period of few

years. We may also have productive credit advanced by the banks to the entrepreneurs to

5

finance their business development plans in the form of undertaking new investment

activity or extension of existing plant capacity and the consumer credit advanced to the

consumers to the finance purchases of consumer durables. When credit helps in

increasing the productive capacity in the economy, it is called productive credit or

investment. While the industrial credit is taken and advanced for long period to finance

the purchase of fixed capital goods, the commercial credit is given and taken for a short

period of few months to finance trade and commerce or to finance the working capital

requirement of the industrial units. The difference between the commercial and industrial

credit is important for no company can safely use funds for fixed investment which it

obtains for short term because long term assets cannot pay of short term debts. The

German standstill agreements, for instance, had their origin in such a situation. For a

decade prior to 1931 German banks had obtained short term credit from abroad which

had been used to acquire long term asset at home.

Beside long and short period credit, there is the medium-term and demand credit.

Medium-term credit stands midway the long and short term credit. It has a maturity

extending over year but less than five years. Thus it follows that a long term credit is

generally that which matures after five years while short term credit is extended for less

then a year. Demand credit is a loan which is payable to the creditor on demand. The

example of a demand credit is call loan which can be asked to be repaid at any time. A

demand credit can only be utilized for the financing of such assets which can be readily

converted in to cash at any tome the call is received from the creditor.

Loans are generally granted by the banks and other financial agencies against the

security of tangible assets pledged by the borrower in favor of the lender bank. The goods

or bond etc. so pledged are known as collateral securities. Loans may however, be

granted without requiting the borrower to furnish any collateral security. The first

category of loans are known as secured loans while the second category of loans are

called unsecured loans.

On the basis of the type of the borrower credit can be classified as individual

credit, business credit and government credit. Government credit is used by the central,

state and local governments. The following table summaries the kinds of credit.

6

Kinds of Credit

Purpose Maturity Borrower Security

1. Industrial 1. Long-term 1. Individual 1. Secured

2. Agriculture 2. Medium-term 2. Business 2. Unsecured

3. Commercial 3. Short-term 3. Government

4. Consumption 4. Demand or call

1.4 Importance of credit

Credit has become so important in modern society that to imagine of a modern

economy without credit is a misnomer. Today almost all bullk economic transaction are

settled by means of credit instruments. By a mere stroke of pen on a bank cheque

transaction involving large sums of money are settled without involving any money

payment. Credit is frequently called “the life-blood of business” and it true if we ponder

over the function performed by credit in modern times.

The credit system, embracing the instruments, agencies, customs and laws

concerned with the granting of credit and the collection of obligations, has developed

rapidly in extent and technique during the last hundred years. Deniel Webster has

described the significance of credit for a modern economy in most forceful words. He

says that “credit has done more-a thousand times more-to enrich nations than all the

mines of the world. It has excited labor, stimulated manufactures, pushed commerce on

every son, and brought every nation, every kingdom and every small tribe the races of

man to be know to all the rest “

Explaining the importance of credit the well-know classical economist, john

Stuart mill writes: “….though credit is but a transfer of capital from hand to hand, it is

generally, and naturally a transfer to hands more competent to employ the capital, more

efficiently in production. If there were no such thing credit, or if from general insecurity

or want of confidence, it were scantily practiced, many persons who possess more or less

capital, but who from their occupations, or for want of the necessary skill and knowledge,

cannot personally superintend its employment would no benefit it; their funds would

either be idle, or would be perhaps wasted and annihilated in unskillful attempts to make

7

them yield a profit. All this capital is now lent at unskillful and made available for

production. Capital thus circumstanced forms a large portion of the productive resources

of any commercial country; and is naturally attracted to those producers or traders who

being in the greatest business, have the means of employing it most advantage; because

such are both the most desirous to obtain it and able to give best security. Although

therefore, the productive funds of the country are not increased by credit, they are called

into a more complete state of productive activity. As the confidence on which credit is

grounded extends itself means are developed by which even the smallest portions of

capital, the sums which each person keeps by him to meet contingencies, are made

available for productive uses.

Credit serves the economy in many ways which may be summarized as following.

1. Credit provides a convenient and economical medium of exchange by

supplementing or superseding other forms of money. It saves the community the

cost of acquiring large sums of standard money, the labor and cost involved in

handing metals, and the loss through were and tear incidental to the use of

precious metals. It renders the monetary system of the country elastic by

permitting expansion and contraction of the fiduciary money supply based on the

metallic reserves.

2. Credit facilitates the production and exchange of goods and services in the

economy. It enables the state to finance its expenditure for routine and socialized

activities far in excess of its immediate revenues. It enables honest person with

business managers to adjust the volume of capital employed to the changing

requirement of their enterprises. It increases the scope of sales of goods and

services. It makes the expansion of markets and productive activities possible.

3. Credit also increases consumption. Through installment credit consumers are

enabled to enjoy consumption of a large range of goods. With the increase in

demand consequent upon the extension of credit facilities the commodity market

becomes broad enough to warrant the large scale production with consequent

upon the extension of credit facilities the commodity market becomes broad

enough to warrant the large scale production with consequent in costs. This result

8

in raising the standard of living and converting future income into the present

purchasing power.

4. Credit promotes thrift by productive employment for saving. Thus by promoting

saving, credit encourages capital formation in the economy which is essential for

the economic development of the economy.

5. Credit facilitates development of large scale enterprises and specialized industry

by encouraging the assembling of substantial amount of capital. The corporate

from of business organization whose security issues are handled through

specialized credit institutions like the bank, insurance companies, investment

trusts etc, have become outstanding features of modern capitalist society.

6. Credit makes the optimum use of economy’s capital resources possible. Trough

the use of credit not only are the funds formed together; they are also apportioned

between the different competing uses in the most efficient manner. The borrower

is a more efficient producer then the lender because had the latter been more

efficient he could use capital formed as result of saving in his own productive

activities. When by means of credit the funds are given to those who pay the

highest price in the form of interest control of the productive capital is entrusted

to those who are most likely to provide additional consumer commodities for the

community at low cost of production.

7. By influencing the rate of capital formation credit influences output and

employment in the economy. Expansion of credit helps to pull the economy out of

depression while a restriction of it may exercise a restraining influence upon

boom. A cyclical expansion of credit by the banks and other credit institutions

may accelerate the employment of unused factors and thus help in increasing the

output which may stimulate spending and saving and vice versa.

8. Credit enables the financial system to render its two-fold service by providing a

system of exchange and a system of capital supply. It enables the debtor use

something which he does not yet own completely i.e. it enable him to extend

control as distinct from economic ownership over goods.

9. Credits benefit lenders in at least two ways. Firstly it enables them to earn income

on their saving. Apart from benefiting the individual sever lender it also benefits

9

the society in as much as by stimulating saving it promotes capital formation

which is vital for economy’s growth. Secondly, it helps the saver-lender to get

greeter total utility or satisfaction from his life-time income by deferring

consumption from a time when it would yield him less satisfaction to a time when

it would him more satisfaction. He first sacrifices some consumption and saves

and lends; later he dissaves by selling his debt clam and uses the proceeds for

consumption securing satisfaction.

1.5 Need of Credit

On the demand side of the economy are the consumers of goods and service who

require funds basically for acquiring certain consumer durables. The credit facility

offered to the households will generally be in the form of auto- finance, education loans,

credit card loans housing loans, and for the purpose of other consumer durable items.

Loans will also be provided to individuals against other financial and real assets. Except

for the housing loans all the other types of individual loans range bound in short term.

Similarly, on the supply side also, the credit market provides funds to the

corporate though for entirely different purposes. Corporate basically fonds for project

finance while initiating investment plan and working capital finance for their day-to-day

operations.

Credit extended for project finance would enable the corporate to acquire real

assets, plant and machinery, technological expertise, etc require for expansion /

modernization / diversification purposes. In certain cases, where the project is very large

and the funds can not be provided by a single situation, consortium lending will be

resorted to in this facility, two more intermediaries will join together to finance large

project proposals. Such funding requirements will generally arise while financing large

infrastructure project, petroleum projects etc.

In addition to long-term requirement, firms would also require short-term funds

for meeting their working capital requirements. Firm require these funds. To meet their

day-to-day operational requirements and for maintaining adequate levels of current assets

since these funds support the daily operations of the firm, they are required on a

continuous basis. The financial assistance for the working capital requirements is

10

generally provided by banks in the form of cash credit (cc). overdraft facilities (od) and

bill finance

1.6 Financing of small and medium enterprises (SMEs): Indian and global

scenario

Overview

SMEs globally, have been recognized as a vital component of the domestic

economy and employment generation of a country, disregard of the geographical barriers.

According to a report by the World Bank, in low-income countries with GNP per capita

between $100 and $500, SMEs account for over 60% of GDP and 70% of total

employment. In the middle-income countries, they produce close to 70% of GDP and

95% of total employment. However, even in the era of globalization and liberalization,

SMEs continue to face increased challenges across the globe.

In the Indian scenario, small enterprises’ contribution to economy is 40% of the

country’s domestic production, about 50% of total exports and 45% of industrial

employment. The achievements and contributions of SME sector can be attributed to the

positive response and support of the Indian banking system to SME sector since early

seventies till 1991. Despite these positive features, SMEs are not able to exploit their full

potential. One reason for this is considered to be low credit penetration into the segment

caused by sub-optimal delivery of credit and services to the sector.

With the advent of economic reforms, the compelling statutory regulations and

compliance requirements against risk weighted assets, have forced the commercial banks

to change their direction in approaches to lending, which has resulted in a reduced

institutional credit flow to the SME sector. Thanks to the initiative of GOI through the

setting up of microfinance institutions like SIDBI and comprehensive policy package for

SMEs al along. The recent enactment in 2005 for the development of the SME sector is

another long-term measure, whereby GOI defined small and medium enterprises and

taken several initiatives for assisting the SMEs. The government of India has set an

ambitious target of doubling the institutional credit to SMEs by 2010. RBI has also put in

place several measures encouraging banks to step up their lending to SME sector

11

considerably. Realizing the importance of the sector for its contribution to domestic

economy and going by the policy initiatives of the government and directives of RBI, the

globalizes markets prompting banks to look for new business opportunities, have all

made the banks to take a re-look in financing SMEs. The markets for industrial products

and services and technological advancements across the globe also demand a better

performance on the part of the SMEs, to which the sector has started responding

positively.

Apart from institutional funding support at macro level reforms are also

considered essential, to usher in the growth of SME sector through intense financing by

banks and FIS. One of the present barriers is the 150% risk weight assigned to loans to

SMEs prescribed under the basal norms. There exists an urgent need for rationalizing

these norms to promote liberal financing of SMEs. RBI has already laid down guidelines

to classify loans to SMEs as retail loans, which attract only 75% risk weight, subject to

fulfillment of a certain criteria. In advanced countries like USA also, Basel II norms have

had their adverse impact on the promotion and prosperity of SMEs and there the

government is actively considering alternatives to overcome the barriers. Many other

countries like Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Korea also face new challenges in the wake of

the Basel II Norms and these countries seem to be exploring alternative bailout measures

for sustaining the development of SMEs.

Visionaries of economy advocate and stress the urgent need to regenerate SME

financing. According to World Bank study of “Firm Size and Business Environment in

SME Financing” ,SMEs across the world do face more or less common or similar

problems, due to inversely related factors, the problem areas being financing and

regulatory policies.

Financing agencies are focusing on new approaches like cluster approach to

achieve the twin objective of their own business growth and development of SME sector.

The objective is to ensure that the fruits of development are spread across a vast majority

of entrepreneurs and community and balanced regional development.

This book is an attempt to capture all relevant and contemporary issues and challenges

relating to SME financing, given its potential for employment generation and high

12

contribution to the economy, in Indian context as also in the developed, developing and

under developed economies. The contents of the book are divided into two sections

consisting of eight articals each.

Section I: Indian Perspective

The first article “SME Financing: The Indian Scenario” by Chakravati Anand,

mainly focuses on the financial help SME sector is receiving with the support of the

World Bank, besides explaining the characteristics unique to Indian SMEs.A loan of

$120 recently approved by the World Bank to the SIDBI is aims at improving SME

access to finance and business development services, thereby fostering SME growth.

Regenerating SME financing in India is essential as the sector serves as a Greenfield for

nurturing entrepreneurial talent. The setting up of Small Industries Development Bank Of

India (SIDBI) in April 1990 as the principal financial institution for financing and

developing SSIs , was a major step initiated by GOI towards promotion of the SMEs in

India.

Some of the instruments of financing that have been introduced to support SME

sector include Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for small industries, Micro Credit Capital

Funding, ME Fund, etc.The article concludes that an increased focus by Indian Banks and

financial institutions on providing micro finance, factoring assistance, etc., at reasonable

costs would go a long way in making SMEs domestically as well as globally competitive,

leading to economic growth.

“Policy Initiatives for Financing Small and Medium Enterprises”, the second

article by Garimella G K Murthy, focuses on the various policy initiatives for the

development and financing of small and medium enterprises the world over. In this

context ,the article discusses the defecations of and approaches to SMEs in a cross

section of countries in the world. The article also throws light on the various policy

initiatives on the part of the Government, RBI and banks in extending financial support

to SME sector on liberalized terms and thus indirectly contributing to the robustness of

the Indian economy. RBI has asked the banks to adopt the new definition of SME as

contained the SME Bill-2005.The enactment of the SME Bill in 2005 by government of

India, besides providing a thrust for intensifying the financing of SME Sector by Banks

13

and financial institutions, has also spelt out other measures to empower the SME sector

which is the progressive contributor to the economy. In a competitive environment, with

better management attributes being displayed by the entrepreneurs, banks, of late, have

started responding more positively to the financial needs of the SME sectors, which is a

redeeming feature.

The next article “Role Of The Government Agencies in the Development &

Financing of Small & Medium Enterprises” is by P Uday Shankar.It focuses on

government agencies involved in the promotion, financing and development of SMEs and

their functional areas ,highlighting the role played by them. The Government of India has

promoted a number of agencies for financing and development of SMEs ,like the

SIDO,NIESBUD,IIE,NSIC,NISIET and state level organization like DICs ,IIC,SC,BC

corporations, etc. ,each playing a distinct role. Apart from providing extension services

,some agencies ,are involved in the identification of entrepreneur specific projects vis-à-

vis business opportunities and prospects and also in the section of beneficiaries for

finance by banks/financial institutions ,for taking up various productive activities as wel

as support services like project implementation ;post project implementation assistance

;hand-holding ;monitoring and guidance and follow up .Agencies like SIDCO offer many

schemes for financing the entrepreneurs.

The fourth article “Role of Banks in the Development of SMEs”is by S Murli

and A Lakshminarsimha.It gives an overview of SME sector and analyzes the role played

by Indian Banks in its development. The perception of the SME clients and the bankers

about one another is not fully true and hence, it is important to bring about a change in

the mindset of both. Bankers should look beyond financing or lending and aim at

efficient and quick ‘customer service’ in serving SME clients. It is suggested that the

bankers hold clients’ meet regularly, in order to understand the needs and grievances of

SMEs and offer tailor- made products that would help in removing the bottlenecks in

their growth to a great extent. The later part of the article explains various strategies by

banks such as advisory services, KPO receivables finance etc., that can be extremely

useful for providing financial support to the SMEs.

14

The fifth article “Marketing Strategies of Banks to Foster Financing of SMEs

in India” by chakravarthi Anand and A Srikant, focuses on the marketing strategies of

banks to promote financing of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)in India .It

explains, in detail, various marketing strategies including the communication options

being adopted by major Indian private banks like ICICI and HDFC as well as foreign

banks like Cities and HSBC, to shore up financing of SMEs. The article also highlights

the promotion of SME business and finance through innovation, specialization and e-

services, besides other financing methods. The article concludes on the note that

development of right strategies for marketing and measurement of performances are vital

for the success of any organization engaged in the SME financing activity.

Seok-Dong Wang in the sixth article titled The Development of E-Financing:

Implications for SMEs”, focuses on the recent trends in financial markets and the

implications of development in financial services for SMEs, across the globe, particularly

with regards to ICT, and provides some useful policy recommendations. With the rapid

globalization and emerging technologies, the potential contribution of SMEs has also

increased. However, many of the problems traditionally facing SMEs have become more

acute in a globalize environment. The spread of e-finance ranging from the basic to fully

integrated Internet Services, that has accompanied growing integration of financial

market, has also been highlighted in the article. While suggesting that a supportive policy

environment and better coordination can foster the adoption of Internet technologies to

promote SMEs and develop E-finance, the article concludes by stating that the advances

in ICT and low costs of the internet have made e-finance an ideal tool for SMEs across

the Globe, for seeking information and financing for growth.

The next article by S K Kar titled “SME Sector Needs Innovative Lending

Approach Under Basel II”, highlights the modifications carried out by Basel II ,in order

to focus on the market and operational risk exposures of banks and their implications for

SMEs in India. The article also explores the possibility of the SSIs being deprived of the

benefits of bank lending, in case the bank in India adopt the Internal Rating Based

Approach (IRB Approach) to measure and mitigate credit risk under Basel I.E. points out

that the fundamental flaw in Basel I was, that it was only dealing with the credit risk and

knowingly ignored the market and operational risk exposure of banks. Under the Basel

15

Capital Accord, loans to SMEs generally fall in the 100% risk –weight category.

If Banks prefer to rate these with the help of credit rating agencies, the maximum risk

weight for a highly risky SSI could be 150 %.However, in the above case, it is possible

that the banks have the option of not rating them and assigning to them a maximum risk

weight of 100% meant for unrated category.

The eighth article titled “SMEs in India: Future Perfect” by Amit Singh

Sisodiya, attempts to throw light on the tremendous challenges faced by SMEs to survive

and sustain, as the process of globalization and liberalization gathers momentum across

the globe. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)have played an Important role in the

growth of economy for long. Some of the major challenges faced by SMEs include lack

of access to finance, low R&D investment, lack of access to technology, lack of product

innovation, increasing competition, etc. Earlier, banks were not showing showing interest

in financing SMEs due to problems attendant on them. Nowadays, though bankers are

wiling to extend loans to SMEs, efforts are still needed to improve cooperation between

SMEs and lenders. SMEs too ,on their part are gearing up to meet the challenges arising

out of the changing business environment. The article concludes on the note that the

above efforts have proved to be extremely promising for the SME sectors, which aims to

make it big in the realm of domestic as well as international business arena.

Section II: Global Perspectives

The ninth article “Informally financed SMEs” by Allan riding and brad belanger,

attempts to capture a crisp view of the financial support measures for SMEs that are in

vogue in Canada. Among the various sources of risk capital informal investments are the

single largest source of external equity capital for candian SMEs. This article focuses on

the small and medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) that received financing fir risk capital

through the information markeeplase in Canada. The informal marplots in Canada are

composed of two types of investors; family or friends, and business angle (individuals

who invest their personal funds at arm’s length in businesses owned and operated by

individuals unrelated to them). It also discusses the differences between these two types

of investors and the impact of their investments on SMEs. The study concludes by stating

that firms financed by angles are considerably larger (suggesting higher levels of

16

historical growth) then other firms and are more likely to seek and receive other more

forms of financing including commercial loans. Firms financed by friend and family on

the other hand are less likely to have loan applications approved and are more likely to

resort to personal loans rather then commercial loans to finance their firms.

The tenth article “Securitization as a means to Enhance SME Financing and the

EIF’s Role as a Guarantor” by Allessandro tappi and pre-Erik Eriksson provides an in-

depth view of SME securitization in the context of application of securitization in the

area of SME financing and the advantages of securitization to SMEs. Securitization of

SME loans is the most efficient means of enhancing their access to debt finance as banks

achieve capital relief and free up capacity for new loans to SMEs by transferring their

credit risk to the capital markets in an effective manner. The successful SME lones

securitization programmed lunched in 1985 by the small business administration in the

US, can be regarded as a forerunner to European SME Securitization The potential for

securitization transactions of SME financing in the European countries by new

originators is huge and as securitized loans are standardized and liquid they are easily

marketable to a variety of investors. The article also explains the role of European

Investment fund in securitization transactions for supporting enhanced debt finance to

SMEs by facilitating the SME risk transfer from the originating banks to the capital

market.

The eleventh article “SME Financing in Japan: what we have found” by usages

lichiro while dealing with various perspectives relating to SME financing in Japan

provides an analysis of the behavior of SMEs particularly in financing activates, by using

a recently developed set of micro data on SMEs and examining statically regularities

observed in various aspects of SME financing Success or failure in obtaining finance

exerts a far greater and more direct impact on the fate of SMEs in Japan which are

primarily dependent on loans from financial institutions An observation of the selection

channel has found that companies with low return on assets (ROA) and equity ratios are

paying high interest rates and eventually defaulting This indicates that the mechanism of

natural selection works properly for SMEs Another important finding of the analysis is

that the effect of adaptation is a greater contributing factor then the effect of selection in

improving the financing environment for SMEs The article concludes on the note that the

17

current state of SME financing in Japan based on factors such as the availability of

collateral and / or personal guarantee and presence of the public credit guarantee systemic

generally conducive to improving the efficiency of credit allocation.

“Supporting SMEs in the pacific Region “ is the twelfth article contributed by

Stephen McCarthy. Most of the pacific region countries are classified as small vulnerable

Economies (SVEs) nevertheless they do have economic opportunities for growth and

development The main constraint for SME development in the pacific region is the

limited human resource skill and entrepreneurship and limited capacity for financial risk

taking arising from traditional land tenure and property rights systems which have been

explained in detail in the article An SME loan guarantee scheme has also been proposed

whish would allow existing banks in the region to guarantee a part of their risk of SME

lending in the expectation that it would increase the volume of such leading this article

discusses the common interest of the European investment bank (EIB) and the

commonwealth secretariat in supporting the growth of the private sector in particular

SMEs in the commonwealth small vulnerable Economies A more pro-active approach

involving Diaspora citizens in the economic development of their native country has also

been suggested as an effective tool towards promoting SME in the pacific region.

The thirteenth article “Problems of SME Financing in Russia” by Xavier bare is

based on a survey of 4350 SMEs in 80 subjects of the Russian federation in February-

April 2005 It revealed that financing rank third in the list of problems SMEs are facing

immediately after administrative barriers and problems related to real estate This article

discusses the market of SME financing in Russia resistance and problems involved in

extending credit to SME and also highlights the progress achieved due to SME lending.

Three banks KMB and vneshtorg bank which are aggressively expanding their

activities nationwide dominate the SME market Although every Russian banks a

potential lender to SMEs and most banks have even very limited experience in crediting

to small business the majority of Russian banks do not favor crediting to small size

enterprises for both cultural and regulatory reasons. The most notable working initiatives

in Russia are the regional authority’s initiative that provides guarantees to the SMEs the

USAID loan portfolio guarantee initiative started by Swiss contract. The article concludes

by stating that for many years the main source of SME finance came from international

18

finance institutions and donors and therefore the challenge before the Russian

government now is to increase capital flows commercial banks to the SME sector.

The fourteenth article “(small and medium enterprises ) financing in southeast

Asian nation” is by garimella G K Murthy and usha n raghunandan financing of small

and Medium Enterprises pose perennial challenges in ASEAN (Association of south east

Asian Nations) for want of financial measures both in terms of number and quality.

Having realized the contribution of SMEs to the economy the Governments in these

nations have of late put in place several initiatives to promote the SME to the economy

the Governments in these nation have of late put in place several initiatives to promote

the SME financing . Within ASEAN there is a wide gap in major sources of financing

between the Asian -6 and asian-4 countries. In asian-6 nations SMEs mostly rely on

formal channels of finances such as banks financial institution and non-banking finance

companies whereas in asian-4 countries the reliance is on non formal channels. This

article presents an overview of various challenges for SMEs pattern of government

assistance as also sources of finances available in AS EAN. The role of development

financial institutions as well as the capital markets in these two categories of nation to

support SMEs has also been discussed in the article.

The next article “SME financing in turkey “by usha N Raghunadan presents a

comprehensive view of the SME financing and related issued pertaining to Turkey. Small

and medium sized enterprises in turkey account for 99 percent of all enterprises about 75

percent of employment and more then 25 percent of value added. nevertheless their share

of bank loans is less then 5 percent The reasons are an inflationary economic climate and

increasing public sector debt leading to a lack confidence a series of financial crises a

sharp rise in real interest rates and marked deprecation of the Turkish lira.

This article attempts to explore the challenges facing the small and medium

Enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey and the initiatives undertaken by the government to

promote their development a range of policy initiatives included in the 8th five year

Development plan (2001-05) aimed at improving the productivity of Turkish SMEs and

enhancing their international competitiveness. Policies and strategies for SMEs such as

those forth in the “SME strategy and action plan” essentially seek to correct the

19

fundamental weaknesses of Turkey’s industrial SMEs but could place grater emphasis on

their existing and potential strengths.

The last article which is a summary of the research paper titled “potential

competitive effects of Basel II on banks in SME credit markets in the united state”

examines the likely competitive effects of the proposed implementation of the Basel II

capital requirements on bank in the market for credit to SMEs in the United States. Under

Basel II proposal the required capital for an SME loan would depend on a number of

factors include ding the probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD)

assigned by the bank whether the loan is classified as retail or corporate and the size of

the borrowing firm. It address in detail issues like how reduced risk weights for SME

credit extended by large banking organization that adopt the adman cede internal ratings

based (A-IRB) approach of Basel II could significantly affect the competitive position of

organizations that do not adopt A-IRB. The analysis also suggests that there will be only

a relatively minor competitive effect on the majority of community banks primarily

because the organization that are likely to adopt A-IRB tend to make different types of

SME loans to different types of borrowers then community banks The possibilities of

significant adverse effects on the competitive positions of large banking organizations

that do not adopt-A-IRB have also been discussed in the article.

This book has thus covered the current Indian and global perspective of SME

financing capturing the relevant futures and it hope that the readers will find it

informative and resourceful.

Conclusion on financing of small scale industries

Because of the significant place the SS1 sector occupies in our economy an

appropriate environment needs to be created for the growth and substance of the small

scale units. This call for steps to build on faming strength of small units. Overcome their

weakness. Availability of timely and adequate financial assistance is vital for the growth

of SS1 units. A multi-agency credit structure to fill the financial needs of small scale

units has evolved over the year.

20

References :

1. The economics of money and banking – L V Chandler.

2. Central banking – M H De Kock

3. Money, Credit and commerce – Alfrade Marshall.

4. Monetary theory – M C Vaish.

5. The wealth of nations – Adams Smith.

6. Economics of money and banking – G N Halm.

7. Modern Banking – R S Sayers.

8. Banking by 2000 AD – N Vinayakan.

9. Indian financial system – H R Machiraju.

10. Indian Financial policy – S S Tarapor.

11. Monetary planning in India – S B Gupta.

12. Indian banking systems – Board of Editors ICFAI University.

13. Schrader, H 1994 Formal and informal finance in contemporary India: Working

paper No 215, Sociology of development research centre.

14. Seibel, H D. 1989 Finance with the poor, by the poor, fore poor. Financial

technologies for the informal sector. With case studies form Indonesia K M,

Leisinger, P Trappe (ed.) Social strategies for chungsberichte 3, 2.

15. Kropp, E et al. 1989. Linking self help groups and banks in developing countries

Eschborn, GTZ – Verlag.

16. Germidis, D 1990 interlinking the formal and informal financial sectors in

developing countries. Saving and development.

21

Chapter 2

Research Framework

Sr No Title

2.1 The Research Problem

2.2 Objective of the Study

2.3 Research Methodology

2.4 Hypothesis

2.5 Significance of the Study

2.6 Limitations of the Study

22

2.1. The Research Problem:

The statement of the problem is "Impact /finances of selected Banking system on

small scale industries".

The small scale industries (SSIs) have a place of pride in our economy. They have

a high potential among others, for generating employment, dispersal of semi-urban and

rural areas, promoting entrepreneurship and earning foreign exchange.

Inadequate access to credit both short term and long term remains a perennial problem

facing the small scale sector. Finance has been a bug bear. Commercial banks have been

fulfilling only partially their commitments to the SSI sector. Even while assessing small

units, banks play safe by using conventional, objective yardsticks without appreciating

the owner-entrepreneur his enthusiasm, dynamism and innovative ability.

State finance corporations (SFCs), which lend long term funds, have also become

strict about lending particularly since many are deeply troubled by their own profitability

concerns. Small units can not access capital market because of their size and costs

involved the over the counter exchange of India (OTCET) promoted as the small

company's options, still excludes most of the small sector. There are endless hassles from

lending agencies while evaluation methods and in extending credit to small scale units.

2.2. Objective of the Study:

The broad objective of the research study is to analyse impact of selected banking

system on small scale industries. However, objectives of the study are as under:

1. To study Bank-wise allocation of credit plan for small scale industries.

2. To study importance of credit for SSIs.

3. To study Bank-wise achievement of credit of selected nationalized banks for SSIs.

4. To study the trend of finances of nationalized banks towards SSIs.

5. To study inter banking issues on evaluation and grant of credit to SSIs.

23

2.3. Research Methodology:

Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It is

a science of studying how research is done scientifically. Research methodology includes

the following steps :

? Research Design

? Data Collection

? Tools and Techniques

? Limitations

? Chapter Plan

? Bibliography

? References/ Journals / Newspaper / Websites etc.

Research Design:

Research design is a conceptual structure within which research would be

conducted. It is a blue print of research work.

So far as this research concerns, the data on allocation and achievement of annual

credit plan of selected nationalized banks for small-scale industries should be taken. The

research work is done for the Gujarat state only. We have divided five regions and take

necessary data of the said five regions.

The tools and techniques of the research is the comparison of the data.

Data Collection:

The main source of the data collection is primary, secondary data. Secondary data

is collected from annual credit plan of five district bank report and state level banking

review reports.

For research purpose, 10 years data of nationalized banks viz., from 1997 to 2006

collected and analyzed as per various tools and techniques.

24

Tools and Techniques:

From the data about Target amount credit and achievement amount credit, we

have calculated the percentage achievements for agricultural and allied as well as smalls

scale industries.

For the region-wise and district-wise comparison of percentage achievement in

agricultural and allied industries as well as percentage achievement in SSIs, Analysis of

variance (ANOVA) technique is used.

2.4. Hypothesis:

Broader hypothesis of the study would be as under:

1) There is no significant difference between the target amount (Agri. and Allied)

credit to four different regions of Gujarat state.

2) There is no significant difference between the target amount (SSIs) credit to four

different regions of Gujarat state.

3) There is no significant difference between the percentage target amount (Agri.

and Allied) credit to four different regions of Gujarat state.

4) There is no significant difference between the percentage target amount (SSIs)

credit to four different regions of Gujarat state.

Universe of the study and sample design:

The universe of study consists of all nationalized banks working in Gujarat. We

have divided four region is Gujarat. The data should be collected from the nationalized

banks of all districts of Gujarat. Researcher has selected nationalized banks working in

the all districts of Gujarat.

Sample has been selected considering the following factors.

Data for the entire period of study i.e., from 1997to 2006 were collected from

nationalized banks of Ahmedabad, Mehsana, Panchmahal, Rajkot and Surat.

The nationalized banks should be managed by government of India.

25

2.5. Significance of the Study:

The topic for research has been selected in view of the following due

consideration:

1) The small-scale sector has a high potential for providing employment, dispersal of

industries, promoting entrepreneurship and earning foreign exchange to the

country. The above points demonstrate the importance of small-scale industries in

our economy. So small scale sector can not be ignore for the growth of Indian

economy.

2) Poor financing is the major drawback issues towards small scale industries.

Nationalized/commercial banks, state finance corporations (SFCs) co-operative

and Rural banks are strict about lending particularly small scale sectors.

3) There are endless hassles from private banks, lending agencies to finance, who are

otherwise meant for discouraging the development of small scale sector.

2.6. Limitations of the Study:

The limitation of the research study are as follows :

(A) The study should be based on secondary data collected from various reports of

leading nationalized banks and RBI bulletin. The limitation of secondary data, if

any, will also influence the study.

(B) The study should be based on nationalized bank belonging to Gujarat state only.

(C) The study relates to industrial credit issues of small scale sector only. Study

exceeds from its other financial area like dividend distribution, capital structure,

fixed assets, management of nationalized banks etc.

(D) The study also exceeds from other problems of SSIs, like marketing problem,

technology modernization, hassles from government and other agencies, sickness

of SSIs. etc.

26

Chapter Plan:

The present study is divided into five chapters which are outlined as here under:

Chapter 1: Research Framework

This chapter deals with the research problem, objective, significance of the

research, universe of the study and sample design, hypothesis of the problem and

research methodology.

Chapter 2: Sectoral Credit Concepts and Overview

This is an introductory chapter. It deals with introduction, concepts and

importance of credit need for credit, kinds of credit, global and Indian credit scenario.

Chapter 3: Small Scale Industries: An Introductory Framework

This chapter mainly concentrates on the meaning of SSI units, significance of

SSIs, growth of SSIs, problems facing by SSIs, institutional framework of SSI in India

and Gujarat, importance of SSI in Gujarat economy, SSI in India and Gujarat.

Chapter 4: Sub Regional Analysis

This chapter includes introduction to Gujarat economy, analysis of north, south,

central, East and west Gujarat.

Chapter 5: Finding, Suggestions and Conclusions

This chapter gives its emerging conclusions based on analysis carried out,

suggestions, findings, scope for further research.

27

References :

1. Fundamentals of applied statistics – S C Gupta and V K Kapoor.

2. Statistics for management – Levin and Rudin.

28

Chapter 3

An Introduction of Small Scale Industries

Sr No Title

3.1 Definition

3.2 Characteristics

3.3 Relation between Small & Large Units

3.4 Rationale

3.5 Objectives

3.6 Scope

3.7 Opportunities for an Entrepreneurial Career

3.8 Role of Small Enterprise in Economic Development

3.9 Problems of small scale Industries

3.10 Institutional Framework for Small Scale Industries in India

3.11 Literature Review

29

3.1. Definition

What is a small-scale industry? In fact, small-scale industry comprises of a variety

of undertakings. The definition of small scale industry (SSI) varies from one country to

another and from one time to another in the same country depending upon the pattern and

stage of development, Government policy and administrative set up of the particular

country. As a result, there are at least 50 different definitions of SSIs found and used in

75 countries. All these definitions either relate to capital or employment of both or any

other criteria. We trace here the evolution of the legal concept of small-scale industry in

India.

The Fiscal Commission, 1950, for the first time, defined a small-scale industry as

one which is operated mainly with hired labour usually 10 to 50 hands. In order to

promote small-scale industries in the country, the government of India set up the Central

Small-Scale industries Organization and the small-scale Industries Board in 1954-55. The

SSI board at its first meeting held on January 5th and 6th, 1955, defined small-scale

industry as a unit employing less than 50 employees, if using power, and less than 100

employees without the use of power and with a capital asset not exceeding Rs. 5 lakhs.

The definitional change of small-scale industry over the period in India is

resumed in below Table.

30

TABLE Definition of Small Scale Industry: An overview.

Investment criterion Year

SSI units Ancillary units Employment Criterion

Up to 1958 Fixed capital investment up

to Rs. 5 Lakhs

Same as SSI

unit

Employment up to 50 workers if using

power or up to 100 if not using power.

1959

The value of machine was

taken as the original price

paid irrespective of new or

old machinery

Same as SSI

unit

Employment up to 50 workers if using

power or up to 100 if not using power.

1960

Gross value of fixed asset

up to

Rs. 5 Lakhs

Gross value of

fixed asset up

to

Rs. 10 Lakhs

Employment criterion dropped

1966* Rs. 7.5 Lakhs Rs. 10 Lakhs Employment criterion dropped

1975 Rs. 10 Lakhs Rs. 15 Lakhs Employment criterion dropped

1980 Rs.20 Lakhs Rs. 25 Lakhs Employment criterion dropped

1985 Rs. 35 Lakhs Rs. 45 Lakhs Employment criterion dropped

1991 Rs.60 Lakhs Rs. 75 Lakhs Employment criterion dropped

As the Abid Hussain Committee’s recommendations on small-scale industries, the

government of India has, in March 1997, further raised investment ceiling to RS. 3 crores

for small-scale industries and to rs. 50 lakhs for tiny units.

The new policy initiatives in 1990-2000 for the small scale sector has reduced the

investment limit for small scale and ancillary undertakings from existing Rs. 3 crore to

Rs. 1 crore.

An ancillary unit is one which sells not less than 50 % of its manufacturers to one

or more industrial units.

For small-scale industries, the planning commission of India uses terms village

and small-scale industries. These includes modern small-scale industry and the traditional

cottage and household industries. This is depicted in the following chart:

31

Small-Scale Industry

Types of Small-Scale Industries

Small-Scale Industries can be classified in to five main types as follows:

(1) Manufacturing industries, i.e. industries producing complete articles for direct

consumption and also processing industries;

(2) Feeder industries specializing in certain types of products and services, e.g.

casting, electro-plating, welding, etc.

(3) Serving industries covering light, repair, shops necessary to maintain mechanical

equipment;

(4) Ancillary to large industries, producing parts and components and rendering

services; and

(5) Mining of quarrying.

3. 2. Characteristics

“Small-Scale industry is beautiful” because of its following important

characteristics:

(1) A small scale unit is generally a one-man show. Even the small units which run

by a partnership firm or company, the activities are mainly carried out by one of

the partner or directors. In practice, the others are simply as sleeping partners or

directors who mainly assist in providing funds.

(2) In case of small-scale industries, the owner himself/herself is a manager also.

Thus, these units are managed in a personalized fashion. The owner has first hand

Modern Small Scale Industry Cottage Industry Village Industry Ancillary Industry

32

knowledge of what is actually going on in the business. He takes effective

participation in all matters of business decision taking.

(3) Compared to large units, a small-scale industrial unit has a lesser gestation period,

i.e. the period after which the return on investment starts.

(4) The scope of operation of small industrial undertaking is generally localized

catering to the local and regional demands.

(5) Small units use indigenous resources and, therefore, can be located anywhere

subject to the availability of these resources like raw materials, labour etc.

(6) Small industries are fairly labour intensive with comparatively smaller capital

investment than the larger units. Let the facts speak. According to P.C.

Mahalnobis, small scale units require very little capital. About six or seven

hundred rupees would get an artisan family started. With any given investment,

employment possibilities would be ten of fifteen or even twenty times greater in

comparison with corresponding factory system.

(7) Using local resources, small units are decentralized and dispersed to rural areas.

Thus, the development of small-scale industries in rural areas promotes more

balanced regional development, on the one hand, and prevents the influx of job

seekers from rural areas to cities and urbanizing centers, on the other.

(8) Last but not the least, compared to large scale units, small scale units are more

change susceptible and highly reactive and respective to socio-economic

conditions. They are more flexible to adapt changes like introduction on new

products, new method of production, new materials and new markets, new forms

of organization etc.

3.3. Relation between Small & Large Units

Going through the distinct characteristics of small-scale industries, one should not

assume that the both small and large, are antithetic to each other. In other words, the both

cannot sustain in an economy. It is, in fact, true the other way round, and to a great

extent, one is often ancillary or complementary to the other.

The relationship between the small and the large industrial units can be seen in

various respects. Yet, the following are the importance ones:

33

1. Competitive: Small-scale industry can not compete with large industry in certain

circumstances and in selected products. Examples of such industries are bricks

and tiles, fresh baked goods and perishable edibles, preserved fruits, goods

requiring small engineering skills, items demanding craftsmanship and artistry.

2. Supplementary: Small industry can fill in the gaps between large scale

production and standard outputs caused by large scale units. This id due to this

supplementary role of small units, a small tricycle factory sustained and

flourished alongside a large cycle factory in Chennai city.

3. Complementary: Apart from supplementary relationship, small industry has

been a complementary to its large counterparts. In the real world, many small

units produce intermediate products for large units. Such subcontracting

relationship between the small and large was particularly marked in the economic

history of today’s industrially developed Japan. As industrialization proceeds,

small firms seem naturally to shift from activities that complete with large firms

to complementary ones. Similarly, China too continues to relay on Mao’s

aphorism of “walking on two legs”- one being small and the other large.

Under complementary relationship, small units function under the tutelage

of the large units and enjoy the advantage of protected market for their products.

Then, the flourishment of such small units remains beyond doubt.

4. Initiative: Attracted by the high profits of large units, small units can also take

initiative to produce the particular product. If succeed, the small unit grows to

large over a period of rime. Staley quotes such initiative that many of the

automobile factories started this way in the United States of America. In our

country too, the electronic industry looks like following to this initiative pattern of

development.

5. Servicing: Small industries do also install servicing and repairing shops for the

products of large units. In the case of India, such small servicing units can be seen

proliferating in respect of large industries like refrigerators, radio and relevision

sets, watches and clocks, cycles and motor vehicles.

34

3. 4. Rationale

Having discussed the distinct characteristics of small-scale industry as also its

relationship with large scale units, we now discuss the rationale of small-scale industry

development in India.

Emphasizing the very rational of small-scale industry in the Indian economy, the

Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR), 1956 stated:

“They provide immediate large scale employment, they offer a method of

ensuring a more equitable distribution of the national income and they facilitate an

effective mobilization of resources of capital and skill which might otherwise remain

unutilized. Some of the problems that unplanned urbanization tends to create will be

avoided by the establishment of small centres of industrial production all over the

country.”

The rationale of small-scale industries so established can broadly be classified

into four arguments, viz., (1) Employment argument (2) Equality argument, (3)

Decentralization argument, and (4) Latent resources argument. Let us discuss these in

more detail one by one.

1. Employment Argument:

In view of India’s scarce capital resources and abundant labour, the most

important argument advanced in facour of the SSIs that they have a potential to create

immediate large-scale employment opportunities. The increasing emphasis on SSIs in

developing countries like India stems largely from the widespread concern over

unemployment hovering in the country. There are many research findings available

which well establish that small-scale units are more labour intensive than large units. In

other words, small units use more of labour per unit of output than investment.

According to a study, while the output-employment ratio is the lowest in the

small-scale sector, employment-generating capacity of small sector is eight time that of

the large scale sector. As mentioned earlier, P.C Mahalnobis also support the view that

small industries are fairly labour intensive. He mentions that with any given investment,

employment possibilities would be ten of fifteen or even twenty times greater in

comparison with factory system.

35

There are some scholars like Dhar and Lydall who oppose to this employment

argument of small-scale industries. They hold the view that employment should the view

that employment should not be created for the sake of employment. The important

problem, according to them, is not how to absorb surplus resources, but how to make the

best use of scare resources. Then, the employment-argument becomes and output

argument.

2. Equality Argument:

One of the main argument put foreword in favour of the small-scale industries is

that they ensure a more equitable distribution of national income and wealth. This is

accomplished because of the two major considerations: (i) compared to the ownership of

large scale units, the ownership pattern in S S I is more widespread. (ii) their more labour

intensive nature, on the one hand, and their decentralization and dispersal to rural and

backward areas, on the other, provide more employment opportunities to the

unemployed. This result in more equitable distribution of the produce of the small-scale

units. It also held that as most of the small enterprises are either proprietary or partnership

concerns, the relations between the workers and the employers are more harmonious in

small enterprises than in the large enterprises.

Here, again Dhar and Lydall have pointed out this equality arguments as

fallacious. Giving statistical evidence, they established the fact that wages paid to

workers are much less in small enterprises than the wages paid to the workers in large

industries. In India, wages in small industries are about half the wages paid in large

industries. The reason is not difficult to seek. Workers in small enterprises, due to virtual

non existence of trade unions, are unorganized and, therefore, are easily exploited by the

employers.

There is no doubt that the argument of Dhar and Lydall does have some force. But

in an under –developed country like India, the workers have choice not between a high

paid job and low paid job but between a low paid job and no job at all. Then, even if

small scale units provide low paid jobs, they would be of virtual importance in an

economy like ours where millions are already in search of employment to eke-out their

livelihood.

36

3. Decentralization Argument:

Decentralization argument emphasis the necessity of regional dispersal of

industries to promote balanced regional development in the country. Big industries are

concentrated everywhere in urban areas. But, small industries can be located in rural and

semi-urban areas to use local resources and to cater to the local demand admittedly, it

will not be possible to start small enterprises in every village, but it is quite possible to

start small enterprises in a group of villages. The international perspective planning team

also rightly stressed that the focused for industrial development under a dispersal policy

should be neither the metropolis nor the village, but rather the large range of potentially

attractive cities and towns between these two extremes.

Decentralization of industrial enterprises will help tap local resources search as

raw materials, idle savings, local talents and ultimately improves the standards of leaving

even in erstwhile backward areas. The most glaring example of this phenomenon is the

economy of Punjab which has more small scale units, then even the industrially

developed state of Maharashtra.

4. Latent Resources Argument:

This argument suggests that small enterprises are capable of mopping of latent

and unutilized resources like hoarded wealth and ideal entrepreneurial ability, etc.

however, Dhar and Lydall feel that the real force of talent resources argument lies in the

existence of entrepreneurial skill. They argue that there is no evidence of an overall

shortage of small entrepreneurs in India. Hence, they doubt the force of this latent

resources argument. Their assertion does not appear to be very sound simply because of

the fact that if small entrepreneurs were present in abundance, then what obstructed the

growth of small enterprises?

The emergence of entrepreneurial class requires a conductive environment. The

fact remains that small enterprises provide such environment in which the latent talents of

entrepreneurs find self-expression. Our economic history of bears this evidence. The

impressive growth in the number of small enterprises in the post-independence period

highlights the same fact that providing the necessary conditions such as power and credit

37

facilities, the latent resources of entrepreneurship can be tapped by the growth of small

enterprises only.

3. 5. Objectives:

The various objectives of developing small industries are, in fact, implied in one

way or other, in its rationale itself, just discussed in the preceding section. Nonetheless,

an attempt has been made in this section to list the main objectives of developing small

enterprises in India in a more orderly manner. These are:

(1) To generate immediate and large scale employment opportunities with relatively

low investment.

(2) To eradicate unemployment problem form the country.

(3) To encourage dispersal of industries to all over country covering small towns,

villages and economically lagging regions.

(4) To bring backward areas too in the mainstream of national development

(5) To promote balanced regional development in the whole country.

(6) To ensure more equitable distribution of national income.

(7) To encourage effective mobilization of country’s untapped resources.

(8) To improve the level of living of people in the country.

3. 6. Scope:

In fact, the scope for small-scale industries is quite vast covering a wide range if

activities requiring less sophisticated technology. In consonance wit its distinct

characteristics, the activities which are found particularly amenable to and can be

successfully operated in small-scale are too many to mention. Among them, the important

ones are:

Manufacturing activities

Servicing / repairing activities

Retailing activities

Financial activities

Whole-sale business

Construction activities

38

Infrastructural activities like transportation, communication and other public

utilities.

In order to strengthen the scope for small industry development in the country, the

Government of India has, along with its other assistance programmes, announced its

reservation policy for small sector in the country. The reservation policy was initiated in

1967 when only 47 items were reserved for exclusive manufacture in the small-scall

sector. By 1983, the reserve list included 836 items for exclusive production in the small-

scale sector. Recently, the Abid Hussain Committee deserved 12 items and thus, there are

still 824 items reserved for exclusive production in small sector. The main objective of

the reservation policy has been to insulate the small sector from unequal competition of

large industrial establishments, so that the sector can grow through expansion of existing

units and the entry of new firms. The important industries reserved for exclusive

development in the small sector are:

Food and allied industries; Textile products; Leather and leather products;

including Footwears; Rubber Products; Plastic products; Chemical and chemical

products; Natural essential oils; Organic chemicals and chemical products; Glass and

ceramics; Mechanical engineering transport equipment; Metal cabinets of all types;

Pressure stove; Electrical Appliances; Electronic equipments and components; Boats and

truck body buildings; Auto parts components; Ancillary and garage equipments; Bicycle

parts,Trycycles and perambulators; Miscellaneous Transport equipments; Mathematical

and survey instruments; Sports goods; Stationary items, Clocks and watches, etc.

Here, it seems pertinent to mention that the performance of reserved small

industries does not outshine that of non-reserved small industries. Sandesara attributes the

poor performance of financially assisted units as well as those in the “reserved” industries

to resulted in excess supply and, thus, a fall in profitability. He holds the view that the

reservation policy is calculated to keep ‘infant’ industries in a permanent state of infancy.

However, one man not find himself/herself in agreement with other. In fact, the

noble intension of the reservation policy has been to insulate that small sector from

unequal competition of powerful large scale industrial units, so that the small sector can

go through expansion of existing units, on the one hand, and by the entry of new firms,

on the other. Examples are galore to support the view.

39

3. 7. Opportunities for an Entrepreneurial Career

You have learnt that, by connotation, s small-scale enterprises mean the

enterprises with less capital investment and more labour absorption, less technology

oriented, using local resources, catering to local / regional demands so on and so forth.

Small enterprises are commonly known for, what is called, ‘one man show’ in which the

same person performs various role simultaneously as an owner, a capitalist, an organisor,

a manager, a labourer and what not. We know that a person who organize, manages and

takes risks involved in running a business of enterprise is commonly called an

‘entrepreneur’. This means there are as many entrepreneurs as are small enterprises.

Thus, small-scale enterprises and entrepreneurs are concomitant to each other. Say, small

enterprise precedes entrepreneurs and vice versa.

The Government of India has given small enterprises an important place in the

framework if Indian economic planning for ideological as well as economic reasons. As a

result, small sector has achieved an impressive growth in the number of units, for

example, over the period. The number of small-scale enterprises has increased from 2.96

lakhs in 1977-78 to 25.71 lakhs in 1994-95. In common sense, increasing number of

small enterprises means increasing number of persons assuming the entrepreneurial

career. In other sense, increase in the number of persons assuming the entrepreneurial

career has exactly, become sine quo non with increase in the number of small-scale

enterprises. In pursuant of the Government of India’s new small-scale enterprise policy

titled ‘Policy measures for prompting and strengthening small, tiny and village

enterprises tabled in the Parliament on 6th August, 1991 and later passed, the small sector

is sure to develop and expand in coming years also. It infers to inter alia more chances for

enterprises serve as seed-bed for the emergence of entrepreneurship in the country.

To conclude, more the small enterprise development, more will be opportunities

for entrepreneurial career and vice versa. The Indian Punjab is a clearest example how

opportunities for entrepreneurial career commensurate with the increasing number of

small enterprises in the state.

40

3. 8. Role of Small Entreprise in Economic Development

By now, you have been exposed to the legal framework of small-scale enterprises

in the preceding sections. Now, we intend in this section to appreciate you the important

role played by small scale enterprises in economic development of India.

How do you define economic development? The commonest definition could be

an increase in real per capita income of a person resulting in improvement in the levels of

living. The development of small-scale industries contributes to the increase in per capita

income, i.e. economic development in various ways. It generates immediate employment

opportunities with relatively low capital / investment, promotes more equitable

distribution of national income, makes effectives mobilization of untapped capital and

human skills and leads to dispersal of manufacturing activities all over the country,

leading to growth of villages, small towns and economically lagging regions. This

promotes to balanced regional development.

3. 9. Problems of small scale Industires

We have discussed so far the distinguished peculiarities of small-scale industries.

We have found that the organizational pattern of these industries places them at a distinct

disadvantage vis-à-vis the large sector. This disadvantage has given rise to various

problems with which the small-scale industries have to contend. We discussed them

below in some detail.

1. Problem of raw material: - A major problem that the small-scale industries have

to contend with is the procurement of raw material. The problem of raw material

has assumed the shape of (i) an absolute scarcity (ii) a poor quality of raw

materials, and (iii) a high cost. Earlier, the majority of small-scale units mostly

produced items dependent on local raw material. Then, there was no severe

problems in obtaining the required raw materials. But, ever since the emergence

of modern small-scale industries manufacturing a lot of sophisticated items, the

problems of raw material as emerged as a serious problem on their production

efforts. The small units that use imported raw material face raw material problem

with more severity mainly due to difficulty in obtaining this raw material either

on account of the foreign exchange crisis or some of other reasons.

41

Even the small units that depend on local resources for raw material requirement

face the problem of other type. An example of this type is handloom industry that

depends for its requirement of cotton on local traders. These traders often supply their

cotton to the weavers on the conditions that they would sell their ready cloths to these

traders only.

Then, what happens that the traders sell cotton to them at a fairly high prices and,

on the contrary, purchase the ready cloths at a very low prices. This becomes a clearest

example of how the poor weavers are subjected to double exploitation at the hands of

traders.

Keeping in view the raw material problem of small-scale industries, the

Government makes provisions for making raw material available to small units.

Nonetheless, small units wit no special staff to laise with the official agencies, these small

units are left with inadequate supplies of raw material. As a result, they have to resort to

open market purchases at very high prices. This, in turn, increases their cost of

production, and, thus, puts them in an adverse position vis-à-vis their better and larger

rivals.

2. Problems of finance: - An important problem faced by small-scale industries in

the country is that of finance. The problem of finance in small sector is mainly

due to two reasons. Firstly, it is partly due to scarcity of capital in the country as a

whole. Secondly, it is partly due to weak creditworthiness of small units in the

country. Due to their weak economic base, they find it difficult to take financial

assistance from the commercial banks and financial institutions. As such, they are

bound to obtain credit from the money lenders on a very high rate of interest and

are, thus, exploitative in character. It is a happy augury that ever since the

nationalization of banks in 1969, the credit situation has improved still further.

The positive change in attitude of banks would be clear from the fact that whereas

the amount of credit outstanding (of public sector banks) to small-scale industries

stood at only Rs. 251 crores in June 1969, it rise to a staggering figure or Rs.

15,105 crores in March, 1990.

From the above figures, it appears that the availability of institutional

credit to small scale industries is certainly increasing. Nevertheless, the fact

42

remains that the criterion of credit worthiness still weight heavily with the

nationalized commercial banks. This would be clear from this fact that of the units

assisted by commercial banks up to June 1976, about 69 percent of the total credit

was availed of by 11 percent of the total production. This underlines the need to

change the outlook of the banks. For this, it is necessary to further liberalize the

rules and practice of banking in the country.

3. Problems of Marketing: - One of the main problems faced by the small-scale

units is in the field of marketing. These small units often do not possess any

marketing organization. In consequence, their products compare unfavorably with

the quality of the products of the large-scale industries. Therefore, they suffer

form comparative disadvantage vis-à-vis large scale units.

In order to save small units from this competitive disadvantage, the Government

of India has reserved certain expanded over the period and at present stands at 824 items.

Besides, the Trade Fair Authority of India and the State Trading Corporation (STC) help

the small-scale industries in organizing their sales. The National Small Industries

Corporation set up in 1955 is also helping the small units in obtaining the government

orders and locating export markets.

Ancillary units face the problems of their own types like delayed payment by

parent units; inadequacy of technological support extended by parent units, on-adherence

to quality and delivery schedules, thus disturbing the programmes of the parent unit and

absence of a well-defined pricing system and regulatory laws.

4. Problem of under-utilization of capacity: - There are studies that clearly bring

out the gross under-utilization of installed capacities in small-scale industries.

According to Arun Gosh, on the basis of All India Census of Small-Scale

Industries, 1972, the percentage utilization of capacity was only 47 in mechanical

engineering industries, 50 in electrical equipment, 58 in automobile ancillary

industries, 55 in leather products and only 29 in plastic products. On an average,

we can safely say that 50 to 40mpercent of capacity was not utilized in small-

scale units.

The very integral to the problems of under-utilization of capacity is power

problem faced by small-scale industries. In short, there two aspects to the

43

problem: One, power supply is not always available to the small units on the mere

asking, and whenever it is available, it rationed out, limited to a few hours in a

day. Second, unlike large industries, the small-scale industries cannot afford to go

in for alternatives; like installing own thermal units, because these involve heavy

costs. Since small units are weak in economics front, they have to manage as best

as it can within their available meager means.

Let us sum up:

Definition of small-scale industry in India has changed over the years. At present,

a small-scale industry is one which has fixed capital investment in its plant and

machinery up to 3 crores. The investment ceiling for the tiny units is fixed up to Rs. 50

lakhs. The chief characteristics of small-scale industries are its one man show, lesser

gestation period, use of indigenous and local resources, catering to local demands,

labour-intensive, decentralization of industrial activities, etc. The relationship between

small and large-scale industries is often ancillary or complementary to each other.

The basic rationale and objective of developing small-scale industries in the

countryside are that they provide immediate large-scale employment, ensure more

equitable distribution of income, encourage, decentralization of industries and eradicate

unemployment problem stalking the land.

Small Scale Industries encompass vast scope covering activities like

manufacturing, servicing, retailing, financing, construction, infrastructure etc. In view of

the Government of India’s ever increasing importance given to the small-scale industries

in the national economy, more and more small industries are to be set up in the years to

come. Thus, these are to provide ample opportunities to the people to assume

entrepreneurial career.

By contributing its increasing share to the national production, employment and

exports, small-scale industries also contribute to the economic development of the

country. However, these industries are also plagued by the problems of raw material,

finance, marketing, under-utilization of capacity, etc.

44

3. 10 Institutional Framework for Small Scale Industries in India

1. Central government

2. State government

3. Other agencies

4. Financial institutions

5. Industry Association

1. Introduction

The ministry of small scale industries, Government of India has been playing a

major role in development of the small scale industries. The department of dmall scale

industries and Agro and rural industries, functioning under the ministry of SSI, has

formulated a citizen’s charter which, states its mission as “ To support the SSI by way of

and advocacy role, provide service to support SSI srowth and to organize programmes

through government and NGOs for the benefit of small, medium and tiny industries”.

Other then government organizations, there are a number of NGOs, financial institutions,

industry associations and agencies, which are providing support form the growth of the

SSI sector.

Many of the state associations and the state secretaries/commissioners (Industries

and commerce) question the efficiency of most of these institutions. The general view of

that several of them either lost their utility or require a through revamp in tune with the

emerging aspirations of the SSIs. While the terms of reference of this study do not

provide for a thorough look at them, to the extend that they form part of the overall

development and regulatory frame work, we propose a user perspective at them.

Central Government

SSI BOARD:

The board is an apex advisory body, which was set up to facilitate co-ordination

and inter-institutional linkages for the development of SSI sector. It is an advisory body

under the chairmanship of the union industry minister, constituted to render advice to the

government on issues pertaining to the SSI sector. The board is represented by members

from central government, State government, RBI, SBI, and FASSI. They constitute

45

standing committees that consider ways and means for providing assistance to the small

scale sector in the field of marketing, credit and finance, quality control etc.

SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION (SIDO)

The office of the development of commissioner of SSI (DC-SSI) is commonly as

the small industries development organization (SIDO). This nodal organization working

under the ministry of SSI and ARI, Government of India, helps in laying down the

policies of the central government and plays a constructive role in strengthening the SSI

sector.

It has the following organization working under its jurisdiction.

1. Small industries service institute (SISI)

2. Branch level institutions

3. Extension centre

4. Regional training centres

5. Field testing stations

6. Tool rooms

7. Central Footware Training Institute (CFTI)

8. PPDC

9. NISIET

10. NIESBUD

11. EDI

The major support services provided by SIDO and its institutions are

i. Entrepreneurship development and management training

ii. Extension and training services

iii. Skills development

iv. EDI’s

v. Preparation of product profiles

vi. Plant modernization studies

vii. Testing services

viii. Sub-contract exchanges

ix. Tool rooms

46

x. Marketing support

xi. Data collection and feasibility studies

xii. Employment under Prime Minister’s Rojgar Yojana (PMRY)

SIDO also encourages the entrepreneurs by giving three national awards every

year to outstanding SSI entrepreneurs in the country.

The following paragraphs give a brief outline about the organizations working

under SIDO.

Small Industries Service Institute (SISI)

SISI, with its network of 26 institutes and 30 branch institutes performs the

following functions.

i. Interface between state and central governments.

ii. Technical support and consultancy services

iii. Entrepreneurship development programmes

iv. Developmental efforts.

v. Export promotion and liaison activities

vi. Ancillary development.

Several state Governments are very critical of their role and functions. Several

SSI Associations questioned the capabilities of these institutions to deliver the results

expected of them. Most of them do not have even the latest journals and their libraries

and information systems are archaic. The presence of the Directors of SSIs in several

committees constituted by the state governments was fond to be ornamental and their

contribution cosmetic. One of the state government went to the extent of suggesting that

the real estate they are occupying should be made over to the state government and the

resources currently earmarked for the SSIs should be passed on the state government.

Product –cum-Process Development Cnetres (PPDCs)

Six PPDCs established across the country provides the following services:

i. Product desigh and innovation.

ii. R & D support

iii. Technical support

iv. Manpower development and training

47

v. Development of new processes and upgrade the wxisting level of technology.

These PPDCs seem to be duplicating some of the functions of the SISIs and RTCs

in the areas of technical support and man power development and training. Several

associations mentioned that they did not find these centers to be of any use to them. 60

percent of the members of the associations contacted by us even expressed ignorance of

the existence of these institutions.

I have met several peoples from banking like

Mr. V R Pandey, Asst. Manager, Union Bank of India, Ahmedabad.

Mr. D M Patel, Chief Manager, Union Bank, Main Branch, Ahmedabad.

Mr. D T Nathan, Senior Manager, Dena Bank, Ahmedabad.

Mr. R J Patel, Lead District Manager, SLBC Dena Bank, Surat.

Mr. Anil Purohit, Lead District Manager, Dena Bank, Mehsana.

Mr. Bhagwati Patel, Lead Bank Manager, Surat.

Mr. Mahesh Patel, Lead District Manager, Godhra.

Mr. Arvind S Patel, Senior Manager, Bank of Baroda, Ahmedabad.

Mr. Yagnik, Lead District Manager, Rankot.

According there opinion……………

Regional Training Centres (RTCs) Situated in the four metros, they provide

technical consultancy and testing facilities. RTCs also have eight field testing stations

providing testing services to SSI units. RTCs are accrediated to Bureau of International

Standards (BIS). Central Footwear Testing Institute:

CFTI’s provide training facilities and design development facilities for the

footwear and leather industry. They have their branches at Agra, Chennai, Mumbai and

Calcutta. These have been found to be quite useful and productive by several small

industries located at not merely where its branches exist but also at other places as well.

National Institute of Small Industries Extension and Training (NISIET) Situated in

Hyderabad, NISIET trains entrepreneurs, managers and various functionaries of the

government through its training programmes. They also undertake research and

consultancy activities for small scale industries. After its revamp, NISIET would appear

to be moving in to the areas of policy support and consulting services. The training

profile of the institute reflect more international programs for the LDCs and the trainee

48

profile, more officials of support institutions than the SSIs. The SSIs still do not see this

institution as their destination to seek knowledge and skills.

National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development

(NIESBID)

The government of India established purchase NSIC in 1955 for providing services like:

i. Machinery and equipment purchase and lease.

ii. Financial Assistance

iii. Assistance for procurement of raw materials

iv. Marketing assistance

v. Government stores purchase

vi. Technology transfer centres

Several associations as well as the State Government found this institution to be

duplicating the functions of the finance institution. Functions like the Assistance for

procurement of raw materials and purchase of stores for the government departments do

not have relevance in this era of liberalization. It markets support function, to the extent

performed, was highly restrictive in area and operation. It has served more the medium

enterprises than the small.

Governments of India have recently appointed a consulting team to look in to its

portfolio and suggest measures for restructuring, which hopefully would make it more

effective and user friendly.

2. State government

DIRECTORATE OF INSUDTRIES:

The directorate of industries is the executive agency for the promotion and

development of the village and small industries sector. It act under the overall guidance

of SIDO. It’s functions are of both regulatory and developmental in nature. The

directorate of industries has a network of District industrial centres (DIC) at the district

level, industrial officers at the sub-divisional level and extension at the block level

functioning under its control.

49

DISTRICT INDUSTRIES CENTRE:

DIC’s were established to promote SSI and cottage industries beyond big cities

and to generate employment opportunities among rural and backward areas. DICs

presently operating under respective state budgetary provisions, extend the following

services:

i. Economic investigation of local resources.

ii. Provision of raw materials

iii. Arrangements for credit facilities.

iv. Marketing

v. Quality inputs

vi. Consultancy and extension services.

Several state governments have not been able to provide the required budgetary

support for these institutions. Starved of finances, they were looking to a few of the

Central Governemnt’s schemes like the PMRY to support themselves. They are ill

equipped in terms of both the manpower and technology resources. They do not have

even viable location-specific projects to help the entrepreneurs. Their information system

is week. Several industries do not view them as service providers. They are seen as

registering agencies and not as promotional of supporting agencies. States like Gujarat,

Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, started looking at them lately as

promotional institutions and ate trying to equip them better to enable them to be effective

service providers.

STATE FINANCIAL CORPORATIONS (SFCs)

The SFCs were mandated to serve as regional agencies for promoting regional

growth through the development of SMEs by grant of loans and participation in their

equity base in the country. The msin objectives of SFCs are to provide financial

assistance to industries, catalyze investment, generate employment and widen the

industry base.

The eighteen SFCs across the country provide financial assistance by way of term

loans, debentures etc. Moreover SFCs also operates schemes for artisans and special

target groups. They have also been extending working capital assistance along with term

50

loans under the single window system of SIDBI. Most of them have a huge portfolio of

non-performing assets due to improper project appraisal and lack of follow-up and

supervision of the assets financed by them. These institutions cannot complain of lack of

legal support for recovery of their dues. Section 24 of the SFC act empowers them for

seizure and suction of a defaulter’s assets.

State Industrial Development Corporation / State Industrial Investment

Corporation (SIDC / SIIC)

These organizations, developed in 1956 as a wholly owned of State Governments,

act as catalysts to industrial growth. SIDC is instrumental in providing infrastructure

facilities like roads, water supply, electricity etc. They have also diversified by entering

in to areas like merchant banking, venture capita; and mutual funds.

STATE SMA; INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (SSIDC)

This state government undertaking established under companies concerned. The

various activities undertaken by them are:

i. Supply of machinery

ii. Raw material procurement & distribution

iii. Market assistance

iv. Providing management assistance

v. Seed capital assistance

vi. Construction of industrial estates

These are the most expensive and ineffective outfits of the state governments

which deserve to be wound up not only because they perform overlapping functions but

also because of their cost initiative and least useful operations.

3. Other agencies

HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (HUDCO)

HUDCO provides assistance in creating infrastructures for the SSI sector. It also

undertakes research and training activities and promotes the building material industry.

51

INDTITUTR FOR DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

(IDEMI)

Set up with the assistance of UNDP & UNIDO in the year 1969, IDEMI renders

services to instrument industry in general and SSI in particular. Its service includes.

i. Preparation of project profiles and undertake feasibility studies

ii. Undertake market research and surveys

iii. Conducting EDPs and skill up-gradation programme.

iv. Carrying out energy audit and energy conservation assignments.

v. Management consultancy services for diagnostic study of sick units.

Several small industry associations expressed the need for strengthening these out-fits

and revamping them where necessary.

NON-GOVERNMENTA; ORGANIZATION (NGO)

Besides the state, central and autonomous bodies the country saw the emergence

of many NGOs providing training, finance, marketing support and other assistance to

SSI. The 1991 SSI policy favored assistance to SSI through NGOs. In the present

scenario, the role of NGOs in the development of SSIs is very much significant.

KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES COMMISSION (KVIC)

Established in 1957, KVIC is an autonomous body set up for promoting khadi and

village industries. It has three main objectives.

i. Social objective of creating employment.

ii. Economic objective of producing saleble articles and thereby improve rural

economy

iii. Wider objective of creating self-reliance.

Their functions include training rural artisans, marketing of products, supply of

raw materials to khadi and village industries, research activities in the area of production

of khadi and village products and to encourage cooperative efforts from manufacturers.

KVICs implement various programs in the state through khadi and village industries

boards (KVIBs), co-operatives, panchayats, zilla parishads, charitable trusts etc.

52

ENTERPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPEMNT INSTITUTE OF INDIA (EDII)

EDII id an autonomous body situated in Ahmedabad. Leading financial

institutions in India and government of Gujarat jointly sponsored this institution. Its main

objectives are to augment the supply of trained entrepreneurs, to promote micro

enterprises at the rural level., to inculcate the it conduct training programmes on

entrepreneurship education , micro finance and micro enterprise development. EDII

designs training programmes through innovative training techniques and updated

information. It also conduct trainers meet and chief executives meet to facilitate sharing

of information and experience.

Several state governments, recognizing the need for entrepreneur education, have

set up separate centers or institutions for entrepreneurship development with specific

agenda notable among them are: Gujarat, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra

4. Financial Institutions

SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA (SIDBI)

It is an apex institution functioning form 2nd April 1990 for the promotion,

development, and financing of the small scale, tiny and cottage industries in the country.

SIDBI also coordinates the institutions engaged in similar activities. The banks’ lending

operations are supplemented with developmental activities so as to facilitate the entry of

new entrepreneurs and the strengthening of the SSI sector.

COMMERCIAL BANKS

Twenty-seven commercial banks through their countrywide network of more than

68,000 branches cater to the working capital requirements small-scale industries. They

have offered about 17.5 % of net bank credit to the SSI sector. Besides the short-term

assistance , SSI sector, which enjoy the status of ‘priority sector’ in term of financing,

have also been provided term loans and other assistance by the nationalized banks.

Specialized branches are opened in selected industrial estates and cities to exclusively

cater to the requirements of the small-scale entrepreneurs.

53

REGIONAL RURAL BANKS:

Regional rural banks have been created to promote agriculture, trade, commerce

and industry in rural areas and thereby improve the rural economy. They provide credit

facilities in the rural areas particularly to artisans, farmers and small entrepreneurs. With

the restructuring of 139 regional rural banks by the government of India, there has been a

paradigm shift in the working of RRBs whereby the needs of the SSIs are being attended

to.

CO-OPERATIVE BANKS

Co-operative banks, through a network of over 12,000 branches provide working

capital funds to small entrepreneurs. The primary agriculture co-operative society

(PACS) finances the agriculture and agriculture related industry. The primary co-

operative banks (PCBs) plays a vital role in meeting the working capital needs of cottage

and tiny industries.

NATIONAL BANKS FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

(NABARD)

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development’s (NABARD) main

objective is to provide assistance to agriculture and agriculture related activities. They

also conduct promotional programmes for rural development such as Rural

Entrepreneurship Development Programme (REDP), training cum production

programmes and action plan for rural industrialization.

The Nayak Committee and Kapoor Committee have brought out several

inadequacies on the part of all the afore-mentioned institutions that need to be addressed

with seriousness as 90 percent of the institutions / industries contacted and the small

industries associations have complained of inadequate and untimely credit flow and

onerous burdens of collaterals / guarantees as the major obstacles for their sustenance and

growth.

54

5. Industry Assoications

Industry associations also impart institutional support to SSIs. These associations

act as a platform for the SSIs to raise their issues. Some of the prominent industry

associations are:

FEDERATION OF ASSOCIATION OF SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES (FASSI)

Established in 1959, FASSI aims at promoting the development of SSI, co-

operating with industries and other institutions, under taking consultancy and research

studies, furthering the cause of SSI and establishing trade centers and test centers.

It offers services like organizing meetings/conferences, analysis and interpretation of

policies and taking up members difficulties to the government for redressal.

CONFEDERATION OF INDIAN INDUSTRY:

The CII’s functions if of advisory and consultative in nature. They also provide

information to the government and industry. It also organizes industry exhibitions, trade

fairs and the India Engineering Trade Fair. CII also plays an important role in promoting

international industrial cooperation.

FEDERATION OF INDIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY

(FICCI)

FICCI has a network of around 400 chamber of commerce across the country. It

provides a platform for discussing carious industry related issues. It also maintains

synergic relationships with the central and state governments. FICCI is the nodal

agencies for several agencies, like international chamber of commerce, confederation of

Asia-Pacific chamber of commerce and industry, which provides a platform for

promoting international trade and investments.

ASSOCIATED CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRIES IN INDIA

(ASSOCHAM)

ASSOCHAM represent the cross-section of business industry, services and

professions located all over the country. Its main thrust is on “Infrastructure for

accelerating economic growth”

55

WORLD ASSOCIATION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTREPRISES (WASME):

WASME is a NGO governed by representatives from financial institutions,

chamber of commerce, banks, departments of small industries of various governments

etc. Its main aim is to bring about business co-operation among developing countries.

Some of their functions include disseminating policies, strategies and support systems for

promotion of SMEs in member countries.

Providing marketing opportunities

i. Identification of training facilities for entrepreneurs, managers etc.

Moreover, WASME also organizes workshops and seminars, undertake

consultancy works and act as a cleaning-house of information relating to SMEs.

CONSORTIUM OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA (CWEI)

This consortium consisting of NGO’s, voluntary organizations and self-help

grours, both from rural and urban areas, helps the women entrepreneurs in finding

innovative techniques of production, marketing and finance. It gives manpower training,

undertake product development activities and also act as a intermediary between Indian

tntrepreneurs and overseas agencies for marketing and exports.

The most effective function of all these associations is their lobbying for the cause

of the SSIs.

Other then the above mentioned there are number of industry associations across

the country which aims as safeguarding and promoting the interests of small-scale

industries.

3.11 Literature Review

Introduction

The review of the past studies in research means to note the observations, search

and many other things done in the past regarding the question in hand. It is base of

natural and social sciences. It provides introduces introductions regarding the searches

worked out in the past. It provides details regarding the tools used, procedures adopted,

conclusion and observations made. It also guides how the introductions and data should

be collected and from where and how it could be had. All these information can be had

56

from this type of study. The study of the past researches is useful to define and delimit

the sphere of our research. It saves time, energy and helps indirectly towards a particular

goal.

Meaning

Study of the related literature implies locating, reading and evaluating reports of

research as well as report of casual observation and opinion that are related to the

individual’s planned research project.

According to Walter R. Borg, “The literature in any field forms the foundation

upon which all future work will be built”.

Literature Survey for the existing research work

Reviewing of the literature in the area of research is a preliminary step before

attempting to plan the study. A through knowledge of the research topic can be gained

only by reviewing any past research work and other literature related with the topic. This

research work has also been carried out by reviewing the literature relevant to the topic.

1. A D Gorawala Committee (1954) had stated that “we feel justified in rejecting

commercial banks generally as an agency suitable for inclusion with the

integrated scheme of rural credit”

2. Narshimhan Committee on the financial system has remarked in many cases of

IRDP lending banks have virtually abdicated their responsibilities in undertaking

need based credit assessment appraisal of potential viability and instead have

tended to rely on lists of identified borrowers prepared by government authorities.

3. The Chakravarty Committee drawing attention to societal concern in context of

banking credit had noted, “confessional interest rates, which come to be

prescribed for target groups under priority sector lending reflects societal

concerns which need to be respected any rationalized of the array of confessional

interest rates in the interest of administrative efficiency and as a result of an

evaluation of real costs of the lender must not, therefore ignore relevant societal

concern”.

4. The Narshimhan Committee has forceful argue and that “interest rates should

increase singly be allowed to perform their main function of allocating scarce loan

able fund among alternative users. Fore them to do so rates will have to be

57

allowed broadly to be determined by market forces”. Hans Bingwanger and S R

Khandkar have shown that direct credit had only a mildly positive effect on out

put and a zero effect on employment in the agriculture sector.

5. “On the profitability and cost of relationship lending”

Loretta J Mester,

Mitchell Berlin

They provide evidence on the costs and profitability of relationship lending by

banks. They derive banks specific measures of loan rate smoothing for small business

borrowers in response to generous shocks to their credit risk and to interest rates and then

estimate cost and profit functions to examine how smoothing affects bank cost and

profits.

Their results suggest that in general, loan rate smoothing in response to a credit

risk shock is not part of an optimal long term contract between a bank and its borrowers,

while loan rates smoothing in response to an interest rate shocks.

6. “The ability of banks to lend to information ally opaque small business”

Berger, Allen N 31st August 2001.

Klapper, Leora F.

Udell. Gregory F.

Consolidation of the banking industry is shifting assets in to larger institutions

that often operate in many nations. Large international financial institutions are geared

toward serving large wholesale customers how dose this affect the banking system’s

ability to lend to informational opaque small business? The authors test hypotheses about

the effect of bank size, foreign ownership and distress on lending to informationally

opaque small firms, using a rich new data set on Argentina an banks, firms and loans,

they also test hypothesis about borrowing form a single bank peruse borrowing from

several banks, their results suggest that large and foreign owned institutions may have

difficulty extending relationship loans to opaque small firms, especially if small business

are delinquent in repaying their loans. Bank distress resulting from tax prudential

supervision and regulation appears to have no grater effect on small borrowers than an

large borrowers, although even small firms may react to bank distress by borrowing from

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multiple banks, despite raising borrowing costs and destroying some of the benefits of

exclusive lending relationship.

7. “The effects of banks mergers and acquisitions on small business lending”

Allen N Berger 1st January 1998.

Anthony Saunders

Joseph M Scalise

G R E Gory F Udell

They examine the effects of banks as on small business lending using data on over

6,000 recent U S banks as They are the first to decompose the impact of m and as in to

static effects from simply melding the antecedent institutional and dynamic effects

associated with post m and A refocusing of the consolidate institution. They ware also the

first to estimate the dynamic reactions of other local banks. We find that static effects of

consolidation reduce small business lending but are mostly offset by the reactions of

other banks and in some cases also by refocusing efforts of the consolidating institutions

themselves.

8. “The micro structure of small business lending by large and small banks”

Rebel A Cole 16th December, 1997

Lawrance, Goldberg

Lowrance J White

The recent consolidation in the banking system has focused attention on the

difference in lending between large and small banks, since large banks lend

proportionally less to small business. We use a newly available survey of small business

finances conducted by the federal reserve system to analyze the micro level differences

between large banks and small banks in the loan approval process we find that large

banks cover $ 1 billion in assets appear to employ standard criteria obtained from

financial statements in the loan decision process while small banks (less then $ 1 billion

in assets) derivate from this criteria more and appear to rely on their impression of the

character of the borrower to a large extent, these “cookie cutter” and character approach

are consistent with the incentives and environments facing large and small banks.

59

9. “Multi office bank lending to small business: some evidence”

William Keeton,

In a long awaited more congress enacted legislation last fall authorities full

interest banking. While most states had already allowed to some form of entry by outside

holding companies the new law was expected to hasten the spread of large multi office

banking organizations most analysts believe the change will benefit the public by

increasing competition improving services to depositors and reducing banks vulnerability

to local down terms concern has been voiced, however, that the benefit of multi office

banking may be achieved at the expenses of small businesses. Some analysts worry that

large multi office banks will be less able or less willing to lend to small business then

smaller banks they replace Kenton investigates the relationship between multi office

banking and small business lending using new information on small business loans in

tenth district states data for mid 1994 support the view that further growth in multi office

banking may impose short run costs on some small business. He cautions, though, against

concluding that multi office banking markets remain competitive, so other banks can step

in and fill gaps in the legitimate credit needs of small businesses.

10. The effects of dynamics change in bank competition on supply of small

business credit” 1 – 07 – 2007

Berger A. N.

Goldberg L G.

White L J

These three studied the effect of structural changes in banking markets on the

supply of credit to small businesses. Specially, they examine whether, bank mergers and

acquisitions (M & As) and entry have “external” effect on small business loans by other

banks in the same local markets.

60

11. “Development a measure for technological capability in small firms” 1st

November 2006.

Acquisition of technological capability is believed to improve competitiveness of

small forms in developing countries empirical investigations on the issues pertaining to

the acquisition of technological capability have been mainly hindered by the lack of

proper measurement methodologies and is an important problem that has not been

adequately addressed in the literature.

12. “Banking consolidation and the available of credit to small business” 31st

March 1998.

Cole, Rebel

Walraven, Nick

In this study, They use firm level data from the 1993 National survey of small

business finances to rest the hypothesis that banking consolidation has reduced the

availabilities of credit to small businesses.

13. The effect of credit scoring on small business lending.

Frame, W Scott – 3rd August 2001.

Srinivasan, Aruna

Wooslesy, Lynn

This paper examines the effect of credit scoring on small business lending for a

sample of large U S banking organizations. We know that credit is associated with an 8.4

percent increase in the portfolio share of small business loans, or $ 4 billion per

institution. However, they fail to cover any specific attributes of bank small business

credit scoring programs that lead to this increased lending. Overall they conclude that the

credit scoring lowers information costs between borrowers and lenders, there by reducing

the value of traditional, local bank lending relationships.

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14. “Bank lending to small business in latin america” Does bank origin matter?

Clarke, George R.G 31st January 2002

Cull, Robert

Martiner, Peria

Maria Suledad

Sancher, Susana M.

In recent years foreign bank participation has increased tremendously in Latin

America. Some observers argue that foreign bank entry will benefit Latin American

Banking systems by reducing the volatility of loans and deposits and increasing

efficiency.

15. Consolidation, tecnnology and the changing structure of banks small

business lending.

David P. Ely 2001.

Kenneth J. Robinson.

The U S banking industry contributes to consolidate with large, complex banking

organizations becoming more important traditionally, their institutions have not

emphasized small business lending. On the other hand, technological advances,

particularly credit scoring models, make it easier for banks to extend small business

credit

16. “The effects of bank consolidation and market entry on small business

lending”

Emilia, Bona Ccorsi di Patti

Giorio, Gobbi January 2001.

Consolidation in banking industry of many countries has reduced the number of

small banks and led to significant shifts in markets shares, deregulation has fostered entry

in local credit markets and branch expansion, which in turn have increased competition.

Small business are believed to be more vulnerable to these changes since they are more

dependent on credit from local banks.

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17. “Collective efficiency: growth path for small-scale industry

Hubert, Schmitz

4th April 1995

This study is worked with the growth of small local industry in developing

countries and explores. One particular route for understanding and fostering such growth

it focused in the clustering of firms and the competitive advantage which they derive

from local external economies and joint action, capture in the concept lf collective

efficiency. Following a conceptual discussion, the article explore the economic and

institutional conditions which enhance or hinder collective efficiency.

18. Local sources of competitiveness spatial clustering and organisational

dynamics in small-scale clothing in lima – perd.

Even – Jan Visser 16th December 1996

Everyday and everywhere, people start new businesses. Many of these small firms

do not grow, many even go out of business enterprise start-ups and death are all the more

common in developing countries, where producers have to cope with, additional

problems which reinforce the disadvantages in resources of small firms.

19. Rural small – scale industries in a developing region: sign of poverty of

progress?

Tolus Tambonan 1st January 1994

Some authors state that the importance of small scale industries, especially those

located in rural areas, decreased in the course of development while available empirical

evidence in this issue diverges significantly what seems clear is that these industries have

been expanding in many less developed countries, including Indonesia.

From this point of view, the study raises a question as to whether the high rate of

growth or rural small – scale industries is a sign of poverty or progress.

20. Improving operations performance in a small company: a case study

A. Gunasekaran 2000

L. Forker, B Kobu

63

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in modern

economics because of their flexibilities and ability to innovate. In nearly every country,

SMEs play a significant role in providing employment opportunities and supporting large

scale manufacturing firms. However there are not many studies reported in the literature

that deal with productivity problems in SMEs, considering the importance of SMEs, the

experiences of a small company engaged in continues improvement and a related

conceptual model are discussed here to highlight how productivity can be improved with

limited resources.

21. Small scale industry in india: an analysis in the context of liberalization

Vinayak Uppal December 2006.

Small and micro producers are crucial in developing economics, and their role is

even greater in the largerly rural economies of South Asia. In India as well the sector is

the second largest employer after agriculture, an accounts for which nearly 6 percent of

the country’s GDP. India was an exception in that it gave the small scale sector large

incentives, and protection, in the period 1948 – 1991, going to the extent or reserving

certain production lines slowly for the sector. In the historical context of this paper shall

attempt to analysis the issues peculiar to a small scale of production. In India in an

increasingly growised scenario. It shall also look at some of the other issues planning the

sector such as credit availability and maintaining quality standards.

22. Enterpreneurship and bank credit availability

Sandra E. Black

Phillip E. Straham 17th December 2002.

The literature is divided in the expected effects of increased competition and

consolidation in the financial sector on the supply of credit to relationship borrowers the

paper tests whether policy changes fostering competition in U S Banking help or harmed

entrepreneurs.

64

23. Directed credit and investment in small scale industry in india

Renu Kohli 4th April 1999.

The policy of directing bank credit accordingly related a binding constraints on small

firms, raising investment.

24. Infrastructure needs of small scale industry in gujarat

Mishra P N. 1st March 1994.

This paper spells out a case for better planning of relevant infrastructure facilities

for small industries in general thereafter they discuss birth, death and sickness rates in

Gujarat along with problems encountered by entrepreneurs next they also provide a brief

survey of relevant infrastructure facilities provide by different organizations institutions

for this purpose in the state of Gujarat.

25. Small business credit availability and relationship lending: the importance of

bank organisational structure

Allen N Berger 2001

Gregory F Udell

This paper models the inner workers of relationship lending, the implications for

banks organizational structure, and the effects of shocks to the economic environment on

the availability of relationship credit to small businesses. Relationship lending depends

on the accumulation over time by the loan of “soft” information. Because the loan officer

in the repository of this soft information, Agency problems are created throughout the

organization that are best resolved by structuring the bank as a small, closely held

organization with few managerial layers the shocks analyzed include technological

innovations, regulatory regime shifts, banking industry consolidation, and monetary

policy shocks.

65

26. Technological innovations in small-scale industries: casestudies of two

founders in karnataka

1st April 2004

Balachandra, D P Mathirajan

M Subramanyam

M H Bala

This paper probes the origin, sources, nature, dimensions and outcomes of

technological innovations carried out in two small-scale foundries in Belgaum. With

belgaum district and Karnataka state the two foundries have initiated technological

innovations primarily due to the vision and innovation of their respective entrepreneurs

27. “An economic analysis of small scale pulses processing sectors”

P G Dorge

T T Birari

K S Thakar

The study is based on micro 22 dal mills (Pulse processing industries) located in

Jalgoan.

28. Mathur (1978)

In his study on “Public sector banks in India’s economy – A case study of state

bank of India”. Concluded that the SBI in its two decades of service has accelerated the

growth of Indian economy in two significant ways (1) by pursuing the policy of various

branch expansion in general and (2) by playing a leading role in introducing bank credit

facility to the new fields of the priority sectors of the Indian economy. The banks has also

played a leading role in developing the backward regions of the country.

Mathur O P (1978) Public Sector Banks in India: A case study of state bank of India,

sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

29. Naidu (1986)

Holds that Public Sector banks have been extending credit facilities to hitherto

neglected sectors of the rural economy. They are financing agriculture, small business

66

and small scale industries in a creditable manner to eradicate poverty and unemployment

from the rural sector.

Naidu, L.K. (1986) Bank Finance for Rural development, Ashish Publishing

House, New Delhi.

30. Rao (1987)

Makes an attempt to evaluate and predict the role of banks in the rural economy.

He opening that no doubt commercial banks have contributed substantially for the

development of rural sector mainly through development, but landless labourers and

small marginal farmers have not been benefited by the bank credit so far. He emphasis

that banks shall have to play a leading role in the field of credit in the days to come.

Rao, H.N. (1987) “Expanding role of banks in rural economy” the banker Vol. 34,

No. 9, Nov. New Delhi.

31. Sood (1987)

In his article says that finance is key to rural development. The public sector

banks are extending credit to hither to neglected sectors of the rural economy. The

commercial banks are making bold efforts and plying an active role to eradicate poverty

and unemployment form the rural sector.

Sood, P.S. (1987) “Bank finance key to rural development”. Agricultural banks.

Vol. 10. No. 4. October (New Delhi).

32. All India Rural Credit Survey Report revealed that the share of institutional

agencies, comprising of the government, the cooperatives and the commercial

banks in financing the borrowings of rural households was 7.1 percent in 1951 –

52, whereas the corresponding share of private money lenders (excluding

relatives, trades, commission agents, land lord and others) was huge, as high as

68.8 per cent.

67

33. Reserve Bank of India, All Rural Credit Survey, Vol. 11, P. 167, 1954,

Bombay.

The Reserve Bank of India organized a seminar in December 1968 to focus on (a)

problem of disbursement of agricultural sector. It also discussed some others relevant

issues such as.

1) Development of an adequate market structure in support of the farm credit

framework.

2) Evaluation of proper methods and mechanism of agriculture finance.

3) Formulation of guidelines for institutional credit of agriculture and

4) Development of an innovative approach in financing agriculture by commercial

banks

Reserve Bank of India, Financing of Agriculture by commercial Banks, 1969, Bombay.

34. Dandekar. (1956)

Dandekar tried to focus the mode of repayment schedule, the position of

traditional moneylenders position, and their social structure and power over the borrower.

Dandekar, V.M. “Discussion on Re-organisation of Rural credit in India”, Indian

Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. IX, No. 2, April – June, 1956, P. 113.

35. The FAO. (1965)

The FAO reports which highlights innovation and transfer of technology aspects

in agriculture consider administrative cost and social cost. It also examined some aspects

of commercial banks finance as agriculture.

Food and Agricultural Organisation, Agricultural Credit through co-operation and

other institutions Rome, 1965, P. 105.

36. Basu. (1973)

Basu, tried to analyse the per capita credit, based on the sample of 275 districts, as

constructed the regression model using six explanatory variables inter district variations

in per capita credit. Few findings were discuss below:

1) Variation in between per capita deposit and per capita credit was observed 57 per

cent.

68

2) The three major co-efficient of regression based on per capita deposit, per capita

deposit and number of works per 1000 population, and intensity of cultivation

was observed 63 per cent variation and all was significant.

3) Inverse relationship was found among intensity of cultivation and over all credit.

4) A negative co-efficient of regression was observed however small farmers

exploitation and per capita credit.

Basu, K.S. “Determinants of regional distribution of bank credit and banking

performance and development indicators”, Industrial Journal of Regional Science, Vol.

V, No. 2, PP. 176 – 84.

37. Gupta (1972)

Gupta framed econometric models of simultaneous equations of demand for and

supply of aggregate credit and aggregate deposit. Gupta suggested a prototype model of

bank credit with two equation (for demand and supply of credit) and andogeneous

variables, viz. bank credit and rate of interest on loans (since demand and supply both

considered to indentical variable, viz. total volume of commercial bank credit and ten

other variables.

Gupta, G.S, “A prototype model of bank credit the Indian economics Journal,

Vol. XIX, April – June, 1972, No: 4 – 5, PP 516 – 27.

38. Khusro and Sidharthan (1972)

Khusro and Sidharthan contribute in the field, b using ten simultaneous equation

relating to demand for demand and supply of both aggregate credit and aggregate deposit

and ten variables.

Khusro, A.M., Sidharthan, N.S., “An Econometric model on banking in India”,

Report on banking commission, Vol. I, Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, PP. 1 – 78.

? Findings on review of litreatuare vi2 a vi2… our Research

A Findings on Existing Review of litreatuare

A.D. Gorwala Committee weighted in integrated seheme of rular credit.

Narshimohan committee suggested for co-operation of IRDP lending Banks.

69

The Chakravarty committee drawing attention to societal concern in context

of banking credit.

Hans bingwanger and S R Khanskar have pointed out on direct credit.

Loretta J Mester and Mitchell berling provided evidence on the cost and

profitability of relationship landing by banks

Renu Kohli have studied on policy of directing bank credit accordingly

related a binding constraints on small firms, rising investments

Berger, Allen N, Klapper, Leora F, udell, Gregory f, worked on The ability of banks

to end to intormationally opaque small business

Allen N Berger, Joseph M Scalise , Anthony Soundess, GRE Gory F Udell,

researched on The effects of banks mergers and acquisitions on small

business lending

Rebel A Cole, Lawrance, Goldberg, and cowrance J White worked on the micro

Structarl of small business lending by carge and small banks.

William Keeton forced on multi office Bank lending to small business : some

evidence.

P.N. Misra have studied infrastructural needs of small scale industries in Gujarat.

From the above review of literature we can observe that everybody have

studied small scale industries and its funding facilities. But nobody have studied on

bank credit in small scale industries in Gujart region. This research study focused

on bank credit to Small Scale Industries in South Gujarat, North Gujarat, Central

Gujarat and Saurashtra and Kutchh are of Gujarat. So this is unique research

study.

70

References :

1. Indian economy – Rudra Dutt, K P M Sundharam.

2. Modern economics – H L Ahuja.

3. Entrepreneurial development – S S Khanka.

4. Small business development corporation, 1996 An information brochure on the “

Small business guarantee facility” Gordon.

5. Teszler, R. 1993, “ Small scale industry’s contribution to economic development”

in I S A band and G A de Bruise (Ed.) Gender, Small scale industry and

development policy, London, IT Publications.

6. Government of India (2001) Report of the expert committee on small enterprises,

New Delhi: Ministry of Industry, New Delhi Planning Commission.

7. Government of India (2003), Economic survey 2002 – 2003, economic division,

New Delhi, Ministry of Finance.

8. SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India), SIDBI Report on small

scale industries sector 2001, Ahmedabad SIDBI.

9. Levitsky, J and Prasad N (1987), Credit guarantee schemes for small and medium

enterprises, World bank industry and finance series, Number 58.

10. Desai, V. (1999) Small scale enterprise Volume 6 – 7, Himalaya Publishing

House.

11. SIDBI’s Annual report on small scale industries.

12. Panda, S C Entrepreneurship development, New Delhi, Anmol Publication.

71

Chapter 4

Sub Regional Analysis

Sr No Title

4.1 About Gujarat economy

4.2 Industrial Scenario in Gujarat

4.3 Small Scale Industries and Gujarat

4.4 Bank Finance to small scale industries in north Gujarat

4.5 Bank Finance to small scale industries in South Gujarat

4.6 Bank Finance to small scale industries in Central Gujarat

4.7 Bank Finance to small scale industries in Saurashtra and

Kutch Gujarat

4.8 Recent trends of Registered Industries in Gujarat

4.9 Recent trends of employment and investment in

Registered industries of Gujarat.

72

4.1. About Gujarat economy

Geography:

Gujarat rests on the western coast of India, bounded by the Arabian sea to the

west and surrounded by the states of Rajasthan on the North, Madhya Pradesh on the east

and Maharashtra on the south. To the northwest it shares an international border with

Pakistan. The southern tip of the Aravali mountain range extends in to northern Gujarat.

The Saputara (Satpura) and vindhya hills occupy pants of the eastern belt and the

sahyadri range (Wester ghats) reaches over in to the Dangs. The state has the country’s

longest coastline at more then 1600 Kilometers. The tropic of cancer passes through the

north of Gujarat.

Traditionally, Gujarat is subdivided in to four geographic regions with

distinguishable socio cultural characreristics the divisions include main land Gujarat,

which streaches from the southern end of the Aravelli mountains to the northern tip of

western ghats; Saurashtra, formerly known as Kathiawad; Kuchchh; and the eastern tribal

belt. Gujarat also reveals some striking attributes shaped by its shared history with

Rajasthan and the Sindh region of Pakistan.

Economy:

GDP of Gujarat: 39.8 Billion USD

Contribution to the national GDP: 6.64%

Per Capita income: 485 USD (415 USD is the national average)

Contribution to Indian exports: 14%

Industrial growth rate: 15 %

Gujarat is one of the most economically advanced states in India. IT is a fertile

grow for investment, attracting nearly nine percent of all foreign direct investments in

India. The famous entrepreneurial spirit of its people and the integration of India with

global economy along with recent government initiatives to spur economic development,

have led to a booming business environment. Gujarat’s larger cities are now experiencing

an on slaught of fresh construction with malls, Gujarat accounts for more than 20 % of

India’s chemical production. Indian petrochemicals corporation ltd (IPCL), now part of

reliance industries ltd. established the country’s premier petrochemicals complex near

Vadodara. IPCL helped initiatives the country’s petrochemicals revolution. Reliance

73

industries, India’s leading petrochemicals company setup the world’s largest integrated

refinery and petrochemicals complex near Jamnagar in 1999.

About 40% of the country’s pharmaceutical production comes from Gujarat,

which supports approximately 3200 registered pharmaceutical industrial units such as

Cadila and torrent the state is also at the forefront of exporting pharmaceutical research

services with companies, such as Dishman, Clan’s, Zydus and oxygen healthcare research

leading the way. A number of pharmaceutical special economic zones (SEZ) are set to

become a feature in the development of this sector and Gujarat as a whole.

Surat is the hub of the diamond cutting and polishing industry in India with more

than 10,000 processing units in and around the city. Other major diamond units are

located in Ahmedabad, Palanpur, Bhavnagar, Valsad and Navsari. Gujarat administrators

the processing of eight out of every 10 diamonds in the world. A major part of the

diamond business in Antwerp, Belgium is controlled by Gujarat’s Palanpur.

More than 70% of India’s salt is produced in Gujarat, industries related to salt,

such as bromine soda ash, Caustri soda, Chlorine gas, Gypsum, Potassium and

Magnesium production are located in Mithapur (Jamnagar) as well as Bharuch, Kuchchh,

Valsad and Surendranagar, Gujarat produces about 94% percent of the country’s soda

ash.

Entertainment complexes, restaurants, commercial property and housing

complexes springing up in record time. Real estate prices are rocketing and the sense of a

state and nation on the more is palpable. Globalization has brought abour many new job

opportunities for the educated, urban middle classes and through the effects of growth are

spreading wider and more deeply in to all sectors, there are undoubtedly some sectors of

society for whom progress is all too slow.

Infrastructure

Gujarat has more highly developed infrastructure than many states in India it has

a network of nearly 75,000 KM of roads which the government continues to strengthen. It

generates 55,727 MWH of power. Gujarat presently has one international and eight

domestic airport and 41 ponts. Three quarters of India’s private pont cargo passes through

Gujarat. The state accounts for seven percent of the country’s natural gas production

74

((Values) at 100 million USD). It has the most extensive gas pipeline network in the

country; the state also leads the nation in natural gas fired power generation.

Industries

On the leading industrialized states in India, Gujarat’s industrial out put includes

chemicals and petrochemicals, textiles, food processing, engineering and metallurgy

modern industry begin in Gujarat during the second half of the 19th Century with the

establishment of the first cotton textile mill in Bharuch. By the early 20th Century

Ahmedabad was known worldwide as the “Manchester of the east” for its flourishing

textile mills. At its peak in 1946, it had 74 mills. Today Arvind mills, Ashima Textiles,

Soma textiles. And Asama mills are significant players in Gujarat’s textile market. The

state is also Asia’s largest supplier and India’s leading cotton producer. Textiles account

for 23 percent of Gujarats GDP and 12 percent of India’s total textile exports.

Small Scale Industries:

There are approximately 300,000 small scale industries spared throughout Gujarat

and nearly half of them are concentrated in Ahmedabad, Surat and Rajkot districts. A

large number of these are involved in textiles, textiles machinery, chemicals and plastic

processing. Industrial clusters are based in different areas, textiles in Ahmedabad, Dholka

and Surat; tobacco processing in Anand; Oil engines machinery tools in Rajkot; ceramics

in Morbi; Thangadh and Wankaner; ship breaking in Alang; dyes in Ahmedabad,

Vadodara and Vapi; pharmaceuticals and plastic processing in Ahmedabad and

Vadodara.

Industrial Scenario in Gujarat

Gujarat has witnessed impressive industrial development since its formation as a

state in 1960. The industrial sector at present comprises of over 1200 large industries and

over 3, 12,000 micro, small and medium industries. As per the results of the Annual

Survey of Industry (ASI), 2004-05 carried out by the Central Statistical Organization

(CSO), under Ministry of Statistics and Programmme Implementation, Government of

India, Gujarat accounts for 17.2% of fixed capital investment, 15.6% of value of

production and 13.7% of value added in industrial sector in India. Gujarat has achieved

the distinction of being the top most industrially developed state in India in respect of

75

investment in industrial sector and second among states in respect of value of production

and value addition in industrial sector in India.

Over the years, Gujarat has diversified its industrial base. The state was known

for textiles industry. Today, refined petroleum products has emerged as the largest

industrial group followed by chemicals including dyes and pharma products, agro and

food processing, engineering industries, basic metal industry, textiles and apparels and

other industries in descending order in terms of value of output in all industry in

Gujarat. The industries in Gujarat produce variety of products. However, the important

products which have substantial contribution in India include: Soda Ash having 94%

share, Salt (80%), Polyester Filament Yarn (75%), Refined Petroleum products (55%),

Phosphate Fertilizers (36%), caustic soda (35%), Textile Fabrics (34%), Sponge iron

(33%), cement (10%) and so on. Gujarat is also having largest share in diamond cutting

& polishing.

Gujarat has also achieved industrial dispersal. In 1960s only four cities namely

Ahmedabad, Baroda, Surat and Rajkot and some isolated locations such as Mithapur and

Valsad etc. were the industrial centers. Today, almost all districts of the state have

witnessed industrial development.

This impressive industrial development has been possible due to a judicious

exploitation of natural resources, such as minerals, oil and gas, marine, agriculture and

animal wealth. The discovery of oil and gas in Gujarat has played an important role in

setting up of petroleum refineries, fertilizer plants and petrochemical complexes. The

state government has also established a good institutional network. Gujarat Industrial

Development Corporation (GIDC), has established industrial estates providing developed

plots and ready sheds for setting up industries throughout the state. Institutions were also

set up to provide term finance, assistance for purchase of raw materials, plant and

equipment and marketing of products. Later, District Industries Centers (DICs) were set

up in all districts to provide assistance in setting up industrial units and provide support

services. The state also developed infrastructure facilities required for industries, such as

power, roads, ports, water supply and technical education institutions. The state

government introduced incentive schemes, from time to time, to promote industries.

76

4.2. Small Scale Industries and Gujarat

Gujarat, since many years has been known as the land of entrepreneurs. It is this

entrepreneurial spirit that ushrw the process of emergence of a sector characterized by

many small scale industries in the state. Small scale industries are the major contributors

to the economy of any region. Looking to the nature of investment and technology

adopted by them, they offer wide scope for employment opportunities thus helping to

alleviate the core problems of unemployment in our country, the sector has matured over

a period of time driven by the business acumen of the entrepreneurs in terms of their

technical skills and capability to run units with lower overheads. However, with the

Indian economy steading aligning with the global environment, a need is now felt to

strengthen small sector units in terms of an array of needs like capacity building,

infrastructural support, financing, technology up gradation, research and development

activities, quality improvement, market access and many more… so as to enable them to

have competitive advantages in the international market.

As above discussed that small scale industries play very important role in the

economic development of any developing or under developed country or state.

These industries meet the twin needs viz. solution of unemployment problem and

checking the economic concentration in the hands of a few. These industries encourage

self sufficiency, self reliance and co-ordination they provide beneficial reallocation of

available resources and their proper utilization. The traditional village and cottage

industries provide a vital means of livelihood to village artisans. These industries create

the scope of employment to the rural person.

Small scale industries today constitutes a very important segment of the Indian

economy the development of this sector came about primarily due to the vision of our

late Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who sought to develop core industry and have a

supporting sector in the form of small scale enterprises.

Small scale sector has emerged as a dynamic and vibrant sector of the economy.

Today, it allounts for nearly 35 % of the gross value of out put in the

manufacturing sector and over 40 % of the total reports from the country.

In terms of value added this sector allounts for about 40% of the value added in the

manufacturing sector.

77

The sector contribution to employment is next only to agriculture in India. It is

therefore an excellent sector of economy for investment.

Already we have seen that how small scale industries are playing significant role

in the economy.

As we discussed above the importance and institutional framework of India and

Gujarat, government of India and government of Gujarat is trying to be more supportive

to this sector.

In spite of these lots of attempts of government of Gujarat and government of

India this sector is not raising as excepted to other countries and economy.

Now we knew that hoe small scale industries is playing important role in

economy. We have accepted its importance. Inspite of its importance, the small scale

sector is beset with the problems of finding facilities given by financial institutions,

nationalized banks, private banks and co-operative banks.

78

Year 2002-03

Region District Target (Agri. Allied)

Achiev. (Agri. Allied)

Target (SSI)

Achiev. (SSI)

Ahmedabad 21,165.00 21,475.00 659.00 777.00 Banaskantha 17,661.00 16,086.00 635.00 147.00 Gandhinagar 8,408.00 6,446.00 735.00 747.00 Mehsana 9,503.00 5,793.00 1,284.00 275.00 Sabarkantha 16,153.00 14,022.00 902.00 682.00

North Gujarat

Patan 6,050.00 3,908.00 1,049.00 3,579.00

Amreli 31,465.00 26,109.00 497.00 120.00 Bhavnagar 39,588.00 35,938.00 30,073.00 32,024.00 Jamnagar 37,032.00 38,941.00 1,814.00 767.00

Junagadh 40,291.00 48,840.00 1,985.00 884.00 Kutch 6,015.00 4,342.00 1,552.00 1,406.00

Saurashtra Kachchh

Rajkot 55,806.00 67,385.00 7,404.00 4,486.00

Surendranagar 18,687.00 20,660.00 763.00 766.00

Porbandar 9,449.00 32,818.00 441.00 266.00 Dahod 8,123.00 12,091.00 552.00 59.00

Baroda 9,626.00 8,120.00 2,053.00 3,142.00

Kheda 9,574.00 6,499.00 490.00 98.00 Panchmahal 9,653.00 6,818.00 940.00 245.00

Central Gujarat

Anand 12,522.00 10,947.00 848.00 1,003.00 Bharuch 5,950.00 6,728.00 1,629.00 249.00

Valsad 2,719.00 2,086.00 2,714.00 926.00 Dang 290.00 175.00 58.00 8.00 Narmada 1,487.00 1,411.00 94.00 6.00 Navsari 4,474.00 4,433.00 858.00 892.00

South Gujarat

Surat 11,406.00 9,282.00 8,172.00 12,294.00

79

Year 2003-04

Region District Target (Agri. Allied)

Achiev. (Agri. Allied)

Target (SSI)

Achiev. (SSI)

Ahmedabad 24,849.00 31,517.00 850.00 736.00

Banaskantha 19,405.00 17,519.00 510.00 355.00

Gandhinagar 8,477.00 12,121.00 1,152.00 331.00

Mehsana 11,919.00 8,652.00 1,345.00 1,050.00

Sabarkantha 17,687.00 21,989.00 742.00 2,221.00

North Gujarat

Patan 8,926.00 5,761.00 1,220.00 2,380.00

Amreli 36,035.00 29,049.00 372.00 235.00

Bhavnagar 44,141.00 43,757.00 38,615.00 45,205.00

Jamnagar 42,897.00 39,992.00 1,674.00 1,184.00

Junagadh 45,752.00 50,214.00 2,019.00 1,827.00

Kutch 6,328.00 4,498.00 1,552.00 920.00

Rajkot 67,582.00 74,107.00 7,160.00 9,845.00

Surendranagar 23,181.00 19,783.00 780.00 1,039.00

Saurashtra Kachchh

Porbandar 12,951.00 31,915.00 452.00 153.00

Dahod 8,680.00 1,194.00 289.00 92.00

Baroda 11,253.00 20,825.00 3,778.00 4,574.00

Kheda 10,722.00 7,924.00 471.00 399.00

Panchmahal 9,655.00 3,887.00 862.00 181.00

Central Gujarat

Anand 13,648.00 9,034.00 1,846.00 977.00

Bharuch 6,273.00 6,449.00 1,345.00 781.00

Valsad 2,623.00 2,775.00 2,689.00 2,605.00

Dang 386.00 240.00 13.00 10.00

Narmada 1,577.00 1,476.00 91.00 69.00

Navsari 4,804.00 5,309.00 861.00 485.00

South Gujarat

Surat 11,985.00 23,560.00 9,280.00 13,389.00

80

Year 2004-05

Region District Target (Agri. Allied)

Achiev. (Agri. Allied)

Target (SSI)

Achiev. (SSI)

North Ahmedabad 40,975.00 41,196.00 763.00 810.00 Gujarat Banaskantha 22,775.00 16,398.00 582.00 111.00

Gandhinagar 15,760.00 17,243.00 649.38 1,780.00 Mehsana 12,834.00 11,476.00 1,618.00 835.00 Sabarkantha 28,585.00 31,029.00 772.00 2,381.00 Patan 8,832.00 10,173.00 1,698.00 1,398.00

Saurashtra Amreli 37,852.00 36,923.00 482.00 686.00 Kachchh Bhavnagar 56,885.00 51,888.00 43,312.42 32,243.00

Jamnagar 51,990.00 46,006.00 1,991.00 1,368.00 Junagadh 65,280.00 80,205.00 2,409.83 2,137.00 Kutch 6,529.00 8,059.00 1,779.05 1,577.00 Rajkot 96,340.00 79,359.00 8,682.00 17,459.00 Surendranagar 26,397.00 26,440.00 921.14 2,602.00 Porbandar 41,490.00 40,181.00 417.00 319.00

Central Dahod 2,517.00 1,377.00 299.00 14.00 Gujarat Baroda 27,075.00 30,214.00 6,186.00 13,743.00

Kheda 11,765.00 11,289.00 506.00 612.00 Panchmahal 6,097.00 6,853.00 449.00 273.00 Anand 14,836.00 19,252.00 1,452.00 1,626.00

South Bharuch 8,385.00 8,180.00 1,675.00 3,198.00 Gujarat Valsad 3,610.00 6,524.00 3,190.86 2,791.00

Dang 407.00 517.00 26.70 54.00 Narmada 1,920.00 2,219.00 86.00 34.00 Navsari 6,900.00 7,455.00 977.34 926.00 Surat 13,080.00 11,620.00 11,236.72 13,163.00

81

Year 2005-06

Region District

Target

(Agri.

Allied)

Achiev.

(Agri.

Allied)

Target

(SSI)

Achiev.

(SSI)

North Ahmedabad 51,539.00 55,343.00 712.00 1,904.00

Gujarat Banaskantha 33,208.00 35,512.00 758.00 352.00

Gandhinagar 15,801.00 60,992.00 1,061.00 3,070.00

Mehsana 17,737.00 17,553.00 1,658.00 10,361.00

Sabarkantha 37,489.00 41,375.00 1,085.00 1,089.00

Patan 13,460.00 14,547.00 1,201.00 3,664.00

Saurashtra Amreli 50,486.00 40,617.00 656.00 1,081.00

Kachchh Bhavnagar 73,560.00 102,349.00 43,304.00 24,483.00

Jamnagar 66,229.00 51,764.00 2,665.00 3,431.00

Junagadh 84,811.00 75,791.00 2,683.00 3,993.00

Kutch 9,878.00 11,033.00 2,315.00 941.00

Rajkot 125,267.00 101,694.00 18,359.00 22,657.00

Surendranagar 34,060.00 32,816.00 1,068.00 2,234.00

Porbandar 49,645.00 59,515.00 473.00 515.00

Central Dahod 3,250.00 3,392.00 356.00 289.00

Gujarat Baroda 35,142.00 56,137.00 10,315.00 12,534.00

Kheda 16,088.00 14,931.00 820.00 1,387.00

Panchmahal 7,967.00 6,935.00 570.00 313.00

Anand 19,063.00 15,936.00 2,119.00 1,370.00

South Bharuch 11,432.00 11,575.00 2,070.00 1,107.00

Gujarat Valsad 4,810.00 6,198.00 3,548.00 3,917.00

Dang 597.00 978.00 18.00 9.00

Narmada 2,841.00 2,633.00 60.00 41.00

Navsari 10,262.00 10,115.00 1,015.00 1,889.00

Surat 18,372.00 16,823.00 14,587.00 23,418.00

82

Year 2002-03

0.00

10,000.00

20,000.00

30,000.00

40,000.00

50,000.00

60,000.00

70,000.00

80,000.00

Ahmed

abad

Gandh

inaga

r

Sabark

antha Amrel

i

Jamna

gar

Kutch

Surend

ranag

arDah

odKhe

daAna

nd

Valsad

Narmad

aSura

t

Target (Agri. Allied)

Achiev. (Agri. Allied)

83

Year 2002-03

0.00

5,000.00

10,000.00

15,000.00

20,000.00

25,000.00

30,000.00

35,000.00

Ahmeda

bad

Gandhin

agar

Sabarka

ntha

Amreli

Jamnag

ar Kutch

Surendr

anagar Daho

dKhed

aAnan

dVals

ad

Narmada Sura

t

Target (SSI)

Achiev. (SSI)

84

Year 2003-04

0.00

10,000.00

20,000.00

30,000.00

40,000.00

50,000.00

60,000.00

70,000.00

80,000.00

Ahmeda

bad

Gandhin

agar

Sabarka

ntha

Amreli

Jamnag

arKutc

h

Surendr

anagar Daho

dKhed

aAnan

dVals

ad

Narmada Sura

t

Target (Agri. Allied)

Achiev. (Agri. Allied)

85

Year 2003-04

0.005,000.00

10,000.0015,000.0020,000.0025,000.0030,000.0035,000.0040,000.0045,000.0050,000.00

Ahmeda

bad

Gandhin

agar

Sabarka

ntha Amreli

Jamnag

ar Kutch

Surendr

anagar Daho

dKhed

aAnan

dValsa

d

Narmada Sura

t

Target (SSI)

Achiev. (SSI)

86

Year 2004-05

0.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

60,000.00

80,000.00

100,000.00

120,000.00

Ahmeda

bad

Gandhin

agar

Sabarka

ntha Amreli

Jamnag

ar Kutch

Surendr

anagarDaho

dKhed

aAnan

dValsa

d

Narmada Sura

t

Target (Agri. Allied)

Achiev. (Agri. Allied)

87

Year 2004-05

0.005,000.00

10,000.0015,000.0020,000.0025,000.0030,000.0035,000.0040,000.0045,000.0050,000.00

Ahmed

abad

Gandh

inaga

r

Saba

rkanth

aAm

reli

Jamna

gar

Kutch

Suren

drana

gar

Dahod

Khed

aAn

and

Valsa

d

Narm

ada

Surat

Target (SSI)

Achiev. (SSI)

Year 2005-06

0.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

60,000.00

80,000.00

100,000.00

120,000.00

140,000.00

Ahmed

abad

Gandh

inaga

r

Saba

rkanth

aAm

reli

Jamna

gar

Kutch

Suren

drana

gar

Dahod

Khed

aAn

and

Valsa

d

Narm

ada

Surat

Target (Agri. Allied)

Achiev. (Agri. Allied)

88

Year 2005-06

0.005,000.00

10,000.0015,000.0020,000.0025,000.0030,000.0035,000.0040,000.0045,000.0050,000.00

Ahmeda

bad

Gandhin

agar

Sabarka

ntha Amreli

Jamnag

ar Kutch

Surendr

anagarDaho

dKhed

aAnan

dValsa

d

Narmada Sura

t

Target (SSI)

Achiev. (SSI)

89

2002-03 Bank

Tar_Agr_All Ach_Agr_All Tar_SSI Ach_SSI

Allahabad 62.00 45.00 59.00 114.00

Andhra 402.00 2.00

BOB 22,973.00 23,591.00 10,234.00 14,001.00

BOI 9,723.00 11,113.00 1,694.00 1,129.00

BOM 345.00 385.00 414.00 347.00

Canara 9.00 22.00 824.00 2,143.00

Cent 6,082.00 5,850.00 1,362.00 1,436.00

Corp 283.00 107.00 1,359.00 391.00

Dena 19,600.00 164,797.00 4,982.00 5,923.00

Indian 466.00 4,079.00 45.00 68.00

IOB 689.00 795.00 364.00 1,521.00

PNB 1,008.00 9,482.00 2,510.00 1,907.00

PandS 23.00

OBC 68.00 21.00 2,208.00 2,168.00

Sind 631.00 496.00 708.00 527.00

Union 5,000.00 5,589.00 1,111.00 2,243.00

United 34.00 17.00

UCO 1,161.00 685.00 246.00 456.00

Vijaya 299.00 1,820.00 100.00 118.00

SBI 15,690.00 12,338.00 10,123.00 1,820.00

SBS 56,201.00 82,578.00 21,094.00 21,112.00

DCCBS 202,132.00 201,981.00 1,108.00 268.00

GLDBIAR 17,265.00 7,095.00 694.00 98.00

URB COp 3,617.00 6,200.00

ARBS 26,506.00 23,730.00 1,123.00 532.00

Others 6,904.00 6,654.00 1,763.00 1,307.00

90

2003-04 Bank

Tar_Agr_All Ach_Agr_All Tar_SSI Ach_SSI

Allahabad 74.00 410.00 62.00 204.00

Andhra 0.00 5.00 107.00 13.00

BOB 26,560.00 28,782.00 12,764.00 13,152.00

BOI 11,613.00 9,886.00 2,110.00 2,089.00

BOM 533.00 487.00 398.00 506.00

Canara 28.00 33.00 797.00 1,765.00

Cent 7,047.00 8,148.00 2,394.00 1,915.00

Corp 298.00 187.00 1,515.00 1,453.00

Dena 21,995.00 20,796.00 6,070.00 6,496.00

Indian 506.00 746.00 144.00 151.00

IOB 847.00 821.00 606.00 6,313.00

PNB 2,008.00 9,226.00 2,711.00 3,568.00

PandS 25.00 16.00

OBC 73.00 14.00 2,260.00 2,810.00

Sind 817.00 698.00 680.00 737.00

Union 5,953.00 7,383.00 1,885.00 1,310.00

United 67.00 28.00

UCO 1,288.00 820.00 336.00 498.00

Vijaya 357.00 1,577.00 136.00 347.00

SBI 21,117.00 14,789.00 10,860.00 1,686.00

SBS 67,721.00 92,106.00 25,470.00 35,748.00

DCCBS 219,386.00 217,372.00 1,142.00 1,209.00

GLDBIAR 14,439.00 3,423.00 325.00 589.00

URB COp 11,149.00 10,640.00 4,206.00 5,045.00

ARBS 30,196.00 27,077.00 1,069.00 576.00

Others 7,722.00 18,112.00 1,822.00 2,209.00

91

2004-05 Bank

Tar_Agr_All Ach_Agr_All Tar_SSI Ach_SSI

Allahabad 517.00 878.00 169.00 3,754.00

Andhra 0.00 10.00 17,485.00 990.00

BOB 37,335.00 47,501.00 17,903.85 18,062.00

BOI 13,851.00 34,616.00 3,217.67 6,578.00

BOM 693.00 599.00 442.85 684.00

Canara 127.00 3,149.00 1,230.00 501.00

Cent 16,323.00 10,601.00 2,955.85 2,886.00

Corp 416.00 437.00 1,559.25 1,327.00

Dena 26,775.00 30,686.00 6,230.99 3,764.00

Indian 686.00 1,661.00 202.25 160.00

IOB 1,211.00 1,245.00 594.35 2,519.00

PNB 6,886.00 16,758.00 3,101.62 3,684.00

PandS 24.00 20.00

OBC 54.00 627.00 2,801.00 3,555.00

Sind 1,049.00 883.00 956.70 730.00

Union 9,683.00 9,658.00 1,310.86 960.00

United 61.00 14.00

UCO 1,867.00 935.00 706.90 1,269.00

Vijaya 3,193.00 2,486.00 303.54 554.00

SBI 24,246.00 19,716.00 9,816.31 5,764.00

SBS 111,628.00 109,160.00 28,908.54 33,326.00

DCCBS 299,171.00 258,386.00 743.25 598.00

GLDBIAR 11,647.00 3,966.00 367.08 290.00

URB COp 4,698.40 5,933.00

ARBS 37,745.00 36,039.00 1,186.18 465.00

Others 10,176.00 12,079.00 2,581.29 3,793.00

92

2005-06

Bank Tar_Agr_All Ach_Agr_All Tar_SSI Ach_SSI

Allahabad 889.00 373.00 174.00 16.00

Andhra 10.00 11.00 571.00 272.00

BOB 52,102.00 63,492.00 17,522.00 25,069.00

BOI 19,560.00 61,873.00 3,744.00 14,948.00

BOM 706.00 993.00 431.00 321.00

Canara 419.00 153.00 1,470.00 1,590.00

Cent 13,299.00 11,037.00 3,283.00 3,432.00

Corp 1,387.00 492.00 4,226.00 1,404.00

Dena 37,772.00 41,660.00 6,361.00 5,672.00

Indian 911.00 16,960.00 247.00 1,015.00

IOB 1,363.00 1,895.00 1,768.00 2,690.00

PNB 10,161.00 16,933.00 3,737.00 4,323.00

PandS 55.00 12.00 76.00 34.00

OBC 289.00 534.00 3,756.00 2,171.00

Sind 1,487.00 1,358.00 715.00 1,803.00

Union 13,931.00 20,943.00 2,020.00 1,664.00

United 123.00 145.00

UCO 2,886.00 2,134.00 1,154.00 273.00

Vijaya 678.00 1,950.00 297.00 495.00

SBI 32,778.00 54,120.00 11,439.00 8,989.00

SBS 145,869.00 123,416.00 31,655.00 34,745.00

DCCBS 374,342.00 340,960.00 986.00 1,772.00

GLDBIAR 13,488.00 6,016.00 406.00 318.00

URB COp 6,956.00 7,877.00

ARBS 49,349.00 49,540.00 1,217.00 1,076.00

Others 19,268.00 29,899.00 9,142.00 3,933.00

93

2006-07 Bank

Tar_Agr_All Ach_Agr_All Tar_SSI Ach_SSI

Allahabad 860.00 529.00 422.00 809.00

Andhra 540.00 517.00

BOB 62,045.00 96,411.00 23,939.00 36,700.00

BOI 22,778.00 44,562.00 7,085.00 14,688.00

BOM 1,140.00 1,520.00 768.00 1,232.00

Canara 209.00 18,927.00 1,690.00 1,537.00

Cent 16,992.00 14,877.00 4,254.00 3,208.00

Corp 684.00 601.00 5,374.00 1,752.00

Dena 44,065.00 63,553.00 8,460.00 11,483.00

Indian 1,123.00 16,225.00 690.00 1,002.00

IOB 1,843.00 6,694.00 2,055.00 629.00

PNB 11,324.00 27,493.00 4,605.00 9,452.00

PandS 19.00 11.00

OBC 89.00 1,506.00 4,810.00 10,807.00

Sind 1,725.00 3,220.00 1,199.00 2,904.00

Union 15,941.00 30,614.00 2,391.00 1,940.00

United 133.00 129.00

UCO 3,070.00 376.00 1,450.00 517.00

Vijaya 5,103.00 2,758.00 840.00 490.00

SBI 39,933.00 57,755.00 17,268.00 19,203.00

SBS 183,631.00 156,761.00 36,887.00 47,836.00

DCCBS 490,722.00 316,876.00 1,718.00 2,569.00

GLDBIAR 19,210.00 8,584.00 686.00 124.00

URB COp 7,564.00 7,350.00

ARBS 62,560.00 71,082.00 1,610.00 1,057.00

Others 17,696.00 96,620.00 10,847.00 11,882.00

94

Year 2002-03

0.00

50,000.00

100,000.00

150,000.00

200,000.00

250,000.00

Allahaba

d BOBBOM Cent

Dena IOBPand

S SindUnite

dVijay

aSBS

GLDBIAR

ARBS

Tar_Agr_All Ach_Agr_All

95

Year 2002-03

0.00

5,000.00

10,000.00

15,000.00

20,000.00

25,000.00

Allah

abad BO

BBO

MCe

ntDe

na IOB

Pand

SSin

dUn

ited

Vijay

aSB

S

GLDBIA

RAR

BS

Tar_SSI Ach_SSI

Year 2003-04

0.00

50,000.00

100,000.00

150,000.00

200,000.00

250,000.00

Allah

abad BO

BBO

MCen

tDen

aIO

B

Pand

SSin

dUnit

edVij

aya

SBS

GLDBIA

RAR

BS

Tar_Agr_All Ach_Agr_All

96

Year 2003-04

0.00

5,000.00

10,000.00

15,000.00

20,000.00

25,000.00

30,000.00

35,000.00

40,000.00

Allahabad BOB

BOM Cent Dena IOBPandS Sind

United

Vijaya SBS

GLDBIAR ARBS

Tar_SSI Ach_SSI

97

Year 2004-05

0.00

50,000.00

100,000.00

150,000.00

200,000.00

250,000.00

300,000.00

350,000.00

Allahaba

d BOBBOM Cent Dena IOB

PandS SindUnite

dVijay

a SBS

GLDBIAR ARBS

Tar_Agr_All Ach_Agr_All

98

Year 2004-05

0.00

5,000.00

10,000.00

15,000.00

20,000.00

25,000.00

30,000.00

35,000.00

Allahaba

d BOBBOM Cent Dena IOB

PandS Sind

United

Vijaya

SBS

GLDBIARARBS

Tar_SSI Ach_SSI

99

Year 2005-06

0.00

50,000.00

100,000.00

150,000.00

200,000.00

250,000.00

300,000.00

350,000.00

400,000.00

Allahaba

d BOBBOM Cent Dena IOB

PandS Sind

United

Vijaya SBS

GLDBIAR ARBS

Tar_Agr_All Ach_Agr_All

100

Year 2005-06

0.00

5,000.00

10,000.00

15,000.00

20,000.00

25,000.00

30,000.00

35,000.00

40,000.00

Allahaba

d BOBBOM Cent Dena IOB

PandS Sind

United

Vijaya SBS

GLDBIAR ARBS

Tar_SSI Ach_SSI

101

Year 2006-07

0.00

100,000.00

200,000.00

300,000.00

400,000.00

500,000.00

600,000.00

Allahaba

d BOBBOM Cent Dena IOB

PandS SindUnite

dVijay

a SBS

GLDBIAR ARBS

Tar_Agr_All Ach_Agr_All

102

Year 2006-07

0.00

10,000.00

20,000.00

30,000.00

40,000.00

50,000.00

60,000.00

Allahaba

d BOBBOM Cent Dena IOB

PandS SindUnite

dVijay

a SBS

GLDBIARARBS

Tar_SSI Ach_SSI

103

Descriptives

per_achiev_Agr

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Minimum Maximum

Allahabad 5 179.9859 214.85702 96.08698 41.96 554.05

Andhra 1 110.0000 . . 110.00 110.00

BOB 5 123.1070 20.58403 9.20546 102.69 155.39

BOI 5 192.2604 95.24065 42.59291 85.13 316.32

BOM 5 112.6769 24.25407 10.84675 86.44 140.65

Canara 5 2386.8651 3864.84792 1728.41254 36.52 9055.98

Cent 5 89.4597 18.54878 8.29527 64.95 115.62

Corp 5 65.7893 30.57715 13.67452 35.47 105.05

Dena 5 260.8951 324.67479 145.19898 94.55 840.80

Indian 5 914.2724 745.04891 333.19600 147.43 1861.69

IOB 5 163.4733 112.82046 50.45484 96.93 363.21

PNB 5 410.5865 315.83602 141.24616 166.65 940.67

PandS 1 21.8182 . . 21.82 21.82

OBC 5 617.6163 764.80606 342.03167 19.18 1692.13

Sind 5 105.2414 45.74197 20.45643 78.61 186.67

Union 5 135.5846 36.70988 16.41716 99.74 192.05

UCO 5 51.7873 23.71863 10.60729 12.25 73.94

Vijaya 5 293.9895 237.27377 106.11206 54.05 608.70

SBI 5 107.9453 43.64360 19.51801 70.03 165.11

SBS 5 110.1411 29.33021 13.11687 84.61 146.93

DCCBS 5 88.2061 14.36822 6.42566 64.57 99.93

GLDBIAR 5 37.6281 8.90309 3.98158 23.71 44.69

URB COp 1 95.4346 . . 95.43 95.43

ARBS 5 97.7374 9.96145 4.45490 89.53 113.62

Others 5 230.1608 184.19892 82.37626 96.38 546.00

Total 113 301.8080 911.41340 85.73856 12.25 9055.98

104

ANOVA

per_achiev_Agr

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between

Groups 27236026.351 24 1134834.431 1.518 .083

Within

Groups 65799504.421 88 747721.641

Total 93035530.772 112

Others

ARBS

URB

COp

GLDBIAR

DCCBS

SBS

SBIVijaya

UCO

Union

Sind

OBC

PandS

PNB

IOBIndian

Dena

Corp

Cent

Canara

BOM

BOIBOB

Andhra

Allahabad

Bank

2500.00

2000.00

1500.00

1000.00

500.00

0.00

Mea

n of

per

_ach

iev_

Agr

105

Descriptives per_achiev_SSI

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Minimum Maximum

Allahabad 5 588.8912 919.59904 411.25719 9.20 2221.30 Andhra 5 32.3371 39.95913 17.87027 .50 95.74 BOB 5 127.4219 23.98859 10.72802 100.88 153.31 BOI 5 195.3297 130.04666 58.15864 66.65 399.25

BOM 5 120.0602 39.53795 17.68191 74.48 160.42 Canara 5 144.2740 92.51369 41.37338 40.73 260.07 Cent 5 92.6023 14.02684 6.27299 75.41 105.43 Corp 5 55.1216 32.57131 14.56633 28.77 95.91 Dena 5 102.2430 28.90745 12.92781 60.41 135.73 Indian 5 178.2462 133.40059 59.65856 79.11 410.93 IOB 5 413.2377 390.42685 174.60420 30.61 1041.75 PNB 5 129.4602 47.20715 21.11168 75.98 205.26

PandS 4 62.4912 16.05216 8.02608 44.74 83.33 OBC 5 126.3845 61.57268 27.53614 57.80 224.68 Sind 5 150.6982 89.17708 39.88120 74.44 252.17

Union 5 101.6269 56.30643 25.18100 69.50 201.89 United 5 65.9241 39.83712 17.81570 22.95 117.89 UCO 5 114.4817 78.82689 35.25246 23.66 185.37

Vijaya 5 156.1320 73.53494 32.88582 58.33 255.15 SBI 5 56.4020 40.76777 18.23190 15.52 111.21 SBS 5 119.0327 16.02361 7.16598 100.09 140.35

DCCBS 5 107.9525 60.53081 27.07020 24.19 179.72 GLDBIAR 5 74.1509 67.55564 30.21180 14.12 181.23 URB COp 5 125.6097 27.80376 12.43422 97.17 171.41

ARBS 5 58.9046 19.12300 8.55206 39.20 88.41 Others 5 98.9761 40.79244 18.24293 43.02 146.94 Total 129 138.9726 217.45997 19.14628 .50 2221.30

106

ANOVA

per_achiev_SSI

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between

Groups 1690234.711 25 67609.388 1.596 .054

Within Groups 4362736.525 103 42356.665

Total 6052971.235 128

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: per_achiev_SSI

LSD

(I) Bank (J) Bank Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.

Allahabad Andhra 556.55409(*) 130.16400 .000

BOB 461.46925(*) 130.16400 .001

BOI 393.56144(*) 130.16400 .003

BOM 468.83102(*) 130.16400 .000

Canara 444.61719(*) 130.16400 .001

Cent 496.28886(*) 130.16400 .000

Corp 533.76957(*) 130.16400 .000

Dena 486.64817(*) 130.16400 .000

Indian 410.64503(*) 130.16400 .002

IOB 175.65354 130.16400 .180

PNB 459.43101(*) 130.16400 .001

PandS 526.39996(*) 138.05977 .000

OBC 462.50674(*) 130.16400 .001

Sind 438.19299(*) 130.16400 .001

Union 487.26430(*) 130.16400 .000

United 522.96708(*) 130.16400 .000

UCO 474.40952(*) 130.16400 .000

107

Vijaya 432.75917(*) 130.16400 .001

SBI 532.48917(*) 130.16400 .000

SBS 469.85848(*) 130.16400 .000

DCCBS 480.93870(*) 130.16400 .000

GLDBIAR 514.74027(*) 130.16400 .000

URB COp 463.28145(*) 130.16400 .001

ARBS 529.98658(*) 130.16400 .000

Others 489.91510(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra Allahabad -556.55409(*) 130.16400 .000

BOB -95.08484 130.16400 .467

BOI -162.99264 130.16400 .213

BOM -87.72306 130.16400 .502

Canara -111.93690 130.16400 .392

Cent -60.26522 130.16400 .644

Corp -22.78452 130.16400 .861

Dena -69.90592 130.16400 .592

Indian -145.90906 130.16400 .265

IOB -380.90055(*) 130.16400 .004

PNB -97.12307 130.16400 .457

PandS -30.15413 138.05977 .828

OBC -94.04735 130.16400 .472

Sind -118.36110 130.16400 .365

Union -69.28978 130.16400 .596

United -33.58700 130.16400 .797

UCO -82.14457 130.16400 .529

Vijaya -123.79491 130.16400 .344

SBI -24.06491 130.16400 .854

SBS -86.69561 130.16400 .507

DCCBS -75.61539 130.16400 .563

GLDBIAR -41.81382 130.16400 .749

108

URB COp -93.27263 130.16400 .475

ARBS -26.56750 130.16400 .839

Others -66.63899 130.16400 .610

BOB Allahabad -461.46925(*) 130.16400 .001

Andhra 95.08484 130.16400 .467

BOI -67.90781 130.16400 .603

BOM 7.36177 130.16400 .955

Canara -16.85206 130.16400 .897

Cent 34.81961 130.16400 .790

Corp 72.30032 130.16400 .580

Dena 25.17892 130.16400 .847

Indian -50.82422 130.16400 .697

IOB -285.81571(*) 130.16400 .030

PNB -2.03824 130.16400 .988

PandS 64.93071 138.05977 .639

OBC 1.03749 130.16400 .994

Sind -23.27626 130.16400 .858

Union 25.79506 130.16400 .843

United 61.49783 130.16400 .638

UCO 12.94027 130.16400 .921

Vijaya -28.71008 130.16400 .826

SBI 71.01993 130.16400 .587

SBS 8.38923 130.16400 .949

DCCBS 19.46945 130.16400 .881

GLDBIAR 53.27102 130.16400 .683

URB COp 1.81220 130.16400 .989

ARBS 68.51734 130.16400 .600

Others 28.44585 130.16400 .827

BOI Allahabad -393.56144(*) 130.16400 .003

Andhra 162.99264 130.16400 .213

109

BOB 67.90781 130.16400 .603

BOM 75.26958 130.16400 .564

Canara 51.05575 130.16400 .696

Cent 102.72742 130.16400 .432

Corp 140.20813 130.16400 .284

Dena 93.08673 130.16400 .476

Indian 17.08359 130.16400 .896

IOB -217.90791 130.16400 .097

PNB 65.86957 130.16400 .614

PandS 132.83852 138.05977 .338

OBC 68.94530 130.16400 .597

Sind 44.63154 130.16400 .732

Union 93.70286 130.16400 .473

United 129.40564 130.16400 .322

UCO 80.84807 130.16400 .536

Vijaya 39.19773 130.16400 .764

SBI 138.92773 130.16400 .288

SBS 76.29704 130.16400 .559

DCCBS 87.37726 130.16400 .504

GLDBIAR 121.17883 130.16400 .354

URB COp 69.72001 130.16400 .593

ARBS 136.42514 130.16400 .297

Others 96.35365 130.16400 .461

BOM Allahabad -468.83102(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 87.72306 130.16400 .502

BOB -7.36177 130.16400 .955

BOI -75.26958 130.16400 .564

Canara -24.21383 130.16400 .853

Cent 27.45784 130.16400 .833

Corp 64.93855 130.16400 .619

110

Dena 17.81715 130.16400 .891

Indian -58.18599 130.16400 .656

IOB -293.17748(*) 130.16400 .026

PNB -9.40001 130.16400 .943

PandS 57.56894 138.05977 .678

OBC -6.32428 130.16400 .961

Sind -30.63804 130.16400 .814

Union 18.43328 130.16400 .888

United 54.13606 130.16400 .678

UCO 5.57850 130.16400 .966

Vijaya -36.07185 130.16400 .782

SBI 63.65815 130.16400 .626

SBS 1.02746 130.16400 .994

DCCBS 12.10768 130.16400 .926

GLDBIAR 45.90925 130.16400 .725

URB COp -5.54957 130.16400 .966

ARBS 61.15556 130.16400 .639

Others 21.08408 130.16400 .872

Canara Allahabad -444.61719(*) 130.16400 .001

Andhra 111.93690 130.16400 .392

BOB 16.85206 130.16400 .897

BOI -51.05575 130.16400 .696

BOM 24.21383 130.16400 .853

Cent 51.67167 130.16400 .692

Corp 89.15238 130.16400 .495

Dena 42.03098 130.16400 .747

Indian -33.97216 130.16400 .795

IOB -268.96365(*) 130.16400 .041

PNB 14.81382 130.16400 .910

PandS 81.78277 138.05977 .555

111

OBC 17.88955 130.16400 .891

Sind -6.42420 130.16400 .961

Union 42.64712 130.16400 .744

United 78.34989 130.16400 .549

UCO 29.79233 130.16400 .819

Vijaya -11.85802 130.16400 .928

SBI 87.87199 130.16400 .501

SBS 25.24129 130.16400 .847

DCCBS 36.32151 130.16400 .781

GLDBIAR 70.12308 130.16400 .591

URB COp 18.66426 130.16400 .886

ARBS 85.36939 130.16400 .513

Others 45.29791 130.16400 .729

Cent Allahabad -496.28886(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 60.26522 130.16400 .644

BOB -34.81961 130.16400 .790

BOI -102.72742 130.16400 .432

BOM -27.45784 130.16400 .833

Canara -51.67167 130.16400 .692

Corp 37.48071 130.16400 .774

Dena -9.64069 130.16400 .941

Indian -85.64383 130.16400 .512

IOB -320.63533(*) 130.16400 .015

PNB -36.85785 130.16400 .778

PandS 30.11110 138.05977 .828

OBC -33.78212 130.16400 .796

Sind -58.09588 130.16400 .656

Union -9.02456 130.16400 .945

United 26.67822 130.16400 .838

UCO -21.87934 130.16400 .867

112

Vijaya -63.52969 130.16400 .627

SBI 36.20031 130.16400 .781

SBS -26.43038 130.16400 .839

DCCBS -15.35016 130.16400 .906

GLDBIAR 18.45141 130.16400 .888

URB COp -33.00741 130.16400 .800

ARBS 33.69772 130.16400 .796

Others -6.37376 130.16400 .961

Corp Allahabad -533.76957(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 22.78452 130.16400 .861

BOB -72.30032 130.16400 .580

BOI -140.20813 130.16400 .284

BOM -64.93855 130.16400 .619

Canara -89.15238 130.16400 .495

Cent -37.48071 130.16400 .774

Dena -47.12140 130.16400 .718

Indian -123.12454 130.16400 .346

IOB -358.11603(*) 130.16400 .007

PNB -74.33856 130.16400 .569

PandS -7.36961 138.05977 .958

OBC -71.26283 130.16400 .585

Sind -95.57659 130.16400 .464

Union -46.50527 130.16400 .722

United -10.80249 130.16400 .934

UCO -59.36005 130.16400 .649

Vijaya -101.01040 130.16400 .440

SBI -1.28040 130.16400 .992

SBS -63.91109 130.16400 .624

DCCBS -52.83087 130.16400 .686

GLDBIAR -19.02930 130.16400 .884

113

URB COp -70.48812 130.16400 .589

ARBS -3.78299 130.16400 .977

Others -43.85447 130.16400 .737

Dena Allahabad -486.64817(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 69.90592 130.16400 .592

BOB -25.17892 130.16400 .847

BOI -93.08673 130.16400 .476

BOM -17.81715 130.16400 .891

Canara -42.03098 130.16400 .747

Cent 9.64069 130.16400 .941

Corp 47.12140 130.16400 .718

Indian -76.00314 130.16400 .561

IOB -310.99463(*) 130.16400 .019

PNB -27.21716 130.16400 .835

PandS 39.75179 138.05977 .774

OBC -24.14143 130.16400 .853

Sind -48.45518 130.16400 .710

Union .61613 130.16400 .996

United 36.31891 130.16400 .781

UCO -12.23865 130.16400 .925

Vijaya -53.88900 130.16400 .680

SBI 45.84100 130.16400 .725

SBS -16.78969 130.16400 .898

DCCBS -5.70947 130.16400 .965

GLDBIAR 28.09210 130.16400 .830

URB COp -23.36672 130.16400 .858

ARBS 43.33841 130.16400 .740

Others 3.26693 130.16400 .980

Indian Allahabad -410.64503(*) 130.16400 .002

Andhra 145.90906 130.16400 .265

114

BOB 50.82422 130.16400 .697

BOI -17.08359 130.16400 .896

BOM 58.18599 130.16400 .656

Canara 33.97216 130.16400 .795

Cent 85.64383 130.16400 .512

Corp 123.12454 130.16400 .346

Dena 76.00314 130.16400 .561

IOB -234.99149 130.16400 .074

PNB 48.78599 130.16400 .709

PandS 115.75493 138.05977 .404

OBC 51.86171 130.16400 .691

Sind 27.54796 130.16400 .833

Union 76.61928 130.16400 .557

United 112.32206 130.16400 .390

UCO 63.76449 130.16400 .625

Vijaya 22.11415 130.16400 .865

SBI 121.84415 130.16400 .351

SBS 59.21345 130.16400 .650

DCCBS 70.29367 130.16400 .590

GLDBIAR 104.09524 130.16400 .426

URB COp 52.63643 130.16400 .687

ARBS 119.34156 130.16400 .361

Others 79.27007 130.16400 .544

IOB Allahabad -175.65354 130.16400 .180

Andhra 380.90055(*) 130.16400 .004

BOB 285.81571(*) 130.16400 .030

BOI 217.90791 130.16400 .097

BOM 293.17748(*) 130.16400 .026

Canara 268.96365(*) 130.16400 .041

Cent 320.63533(*) 130.16400 .015

115

Corp 358.11603(*) 130.16400 .007

Dena 310.99463(*) 130.16400 .019

Indian 234.99149 130.16400 .074

PNB 283.77748(*) 130.16400 .032

PandS 350.74642(*) 138.05977 .013

OBC 286.85320(*) 130.16400 .030

Sind 262.53945(*) 130.16400 .046

Union 311.61077(*) 130.16400 .018

United 347.31355(*) 130.16400 .009

UCO 298.75598(*) 130.16400 .024

Vijaya 257.10564 130.16400 .051

SBI 356.83564(*) 130.16400 .007

SBS 294.20494(*) 130.16400 .026

DCCBS 305.28516(*) 130.16400 .021

GLDBIAR 339.08673(*) 130.16400 .011

URB COp 287.62792(*) 130.16400 .029

ARBS 354.33305(*) 130.16400 .008

Others 314.26156(*) 130.16400 .018

PNB Allahabad -459.43101(*) 130.16400 .001

Andhra 97.12307 130.16400 .457

BOB 2.03824 130.16400 .988

BOI -65.86957 130.16400 .614

BOM 9.40001 130.16400 .943

Canara -14.81382 130.16400 .910

Cent 36.85785 130.16400 .778

Corp 74.33856 130.16400 .569

Dena 27.21716 130.16400 .835

Indian -48.78599 130.16400 .709

IOB -283.77748(*) 130.16400 .032

PandS 66.96895 138.05977 .629

116

OBC 3.07572 130.16400 .981

Sind -21.23803 130.16400 .871

Union 27.83329 130.16400 .831

United 63.53607 130.16400 .627

UCO 14.97850 130.16400 .909

Vijaya -26.67184 130.16400 .838

SBI 73.05816 130.16400 .576

SBS 10.42747 130.16400 .936

DCCBS 21.50769 130.16400 .869

GLDBIAR 55.30926 130.16400 .672

URB COp 3.85044 130.16400 .976

ARBS 70.55557 130.16400 .589

Others 30.48408 130.16400 .815

Pands Allahabad -526.39996(*) 138.05977 .000

Andhra 30.15413 138.05977 .828

BOB -64.93071 138.05977 .639

BOI -132.83852 138.05977 .338

BOM -57.56894 138.05977 .678

Canara -81.78277 138.05977 .555

Cent -30.11110 138.05977 .828

Corp 7.36961 138.05977 .958

Dena -39.75179 138.05977 .774

Indian -115.75493 138.05977 .404

IOB -350.74642(*) 138.05977 .013

PNB -66.96895 138.05977 .629

OBC -63.89322 138.05977 .644

Sind -88.20697 138.05977 .524

Union -39.13565 138.05977 .777

United -3.43288 138.05977 .980

UCO -51.99044 138.05977 .707

117

Vijaya -93.64079 138.05977 .499

SBI 6.08921 138.05977 .965

SBS -56.54148 138.05977 .683

DCCBS -45.46126 138.05977 .743

GLDBIAR -11.65969 138.05977 .933

URB COp -63.11851 138.05977 .649

ARBS 3.58662 138.05977 .979

Others -36.48486 138.05977 .792

OBC Allahabad -462.50674(*) 130.16400 .001

Andhra 94.04735 130.16400 .472

BOB -1.03749 130.16400 .994

BOI -68.94530 130.16400 .597

BOM 6.32428 130.16400 .961

Canara -17.88955 130.16400 .891

Cent 33.78212 130.16400 .796

Corp 71.26283 130.16400 .585

Dena 24.14143 130.16400 .853

Indian -51.86171 130.16400 .691

IOB -286.85320(*) 130.16400 .030

PNB -3.07572 130.16400 .981

PandS 63.89322 138.05977 .644

Sind -24.31375 130.16400 .852

Union 24.75757 130.16400 .850

United 60.46035 130.16400 .643

UCO 11.90278 130.16400 .927

Vijaya -29.74756 130.16400 .820

SBI 69.98244 130.16400 .592

SBS 7.35174 130.16400 .955

DCCBS 18.43196 130.16400 .888

GLDBIAR 52.23353 130.16400 .689

118

URB COp .77472 130.16400 .995

ARBS 67.47985 130.16400 .605

Others 27.40836 130.16400 .834

Sind Allahabad -438.19299(*) 130.16400 .001

Andhra 118.36110 130.16400 .365

BOB 23.27626 130.16400 .858

BOI -44.63154 130.16400 .732

BOM 30.63804 130.16400 .814

Canara 6.42420 130.16400 .961

Cent 58.09588 130.16400 .656

Corp 95.57659 130.16400 .464

Dena 48.45518 130.16400 .710

Indian -27.54796 130.16400 .833

IOB -262.53945(*) 130.16400 .046

PNB 21.23803 130.16400 .871

PandS 88.20697 138.05977 .524

OBC 24.31375 130.16400 .852

Union 49.07132 130.16400 .707

United 84.77410 130.16400 .516

UCO 36.21653 130.16400 .781

Vijaya -5.43381 130.16400 .967

SBI 94.29619 130.16400 .470

SBS 31.66549 130.16400 .808

DCCBS 42.74571 130.16400 .743

GLDBIAR 76.54729 130.16400 .558

URB COp 25.08847 130.16400 .848

ARBS 91.79360 130.16400 .482

Others 51.72211 130.16400 .692

Union Allahabad -487.26430(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 69.28978 130.16400 .596

119

BOB -25.79506 130.16400 .843

BOI -93.70286 130.16400 .473

BOM -18.43328 130.16400 .888

Canara -42.64712 130.16400 .744

Cent 9.02456 130.16400 .945

Corp 46.50527 130.16400 .722

Dena -.61613 130.16400 .996

Indian -76.61928 130.16400 .557

IOB -311.61077(*) 130.16400 .018

PNB -27.83329 130.16400 .831

PandS 39.13565 138.05977 .777

OBC -24.75757 130.16400 .850

Sind -49.07132 130.16400 .707

United 35.70278 130.16400 .784

UCO -12.85479 130.16400 .922

Vijaya -54.50513 130.16400 .676

SBI 45.22487 130.16400 .729

SBS -17.40583 130.16400 .894

DCCBS -6.32561 130.16400 .961

GLDBIAR 27.47597 130.16400 .833

URB COp -23.98285 130.16400 .854

ARBS 42.72228 130.16400 .743

Others 2.65079 130.16400 .984

United Allahabad -522.96708(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 33.58700 130.16400 .797

BOB -61.49783 130.16400 .638

BOI -129.40564 130.16400 .322

BOM -54.13606 130.16400 .678

Canara -78.34989 130.16400 .549

Cent -26.67822 130.16400 .838

120

Corp 10.80249 130.16400 .934

Dena -36.31891 130.16400 .781

Indian -112.32206 130.16400 .390

IOB -347.31355(*) 130.16400 .009

PNB -63.53607 130.16400 .627

PandS 3.43288 138.05977 .980

OBC -60.46035 130.16400 .643

Sind -84.77410 130.16400 .516

Union -35.70278 130.16400 .784

UCO -48.55757 130.16400 .710

Vijaya -90.20791 130.16400 .490

SBI 9.52209 130.16400 .942

SBS -53.10860 130.16400 .684

DCCBS -42.02838 130.16400 .747

GLDBIAR -8.22681 130.16400 .950

URB COp -59.68563 130.16400 .648

ARBS 7.01950 130.16400 .957

Others -33.05199 130.16400 .800

UCO Allahabad -474.40952(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 82.14457 130.16400 .529

BOB -12.94027 130.16400 .921

BOI -80.84807 130.16400 .536

BOM -5.57850 130.16400 .966

Canara -29.79233 130.16400 .819

Cent 21.87934 130.16400 .867

Corp 59.36005 130.16400 .649

Dena 12.23865 130.16400 .925

Indian -63.76449 130.16400 .625

IOB -298.75598(*) 130.16400 .024

PNB -14.97850 130.16400 .909

121

PandS 51.99044 138.05977 .707

OBC -11.90278 130.16400 .927

Sind -36.21653 130.16400 .781

Union 12.85479 130.16400 .922

United 48.55757 130.16400 .710

Vijaya -41.65034 130.16400 .750

SBI 58.07966 130.16400 .656

SBS -4.55104 130.16400 .972

DCCBS 6.52918 130.16400 .960

GLDBIAR 40.33075 130.16400 .757

URB COp -11.12806 130.16400 .932

ARBS 55.57707 130.16400 .670

Others 15.50558 130.16400 .905

Vijaya Allahabad -432.75917(*) 130.16400 .001

Andhra 123.79491 130.16400 .344

BOB 28.71008 130.16400 .826

BOI -39.19773 130.16400 .764

BOM 36.07185 130.16400 .782

Canara 11.85802 130.16400 .928

Cent 63.52969 130.16400 .627

Corp 101.01040 130.16400 .440

Dena 53.88900 130.16400 .680

Indian -22.11415 130.16400 .865

IOB -257.10564 130.16400 .051

PNB 26.67184 130.16400 .838

PandS 93.64079 138.05977 .499

OBC 29.74756 130.16400 .820

Sind 5.43381 130.16400 .967

Union 54.50513 130.16400 .676

United 90.20791 130.16400 .490

122

UCO 41.65034 130.16400 .750

SBI 99.73000 130.16400 .445

SBS 37.09931 130.16400 .776

DCCBS 48.17953 130.16400 .712

GLDBIAR 81.98110 130.16400 .530

URB COp 30.52228 130.16400 .815

ARBS 97.22741 130.16400 .457

Others 57.15592 130.16400 .662

SBI Allahabad -532.48917(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 24.06491 130.16400 .854

BOB -71.01993 130.16400 .587

BOI -138.92773 130.16400 .288

BOM -63.65815 130.16400 .626

Canara -87.87199 130.16400 .501

Cent -36.20031 130.16400 .781

Corp 1.28040 130.16400 .992

Dena -45.84100 130.16400 .725

Indian -121.84415 130.16400 .351

IOB -356.83564(*) 130.16400 .007

PNB -73.05816 130.16400 .576

PandS -6.08921 138.05977 .965

OBC -69.98244 130.16400 .592

Sind -94.29619 130.16400 .470

Union -45.22487 130.16400 .729

United -9.52209 130.16400 .942

UCO -58.07966 130.16400 .656

Vijaya -99.73000 130.16400 .445

SBS -62.63069 130.16400 .631

DCCBS -51.55048 130.16400 .693

GLDBIAR -17.74890 130.16400 .892

123

URB COp -69.20772 130.16400 .596

ARBS -2.50259 130.16400 .985

Others -42.57408 130.16400 .744

SBS Allahabad -469.85848(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 86.69561 130.16400 .507

BOB -8.38923 130.16400 .949

BOI -76.29704 130.16400 .559

BOM -1.02746 130.16400 .994

Canara -25.24129 130.16400 .847

Cent 26.43038 130.16400 .839

Corp 63.91109 130.16400 .624

Dena 16.78969 130.16400 .898

Indian -59.21345 130.16400 .650

IOB -294.20494(*) 130.16400 .026

PNB -10.42747 130.16400 .936

PandS 56.54148 138.05977 .683

OBC -7.35174 130.16400 .955

Sind -31.66549 130.16400 .808

Union 17.40583 130.16400 .894

United 53.10860 130.16400 .684

UCO 4.55104 130.16400 .972

Vijaya -37.09931 130.16400 .776

SBI 62.63069 130.16400 .631

DCCBS 11.08022 130.16400 .932

GLDBIAR 44.88179 130.16400 .731

URB COp -6.57703 130.16400 .960

ARBS 60.12810 130.16400 .645

Others 20.05662 130.16400 .878

DCCBS Allahabad -480.93870(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 75.61539 130.16400 .563

124

BOB -19.46945 130.16400 .881

BOI -87.37726 130.16400 .504

BOM -12.10768 130.16400 .926

Canara -36.32151 130.16400 .781

Cent 15.35016 130.16400 .906

Corp 52.83087 130.16400 .686

Dena 5.70947 130.16400 .965

Indian -70.29367 130.16400 .590

IOB -305.28516(*) 130.16400 .021

PNB -21.50769 130.16400 .869

PandS 45.46126 138.05977 .743

OBC -18.43196 130.16400 .888

Sind -42.74571 130.16400 .743

Union 6.32561 130.16400 .961

United 42.02838 130.16400 .747

UCO -6.52918 130.16400 .960

Vijaya -48.17953 130.16400 .712

SBI 51.55048 130.16400 .693

SBS -11.08022 130.16400 .932

GLDBIAR 33.80157 130.16400 .796

URB COp -17.65725 130.16400 .892

ARBS 49.04788 130.16400 .707

Others 8.97640 130.16400 .945

GLDBIAR Allahabad -514.74027(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 41.81382 130.16400 .749

BOB -53.27102 130.16400 .683

BOI -121.17883 130.16400 .354

BOM -45.90925 130.16400 .725

Canara -70.12308 130.16400 .591

Cent -18.45141 130.16400 .888

125

Corp 19.02930 130.16400 .884

Dena -28.09210 130.16400 .830

Indian -104.09524 130.16400 .426

IOB -339.08673(*) 130.16400 .011

PNB -55.30926 130.16400 .672

PandS 11.65969 138.05977 .933

OBC -52.23353 130.16400 .689

Sind -76.54729 130.16400 .558

Union -27.47597 130.16400 .833

United 8.22681 130.16400 .950

UCO -40.33075 130.16400 .757

Vijaya -81.98110 130.16400 .530

SBI 17.74890 130.16400 .892

SBS -44.88179 130.16400 .731

DCCBS -33.80157 130.16400 .796

URB COp -51.45882 130.16400 .693

ARBS 15.24631 130.16400 .907

Others -24.82517 130.16400 .849

URB COp Allahabad -463.28145(*) 130.16400 .001

Andhra 93.27263 130.16400 .475

BOB -1.81220 130.16400 .989

BOI -69.72001 130.16400 .593

BOM 5.54957 130.16400 .966

Canara -18.66426 130.16400 .886

Cent 33.00741 130.16400 .800

Corp 70.48812 130.16400 .589

Dena 23.36672 130.16400 .858

Indian -52.63643 130.16400 .687

IOB -287.62792(*) 130.16400 .029

PNB -3.85044 130.16400 .976

126

PandS 63.11851 138.05977 .649

OBC -.77472 130.16400 .995

Sind -25.08847 130.16400 .848

Union 23.98285 130.16400 .854

United 59.68563 130.16400 .648

UCO 11.12806 130.16400 .932

Vijaya -30.52228 130.16400 .815

SBI 69.20772 130.16400 .596

SBS 6.57703 130.16400 .960

DCCBS 17.65725 130.16400 .892

GLDBIAR 51.45882 130.16400 .693

ARBS 66.70513 130.16400 .609

Others 26.63364 130.16400 .838

ARBS Allahabad -529.98658(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 26.56750 130.16400 .839

BOB -68.51734 130.16400 .600

BOI -136.42514 130.16400 .297

BOM -61.15556 130.16400 .639

Canara -85.36939 130.16400 .513

Cent -33.69772 130.16400 .796

Corp 3.78299 130.16400 .977

Dena -43.33841 130.16400 .740

Indian -119.34156 130.16400 .361

IOB -354.33305(*) 130.16400 .008

PNB -70.55557 130.16400 .589

PandS -3.58662 138.05977 .979

OBC -67.47985 130.16400 .605

Sind -91.79360 130.16400 .482

Union -42.72228 130.16400 .743

United -7.01950 130.16400 .957

127

UCO -55.57707 130.16400 .670

Vijaya -97.22741 130.16400 .457

SBI 2.50259 130.16400 .985

SBS -60.12810 130.16400 .645

DCCBS -49.04788 130.16400 .707

GLDBIAR -15.24631 130.16400 .907

URB COp -66.70513 130.16400 .609

Others -40.07149 130.16400 .759

Others Allahabad -489.91510(*) 130.16400 .000

Andhra 66.63899 130.16400 .610

BOB -28.44585 130.16400 .827

BOI -96.35365 130.16400 .461

BOM -21.08408 130.16400 .872

Canara -45.29791 130.16400 .729

Cent 6.37376 130.16400 .961

Corp 43.85447 130.16400 .737

Dena -3.26693 130.16400 .980

Indian -79.27007 130.16400 .544

IOB -314.26156(*) 130.16400 .018

PNB -30.48408 130.16400 .815

PandS 36.48486 138.05977 .792

OBC -27.40836 130.16400 .834

Sind -51.72211 130.16400 .692

Union -2.65079 130.16400 .984

United 33.05199 130.16400 .800

UCO -15.50558 130.16400 .905

Vijaya -57.15592 130.16400 .662

SBI 42.57408 130.16400 .744

SBS -20.05662 130.16400 .878

DCCBS -8.97640 130.16400 .945

128

GLDBIAR 24.82517 130.16400 .849

URB COp -26.63364 130.16400 .838

ARBS 40.07149 130.16400 .759

*The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Others

ARBS

URB

COp

GLDBIAR

DCCBS

SBS

SBIVijaya

UCO

United

Union

Sind

OBC

PandS

PNB

IOBIndian

Dena

Corp

Cent

Canara

BOM

BOIBOB

Andhra

Allahabad

Bank

600.00

500.00

400.00

300.00

200.00

100.00

0.00

Mean

of

per_

ach

iev_S

SI

129

Descriptives

% achievement in SSI

N Mean Std.

Deviation Std. Error Minimum Maximum

Ahmedabad 4 144.5174 82.94427 41.47214 86.59 267.42

Banaskantha 4 39.5669 23.37543 11.68771 19.07 69.61

Gandhinagar 4 173.4556 128.66693 64.33346 28.73 289.35

Mehsana 4 194.0002 288.20365 144.10182 21.42 624.91

Sabarkantha 4 195.9311 125.10479 62.55239 75.61 308.42

Patan 4 230.9188 116.93304 58.46652 82.33 341.18

Amreli 4 98.6068 66.05838 33.02919 24.14 164.79

Bhavnagar 4 88.6335 28.03983 14.01992 56.54 117.07

Jamnagar 4 77.6158 36.46553 18.23277 42.28 128.74

Junagadh 4 93.1322 42.78003 21.39001 44.53 148.83

Kutch 4 69.7905 24.13806 12.06903 40.65 90.59

Rajkot 4 130.6485 57.64916 28.82458 60.59 201.09

Surendranagar 4 181.3126 81.38939 40.69469 100.39 282.48

Porbandar 4 69.8863 31.38154 15.69077 33.85 108.88

Dahod 4 32.0961 34.73271 17.36635 4.68 81.18

Baroda 4 154.4472 47.56110 23.78055 121.07 222.16

Kheda 4 98.7021 62.84108 31.42054 20.00 169.15

Panchmahal 4 40.6939 20.07045 10.03523 21.00 60.80

Anand 4 86.9600 32.97964 16.48982 52.93 118.28

Bharuch 4 79.4390 76.75853 38.37926 15.29 190.93

Valsad 4 82.2161 33.41729 16.70864 34.12 110.40

Dang 4 85.7408 81.86446 40.93223 13.79 202.25

Narmada 4 47.5188 31.57181 15.78591 6.38 75.82

Navsari 4 110.2870 54.59470 27.29735 56.33 186.11

Surat 4 143.1004 18.55813 9.27906 117.14 160.54

Total 100 109.9687 91.68399 9.16840 4.68 624.91

130

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

% achievement in SSi

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

4.968 24 75 .000

ANOVA

% achievement in SSI

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 282792.810 24 11783.034 1.609 .062

Within Groups 549396.549 75 7325.287

Total 832189.359 99

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: % achievement in SSI

LSD

(I) District (J) District

Mean

Difference (I-

J) Std. Error Sig.

Ahmedabad Banaskantha 104.95054 60.51978 .087

Gandhinagar -28.93820 60.51978 .634

Mehsana -49.48276 60.51978 .416

Sabarkantha -51.41362 60.51978 .398

Patan -86.40138 60.51978 .158

Amreli 45.91066 60.51978 .450

Bhavnagar 55.88399 60.51978 .359

Jamnagar 66.90165 60.51978 .272

Junagadh 51.38526 60.51978 .399

Kutch 74.72697 60.51978 .221

131

Rajkot 13.86896 60.51978 .819

Surendranagar -36.79516 60.51978 .545

Porbandar 74.63112 60.51978 .221

Dahod 112.42135 60.51978 .067

Baroda -9.92980 60.51978 .870

Kheda 45.81536 60.51978 .451

Panchmahal 103.82355 60.51978 .090

Anand 57.55741 60.51978 .345

Bharuch 65.07844 60.51978 .286

Valsad 62.30136 60.51978 .307

Dang 58.77660 60.51978 .335

Narmada 96.99860 60.51978 .113

Navsari 34.23047 60.51978 .573

Surat 1.41708 60.51978 .981

Banaskantha Ahmedabad -104.95054 60.51978 .087

Gandhinagar -133.88874(*) 60.51978 .030

Mehsana -154.43330(*) 60.51978 .013

Sabarkantha -156.36416(*) 60.51978 .012

Patan -191.35192(*) 60.51978 .002

Amreli -59.03988 60.51978 .332

Bhavnagar -49.06655 60.51978 .420

Jamnagar -38.04890 60.51978 .531

Junagadh -53.56528 60.51978 .379

Kutch -30.22357 60.51978 .619

Rajkot -91.08159 60.51978 .137

Surendranagar -141.74570(*) 60.51978 .022

Porbandar -30.31943 60.51978 .618

Dahod 7.47081 60.51978 .902

Baroda -114.88034 60.51978 .062

Kheda -59.13518 60.51978 .332

132

Panchmahal -1.12699 60.51978 .985

Anand -47.39314 60.51978 .436

Bharuch -39.87210 60.51978 .512

Valsad -42.64919 60.51978 .483

Dang -46.17394 60.51978 .448

Narmada -7.95194 60.51978 .896

Navsari -70.72007 60.51978 .246

Surat -103.53347 60.51978 .091

Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 28.93820 60.51978 .634

Banaskantha 133.88874(*) 60.51978 .030

Mehsana -20.54456 60.51978 .735

Sabarkantha -22.47542 60.51978 .711

Patan -57.46318 60.51978 .345

Amreli 74.84886 60.51978 .220

Bhavnagar 84.82219 60.51978 .165

Jamnagar 95.83984 60.51978 .117

Junagadh 80.32346 60.51978 .188

Kutch 103.66517 60.51978 .091

Rajkot 42.80716 60.51978 .482

Surendranagar -7.85696 60.51978 .897

Porbandar 103.56932 60.51978 .091

Dahod 141.35955(*) 60.51978 .022

Baroda 19.00840 60.51978 .754

Kheda 74.75356 60.51978 .221

Panchmahal 132.76175(*) 60.51978 .031

Anand 86.49560 60.51978 .157

Bharuch 94.01664 60.51978 .125

Valsad 91.23956 60.51978 .136

Dang 87.71480 60.51978 .151

Narmada 125.93680(*) 60.51978 .041

133

Navsari 63.16867 60.51978 .300

Surat 30.35527 60.51978 .617

Mehsana Ahmedabad 49.48276 60.51978 .416

Banaskantha 154.43330(*) 60.51978 .013

Gandhinagar 20.54456 60.51978 .735

Sabarkantha -1.93086 60.51978 .975

Patan -36.91862 60.51978 .544

Amreli 95.39342 60.51978 .119

Bhavnagar 105.36675 60.51978 .086

Jamnagar 116.38440 60.51978 .058

Junagadh 100.86802 60.51978 .100

Kutch 124.20973(*) 60.51978 .044

Rajkot 63.35172 60.51978 .299

Surendranagar 12.68760 60.51978 .835

Porbandar 124.11388(*) 60.51978 .044

Dahod 161.90411(*) 60.51978 .009

Baroda 39.55296 60.51978 .515

Kheda 95.29812 60.51978 .120

Panchmahal 153.30631(*) 60.51978 .013

Anand 107.04016 60.51978 .081

Bharuch 114.56120 60.51978 .062

Valsad 111.78412 60.51978 .069

Dang 108.25936 60.51978 .078

Narmada 146.48136(*) 60.51978 .018

Navsari 83.71323 60.51978 .171

Surat 50.89983 60.51978 .403

Sabarkantha Ahmedabad 51.41362 60.51978 .398

Banaskantha 156.36416(*) 60.51978 .012

Gandhinagar 22.47542 60.51978 .711

Mehsana 1.93086 60.51978 .975

134

Patan -34.98776 60.51978 .565

Amreli 97.32428 60.51978 .112

Bhavnagar 107.29761 60.51978 .080

Jamnagar 118.31526 60.51978 .054

Junagadh 102.79888 60.51978 .094

Kutch 126.14059(*) 60.51978 .041

Rajkot 65.28258 60.51978 .284

Surendranagar 14.61846 60.51978 .810

Porbandar 126.04474(*) 60.51978 .041

Dahod 163.83497(*) 60.51978 .008

Baroda 41.48382 60.51978 .495

Kheda 97.22898 60.51978 .112

Panchmahal 155.23717(*) 60.51978 .012

Anand 108.97102 60.51978 .076

Bharuch 116.49206 60.51978 .058

Valsad 113.71498 60.51978 .064

Dang 110.19022 60.51978 .073

Narmada 148.41222(*) 60.51978 .017

Navsari 85.64409 60.51978 .161

Surat 52.83069 60.51978 .385

Patan Ahmedabad 86.40138 60.51978 .158

Banaskantha 191.35192(*) 60.51978 .002

Gandhinagar 57.46318 60.51978 .345

Mehsana 36.91862 60.51978 .544

Sabarkantha 34.98776 60.51978 .565

Amreli 132.31204(*) 60.51978 .032

Bhavnagar 142.28537(*) 60.51978 .021

Jamnagar 153.30303(*) 60.51978 .013

Junagadh 137.78664(*) 60.51978 .026

Kutch 161.12835(*) 60.51978 .009

135

Rajkot 100.27034 60.51978 .102

Surendranagar 49.60622 60.51978 .415

Porbandar 161.03250(*) 60.51978 .010

Dahod 198.82273(*) 60.51978 .002

Baroda 76.47158 60.51978 .210

Kheda 132.21674(*) 60.51978 .032

Panchmahal 190.22493(*) 60.51978 .002

Anand 143.95879(*) 60.51978 .020

Bharuch 151.47983(*) 60.51978 .014

Valsad 148.70274(*) 60.51978 .016

Dang 145.17798(*) 60.51978 .019

Narmada 183.39998(*) 60.51978 .003

Navsari 120.63185(*) 60.51978 .050

Surat 87.81846 60.51978 .151

Amreli Ahmedabad -45.91066 60.51978 .450

Banaskantha 59.03988 60.51978 .332

Gandhinagar -74.84886 60.51978 .220

Mehsana -95.39342 60.51978 .119

Sabarkantha -97.32428 60.51978 .112

Patan -132.31204(*) 60.51978 .032

Bhavnagar 9.97334 60.51978 .870

Jamnagar 20.99099 60.51978 .730

Junagadh 5.47460 60.51978 .928

Kutch 28.81631 60.51978 .635

Rajkot -32.04170 60.51978 .598

Surendranagar -82.70581 60.51978 .176

Porbandar 28.72046 60.51978 .636

Dahod 66.51070 60.51978 .275

Baroda -55.84046 60.51978 .359

Kheda -.09530 60.51978 .999

136

Panchmahal 57.91289 60.51978 .342

Anand 11.64675 60.51978 .848

Bharuch 19.16779 60.51978 .752

Valsad 16.39070 60.51978 .787

Dang 12.86594 60.51978 .832

Narmada 51.08794 60.51978 .401

Navsari -11.68019 60.51978 .847

Surat -44.49358 60.51978 .465

Bhavnagar Ahmedabad -55.88399 60.51978 .359

Banaskantha 49.06655 60.51978 .420

Gandhinagar -84.82219 60.51978 .165

Mehsana -105.36675 60.51978 .086

Sabarkantha -107.29761 60.51978 .080

Patan -142.28537(*) 60.51978 .021

Amreli -9.97334 60.51978 .870

Jamnagar 11.01765 60.51978 .856

Junagadh -4.49873 60.51978 .941

Kutch 18.84298 60.51978 .756

Rajkot -42.01504 60.51978 .490

Surendranagar -92.67915 60.51978 .130

Porbandar 18.74712 60.51978 .758

Dahod 56.53736 60.51978 .353

Baroda -65.81379 60.51978 .280

Kheda -10.06863 60.51978 .868

Panchmahal 47.93956 60.51978 .431

Anand 1.67341 60.51978 .978

Bharuch 9.19445 60.51978 .880

Valsad 6.41736 60.51978 .916

Dang 2.89261 60.51978 .962

Narmada 41.11461 60.51978 .499

137

Navsari -21.65352 60.51978 .722

Surat -54.46692 60.51978 .371

Jamnagar Ahmedabad -66.90165 60.51978 .272

Banaskantha 38.04890 60.51978 .531

Gandhinagar -95.83984 60.51978 .117

Mehsana -116.38440 60.51978 .058

Sabarkantha -118.31526 60.51978 .054

Patan -153.30303(*) 60.51978 .013

Amreli -20.99099 60.51978 .730

Bhavnagar -11.01765 60.51978 .856

Junagadh -15.51639 60.51978 .798

Kutch 7.82533 60.51978 .897

Rajkot -53.03269 60.51978 .384

Surendranagar -103.69680 60.51978 .091

Porbandar 7.72947 60.51978 .899

Dahod 45.51971 60.51978 .454

Baroda -76.83145 60.51978 .208

Kheda -21.08628 60.51978 .729

Panchmahal 36.92191 60.51978 .544

Anand -9.34424 60.51978 .878

Bharuch -1.82320 60.51978 .976

Valsad -4.60029 60.51978 .940

Dang -8.12504 60.51978 .894

Narmada 30.09696 60.51978 .620

Navsari -32.67117 60.51978 .591

Surat -65.48457 60.51978 .283

Junagadh Ahmedabad -51.38526 60.51978 .399

Banaskantha 53.56528 60.51978 .379

Gandhinagar -80.32346 60.51978 .188

Mehsana -100.86802 60.51978 .100

138

Sabarkantha -102.79888 60.51978 .094

Patan -137.78664(*) 60.51978 .026

Amreli -5.47460 60.51978 .928

Bhavnagar 4.49873 60.51978 .941

Jamnagar 15.51639 60.51978 .798

Kutch 23.34171 60.51978 .701

Rajkot -37.51630 60.51978 .537

Surendranagar -88.18042 60.51978 .149

Porbandar 23.24586 60.51978 .702

Dahod 61.03609 60.51978 .316

Baroda -61.31506 60.51978 .314

Kheda -5.56990 60.51978 .927

Panchmahal 52.43829 60.51978 .389

Anand 6.17215 60.51978 .919

Bharuch 13.69319 60.51978 .822

Valsad 10.91610 60.51978 .857

Dang 7.39134 60.51978 .903

Narmada 45.61334 60.51978 .453

Navsari -17.15479 60.51978 .778

Surat -49.96818 60.51978 .412

Kutch Ahmedabad -74.72697 60.51978 .221

Banaskantha 30.22357 60.51978 .619

Gandhinagar -103.66517 60.51978 .091

Mehsana -124.20973(*) 60.51978 .044

Sabarkantha -126.14059(*) 60.51978 .041

Patan -161.12835(*) 60.51978 .009

Amreli -28.81631 60.51978 .635

Bhavnagar -18.84298 60.51978 .756

Jamnagar -7.82533 60.51978 .897

Junagadh -23.34171 60.51978 .701

139

Rajkot -60.85801 60.51978 .318

Surendranagar -111.52213 60.51978 .069

Porbandar -.09585 60.51978 .999

Dahod 37.69438 60.51978 .535

Baroda -84.65677 60.51978 .166

Kheda -28.91161 60.51978 .634

Panchmahal 29.09658 60.51978 .632

Anand -17.16956 60.51978 .777

Bharuch -9.64853 60.51978 .874

Valsad -12.42561 60.51978 .838

Dang -15.95037 60.51978 .793

Narmada 22.27163 60.51978 .714

Navsari -40.49650 60.51978 .505

Surat -73.30990 60.51978 .230

Rajkot Ahmedabad -13.86896 60.51978 .819

Banaskantha 91.08159 60.51978 .137

Gandhinagar -42.80716 60.51978 .482

Mehsana -63.35172 60.51978 .299

Sabarkantha -65.28258 60.51978 .284

Patan -100.27034 60.51978 .102

Amreli 32.04170 60.51978 .598

Bhavnagar 42.01504 60.51978 .490

Jamnagar 53.03269 60.51978 .384

Junagadh 37.51630 60.51978 .537

Kutch 60.85801 60.51978 .318

Surendranagar -50.66411 60.51978 .405

Porbandar 60.76216 60.51978 .319

Dahod 98.55240 60.51978 .108

Baroda -23.79876 60.51978 .695

Kheda 31.94640 60.51978 .599

140

Panchmahal 89.95459 60.51978 .141

Anand 43.68845 60.51978 .473

Bharuch 51.20949 60.51978 .400

Valsad 48.43240 60.51978 .426

Dang 44.90764 60.51978 .460

Narmada 83.12964 60.51978 .174

Navsari 20.36151 60.51978 .737

Surat -12.45188 60.51978 .838

Surendranagar Ahmedabad 36.79516 60.51978 .545

Banaskantha 141.74570(*) 60.51978 .022

Gandhinagar 7.85696 60.51978 .897

Mehsana -12.68760 60.51978 .835

Sabarkantha -14.61846 60.51978 .810

Patan -49.60622 60.51978 .415

Amreli 82.70581 60.51978 .176

Bhavnagar 92.67915 60.51978 .130

Jamnagar 103.69680 60.51978 .091

Junagadh 88.18042 60.51978 .149

Kutch 111.52213 60.51978 .069

Rajkot 50.66411 60.51978 .405

Porbandar 111.42627 60.51978 .070

Dahod 149.21651(*) 60.51978 .016

Baroda 26.86536 60.51978 .658

Kheda 82.61052 60.51978 .176

Panchmahal 140.61871(*) 60.51978 .023

Anand 94.35256 60.51978 .123

Bharuch 101.87360 60.51978 .096

Valsad 99.09651 60.51978 .106

Dang 95.57176 60.51978 .119

Narmada 133.79376(*) 60.51978 .030

141

Navsari 71.02563 60.51978 .244

Surat 38.21223 60.51978 .530

Porbandar Ahmedabad -74.63112 60.51978 .221

Banaskantha 30.31943 60.51978 .618

Gandhinagar -103.56932 60.51978 .091

Mehsana -124.11388(*) 60.51978 .044

Sabarkantha -126.04474(*) 60.51978 .041

Patan -161.03250(*) 60.51978 .010

Amreli -28.72046 60.51978 .636

Bhavnagar -18.74712 60.51978 .758

Jamnagar -7.72947 60.51978 .899

Junagadh -23.24586 60.51978 .702

Kutch .09585 60.51978 .999

Rajkot -60.76216 60.51978 .319

Surendranagar -111.42627 60.51978 .070

Dahod 37.79024 60.51978 .534

Baroda -84.56092 60.51978 .166

Kheda -28.81576 60.51978 .635

Panchmahal 29.19243 60.51978 .631

Anand -17.07371 60.51978 .779

Bharuch -9.55267 60.51978 .875

Valsad -12.32976 60.51978 .839

Dang -15.85451 60.51978 .794

Narmada 22.36748 60.51978 .713

Navsari -40.40065 60.51978 .506

Surat -73.21404 60.51978 .230

Dahod Ahmedabad -112.42135 60.51978 .067

Banaskantha -7.47081 60.51978 .902

Gandhinagar -141.35955(*) 60.51978 .022

Mehsana -161.90411(*) 60.51978 .009

142

Sabarkantha -163.83497(*) 60.51978 .008

Patan -198.82273(*) 60.51978 .002

Amreli -66.51070 60.51978 .275

Bhavnagar -56.53736 60.51978 .353

Jamnagar -45.51971 60.51978 .454

Junagadh -61.03609 60.51978 .316

Kutch -37.69438 60.51978 .535

Rajkot -98.55240 60.51978 .108

Surendranagar -149.21651(*) 60.51978 .016

Porbandar -37.79024 60.51978 .534

Baroda -122.35115(*) 60.51978 .047

Kheda -66.60599 60.51978 .275

Panchmahal -8.59780 60.51978 .887

Anand -54.86395 60.51978 .368

Bharuch -47.34291 60.51978 .437

Valsad -50.12000 60.51978 .410

Dang -53.64475 60.51978 .378

Narmada -15.42275 60.51978 .800

Navsari -78.19088 60.51978 .200

Surat -111.00428 60.51978 .071

Baroda Ahmedabad 9.92980 60.51978 .870

Banaskantha 114.88034 60.51978 .062

Gandhinagar -19.00840 60.51978 .754

Mehsana -39.55296 60.51978 .515

Sabarkantha -41.48382 60.51978 .495

Patan -76.47158 60.51978 .210

Amreli 55.84046 60.51978 .359

Bhavnagar 65.81379 60.51978 .280

Jamnagar 76.83145 60.51978 .208

Junagadh 61.31506 60.51978 .314

143

Kutch 84.65677 60.51978 .166

Rajkot 23.79876 60.51978 .695

Surendranagar -26.86536 60.51978 .658

Porbandar 84.56092 60.51978 .166

Dahod 122.35115(*) 60.51978 .047

Kheda 55.74516 60.51978 .360

Panchmahal 113.75335 60.51978 .064

Anand 67.48721 60.51978 .268

Bharuch 75.00825 60.51978 .219

Valsad 72.23116 60.51978 .236

Dang 68.70640 60.51978 .260

Narmada 106.92840 60.51978 .081

Navsari 44.16027 60.51978 .468

Surat 11.34688 60.51978 .852

Kheda Ahmedabad -45.81536 60.51978 .451

Banaskantha 59.13518 60.51978 .332

Gandhinagar -74.75356 60.51978 .221

Mehsana -95.29812 60.51978 .120

Sabarkantha -97.22898 60.51978 .112

Patan -132.21674(*) 60.51978 .032

Amreli .09530 60.51978 .999

Bhavnagar 10.06863 60.51978 .868

Jamnagar 21.08628 60.51978 .729

Junagadh 5.56990 60.51978 .927

Kutch 28.91161 60.51978 .634

Rajkot -31.94640 60.51978 .599

Surendranagar -82.61052 60.51978 .176

Porbandar 28.81576 60.51978 .635

Dahod 66.60599 60.51978 .275

Baroda -55.74516 60.51978 .360

144

Panchmahal 58.00819 60.51978 .341

Anand 11.74204 60.51978 .847

Bharuch 19.26308 60.51978 .751

Valsad 16.48600 60.51978 .786

Dang 12.96124 60.51978 .831

Narmada 51.18324 60.51978 .400

Navsari -11.58489 60.51978 .849

Surat -44.39829 60.51978 .465

Panchmahal Ahmedabad -103.82355 60.51978 .090

Banaskantha 1.12699 60.51978 .985

Gandhinagar -132.76175(*) 60.51978 .031

Mehsana -153.30631(*) 60.51978 .013

Sabarkantha -155.23717(*) 60.51978 .012

Patan -190.22493(*) 60.51978 .002

Amreli -57.91289 60.51978 .342

Bhavnagar -47.93956 60.51978 .431

Jamnagar -36.92191 60.51978 .544

Junagadh -52.43829 60.51978 .389

Kutch -29.09658 60.51978 .632

Rajkot -89.95459 60.51978 .141

Surendranagar -140.61871(*) 60.51978 .023

Porbandar -29.19243 60.51978 .631

Dahod 8.59780 60.51978 .887

Baroda -113.75335 60.51978 .064

Kheda -58.00819 60.51978 .341

Anand -46.26615 60.51978 .447

Bharuch -38.74511 60.51978 .524

Valsad -41.52219 60.51978 .495

Dang -45.04695 60.51978 .459

Narmada -6.82495 60.51978 .911

145

Navsari -69.59308 60.51978 .254

Surat -102.40648 60.51978 .095

Anand Ahmedabad -57.55741 60.51978 .345

Banaskantha 47.39314 60.51978 .436

Gandhinagar -86.49560 60.51978 .157

Mehsana -107.04016 60.51978 .081

Sabarkantha -108.97102 60.51978 .076

Patan -143.95879(*) 60.51978 .020

Amreli -11.64675 60.51978 .848

Bhavnagar -1.67341 60.51978 .978

Jamnagar 9.34424 60.51978 .878

Junagadh -6.17215 60.51978 .919

Kutch 17.16956 60.51978 .777

Rajkot -43.68845 60.51978 .473

Surendranagar -94.35256 60.51978 .123

Porbandar 17.07371 60.51978 .779

Dahod 54.86395 60.51978 .368

Baroda -67.48721 60.51978 .268

Kheda -11.74204 60.51978 .847

Panchmahal 46.26615 60.51978 .447

Bharuch 7.52104 60.51978 .901

Valsad 4.74395 60.51978 .938

Dang 1.21920 60.51978 .984

Narmada 39.44120 60.51978 .517

Navsari -23.32693 60.51978 .701

Surat -56.14033 60.51978 .357

Bharuch Ahmedabad -65.07844 60.51978 .286

Banaskantha 39.87210 60.51978 .512

Gandhinagar -94.01664 60.51978 .125

Mehsana -114.56120 60.51978 .062

146

Sabarkantha -116.49206 60.51978 .058

Patan -151.47983(*) 60.51978 .014

Amreli -19.16779 60.51978 .752

Bhavnagar -9.19445 60.51978 .880

Jamnagar 1.82320 60.51978 .976

Junagadh -13.69319 60.51978 .822

Kutch 9.64853 60.51978 .874

Rajkot -51.20949 60.51978 .400

Surendranagar -101.87360 60.51978 .096

Porbandar 9.55267 60.51978 .875

Dahod 47.34291 60.51978 .437

Baroda -75.00825 60.51978 .219

Kheda -19.26308 60.51978 .751

Panchmahal 38.74511 60.51978 .524

Anand -7.52104 60.51978 .901

Valsad -2.77709 60.51978 .964

Dang -6.30184 60.51978 .917

Narmada 31.92016 60.51978 .599

Navsari -30.84797 60.51978 .612

Surat -63.66137 60.51978 .296

Valsad Ahmedabad -62.30136 60.51978 .307

Banaskantha 42.64919 60.51978 .483

Gandhinagar -91.23956 60.51978 .136

Mehsana -111.78412 60.51978 .069

Sabarkantha -113.71498 60.51978 .064

Patan -148.70274(*) 60.51978 .016

Amreli -16.39070 60.51978 .787

Bhavnagar -6.41736 60.51978 .916

Jamnagar 4.60029 60.51978 .940

Junagadh -10.91610 60.51978 .857

147

Kutch 12.42561 60.51978 .838

Rajkot -48.43240 60.51978 .426

Surendranagar -99.09651 60.51978 .106

Porbandar 12.32976 60.51978 .839

Dahod 50.12000 60.51978 .410

Baroda -72.23116 60.51978 .236

Kheda -16.48600 60.51978 .786

Panchmahal 41.52219 60.51978 .495

Anand -4.74395 60.51978 .938

Bharuch 2.77709 60.51978 .964

Dang -3.52476 60.51978 .954

Narmada 34.69724 60.51978 .568

Navsari -28.07089 60.51978 .644

Surat -60.88428 60.51978 .318

Dang Ahmedabad -58.77660 60.51978 .335

Banaskantha 46.17394 60.51978 .448

Gandhinagar -87.71480 60.51978 .151

Mehsana -108.25936 60.51978 .078

Sabarkantha -110.19022 60.51978 .073

Patan -145.17798(*) 60.51978 .019

Amreli -12.86594 60.51978 .832

Bhavnagar -2.89261 60.51978 .962

Jamnagar 8.12504 60.51978 .894

Junagadh -7.39134 60.51978 .903

Kutch 15.95037 60.51978 .793

Rajkot -44.90764 60.51978 .460

Surendranagar -95.57176 60.51978 .119

Porbandar 15.85451 60.51978 .794

Dahod 53.64475 60.51978 .378

Baroda -68.70640 60.51978 .260

148

Kheda -12.96124 60.51978 .831

Panchmahal 45.04695 60.51978 .459

Anand -1.21920 60.51978 .984

Bharuch 6.30184 60.51978 .917

Valsad 3.52476 60.51978 .954

Narmada 38.22200 60.51978 .530

Navsari -24.54613 60.51978 .686

Surat -57.35953 60.51978 .346

Narmada Ahmedabad -96.99860 60.51978 .113

Banaskantha 7.95194 60.51978 .896

Gandhinagar -125.93680(*) 60.51978 .041

Mehsana -146.48136(*) 60.51978 .018

Sabarkantha -148.41222(*) 60.51978 .017

Patan -183.39998(*) 60.51978 .003

Amreli -51.08794 60.51978 .401

Bhavnagar -41.11461 60.51978 .499

Jamnagar -30.09696 60.51978 .620

Junagadh -45.61334 60.51978 .453

Kutch -22.27163 60.51978 .714

Rajkot -83.12964 60.51978 .174

Surendranagar -133.79376(*) 60.51978 .030

Porbandar -22.36748 60.51978 .713

Dahod 15.42275 60.51978 .800

Baroda -106.92840 60.51978 .081

Kheda -51.18324 60.51978 .400

Panchmahal 6.82495 60.51978 .911

Anand -39.44120 60.51978 .517

Bharuch -31.92016 60.51978 .599

Valsad -34.69724 60.51978 .568

149

Dang -38.22200 60.51978 .530

Navsari -62.76813 60.51978 .303

Surat -95.58153 60.51978 .118

Navsari Ahmedabad -34.23047 60.51978 .573

Banaskantha 70.72007 60.51978 .246

Gandhinagar -63.16867 60.51978 .300

Mehsana -83.71323 60.51978 .171

Sabarkantha -85.64409 60.51978 .161

Patan -120.63185(*) 60.51978 .050

Amreli 11.68019 60.51978 .847

Bhavnagar 21.65352 60.51978 .722

Jamnagar 32.67117 60.51978 .591

Junagadh 17.15479 60.51978 .778

Kutch 40.49650 60.51978 .505

Rajkot -20.36151 60.51978 .737

Surendranagar -71.02563 60.51978 .244

Porbandar 40.40065 60.51978 .506

Dahod 78.19088 60.51978 .200

Baroda -44.16027 60.51978 .468

Kheda 11.58489 60.51978 .849

Panchmahal 69.59308 60.51978 .254

Anand 23.32693 60.51978 .701

Bharuch 30.84797 60.51978 .612

Valsad 28.07089 60.51978 .644

Dang 24.54613 60.51978 .686

Narmada 62.76813 60.51978 .303

Surat -32.81340 60.51978 .589

Surat Ahmedabad -1.41708 60.51978 .981

Banaskantha 103.53347 60.51978 .091

Gandhinagar -30.35527 60.51978 .617

150

Mehsana -50.89983 60.51978 .403

Sabarkantha -52.83069 60.51978 .385

Patan -87.81846 60.51978 .151

Amreli 44.49358 60.51978 .465

Bhavnagar 54.46692 60.51978 .371

Jamnagar 65.48457 60.51978 .283

Junagadh 49.96818 60.51978 .412

Kutch 73.30990 60.51978 .230

Rajkot 12.45188 60.51978 .838

Surendranagar -38.21223 60.51978 .530

Porbandar 73.21404 60.51978 .230

Dahod 111.00428 60.51978 .071

Baroda -11.34688 60.51978 .852

Kheda 44.39829 60.51978 .465

Panchmahal 102.40648 60.51978 .095

Anand 56.14033 60.51978 .357

Bharuch 63.66137 60.51978 .296

Valsad 60.88428 60.51978 .318

Dang 57.35953 60.51978 .346

Narmada 95.58153 60.51978 .118

Navsari 32.81340 60.51978 .589

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

151

Means Plots

Surat

Navsari

Narmada

Dang

Valsad

Bharuch

Anand

Panchmahal

Kheda

Baroda

Dahod

Porbandar

Surendranaga

r

Rajkot

Kutch

Junagadh

Jamnaga

r

Bhavnagar

Amreli

Patan

Sabarkantha

Mehsana

Gandhinagar

Banaskantha

Ahmedabad

District

250.00

200.00

150.00

100.00

50.00

Mea

n o

f %

ach

ieve

men

t in

SS

i

152

Descriptives

% achievement in Agr and Allied

N Mean Std.

Deviation Std. Error Minimum Maximum

Ahmedabad 4 109.0547 12.23421 6.11710 100.54 126.83

Banaskantha 4 90.0752 14.28433 7.14216 72.00 106.94

Gandhinagar 4 178.7657 140.78507 70.39254 76.67 386.00

Mehsana 4 80.4828 16.97844 8.48922 60.96 98.96

Sabarkantha 4 107.5115 15.49741 7.74871 86.81 124.32

Patan 4 88.0990 27.32530 13.66265 64.54 115.18

Amreli 4 85.3972 8.18087 4.09043 80.45 97.55

Bhavnagar 4 105.0656 23.03602 11.51801 90.78 139.14

Jamnagar 4 91.2580 11.19895 5.59948 78.16 105.16

Junagadh 4 110.7996 15.43404 7.71702 89.36 122.86

Kutch 4 94.5984 26.95106 13.47553 71.08 123.43

Rajkot 4 98.4898 19.82765 9.91383 81.18 120.75

Surendranagar 4 98.1025 10.41333 5.20667 85.34 110.56

Porbandar 4 202.6181 116.74838 58.37419 96.85 347.32

Dahod 4 80.4205 58.76880 29.38440 13.76 148.85

Baroda 4 135.1884 45.57431 22.78715 84.35 185.06

Kheda 4 82.6371 13.84173 6.92087 67.88 95.95

Panchmahal 4 77.5840 30.23887 15.11944 40.26 112.40

Anand 4 91.7442 26.97870 13.48935 66.19 129.77

Bharuch 4 103.6718 6.64471 3.32235 97.56 113.08

Valsad 4 123.0228 43.98421 21.99211 76.72 180.72

Dang 4 103.3418 50.86532 25.43266 60.34 163.82

Narmada 4 99.1840 10.96350 5.48175 92.68 115.57

Navsari 4 104.0517 6.12179 3.06089 98.57 110.51

Surat 4 114.5910 54.82815 27.41407 81.38 196.58

Total 100 106.2302 49.04801 4.90480 13.76 386.00

153

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

% achievement in Agr and Allied

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

5.967 24 75 .000

ANOVA

% achievement in Agr and Allied

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 81075.815 24 3378.159 1.613 .061

Within Groups 157089.172 75 2094.522

Total 238164.987 99

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: % achievement in Agr and Allied

LSD

(I) District (J) District

Mean Difference (I-

J) Std. Error Sig.

Ahmedabad Banaskantha 18.97949 32.36141 .559

Gandhinagar -69.71096(*) 32.36141 .034

Mehsana 28.57198 32.36141 .380

Sabarkantha 1.54323 32.36141 .962

Patan 20.95572 32.36141 .519

Amreli 23.65750 32.36141 .467

Bhavnagar 3.98912 32.36141 .902

Jamnagar 17.79669 32.36141 .584

Junagadh -1.74486 32.36141 .957

154

Kutch 14.45631 32.36141 .656

Rajkot 10.56491 32.36141 .745

Surendranagar 10.95221 32.36141 .736

Porbandar -93.56332(*) 32.36141 .005

Dahod 28.63425 32.36141 .379

Baroda -26.13369 32.36141 .422

Kheda 26.41766 32.36141 .417

Panchmahal 31.47075 32.36141 .334

Anand 17.31050 32.36141 .594

Bharuch 5.38290 32.36141 .868

Valsad -13.96803 32.36141 .667

Dang 5.71295 32.36141 .860

Narmada 9.87073 32.36141 .761

Navsari 5.00306 32.36141 .878

Surat -5.53624 32.36141 .865

Banaskantha Ahmedabad -18.97949 32.36141 .559

Gandhinagar -88.69045(*) 32.36141 .008

Mehsana 9.59249 32.36141 .768

Sabarkantha -17.43625 32.36141 .592

Patan 1.97624 32.36141 .951

Amreli 4.67802 32.36141 .885

Bhavnagar -14.99037 32.36141 .645

Jamnagar -1.18280 32.36141 .971

Junagadh -20.72434 32.36141 .524

Kutch -4.52317 32.36141 .889

Rajkot -8.41457 32.36141 .796

Surendranagar -8.02728 32.36141 .805

Porbandar -112.54280(*) 32.36141 .001

Dahod 9.65477 32.36141 .766

Baroda -45.11317 32.36141 .167

155

Kheda 7.43817 32.36141 .819

Panchmahal 12.49126 32.36141 .701

Anand -1.66898 32.36141 .959

Bharuch -13.59659 32.36141 .676

Valsad -32.94751 32.36141 .312

Dang -13.26653 32.36141 .683

Narmada -9.10876 32.36141 .779

Navsari -13.97642 32.36141 .667

Surat -24.51573 32.36141 .451

Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 69.71096(*) 32.36141 .034

Banaskantha 88.69045(*) 32.36141 .008

Mehsana 98.28293(*) 32.36141 .003

Sabarkantha 71.25419(*) 32.36141 .031

Patan 90.66668(*) 32.36141 .006

Amreli 93.36846(*) 32.36141 .005

Bhavnagar 73.70008(*) 32.36141 .026

Jamnagar 87.50765(*) 32.36141 .008

Junagadh 67.96610(*) 32.36141 .039

Kutch 84.16727(*) 32.36141 .011

Rajkot 80.27587(*) 32.36141 .015

Surendranagar 80.66317(*) 32.36141 .015

Porbandar -23.85236 32.36141 .463

Dahod 98.34521(*) 32.36141 .003

Baroda 43.57727 32.36141 .182

Kheda 96.12862(*) 32.36141 .004

Panchmahal 101.18171(*) 32.36141 .003

Anand 87.02146(*) 32.36141 .009

Bharuch 75.09386(*) 32.36141 .023

Valsad 55.74293 32.36141 .089

Dang 75.42391(*) 32.36141 .022

156

Narmada 79.58169(* 32.36141 .016

)

Navsari 74.71402(*) 32.36141 .024

Surat 64.17472 32.36141 .051

Mehsana Ahmedabad -28.57198 32.36141 .380

Banaskantha -9.59249 32.36141 .768

Gandhinagar -98.28293(*) 32.36141 .003

Sabarkantha -27.02874 32.36141 .406

Patan -7.61625 32.36141 .815

Amreli -4.91447 32.36141 .880

Bhavnagar -24.58286 32.36141 .450

Jamnagar -10.77529 32.36141 .740

Junagadh -30.31683 32.36141 .352

Kutch -14.11566 32.36141 .664

Rajkot -18.00706 32.36141 .580

Surendranagar -17.61977 32.36141 .588

Porbandar -122.13529(*) 32.36141 .000

Dahod .06228 32.36141 .998

Baroda -54.70566 32.36141 .095

Kheda -2.15431 32.36141 .947

Panchmahal 2.89877 32.36141 .929

Anand -11.26147 32.36141 .729

Bharuch -23.18908 32.36141 .476

Valsad -42.54000 32.36141 .193

Dang -22.85902 32.36141 .482

Narmada -18.70125 32.36141 .565

Navsari -23.56891 32.36141 .469

Surat -34.10821 32.36141 .295

Sabarkantha Ahmedabad -1.54323 32.36141 .962

Banaskantha 17.43625 32.36141 .592

157

Gandhinagar -71.25419(*) 32.36141 .031

Mehsana 27.02874 32.36141 .406

Patan 19.41249 32.36141 .550

Amreli 22.11427 32.36141 .496

Bhavnagar 2.44588 32.36141 .940

Jamnagar 16.25346 32.36141 .617

Junagadh -3.28809 32.36141 .919

Kutch 12.91308 32.36141 .691

Rajkot 9.02168 32.36141 .781

Surendranagar 9.40897 32.36141 .772

Porbandar -95.10655(*) 32.36141 .004

Dahod 27.09102 32.36141 .405

Baroda -27.67692 32.36141 .395

Kheda 24.87443 32.36141 .445

Panchmahal 29.92752 32.36141 .358

Anand 15.76727 32.36141 .628

Bharuch 3.83967 32.36141 .906

Valsad -15.51126 32.36141 .633

Dang 4.16972 32.36141 .898

Narmada 8.32749 32.36141 .798

Navsari 3.45983 32.36141 .915

Surat -7.07947 32.36141 .827

Patan Ahmedabad -20.95572 32.36141 .519

Banaskantha -1.97624 32.36141 .951

Gandhinagar -90.66668(*) 32.36141 .006

Mehsana 7.61625 32.36141 .815

Sabarkantha -19.41249 32.36141 .550

Amreli 2.70178 32.36141 .934

Bhavnagar -16.96661 32.36141 .602

Jamnagar -3.15904 32.36141 .922

158

Junagadh -22.70058 32.36141 .485

Kutch -6.49941 32.36141 .841

Rajkot -10.39081 32.36141 .749

Surendranagar -10.00352 32.36141 .758

Porbandar -114.51904(*) 32.36141 .001

Dahod 7.67853 32.36141 .813

Baroda -47.08941 32.36141 .150

Kheda 5.46194 32.36141 .866

Panchmahal 10.51503 32.36141 .746

Anand -3.64522 32.36141 .911

Bharuch -15.57283 32.36141 .632

Valsad -34.92375 32.36141 .284

Dang -15.24277 32.36141 .639

Narmada -11.08500 32.36141 .733

Navsari -15.95266 32.36141 .623

Surat -26.49196 32.36141 .416

Amreli Ahmedabad -23.65750 32.36141 .467

Banaskantha -4.67802 32.36141 .885

Gandhinagar -93.36846(*) 32.36141 .005

Mehsana 4.91447 32.36141 .880

Sabarkantha -22.11427 32.36141 .496

Patan -2.70178 32.36141 .934

Bhavnagar -19.66839 32.36141 .545

Jamnagar -5.86081 32.36141 .857

Junagadh -25.40236 32.36141 .435

Kutch -9.20119 32.36141 .777

Rajkot -13.09259 32.36141 .687

Surendranagar -12.70530 32.36141 .696

Porbandar -117.22082(*) 32.36141 .001

Dahod 4.97675 32.36141 .878

159

Baroda -49.79119 32.36141 .128

Kheda 2.76016 32.36141 .932

Panchmahal 7.81325 32.36141 .810

Anand -6.34700 32.36141 .845

Bharuch -18.27461 32.36141 .574

Valsad -37.62553 32.36141 .249

Dang -17.94455 32.36141 .581

Narmada -13.78678 32.36141 .671

Navsari -18.65444 32.36141 .566

Surat -29.19374 32.36141 .370

Bhavnagar Ahmedabad -3.98912 32.36141 .902

Banaskantha 14.99037 32.36141 .645

Gandhinagar -73.70008(*) 32.36141 .026

Mehsana 24.58286 32.36141 .450

Sabarkantha -2.44588 32.36141 .940

Patan 16.96661 32.36141 .602

Amreli 19.66839 32.36141 .545

Jamnagar 13.80757 32.36141 .671

Junagadh -5.73397 32.36141 .860

Kutch 10.46720 32.36141 .747

Rajkot 6.57580 32.36141 .840

Surendranagar 6.96309 32.36141 .830

Porbandar -97.55243(*) 32.36141 .004

Dahod 24.64514 32.36141 .449

Baroda -30.12280 32.36141 .355

Kheda 22.42854 32.36141 .490

Panchmahal 27.48163 32.36141 .398

Anand 13.32139 32.36141 .682

Bharuch 1.39378 32.36141 .966

Valsad -17.95714 32.36141 .581

160

Dang 1.72384 32.36141 .958

Narmada 5.88161 32.36141 .856

Navsari 1.01395 32.36141 .975

Surat -9.52536 32.36141 .769

Jamnagar Ahmedabad -17.79669 32.36141 .584

Banaskantha 1.18280 32.36141 .971

Gandhinagar -87.50765(*) 32.36141 .008

Mehsana 10.77529 32.36141 .740

Sabarkantha -16.25346 32.36141 .617

Patan 3.15904 32.36141 .922

Amreli 5.86081 32.36141 .857

Bhavnagar -13.80757 32.36141 .671

Junagadh -19.54155 32.36141 .548

Kutch -3.34037 32.36141 .918

Rajkot -7.23178 32.36141 .824

Surendranagar -6.84448 32.36141 .833

Porbandar -111.36001(*) 32.36141 .001

Dahod 10.83756 32.36141 .739

Baroda -43.93038 32.36141 .179

Kheda 8.62097 32.36141 .791

Panchmahal 13.67406 32.36141 .674

Anand -.48619 32.36141 .988

Bharuch -12.41379 32.36141 .702

Valsad -31.76472 32.36141 .329

Dang -12.08374 32.36141 .710

Narmada -7.92596 32.36141 .807

Navsari -12.79363 32.36141 .694

Surat -23.33293 32.36141 .473

Junagadh Ahmedabad 1.74486 32.36141 .957

Banaskantha 20.72434 32.36141 .524

161

Gandhinagar -67.96610(*) 32.36141 .039

Mehsana 30.31683 32.36141 .352

Sabarkantha 3.28809 32.36141 .919

Patan 22.70058 32.36141 .485

Amreli 25.40236 32.36141 .435

Bhavnagar 5.73397 32.36141 .860

Jamnagar 19.54155 32.36141 .548

Kutch 16.20117 32.36141 .618

Rajkot 12.30977 32.36141 .705

Surendranagar 12.69706 32.36141 .696

Porbandar -91.81846(* 32.36141 .006

Dahod 30.37911 32.36141 .351

Baroda -24.38883 32.36141 .453

Kheda 28.16252 32.36141 .387

Panchmahal 33.21561 32.36141 .308

Anand 19.05536 32.36141 .558

Bharuch 7.12775 32.36141 .826

Valsad -12.22317 32.36141 .707

Dang 7.45781 32.36141 .818

Narmada 11.61558 32.36141 .721

Navsari 6.74792 32.36141 .835

Surat -3.79138 32.36141 .907

Kutch Ahmedabad -14.45631 32.36141 .656

Banaskantha 4.52317 32.36141 .889

Gandhinagar -84.16727(*) 32.36141 .011

Mehsana 14.11566 32.36141 .664

Sabarkantha -12.91308 32.36141 .691

Patan 6.49941 32.36141 .841

Amreli 9.20119 32.36141 .777

Bhavnagar -10.46720 32.36141 .747

162

Jamnagar 3.34037 32.36141 .918

Junagadh -16.20117 32.36141 .618

Rajkot -3.89140 32.36141 .905

Surendranagar -3.50411 32.36141 .914

Porbandar -108.01963(*) 32.36141 .001

Dahod 14.17794 32.36141 .663

Baroda -40.59000 32.36141 .214

Kheda 11.96135 32.36141 .713

Panchmahal 17.01443 32.36141 .601

Anand 2.85419 32.36141 .930

Bharuch -9.07342 32.36141 .780

Valsad -28.42434 32.36141 .383

Dang -8.74336 32.36141 .788

Narmada -4.58559 32.36141 .888

Navsari -9.45325 32.36141 .771

Surat -19.99255 32.36141 .539

Rajkot Ahmedabad -10.56491 32.36141 .745

Banaskantha 8.41457 32.36141 .796

Gandhinagar -80.27587(*) 32.36141 .015

Mehsana 18.00706 32.36141 .580

Sabarkantha -9.02168 32.36141 .781

Patan 10.39081 32.36141 .749

Amreli 13.09259 32.36141 .687

Bhavnagar -6.57580 32.36141 .840

Jamnagar 7.23178 32.36141 .824

Junagadh -12.30977 32.36141 .705

Kutch 3.89140 32.36141 .905

Surendranagar .38729 32.36141 .990

Porbandar -104.12823(*) 32.36141 .002

Dahod 18.06934 32.36141 .578

163

Baroda -36.69860 32.36141 .260

Kheda 15.85275 32.36141 .626

Panchmahal 20.90584 32.36141 .520

Anand 6.74559 32.36141 .835

Bharuch -5.18201 32.36141 .873

Valsad -24.53294 32.36141 .451

Dang -4.85196 32.36141 .881

Narmada -.69419 32.36141 .983

Navsari -5.56185 32.36141 .864

Surat -16.10115 32.36141 .620

Surendranagar Ahmedabad -10.95221 32.36141 .736

Banaskantha 8.02728 32.36141 .805

Gandhinagar -80.66317(*) 32.36141 .015

Mehsana 17.61977 32.36141 .588

Sabarkantha -9.40897 32.36141 .772

Patan 10.00352 32.36141 .758

Amreli 12.70530 32.36141 .696

Bhavnagar -6.96309 32.36141 .830

Jamnagar 6.84448 32.36141 .833

Junagadh -12.69706 32.36141 .696

Kutch 3.50411 32.36141 .914

Rajkot -.38729 32.36141 .990

Porbandar -104.51552(*) 32.36141 .002

Dahod 17.68205 32.36141 .586

Baroda -37.08589 32.36141 .255

Kheda 15.46545 32.36141 .634

Panchmahal 20.51854 32.36141 .528

Anand 6.35830 32.36141 .845

Bharuch -5.56931 32.36141 .864

Valsad -24.92023 32.36141 .444

164

Dang -5.23925 32.36141 .872

Narmada -1.08148 32.36141 .973

Navsari -5.94914 32.36141 .855

Surat -16.48845 32.36141 .612

Porbandar Ahmedabad 93.56332(*) 32.36141 .005

Banaskantha 112.54280(*) 32.36141 .001

Gandhinagar 23.85236 32.36141 .463

Mehsana 122.13529(*) 32.36141 .000

Sabarkantha 95.10655(*) 32.36141 .004

Patan 114.51904(*) 32.36141 .001

Amreli 117.22082(*) 32.36141 .001

Bhavnagar 97.55243(*) 32.36141 .004

Jamnagar 111.36001(*) 32.36141 .001

Junagadh 91.81846(*) 32.36141 .006

Kutch 108.01963(*) 32.36141 .001

Rajkot 104.12823(*) 32.36141 .002

Surendranagar 104.51552(*) 32.36141 .002

Dahod 122.19757(*) 32.36141 .000

Baroda 67.42963(*) 32.36141 .041

Kheda 119.98098(*) 32.36141 .000

Panchmahal 125.03407(*) 32.36141 .000

Anand 110.87382(*) 32.36141 .001

Bharuch 98.94622(*) 32.36141 .003

Valsad 79.59529(*) 32.36141 .016

Dang 99.27627(*) 32.36141 .003

Narmada 103.43404(*) 32.36141 .002

Navsari 98.56638(*) 32.36141 .003

Surat 88.02708(*) 32.36141 .008

Dahod Ahmedabad -28.63425 32.36141 .379

Banaskantha -9.65477 32.36141 .766

165

Gandhinagar -98.34521(*) 32.36141 .003

Mehsana -.06228 32.36141 .998

Sabarkantha -27.09102 32.36141 .405

Patan -7.67853 32.36141 .813

Amreli -4.97675 32.36141 .878

Bhavnagar -24.64514 32.36141 .449

Jamnagar -10.83756 32.36141 .739

Junagadh -30.37911 32.36141 .351

Kutch -14.17794 32.36141 .663

Rajkot -18.06934 32.36141 .578

Surendranagar -17.68205 32.36141 .586

Porbandar -122.19757(*) 32.36141 .000

Baroda -54.76794 32.36141 .095

Kheda -2.21659 32.36141 .946

Panchmahal 2.83650 32.36141 .930

Anand -11.32375 32.36141 .727

Bharuch -23.25135 32.36141 .475

Valsad -42.60228 32.36141 .192

Dang -22.92130 32.36141 .481

Narmada -18.76352 32.36141 .564

Navsari -23.63119 32.36141 .468

Surat -34.17049 32.36141 .294

Baroda Ahmedabad 26.13369 32.36141 .422

Banaskantha 45.11317 32.36141 .167

Gandhinagar -43.57727 32.36141 .182

Mehsana 54.70566 32.36141 .095

Sabarkantha 27.67692 32.36141 .395

Patan 47.08941 32.36141 .150

Amreli 49.79119 32.36141 .128

Bhavnagar 30.12280 32.36141 .355

166

Jamnagar 43.93038 32.36141 .179

Junagadh 24.38883 32.36141 .453

Kutch 40.59000 32.36141 .214

Rajkot 36.69860 32.36141 .260

Surendranagar 37.08589 32.36141 .255

Porbandar -67.42963(*) 32.36141 .041

Dahod 54.76794 32.36141 .095

Kheda 52.55135 32.36141 .109

Panchmahal 57.60444 32.36141 .079

Anand 43.44419 32.36141 .183

Bharuch 31.51659 32.36141 .333

Valsad 12.16566 32.36141 .708

Dang 31.84664 32.36141 .328

Narmada 36.00441 32.36141 .269

Navsari 31.13675 32.36141 .339

Surat 20.59745 32.36141 .526

Kheda Ahmedabad -26.41766 32.36141 .417

Banaskantha -7.43817 32.36141 .819

Gandhinagar -96.12862(*) 32.36141 .004

Mehsana 2.15431 32.36141 .947

Sabarkantha -24.87443 32.36141 .445

Patan -5.46194 32.36141 .866

Amreli -2.76016 32.36141 .932

Bhavnagar -22.42854 32.36141 .490

Jamnagar -8.62097 32.36141 .791

Junagadh -28.16252 32.36141 .387

Kutch -11.96135 32.36141 .713

Rajkot -15.85275 32.36141 .626

Surendranagar -15.46545 32.36141 .634

Porbandar -119.98098(*) 32.36141 .000

167

Dahod 2.21659 32.36141 .946

Baroda -52.55135 32.36141 .109

Panchmahal 5.05309 32.36141 .876

Anand -9.10716 32.36141 .779

Bharuch -21.03476 32.36141 .518

Valsad -40.38569 32.36141 .216

Dang -20.70471 32.36141 .524

Narmada -16.54693 32.36141 .611

Navsari -21.41460 32.36141 .510

Surat -31.95390 32.36141 .327

Panchmahal Ahmedabad -31.47075 32.36141 .334

Banaskantha -12.49126 32.36141 .701

Gandhinagar -101.18171(*) 32.36141 .003

Mehsana -2.89877 32.36141 .929

Sabarkantha -29.92752 32.36141 .358

Patan -10.51503 32.36141 .746

Amreli -7.81325 32.36141 .810

Bhavnagar -27.48163 32.36141 .398

Jamnagar -13.67406 32.36141 .674

Junagadh -33.21561 32.36141 .308

Kutch -17.01443 32.36141 .601

Rajkot -20.90584 32.36141 .520

Surendranagar -20.51854 32.36141 .528

Porbandar -125.03407(*) 32.36141 .000

Dahod -2.83650 32.36141 .930

Baroda -57.60444 32.36141 .079

Kheda -5.05309 32.36141 .876

Anand -14.16025 32.36141 .663

Bharuch -26.08785 32.36141 .423

Valsad -45.43878 32.36141 .164

168

Dang -25.75780 32.36141 .429

Narmada -21.60002 32.36141 .507

Navsari -26.46769 32.36141 .416

Surat -37.00699 32.36141 .256

Anand Ahmedabad -17.31050 32.36141 .594

Banaskantha 1.66898 32.36141 .959

Gandhinagar -87.02146(*) 32.36141 .009

Mehsana 11.26147 32.36141 .729

Sabarkantha -15.76727 32.36141 .628

Patan 3.64522 32.36141 .911

Amreli 6.34700 32.36141 .845

Bhavnagar -13.32139 32.36141 .682

Jamnagar .48619 32.36141 .988

Junagadh -19.05536 32.36141 .558

Kutch -2.85419 32.36141 .930

Rajkot -6.74559 32.36141 .835

Surendranagar -6.35830 32.36141 .845

Porbandar -110.87382(*) 32.36141 .001

Dahod 11.32375 32.36141 .727

Baroda -43.44419 32.36141 .183

Kheda 9.10716 32.36141 .779

Panchmahal 14.16025 32.36141 .663

Bharuch -11.92761 32.36141 .713

Valsad -31.27853 32.36141 .337

Dang -11.59755 32.36141 .721

Narmada -7.43978 32.36141 .819

Navsari -12.30744 32.36141 .705

Surat -22.84674 32.36141 .482

Bharuch Ahmedabad -5.38290 32.36141 .868

Banaskantha 13.59659 32.36141 .676

169

Gandhinagar -75.09386(*) 32.36141 .023

Mehsana 23.18908 32.36141 .476

Sabarkantha -3.83967 32.36141 .906

Patan 15.57283 32.36141 .632

Amreli 18.27461 32.36141 .574

Bhavnagar -1.39378 32.36141 .966

Jamnagar 12.41379 32.36141 .702

Junagadh -7.12775 32.36141 .826

Kutch 9.07342 32.36141 .780

Rajkot 5.18201 32.36141 .873

Surendranagar 5.56931 32.36141 .864

Porbandar -98.94622(*) 32.36141 .003

Dahod 23.25135 32.36141 .475

Baroda -31.51659 32.36141 .333

Kheda 21.03476 32.36141 .518

Panchmahal 26.08785 32.36141 .423

Anand 11.92761 32.36141 .713

Valsad -19.35093 32.36141 .552

Dang .33006 32.36141 .992

Narmada 4.48783 32.36141 .890

Navsari -.37983 32.36141 .991

Surat -10.91914 32.36141 .737

Valsad Ahmedabad 13.96803 32.36141 .667

Banaskantha 32.94751 32.36141 .312

Gandhinagar -55.74293 32.36141 .089

Mehsana 42.54000 32.36141 .193

Sabarkantha 15.51126 32.36141 .633

Patan 34.92375 32.36141 .284

Amreli 37.62553 32.36141 .249

Bhavnagar 17.95714 32.36141 .581

170

Jamnagar 31.76472 32.36141 .329

Junagadh 12.22317 32.36141 .707

Kutch 28.42434 32.36141 .383

Rajkot 24.53294 32.36141 .451

Surendranagar 24.92023 32.36141 .444

Porbandar -79.59529(*) 32.36141 .016

Dahod 42.60228 32.36141 .192

Baroda -12.16566 32.36141 .708

Kheda 40.38569 32.36141 .216

Panchmahal 45.43878 32.36141 .164

Anand 31.27853 32.36141 .337

Bharuch 19.35093 32.36141 .552

Dang 19.68098 32.36141 .545

Narmada 23.83876 32.36141 .464

Navsari 18.97109 32.36141 .559

Surat 8.43179 32.36141 .795

Dang Ahmedabad -5.71295 32.36141 .860

Banaskantha 13.26653 32.36141 .683

Gandhinagar -75.42391(*) 32.36141 .022

Mehsana 22.85902 32.36141 .482

Sabarkantha -4.16972 32.36141 .898

Patan 15.24277 32.36141 .639

Amreli 17.94455 32.36141 .581

Bhavnagar -1.72384 32.36141 .958

Jamnagar 12.08374 32.36141 .710

Junagadh -7.45781 32.36141 .818

Kutch 8.74336 32.36141 .788

Rajkot 4.85196 32.36141 .881

Surendranagar 5.23925 32.36141 .872

Porbandar -99.27627(*) 32.36141 .003

171

Dahod 22.92130 32.36141 .481

Baroda -31.84664 32.36141 .328

Kheda 20.70471 32.36141 .524

Panchmahal 25.75780 32.36141 .429

Anand 11.59755 32.36141 .721

Bharuch -.33006 32.36141 .992

Valsad -19.68098 32.36141 .545

Narmada 4.15777 32.36141 .898

Navsari -.70989 32.36141 .983

Surat -11.24919 32.36141 .729

Narmada Ahmedabad -9.87073 32.36141 .761

Banaskantha 9.10876 32.36141 .779

Gandhinagar -79.58169(*) 32.36141 .016

Mehsana 18.70125 32.36141 .565

Sabarkantha -8.32749 32.36141 .798

Patan 11.08500 32.36141 .733

Amreli 13.78678 32.36141 .671

Bhavnagar -5.88161 32.36141 .856

Jamnagar 7.92596 32.36141 .807

Junagadh -11.61558 32.36141 .721

Kutch 4.58559 32.36141 .888

Rajkot .69419 32.36141 .983

Surendranagar 1.08148 32.36141 .973

Porbandar -103.43404(*) 32.36141 .002

Dahod 18.76352 32.36141 .564

Baroda -36.00441 32.36141 .269

Kheda 16.54693 32.36141 .611

Panchmahal 21.60002 32.36141 .507

Anand 7.43978 32.36141 .819

Bharuch -4.48783 32.36141 .890

172

Valsad -23.83876 32.36141 .464

Dang -4.15777 32.36141 .898

Navsari -4.86766 32.36141 .881

Surat -15.40697 32.36141 .635

Navsari Ahmedabad -5.00306 32.36141 .878

Banaskantha 13.97642 32.36141 .667

Gandhinagar -74.71402(*) 32.36141 .024

Mehsana 23.56891 32.36141 .469

Sabarkantha -3.45983 32.36141 .915

Patan 15.95266 32.36141 .623

Amreli 18.65444 32.36141 .566

Bhavnagar -1.01395 32.36141 .975

Jamnagar 12.79363 32.36141 .694

Junagadh -6.74792 32.36141 .835

Kutch 9.45325 32.36141 .771

Rajkot 5.56185 32.36141 .864

Surendranagar 5.94914 32.36141 .855

Porbandar -98.56638(*) 32.36141 .003

Dahod 23.63119 32.36141 .468

Baroda -31.13675 32.36141 .339

Kheda 21.41460 32.36141 .510

Panchmahal 26.46769 32.36141 .416

Anand 12.30744 32.36141 .705

Bharuch .37983 32.36141 .991

Valsad -18.97109 32.36141 .559

Dang .70989 32.36141 .983

Narmada 4.86766 32.36141 .881

Surat -10.53930 32.36141 .746

Surat Ahmedabad 5.53624 32.36141 .865

Banaskantha 24.51573 32.36141 .451

173

Gandhinagar -64.17472 32.36141 .051

Mehsana 34.10821 32.36141 .295

Sabarkantha 7.07947 32.36141 .827

Patan 26.49196 32.36141 .416

Amreli 29.19374 32.36141 .370

Bhavnagar 9.52536 32.36141 .769

Jamnagar 23.33293 32.36141 .473

Junagadh 3.79138 32.36141 .907

Kutch 19.99255 32.36141 .539

Rajkot 16.10115 32.36141 .620

Surendranagar 16.48845 32.36141 .612

Porbandar -88.02708(*) 32.36141 .008

Dahod 34.17049 32.36141 .294

Baroda -20.59745 32.36141 .526

Kheda 31.95390 32.36141 .327

Panchmahal 37.00699 32.36141 .256

Anand 22.84674 32.36141 .482

Bharuch 10.91914 32.36141 .737

Valsad -8.43179 32.36141 .795

Dang 11.24919 32.36141 .729

Narmada 15.40697 32.36141 .635

Navsari 10.53930 32.36141 .746

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Means Plots

174

Surat

Navsari

Narmada

Dang

Valsad

Bharuch

Anand

Panchmahal

Kheda

Baroda

Dahod

Porbandar

Surendranaga

r

Rajkot

Kutch

Junagadh

Jamnaga

r

Bhavnagar

Amreli

Patan

Sabarkantha

Mehsana

Gandhinagar

Banaskantha

Ahmedabad

District

220.00

200.00

180.00

160.00

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

Mea

n o

f %

ach

ieve

men

t in

Ag

r an

d A

llied

175

Descriptives

1000 times Tar Agr

N Mean Std. Deviation Std.

Error Minimum Maximum

Ahmedabad 4 34.6320 14.17918 7.08959 21.17 51.54

Banaskantha 4 23.2623 6.96199 3.48099 17.66 33.21

Gandhinagar 4 12.1115 4.23672 2.11836 8.41 15.80

Mehsana 4 12.9983 3.45757 1.72878 9.50 17.74

Sabarkantha 4 24.9785 10.00958 5.00479 16.15 37.49

Patan 4 9.3170 3.06735 1.53367 6.05 13.46

Amreli 4 38.9595 8.14058 4.07029 31.47 50.49

Bhavnagar 4 53.5435 15.22048 7.61024 39.59 73.56

Jamnagar 4 49.5370 12.71619 6.35810 37.03 66.23

Junagadh 4 59.0335 20.25815 10.12907 40.29 84.81

Kutch 4 7.1875 1.80609 .90305 6.02 9.88

Rajkot 4 86.2488 31.08840 15.54420 55.81 125.27

Surendranagar 4 25.5813 6.47679 3.23840 18.69 34.06

Porbandar 4 28.3838 20.17018 10.08509 9.45 49.65

Dahod 4 5.6425 3.20791 1.60396 2.52 8.68

Baroda 4 20.7740 12.39717 6.19858 9.63 35.14

Kheda 4 12.0373 2.84489 1.42244 9.57 16.09

Panchmahal 4 8.3430 1.69542 .84771 6.10 9.66

Anand 4 15.0173 2.85786 1.42893 12.52 19.06

Bharuch 4 8.0100 2.52398 1.26199 5.95 11.43

Valsad 4 3.4405 1.01540 .50770 2.62 4.81

Dang 4 .4200 .12852 .06426 .29 .60

Narmada 4 1.9563 .61863 .30932 1.49 2.84

Navsari 4 6.6100 2.66116 1.33058 4.47 10.26

Surat 4 13.7108 3.18408 1.59204 11.41 18.37

Total 100 22.4694 22.74012 2.27401 .29 125.27

176

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

1000 times Tar Agr

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

8.594 24 75 .000

ANOVA

1000 times Tar Agr

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 42537.022 24 1772.376 15.355 .000

Within Groups 8657.165 75 115.429

Total 51194.187 99

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: 1000 times Tar Agr

LSD

(I) District (J) District

Mean Difference

(I-J) Std. Error Sig.

Ahmedabad Banaskantha 11.36975 7.59700 .139

Gandhinagar 22.52050(*) 7.59700 .004

Mehsana 21.63375(*) 7.59700 .006

Sabarkantha 9.65350 7.59700 .208

Patan 25.31500(*) 7.59700 .001

Amreli -4.32750 7.59700 .571

Bhavnagar -18.91150(*) 7.59700 .015

Jamnagar -14.90500 7.59700 .053

Junagadh -24.40150(*) 7.59700 .002

Kutch 27.44450(*) 7.59700 .001

177

Rajkot -51.61675(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar 9.05075 7.59700 .237

Porbandar 6.24825 7.59700 .413

Dahod 28.98950(*) 7.59700 .000

Baroda 13.85800 7.59700 .072

Kheda 22.59475(*) 7.59700 .004

Panchmahal 26.28900(*) 7.59700 .001

Anand 19.61475(*) 7.59700 .012

Bharuch 26.62200(*) 7.59700 .001

Valsad 31.19150(*) 7.59700 .000

Dang 34.21200(*) 7.59700 .000

Narmada 32.67575(*) 7.59700 .000

Navsari 28.02200(*) 7.59700 .000

Surat 20.92125(*) 7.59700 .007

Banaskantha Ahmedabad -11.36975 7.59700 .139

Gandhinagar 11.15075 7.59700 .146

Mehsana 10.26400 7.59700 .181

Sabarkantha -1.71625 7.59700 .822

Patan 13.94525 7.59700 .070

Amreli -15.69725(*) 7.59700 .042

Bhavnagar -30.28125(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -26.27475(*) 7.59700 .001

Junagadh -35.77125(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch 16.07475(*) 7.59700 .038

Rajkot -62.98650(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -2.31900 7.59700 .761

Porbandar -5.12150 7.59700 .502

Dahod 17.61975(*) 7.59700 .023

Baroda 2.48825 7.59700 .744

Kheda 11.22500 7.59700 .144

178

Panchmahal 14.91925 7.59700 .053

Anand 8.24500 7.59700 .281

Bharuch 15.25225(*) 7.59700 .048

Valsad 19.82175(*) 7.59700 .011

Dang 22.84225(*) 7.59700 .004

Narmada 21.30600(*) 7.59700 .006

Navsari 16.65225(*) 7.59700 .031

Surat 9.55150 7.59700 .213

Gandhinagar Ahmedabad -22.52050(*) 7.59700 .004

Banaskantha -11.15075 7.59700 .146

Mehsana -.88675 7.59700 .907

Sabarkantha -12.86700 7.59700 .094

Patan 2.79450 7.59700 .714

Amreli -26.84800(*) 7.59700 .001

Bhavnagar -41.43200(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -37.42550(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -46.92200(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch 4.92400 7.59700 .519

Rajkot -74.13725(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -13.46975 7.59700 .080

Porbandar -16.27225(*) 7.59700 .035

Dahod 6.46900 7.59700 .397

Baroda -8.66250 7.59700 .258

Kheda .07425 7.59700 .992

Panchmahal 3.76850 7.59700 .621

Anand -2.90575 7.59700 .703

Bharuch 4.10150 7.59700 .591

Valsad 8.67100 7.59700 .257

Dang 11.69150 7.59700 .128

Narmada 10.15525 7.59700 .185

179

Navsari 5.50150 7.59700 .471

Surat -1.59925 7.59700 .834

Mehsana Ahmedabad -21.63375(*) 7.59700 .006

Banaskantha -10.26400 7.59700 .181

Gandhinagar .88675 7.59700 .907

Sabarkantha -11.98025 7.59700 .119

Patan 3.68125 7.59700 .629

Amreli -25.96125(*) 7.59700 .001

Bhavnagar -40.54525(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -36.53875(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -46.03525(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch 5.81075 7.59700 .447

Rajkot -73.25050(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -12.58300 7.59700 .102

Porbandar -15.38550(*) 7.59700 .046

Dahod 7.35575 7.59700 .336

Baroda -7.77575 7.59700 .309

Kheda .96100 7.59700 .900

Panchmahal 4.65525 7.59700 .542

Anand -2.01900 7.59700 .791

Bharuch 4.98825 7.59700 .513

Valsad 9.55775 7.59700 .212

Dang 12.57825 7.59700 .102

Narmada 11.04200 7.59700 .150

Navsari 6.38825 7.59700 .403

Surat -.71250 7.59700 .926

Sabarkantha Ahmedabad -9.65350 7.59700 .208

Banaskantha 1.71625 7.59700 .822

Gandhinagar 12.86700 7.59700 .094

Mehsana 11.98025 7.59700 .119

180

Patan 15.66150(*) 7.59700 .043

Amreli -13.98100 7.59700 .070

Bhavnagar -28.56500(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -24.55850(*) 7.59700 .002

Junagadh -34.05500(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch 17.79100(*) 7.59700 .022

Rajkot -61.27025(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -.60275 7.59700 .937

Porbandar -3.40525 7.59700 .655

Dahod 19.33600(*) 7.59700 .013

Baroda 4.20450 7.59700 .582

Kheda 12.94125 7.59700 .093

Panchmahal 16.63550(*) 7.59700 .032

Anand 9.96125 7.59700 .194

Bharuch 16.96850(*) 7.59700 .028

Valsad 21.53800(*) 7.59700 .006

Dang 24.55850(*) 7.59700 .002

Narmada 23.02225(*) 7.59700 .003

Navsari 18.36850(*) 7.59700 .018

Surat 11.26775 7.59700 .142

Patan Ahmedabad -25.31500(* 7.59700 .001

Banaskantha -13.94525 7.59700 .070

Gandhinagar -2.79450 7.59700 .714

Mehsana -3.68125 7.59700 .629

Sabarkantha -15.66150(*) 7.59700 .043

Amreli -29.64250(*) 7.59700 .000

Bhavnagar -44.22650(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -40.22000(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -49.71650(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch 2.12950 7.59700 .780

181

Rajkot -76.93175(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -16.26425(*) 7.59700 .036

Porbandar -19.06675(*) 7.59700 .014

Dahod 3.67450 7.59700 .630

Baroda -11.45700 7.59700 .136

Kheda -2.72025 7.59700 .721

Panchmahal .97400 7.59700 .898

Anand -5.70025 7.59700 .455

Bharuch 1.30700 7.59700 .864

Valsad 5.87650 7.59700 .442

Dang 8.89700 7.59700 .245

Narmada 7.36075 7.59700 .336

Navsari 2.70700 7.59700 .723

Surat -4.39375 7.59700 .565

Amreli Ahmedabad 4.32750 7.59700 .571

Banaskantha 15.69725(*) 7.59700 .042

Gandhinagar 26.84800(*) 7.59700 .001

Mehsana 25.96125(*) 7.59700 .001

Sabarkantha 13.98100 7.59700 .070

Patan 29.64250(*) 7.59700 .000

Bhavnagar -14.58400 7.59700 .059

Jamnagar -10.57750 7.59700 .168

Junagadh -20.07400(*) 7.59700 .010

Kutch 31.77200(*) 7.59700 .000

Rajkot -47.28925(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar 13.37825 7.59700 .082

Porbandar 10.57575 7.59700 .168

Dahod 33.31700(*) 7.59700 .000

Baroda 18.18550(*) 7.59700 .019

Kheda 26.92225(*) 7.59700 .001

182

Panchmahal 30.61650(*) 7.59700 .000

Anand 23.94225(*) 7.59700 .002

Bharuch 30.94950(*) 7.59700 .000

Valsad 35.51900(*) 7.59700 .000

Dang 38.53950(*) 7.59700 .000

Narmada 37.00325(*) 7.59700 .000

Navsari 32.34950(*) 7.59700 .000

Surat 25.24875(*) 7.59700 .001

Bhavnagar Ahmedabad 18.91150(*) 7.59700 .015

Banaskantha 30.28125(*) 7.59700 .000

Gandhinagar 41.43200(*) 7.59700 .000

Mehsana 40.54525(*) 7.59700 .000

Sabarkantha 28.56500(*) 7.59700 .000

Patan 44.22650(*) 7.59700 .000

Amreli 14.58400 7.59700 .059

Jamnagar 4.00650 7.59700 .599

Junagadh -5.49000 7.59700 .472

Kutch 46.35600(* 7.59700 .000

Rajkot -32.70525(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar 27.96225(*) 7.59700 .000

Porbandar 25.15975(*) 7.59700 .001

Dahod 47.90100(*) 7.59700 .000

Baroda 32.76950(*) 7.59700 .000

Kheda 41.50625(*) 7.59700 .000

Panchmahal 45.20050(*) 7.59700 .000

Anand 38.52625(*) 7.59700 .000

Bharuch 45.53350(*) 7.59700 .000

Valsad 50.10300(*) 7.59700 .000

Dang 53.12350(*) 7.59700 .000

Narmada 51.58725(*) 7.59700 .000

183

Navsari 46.93350(*) 7.59700 .000

Surat 39.83275(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar Ahmedabad 14.90500 7.59700 .053

Banaskantha 26.27475(*) 7.59700 .001

Gandhinagar 37.42550(*) 7.59700 .000

Mehsana 36.53875(*) 7.59700 .000

Sabarkantha 24.55850(*) 7.59700 .002

Patan 40.22000(*) 7.59700 .000

Amreli 10.57750 7.59700 .168

Bhavnagar -4.00650 7.59700 .599

Junagadh -9.49650 7.59700 .215

Kutch 42.34950(*) 7.59700 .000

Rajkot -36.71175(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar 23.95575(*) 7.59700 .002

Porbandar 21.15325(*) 7.59700 .007

Dahod 43.89450(*) 7.59700 .000

Baroda 28.76300(*) 7.59700 .000

Kheda 37.49975(*) 7.59700 .000

Panchmahal 41.19400(*) 7.59700 .000

Anand 34.51975(*) 7.59700 .000

Bharuch 41.52700(*) 7.59700 .000

Valsad 46.09650(*) 7.59700 .000

Dang 49.11700(*) 7.59700 .000

Narmada 47.58075(*) 7.59700 .000

Navsari 42.92700(*) 7.59700 .000

Surat 35.82625(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh Ahmedabad 24.40150(*) 7.59700 .002

Banaskantha 35.77125(*) 7.59700 .000

Gandhinagar 46.92200(*) 7.59700 .000

Mehsana 46.03525(*) 7.59700 .000

184

Sabarkantha 34.05500(*) 7.59700 .000

Patan 49.71650(*) 7.59700 .000

Amreli 20.07400(*) 7.59700 .010

Bhavnagar 5.49000 7.59700 .472

Jamnagar 9.49650 7.59700 .215

Kutch 51.84600(*) 7.59700 .000

Rajkot -27.21525(*) 7.59700 .001

Surendranagar 33.45225(*) 7.59700 .000

Porbandar 30.64975(*) 7.59700 .000

Dahod 53.39100(*) 7.59700 .000

Baroda 38.25950(*) 7.59700 .000

Kheda 46.99625(*) 7.59700 .000

Panchmahal 50.69050(*) 7.59700 .000

Anand 44.01625(*) 7.59700 .000

Bharuch 51.02350(*) 7.59700 .000

Valsad 55.59300(*) 7.59700 .000

Dang 58.61350(*) 7.59700 .000

Narmada 57.07725(*) 7.59700 .000

Navsari 52.42350(*) 7.59700 .000

Surat 45.32275(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch Ahmedabad -27.44450(*) 7.59700 .001

Banaskantha -16.07475(*) 7.59700 .038

Gandhinagar -4.92400 7.59700 .519

Mehsana -5.81075 7.59700 .447

Sabarkantha -17.79100(*) 7.59700 .022

Patan -2.12950 7.59700 .780

Amreli -31.77200(*) 7.59700 .000

Bhavnagar -46.35600(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -42.34950(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -51.84600(*) 7.59700 .000

185

Rajkot -79.06125(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -18.39375(*) 7.59700 .018

Porbandar -21.19625(*) 7.59700 .007

Dahod 1.54500 7.59700 .839

Baroda -13.58650 7.59700 .078

Kheda -4.84975 7.59700 .525

Panchmahal -1.15550 7.59700 .880

Anand -7.82975 7.59700 .306

Bharuch -.82250 7.59700 .914

Valsad 3.74700 7.59700 .623

Dang 6.76750 7.59700 .376

Narmada 5.23125 7.59700 .493

Navsari .57750 7.59700 .940

Surat -6.52325 7.59700 .393

Rajkot Ahmedabad 51.61675(*) 7.59700 .000

Banaskantha 62.98650(*) 7.59700 .000

Gandhinagar 74.13725(*) 7.59700 .000

Mehsana 73.25050(*) 7.59700 .000

Sabarkantha 61.27025(*) 7.59700 .000

Patan 76.93175(*) 7.59700 .000

Amreli 47.28925(*) 7.59700 .000

Bhavnagar 32.70525(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar 36.71175(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh 27.21525(*) 7.59700 .001

Kutch 79.06125(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar 60.66750(*) 7.59700 .000

Porbandar 57.86500(*) 7.59700 .000

Dahod 80.60625(*) 7.59700 .000

Baroda 65.47475(*) 7.59700 .000

Kheda 74.21150(*) 7.59700 .000

186

Panchmahal 77.90575(*) 7.59700 .000

Anand 71.23150(*) 7.59700 .000

Bharuch 78.23875(*) 7.59700 .000

Valsad 82.80825(*) 7.59700 .000

Dang 85.82875(*) 7.59700 .000

Narmada 84.29250(*) 7.59700 .000

Navsari 79.63875(*) 7.59700 .000

Surat 72.53800(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar Ahmedabad -9.05075 7.59700 .237

Banaskantha 2.31900 7.59700 .761

Gandhinagar 13.46975 7.59700 .080

Mehsana 12.58300 7.59700 .102

Sabarkantha .60275 7.59700 .937

Patan 16.26425(*) 7.59700 .036

Amreli -13.37825 7.59700 .082

Bhavnagar -27.96225(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -23.95575(*) 7.59700 .002

Junagadh -33.45225(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch 18.39375(*) 7.59700 .018

Rajkot -60.66750(*) 7.59700 .000

Porbandar -2.80250 7.59700 .713

Dahod 19.93875(*) 7.59700 .011

Baroda 4.80725 7.59700 .529

Kheda 13.54400 7.59700 .079

Panchmahal 17.23825(*) 7.59700 .026

Anand 10.56400 7.59700 .168

Bharuch 17.57125(*) 7.59700 .023

Valsad 22.14075(*) 7.59700 .005

Dang 25.16125(*) 7.59700 .001

Narmada 23.62500(*) 7.59700 .003

187

Navsari 18.97125(*) 7.59700 .015

Surat 11.87050 7.59700 .122

Porbandar Ahmedabad -6.24825 7.59700 .413

Banaskantha 5.12150 7.59700 .502

Gandhinagar 16.27225(*) 7.59700 .035

Mehsana 15.38550(*) 7.59700 .046

Sabarkantha 3.40525 7.59700 .655

Patan 19.06675(*) 7.59700 .014

Amreli -10.57575 7.59700 .168

Bhavnagar -25.15975(*) 7.59700 .001

Jamnagar -21.15325(*) 7.59700 .007

Junagadh -30.64975(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch 21.19625(*) 7.59700 .007

Rajkot -57.86500(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar 2.80250 7.59700 .713

Dahod 22.74125(*) 7.59700 .004

Baroda 7.60975 7.59700 .320

Kheda 16.34650(*) 7.59700 .035

Panchmahal 20.04075(*) 7.59700 .010

Anand 13.36650 7.59700 .083

Bharuch 20.37375(*) 7.59700 .009

Valsad 24.94325(*) 7.59700 .002

Dang 27.96375(*) 7.59700 .000

Narmada 26.42750(*) 7.59700 .001

Navsari 21.77375(*) 7.59700 .005

Surat 14.67300 7.59700 .057

Dahod Ahmedabad -28.98950(*) 7.59700 .000

Banaskantha -17.61975(*) 7.59700 .023

Gandhinagar -6.46900 7.59700 .397

Mehsana -7.35575 7.59700 .336

188

Sabarkantha -19.33600(*) 7.59700 .013

Patan -3.67450 7.59700 .630

Amreli -33.31700(*) 7.59700 .000

Bhavnagar -47.90100(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -43.89450(* 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -53.39100(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch -1.54500 7.59700 .839

Rajkot -80.60625(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -19.93875(*) 7.59700 .011

Porbandar -22.74125(*) 7.59700 .004

Baroda -15.13150 7.59700 .050

Kheda -6.39475 7.59700 .403

Panchmahal -2.70050 7.59700 .723

Anand -9.37475 7.59700 .221

Bharuch -2.36750 7.59700 .756

Valsad 2.20200 7.59700 .773

Dang 5.22250 7.59700 .494

Narmada 3.68625 7.59700 .629

Navsari -.96750 7.59700 .899

Surat -8.06825 7.59700 .292

Baroda Ahmedabad -13.85800 7.59700 .072

Banaskantha -2.48825 7.59700 .744

Gandhinagar 8.66250 7.59700 .258

Mehsana 7.77575 7.59700 .309

Sabarkantha -4.20450 7.59700 .582

Patan 11.45700 7.59700 .136

Amreli -18.18550(*) 7.59700 .019

Bhavnagar -32.76950(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -28.76300(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -38.25950(*) 7.59700 .000

189

Kutch 13.58650 7.59700 .078

Rajkot -65.47475(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -4.80725 7.59700 .529

Porbandar -7.60975 7.59700 .320

Dahod 15.13150 7.59700 .050

Kheda 8.73675 7.59700 .254

Panchmahal 12.43100 7.59700 .106

Anand 5.75675 7.59700 .451

Bharuch 12.76400 7.59700 .097

Valsad 17.33350(*) 7.59700 .025

Dang 20.35400(*) 7.59700 .009

Narmada 18.81775(*) 7.59700 .016

Navsari 14.16400 7.59700 .066

Surat 7.06325 7.59700 .355

Kheda Ahmedabad -22.59475(*) 7.59700 .004

Banaskantha -11.22500 7.59700 .144

Gandhinagar -.07425 7.59700 .992

Mehsana -.96100 7.59700 .900

Sabarkantha -12.94125 7.59700 .093

Patan 2.72025 7.59700 .721

Amreli -26.92225(*) 7.59700 .001

Bhavnagar -41.50625(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -37.49975(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -46.99625(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch 4.84975 7.59700 .525

Rajkot -74.21150(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -13.54400 7.59700 .079

Porbandar -16.34650(*) 7.59700 .035

Dahod 6.39475 7.59700 .403

Baroda -8.73675 7.59700 .254

190

Panchmahal 3.69425 7.59700 .628

Anand -2.98000 7.59700 .696

Bharuch 4.02725 7.59700 .598

Valsad 8.59675 7.59700 .261

Dang 11.61725 7.59700 .130

Narmada 10.08100 7.59700 .189

Navsari 5.42725 7.59700 .477

Surat -1.67350 7.59700 .826

Panchmahal Ahmedabad -26.28900(*) 7.59700 .001

Banaskantha -14.91925 7.59700 .053

Gandhinagar -3.76850 7.59700 .621

Mehsana -4.65525 7.59700 .542

Sabarkantha -16.63550(*) 7.59700 .032

Patan -.97400 7.59700 .898

Amreli -30.61650(*) 7.59700 .000

Bhavnagar -45.20050(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -41.19400(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -50.69050(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch 1.15550 7.59700 .880

Rajkot -77.90575(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -17.23825(*) 7.59700 .026

Porbandar -20.04075(*) 7.59700 .010

Dahod 2.70050 7.59700 .723

Baroda -12.43100 7.59700 .106

Kheda -3.69425 7.59700 .628

Anand -6.67425 7.59700 .382

Bharuch .33300 7.59700 .965

Valsad 4.90250 7.59700 .521

Dang 7.92300 7.59700 .300

Narmada 6.38675 7.59700 .403

191

Navsari 1.73300 7.59700 .820

Surat -5.36775 7.59700 .482

Anand Ahmedabad -19.61475(*) 7.59700 .012

Banaskantha -8.24500 7.59700 .281

Gandhinagar 2.90575 7.59700 .703

Mehsana 2.01900 7.59700 .791

Sabarkantha -9.96125 7.59700 .194

Patan 5.70025 7.59700 .455

Amreli -23.94225(*) 7.59700 .002

Bhavnagar -38.52625(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -34.51975(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -44.01625(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch 7.82975 7.59700 .306

Rajkot -71.23150(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -10.56400 7.59700 .168

Porbandar -13.36650 7.59700 .083

Dahod 9.37475 7.59700 .221

Baroda -5.75675 7.59700 .451

Kheda 2.98000 7.59700 .696

Panchmahal 6.67425 7.59700 .382

Bharuch 7.00725 7.59700 .359

Valsad 11.57675 7.59700 .132

Dang 14.59725 7.59700 .058

Narmada 13.06100 7.59700 .090

Navsari 8.40725 7.59700 .272

Surat 1.30650 7.59700 .864

Bharuch Ahmedabad -26.62200(*) 7.59700 .001

Banaskantha -15.25225(*) 7.59700 .048

Gandhinagar -4.10150 7.59700 .591

192

Mehsana -4.98825 7.59700 .513

Sabarkantha -16.96850(*) 7.59700 .028

Patan -1.30700 7.59700 .864

Amreli -30.94950(*) 7.59700 .000

Bhavnagar -45.53350(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -41.52700(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -51.02350(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch .82250 7.59700 .914

Rajkot -78.23875(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -17.57125(*) 7.59700 .023

Porbandar -20.37375(*) 7.59700 .009

Dahod 2.36750 7.59700 .756

Baroda -12.76400 7.59700 .097

Kheda -4.02725 7.59700 .598

Panchmahal -.33300 7.59700 .965

Anand -7.00725 7.59700 .359

Valsad 4.56950 7.59700 .549

Dang 7.59000 7.59700 .321

Narmada 6.05375 7.59700 .428

Navsari 1.40000 7.59700 .854

Surat -5.70075 7.59700 .455

Valsad Ahmedabad -31.19150(*) 7.59700 .000

Banaskantha -19.82175(*) 7.59700 .011

Gandhinagar -8.67100 7.59700 .257

Mehsana -9.55775 7.59700 .212

Sabarkantha -21.53800(*) 7.59700 .006

Patan -5.87650 7.59700 .442

Amreli -35.51900(*) 7.59700 .000

Bhavnagar -50.10300(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -46.09650(*) 7.59700 .000

193

Junagadh -55.59300(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch -3.74700 7.59700 .623

Rajkot -82.80825(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -22.14075(*) 7.59700 .005

Porbandar -24.94325(*) 7.59700 .002

Dahod -2.20200 7.59700 .773

Baroda -17.33350(*) 7.59700 .025

Kheda -8.59675 7.59700 .261

Panchmahal -4.90250 7.59700 .521

Anand -11.57675 7.59700 .132

Bharuch -4.56950 7.59700 .549

Dang 3.02050 7.59700 .692

Narmada 1.48425 7.59700 .846

Navsari -3.16950 7.59700 .678

Surat -10.27025 7.59700 .180

Dang Ahmedabad -34.21200(*) 7.59700 .000

Banaskantha -22.84225(*) 7.59700 .004

Gandhinagar -11.69150 7.59700 .128

Mehsana -12.57825 7.59700 .102

Sabarkantha -24.55850(*) 7.59700 .002

Patan -8.89700 7.59700 .245

Amreli -38.53950(*) 7.59700 .000

Bhavnagar -53.12350(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -49.11700(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -58.61350(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch -6.76750 7.59700 .376

Rajkot -85.82875(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -25.16125(*) 7.59700 .001

Porbandar -27.96375(*) 7.59700 .000

Dahod -5.22250 7.59700 .494

194

Baroda -20.35400(*) 7.59700 .009

Kheda -11.61725 7.59700 .130

Panchmahal -7.92300 7.59700 .300

Anand -14.59725 7.59700 .058

Bharuch -7.59000 7.59700 .321

Valsad -3.02050 7.59700 .692

Narmada -1.53625 7.59700 .840

Navsari -6.19000 7.59700 .418

Surat -13.29075 7.59700 .084

Narmada Ahmedabad -32.67575(*) 7.59700 .000

Banaskantha -21.30600(*) 7.59700 .006

Gandhinagar -10.15525 7.59700 .185

Mehsana -11.04200 7.59700 .150

Sabarkantha -23.02225(*) 7.59700 .003

Patan -7.36075 7.59700 .336

Amreli -37.00325(*) 7.59700 .000

Bhavnagar -51.58725(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -47.58075(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -57.07725(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch -5.23125 7.59700 .493

Rajkot -84.29250(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -23.62500(*) 7.59700 .003

Porbandar -26.42750(*) 7.59700 .001

Dahod -3.68625 7.59700 .629

Baroda -18.81775(* 7.59700 .016

Kheda -10.08100 7.59700 .189

Panchmahal -6.38675 7.59700 .403

Anand -13.06100 7.59700 .090

Bharuch -6.05375 7.59700 .428

Valsad -1.48425 7.59700 .846

195

Dang 1.53625 7.59700 .840

Navsari -4.65375 7.59700 .542

Surat -11.75450 7.59700 .126

Navsari Ahmedabad -28.02200(*) 7.59700 .000

Banaskantha -16.65225(*) 7.59700 .031

Gandhinagar -5.50150 7.59700 .471

Mehsana -6.38825 7.59700 .403

Sabarkantha -18.36850(*) 7.59700 .018

Patan -2.70700 7.59700 .723

Amreli -32.34950(*) 7.59700 .000

Bhavnagar -46.93350(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -42.92700(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -52.42350(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch -.57750 7.59700 .940

Rajkot -79.63875(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -18.97125(*) 7.59700 .015

Porbandar -21.77375(*) 7.59700 .005

Dahod .96750 7.59700 .899

Baroda -14.16400 7.59700 .066

Kheda -5.42725 7.59700 .477

Panchmahal -1.73300 7.59700 .820

Anand -8.40725 7.59700 .272

Bharuch -1.40000 7.59700 .854

Valsad 3.16950 7.59700 .678

Dang 6.19000 7.59700 .418

Narmada 4.65375 7.59700 .542

Surat -7.10075 7.59700 .353

Surat Ahmedabad -20.92125(*) 7.59700 .007

Banaskantha -9.55150 7.59700 .213

Gandhinagar 1.59925 7.59700 .834

196

Mehsana .71250 7.59700 .926

Sabarkantha -11.26775 7.59700 .142

Patan 4.39375 7.59700 .565

Amreli -25.24875(*) 7.59700 .001

Bhavnagar -39.83275(*) 7.59700 .000

Jamnagar -35.82625(*) 7.59700 .000

Junagadh -45.32275(*) 7.59700 .000

Kutch 6.52325 7.59700 .393

Rajkot -72.53800(*) 7.59700 .000

Surendranagar -11.87050 7.59700 .122

Porbandar -14.67300 7.59700 .057

Dahod 8.06825 7.59700 .292

Baroda -7.06325 7.59700 .355

Kheda 1.67350 7.59700 .826

Panchmahal 5.36775 7.59700 .482

Anand -1.30650 7.59700 .864

Bharuch 5.70075 7.59700 .455

Valsad 10.27025 7.59700 .180

Dang 13.29075 7.59700 .084

Narmada 11.75450 7.59700 .126

Navsari 7.10075 7.59700 .353

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level

197

Means Plots

Surat

Navsari

Narmada

Dang

Valsad

Bharuch

Anand

Panchmahal

Kheda

Baroda

Dahod

Porbandar

Surendranaga

r

Rajkot

Kutch

Junagadh

Jamnaga

r

Bhavnagar

Amreli

Patan

Sabarkantha

Mehsana

Gandhinagar

Banaskantha

Ahmedabad

District

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00

Mean

of

1000 t

imes T

ar

Ag

r

198

Descriptives

1000 times Tar SSI

N Mean

Std.

Deviation

Std.

Error Minimum Maximum

Ahmedabad 4 .7460 .08130 .04065 .66 .85

Banaskantha 4 .6213 .10457 .05229 .51 .76

Gandhinagar 4 .8993 .24458 .12229 .65 1.15

Mehsana 4 1.4763 .18913 .09457 1.28 1.66

Sabarkantha 4 .8753 .15613 .07806 .74 1.09

Patan 4 1.2920 .28128 .14064 1.05 1.70

Amreli 4 .5018 .11696 .05848 .37 .66

Bhavnagar 4 38.8261 6.24073 3.12036 30.07 43.31

Jamnagar 4 2.0360 .43894 .21947 1.67 2.67

Junagadh 4 2.2742 .33380 .16690 1.99 2.68

Kutch 4 1.7995 .35994 .17997 1.55 2.32

Rajkot 4 10.4013 5.34699 2.67349 7.16 18.36

Surendranagar 4 .8830 .14223 .07112 .76 1.07

Porbandar 4 .4458 .02331 .01166 .42 .47

Dahod 4 .3740 .12228 .06114 .29 .55

Baroda 4 5.5830 3.58117 1.79059 2.05 10.32

Kheda 4 .5718 .16612 .08306 .47 .82

Panchmahal 4 .7053 .23355 .11677 .45 .94

Anand 4 1.5663 .55158 .27579 .85 2.12

Bharuch 4 1.6798 .29830 .14915 1.35 2.07

Valsad 4 3.0355 .41240 .20620 2.69 3.55

Dang 4 .0289 .02019 .01010 .01 .06

Narmada 4 .0828 .01552 .00776 .06 .09

Navsari 4 .9278 .08040 .04020 .86 1.02

Surat 4 10.8189 2.81351 1.40675 8.17 14.59

Total 100 3.5381 7.92546 .79255 .01 43.31

199

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

1000 times Tar SSI

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

6.118 24 75 .000

ANOVA

1000 times Tar SSI

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 5949.589 24 247.900 69.145 .000

Within Groups 268.889 75 3.585

Total 6218.478 99

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: 1000 times Tar SSI

LSD

(I) District (J) District

Mean Difference

(I-J) Std. Error Sig.

Ahmedabad Banaskantha .12475 1.33888 .926

Gandhinagar -.15335 1.33888 .909

Mehsana -.73025 1.33888 .587

Sabarkantha -.12925 1.33888 .923

Patan -.54600 1.33888 .685

Amreli .24425 1.33888 .856

200

Bhavnagar -38.08011(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.29000 1.33888 .338

Junagadh -1.52821 1.33888 .257

Kutch -1.05351 1.33888 .434

Rajkot -9.65525(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar -.13704 1.33888 .919

Porbandar .30025 1.33888 .823

Dahod .37200 1.33888 .782

Baroda -4.83700(*) 1.33888 .001

Kheda .17425 1.33888 .897

Panchmahal .04075 1.33888 .976

Anand -.82025 1.33888 .542

Bharuch -.93375 1.33888 .488

Valsad -2.28947 1.33888 .091

Dang .71708 1.33888 .594

Narmada .66325 1.33888 .622

Navsari -.18184 1.33888 .892

Surat -10.07293(*) 1.33888 .000

Banaskantha Ahmedabad -.12475 1.33888 .926

Gandhinagar -.27810 1.33888 .836

Mehsana -.85500 1.33888 .525

Sabarkantha -.25400 1.33888 .850

Patan -.67075 1.33888 .618

Amreli .11950 1.33888 .929

Bhavnagar -38.20486(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.41475 1.33888 .294

Junagadh -1.65296 1.33888 .221

Kutch -1.17826 1.33888 .382

Rajkot -9.78000(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar -.26179 1.33888 .846

201

Porbandar .17550 1.33888 .896

Dahod .24725 1.33888 .854

Baroda -4.96175(*) 1.33888 .000

Kheda .04950 1.33888 .971

Panchmahal -.08400 1.33888 .950

Anand -.94500 1.33888 .482

Bharuch -1.05850 1.33888 .432

Valsad -2.41422 1.33888 .075

Dang .59233 1.33888 .659

Narmada .53850 1.33888 .689

Navsari -.30659 1.33888 .820

Surat -10.19768(*) 1.33888 .000

Gandhinagar Ahmedabad .15335 1.33888 .909

Banaskantha .27810 1.33888 .836

Mehsana -.57691 1.33888 .668

Sabarkantha .02410 1.33888 .986

Patan -.39266 1.33888 .770

Amreli .39760 1.33888 .767

Bhavnagar -37.92676(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.13666 1.33888 .399

Junagadh -1.37486 1.33888 .308

Kutch -.90017 1.33888 .503

Rajkot -9.50191(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar .01631 1.33888 .990

Porbandar .45360 1.33888 .736

Dahod .52535 1.33888 .696

Baroda -4.68366(*) 1.33888 .001

Kheda .32760 1.33888 .807

Panchmahal .19410 1.33888 .885

Anand -.66691 1.33888 .620

202

Bharuch -.78041 1.33888 .562

Valsad -2.13612 1.33888 .115

Dang .87042 1.33888 .518

Narmada .81660 1.33888 .544

Navsari -.02849 1.33888 .983

Surat -9.91959(*) 1.33888 .000

Mehsana Ahmedabad .73025 1.33888 .587

Banaskantha .85500 1.33888 .525

Gandhinagar .57691 1.33888 .668

Sabarkantha .60100 1.33888 .655

Patan .18425 1.33888 .891

Amreli .97450 1.33888 .469

Bhavnagar -37.34986(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -.55975 1.33888 .677

Junagadh -.79796 1.33888 .553

Kutch -.32326 1.33888 .810

Rajkot -8.92500(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar .59322 1.33888 .659

Porbandar 1.03050 1.33888 .444

Dahod 1.10225 1.33888 .413

Baroda -4.10675(*) 1.33888 .003

Kheda .90450 1.33888 .501

Panchmahal .77100 1.33888 .566

Anand -.09000 1.33888 .947

Bharuch -.20350 1.33888 .880

Valsad -1.55922 1.33888 .248

Dang 1.44733 1.33888 .283

Narmada 1.39350 1.33888 .301

Navsari .54842 1.33888 .683

Surat -9.34268(*) 1.33888 .000

203

Sabarkantha Ahmedabad .12925 1.33888 .923

Banaskantha .25400 1.33888 .850

Gandhinagar -.02410 1.33888 .986

Mehsana -.60100 1.33888 .655

Patan -.41675 1.33888 .756

Amreli .37350 1.33888 .781

Bhavnagar -37.95086(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.16075 1.33888 .389

Junagadh -1.39896 1.33888 .299

Kutch -.92426 1.33888 .492

Rajkot -9.52600(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar -.00779 1.33888 .995

Porbandar .42950 1.33888 .749

Dahod .50125 1.33888 .709

Baroda -4.70775(*) 1.33888 .001

Kheda .30350 1.33888 .821

Panchmahal .17000 1.33888 .899

Anand -.69100 1.33888 .607

Bharuch -.80450 1.33888 .550

Valsad -2.16022 1.33888 .111

Dang .84633 1.33888 .529

Narmada .79250 1.33888 .556

Navsari -.05259 1.33888 .969

Surat -9.94368(*) 1.33888 .000

Patan Ahmedabad .54600 1.33888 .685

Banaskantha .67075 1.33888 .618

Gandhinagar .39266 1.33888 .770

Mehsana -.18425 1.33888 .891

Sabarkantha .41675 1.33888 .756

Amreli .79025 1.33888 .557

204

Bhavnagar -37.53411(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -.74400 1.33888 .580

Junagadh -.98221 1.33888 .465

Kutch -.50751 1.33888 .706

Rajkot -9.10925(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar .40897 1.33888 .761

Porbandar .84625 1.33888 .529

Dahod .91800 1.33888 .495

Baroda -4.29100(*) 1.33888 .002

Kheda .72025 1.33888 .592

Panchmahal .58675 1.33888 .662

Anand -.27425 1.33888 .838

Bharuch -.38775 1.33888 .773

Valsad -1.74347 1.33888 .197

Dang 1.26308 1.33888 .349

Narmada 1.20925 1.33888 .369

Navsari .36417 1.33888 .786

Surat -9.52693(*) 1.33888 .000

Amreli Ahmedabad -.24425 1.33888 .856

Banaskantha -.11950 1.33888 .929

Gandhinagar -.39760 1.33888 .767

Mehsana -.97450 1.33888 .469

Sabarkantha -.37350 1.33888 .781

Patan -.79025 1.33888 .557

Bhavnagar -38.32436(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.53425 1.33888 .255

Junagadh -1.77246 1.33888 .190

Kutch -1.29776 1.33888 .336

Rajkot -9.89950(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar -.38129 1.33888 .777

205

Porbandar .05600 1.33888 .967

Dahod .12775 1.33888 .924

Baroda -5.08125(*) 1.33888 .000

Kheda -.07000 1.33888 .958

Panchmahal -.20350 1.33888 .880

Anand -1.06450 1.33888 .429

Bharuch -1.17800 1.33888 .382

Valsad -2.53372 1.33888 .062

Dang .47283 1.33888 .725

Narmada .41900 1.33888 .755

Navsari -.42609 1.33888 .751

Surat -10.31718(*) 1.33888 .000

Bhavnagar Ahmedabad 38.08011(*) 1.33888 .000

Banaskantha 38.20486(*) 1.33888 .000

Gandhinagar 37.92676(*) 1.33888 .000

Mehsana 37.34986(*) 1.33888 .000

Sabarkantha 37.95086(*) 1.33888 .000

Patan 37.53411(* 1.33888 .000

Amreli 38.32436(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar 36.79011(*) 1.33888 .000

Junagadh 36.55190(*) 1.33888 .000

Kutch 37.02659(*) 1.33888 .000

Rajkot 28.42486(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar 37.94307(*) 1.33888 .000

Porbandar 38.38036(*) 1.33888 .000

Dahod 38.45211(*) 1.33888 .000

Baroda 33.24311(*) 1.33888 .000

Kheda 38.25436(*) 1.33888 .000

Panchmahal 38.12086(*) 1.33888 .000

Anand 37.25986(*) 1.33888 .000

206

Bharuch 37.14636(*) 1.33888 .000

Valsad 35.79064(*) 1.33888 .000

Dang 38.79718(*) 1.33888 .000

Narmada 38.74336(*) 1.33888 .000

Navsari 37.89827(*) 1.33888 .000

Surat 28.00718(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar Ahmedabad 1.29000 1.33888 .338

Banaskantha 1.41475 1.33888 .294

Gandhinagar 1.13666 1.33888 .399

Mehsana .55975 1.33888 .677

Sabarkantha 1.16075 1.33888 .389

Patan .74400 1.33888 .580

Amreli 1.53425 1.33888 .255

Bhavnagar -36.79011(*) 1.33888 .000

Junagadh -.23821 1.33888 .859

Kutch .23649 1.33888 .860

Rajkot -8.36525(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar 1.15297 1.33888 .392

Porbandar 1.59025 1.33888 .239

Dahod 1.66200 1.33888 .218

Baroda -3.54700(*) 1.33888 .010

Kheda 1.46425 1.33888 .278

Panchmahal 1.33075 1.33888 .323

Anand .46975 1.33888 .727

Bharuch .35625 1.33888 .791

Valsad -.99947 1.33888 .458

Dang 2.00708 1.33888 .138

Narmada 1.95325 1.33888 .149

Navsari 1.10817 1.33888 .410

Surat -8.78293(*) 1.33888 .000

207

Junagadh Ahmedabad 1.52821 1.33888 .257

Banaskantha 1.65296 1.33888 .221

Gandhinagar 1.37486 1.33888 .308

Mehsana .79796 1.33888 .553

Sabarkantha 1.39896 1.33888 .299

Patan .98221 1.33888 .465

Amreli 1.77246 1.33888 .190

Bhavnagar -36.55190(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar .23821 1.33888 .859

Kutch .47470 1.33888 .724

Rajkot -8.12704(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar 1.39117 1.33888 .302

Porbandar 1.82846 1.33888 .176

Dahod 1.90021 1.33888 .160

Baroda -3.30879(*) 1.33888 .016

Kheda 1.70246 1.33888 .207

Panchmahal 1.56896 1.33888 .245

Anand .70796 1.33888 .599

Bharuch .59446 1.33888 .658

Valsad -.76126 1.33888 .571

Dang 2.24528 1.33888 .098

Narmada 2.19146 1.33888 .106

Navsari 1.34637 1.33888 .318

Surat -8.54472(*) 1.33888 .000

Kutch Ahmedabad 1.05351 1.33888 .434

Banaskantha 1.17826 1.33888 .382

Gandhinagar .90017 1.33888 .503

Mehsana .32326 1.33888 .810

Sabarkantha .92426 1.33888 .492

Patan .50751 1.33888 .706

208

Amreli 1.29776 1.33888 .336

Bhavnagar -37.02659(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -.23649 1.33888 .860

Junagadh -.47470 1.33888 .724

Rajkot -8.60174(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar .91648 1.33888 .496

Porbandar 1.35376 1.33888 .315

Dahod 1.42551 1.33888 .290

Baroda -3.78349(*) 1.33888 .006

Kheda 1.22776 1.33888 .362

Panchmahal 1.09426 1.33888 .416

Anand .23326 1.33888 .862

Bharuch .11976 1.33888 .929

Valsad -1.23595 1.33888 .359

Dang 1.77059 1.33888 .190

Narmada 1.71676 1.33888 .204

Navsari .87168 1.33888 .517

Surat -9.01942(*) 1.33888 .000

Rajkot Ahmedabad 9.65525(*) 1.33888 .000

Banaskantha 9.78000(*) 1.33888 .000

Gandhinagar 9.50191(*) 1.33888 .000

Mehsana 8.92500(*) 1.33888 .000

Sabarkantha 9.52600(*) 1.33888 .000

Patan 9.10925(*) 1.33888 .000

Amreli 9.89950(*) 1.33888 .000

Bhavnagar -28.42486(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar 8.36525(*) 1.33888 .000

Junagadh 8.12704(*) 1.33888 .000

Kutch 8.60174(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar 9.51822(*) 1.33888 .000

209

Porbandar 9.95550(*) 1.33888 .000

Dahod 10.02725(*) 1.33888 .000

Baroda 4.81825(*) 1.33888 .001

Kheda 9.82950(*) 1.33888 .000

Panchmahal 9.69600(*) 1.33888 .000

Anand 8.83500(*) 1.33888 .000

Bharuch 8.72150(*) 1.33888 .000

Valsad 7.36579(*) 1.33888 .000

Dang 10.37233(*) 1.33888 .000

Narmada 10.31850(* 1.33888 .000

Navsari 9.47342(*) 1.33888 .000

Surat -.41768 1.33888 .756

Surendranagar Ahmedabad .13704 1.33888 .919

Banaskantha .26179 1.33888 .846

Gandhinagar -.01631 1.33888 .990

Mehsana -.59322 1.33888 .659

Sabarkantha .00779 1.33888 .995

Patan -.40897 1.33888 .761

Amreli .38129 1.33888 .777

Bhavnagar -37.94307(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.15297 1.33888 .392

Junagadh -1.39117 1.33888 .302

Kutch -.91648 1.33888 .496

Rajkot -9.51822(*) 1.33888 .000

Porbandar .43729 1.33888 .745

Dahod .50904 1.33888 .705

Baroda -4.69997(*) 1.33888 .001

Kheda .31129 1.33888 .817

Panchmahal .17779 1.33888 .895

Anand -.68322 1.33888 .611

210

Bharuch -.79672 1.33888 .554

Valsad -2.15243 1.33888 .112

Dang .85411 1.33888 .525

Narmada .80029 1.33888 .552

Navsari -.04480 1.33888 .973

Surat -9.93590(*) 1.33888 .000

Porbandar Ahmedabad -.30025 1.33888 .823

Banaskantha -.17550 1.33888 .896

Gandhinagar -.45360 1.33888 .736

Mehsana -1.03050 1.33888 .444

Sabarkantha -.42950 1.33888 .749

Patan -.84625 1.33888 .529

Amreli -.05600 1.33888 .967

Bhavnagar -38.38036(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.59025 1.33888 .239

Junagadh -1.82846 1.33888 .176

Kutch -1.35376 1.33888 .315

Rajkot -9.95550(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar -.43729 1.33888 .745

Dahod .07175 1.33888 .957

Baroda -5.13725(*) 1.33888 .000

Kheda -.12600 1.33888 .925

Panchmahal -.25950 1.33888 .847

Anand -1.12050 1.33888 .405

Bharuch -1.23400 1.33888 .360

Valsad -2.58972 1.33888 .057

Dang .41683 1.33888 .756

Narmada .36300 1.33888 .787

Navsari -.48209 1.33888 .720

Surat -10.37318(*) 1.33888 .000

211

Dahod Ahmedabad -.37200 1.33888 .782

Banaskantha -.24725 1.33888 .854

Gandhinagar -.52535 1.33888 .696

Mehsana -1.10225 1.33888 .413

Sabarkantha -.50125 1.33888 .709

Patan -.91800 1.33888 .495

Amreli -.12775 1.33888 .924

Bhavnagar -38.45211(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.66200 1.33888 .218

Junagadh -1.90021 1.33888 .160

Kutch -1.42551 1.33888 .290

Rajkot -10.02725(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar -.50904 1.33888 .705

Porbandar -.07175 1.33888 .957

Baroda -5.20900(*) 1.33888 .000

Kheda -.19775 1.33888 .883

Panchmahal -.33125 1.33888 .805

Anand -1.19225 1.33888 .376

Bharuch -1.30575 1.33888 .333

Valsad -2.66147 1.33888 .050

Dang .34508 1.33888 .797

Narmada .29125 1.33888 .828

Navsari -.55384 1.33888 .680

Surat -10.44493(*) 1.33888 .000

Baroda Ahmedabad 4.83700(*) 1.33888 .001

Banaskantha 4.96175(*) 1.33888 .000

Gandhinagar 4.68366(*) 1.33888 .001

Mehsana 4.10675(*) 1.33888 .003

Sabarkantha 4.70775(*) 1.33888 .001

Patan 4.29100(*) 1.33888 .002

212

Amreli 5.08125(*) 1.33888 .000

Bhavnagar -33.24311(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar 3.54700(*) 1.33888 .010

Junagadh 3.30879(*) 1.33888 .016

Kutch 3.78349(*) 1.33888 .006

Rajkot -4.81825(*) 1.33888 .001

Surendranagar 4.69997(*) 1.33888 .001

Porbandar 5.13725(*) 1.33888 .000

Dahod 5.20900(*) 1.33888 .000

Kheda 5.01125(*) 1.33888 .000

Panchmahal 4.87775(*) 1.33888 .000

Anand 4.01675(*) 1.33888 .004

Bharuch 3.90325(*) 1.33888 .005

Valsad 2.54754 1.33888 .061

Dang 5.55408(*) 1.33888 .000

Narmada 5.50025(*) 1.33888 .000

Navsari 4.65517(*) 1.33888 .001

Surat -5.23593(*) 1.33888 .000

Kheda Ahmedabad -.17425 1.33888 .897

Banaskantha -.04950 1.33888 .971

Gandhinagar -.32760 1.33888 .807

Mehsana -.90450 1.33888 .501

Sabarkantha -.30350 1.33888 .821

Patan -.72025 1.33888 .592

Amreli .07000 1.33888 .958

Bhavnagar -38.25436(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.46425 1.33888 .278

Junagadh -1.70246 1.33888 .207

Kutch -1.22776 1.33888 .362

Rajkot -9.82950(*) 1.33888 .000

213

Surendranagar -.31129 1.33888 .817

Porbandar .12600 1.33888 .925

Dahod .19775 1.33888 .883

Baroda -5.01125(*) 1.33888 .000

Panchmahal -.13350 1.33888 .921

Anand -.99450 1.33888 .460

Bharuch -1.10800 1.33888 .411

Valsad -2.46372 1.33888 .070

Dang .54283 1.33888 .686

Narmada .48900 1.33888 .716

Navsari -.35609 1.33888 .791

Surat -10.24718(*) 1.33888 .000

Panchmahal Ahmedabad -.04075 1.33888 .976

Banaskantha .08400 1.33888 .950

Gandhinagar -.19410 1.33888 .885

Mehsana -.77100 1.33888 .566

Sabarkantha -.17000 1.33888 .899

Patan -.58675 1.33888 .662

Amreli .20350 1.33888 .880

Bhavnagar -38.12086(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.33075 1.33888 .323

Junagadh -1.56896 1.33888 .245

Kutch -1.09426 1.33888 .416

Rajkot -9.69600(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar -.17779 1.33888 .895

Porbandar .25950 1.33888 .847

Dahod .33125 1.33888 .805

Baroda -4.87775(*) 1.33888 .000

Kheda .13350 1.33888 .921

Anand -.86100 1.33888 .522

214

Bharuch -.97450 1.33888 .469

Valsad -2.33022 1.33888 .086

Dang .67633 1.33888 .615

Narmada .62250 1.33888 .643

Navsari -.22259 1.33888 .868

Surat -10.11368(*) 1.33888 .000

Anand Ahmedabad .82025 1.33888 .542

Banaskantha .94500 1.33888 .482

Gandhinagar .66691 1.33888 .620

Mehsana .09000 1.33888 .947

Sabarkantha .69100 1.33888 .607

Patan .27425 1.33888 .838

Amreli 1.06450 1.33888 .429

Bhavnagar -37.25986(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -.46975 1.33888 .727

Junagadh -.70796 1.33888 .599

Kutch -.23326 1.33888 .862

Rajkot -8.83500(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar .68322 1.33888 .611

Porbandar 1.12050 1.33888 .405

Dahod 1.19225 1.33888 .376

Baroda -4.01675(*) 1.33888 .004

Kheda .99450 1.33888 .460

Panchmahal .86100 1.33888 .522

Bharuch -.11350 1.33888 .933

Valsad -1.46922 1.33888 .276

Dang 1.53733 1.33888 .255

Narmada 1.48350 1.33888 .271

Navsari .63842 1.33888 .635

215

Surat -9.25268(*) 1.33888 .000

Bharuch Ahmedabad .93375 1.33888 .488

Banaskantha 1.05850 1.33888 .432

Gandhinagar .78041 1.33888 .562

Mehsana .20350 1.33888 .880

Sabarkantha .80450 1.33888 .550

Patan .38775 1.33888 .773

Amreli 1.17800 1.33888 .382

Bhavnagar -37.14636(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -.35625 1.33888 .791

Junagadh -.59446 1.33888 .658

Kutch -.11976 1.33888 .929

Rajkot -8.72150(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar .79672 1.33888 .554

Porbandar 1.23400 1.33888 .360

Dahod 1.30575 1.33888 .333

Baroda -3.90325(*) 1.33888 .005

Kheda 1.10800 1.33888 .411

Panchmahal .97450 1.33888 .469

Anand .11350 1.33888 .933

Valsad -1.35572 1.33888 .315

Dang 1.65083 1.33888 .221

Narmada 1.59700 1.33888 .237

Navsari .75192 1.33888 .576

Surat -9.13918(*) 1.33888 .000

Valsad Ahmedabad 2.28947 1.33888 .091

Banaskantha 2.41422 1.33888 .075

Gandhinagar 2.13612 1.33888 .115

Mehsana 1.55922 1.33888 .248

Sabarkantha 2.16022 1.33888 .111

216

Patan 1.74347 1.33888 .197

Amreli 2.53372 1.33888 .062

Bhavnagar -35.79064(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar .99947 1.33888 .458

Junagadh .76126 1.33888 .571

Kutch 1.23595 1.33888 .359

Rajkot -7.36579(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar 2.15243 1.33888 .112

Porbandar 2.58972 1.33888 .057

Dahod 2.66147 1.33888 .050

Baroda -2.54754 1.33888 .061

Kheda 2.46372 1.33888 .070

Panchmahal 2.33022 1.33888 .086

Anand 1.46922 1.33888 .276

Bharuch 1.35572 1.33888 .315

Dang 3.00654(*) 1.33888 .028

Narmada 2.95272(*) 1.33888 .030

Navsari 2.10763 1.33888 .120

Surat -7.78347(*) 1.33888 .000

Dang Ahmedabad -.71708 1.33888 .594

Banaskantha -.59233 1.33888 .659

Gandhinagar -.87042 1.33888 .518

Mehsana -1.44733 1.33888 .283

Sabarkantha -.84633 1.33888 .529

Patan -1.26308 1.33888 .349

Amreli -.47283 1.33888 .725

Bhavnagar -38.79718(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -2.00708 1.33888 .138

Junagadh -2.24528 1.33888 .098

Kutch -1.77059 1.33888 .190

217

Rajkot -10.37233(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar -.85411 1.33888 .525

Porbandar -.41683 1.33888 .756

Dahod -.34508 1.33888 .797

Baroda -5.55408(*) 1.33888 .000

Kheda -.54283 1.33888 .686

Panchmahal -.67633 1.33888 .615

Anand -1.53733 1.33888 .255

Bharuch -1.65083 1.33888 .221

Valsad -3.00654(*) 1.33888 .028

Narmada -.05383 1.33888 .968

Navsari -.89891 1.33888 .504

Surat -10.79001(*) 1.33888 .000

Narmada Ahmedabad -.66325 1.33888 .622

Banaskantha -.53850 1.33888 .689

Gandhinagar -.81660 1.33888 .544

Mehsana -1.39350 1.33888 .301

Sabarkantha -.79250 1.33888 .556

Patan -1.20925 1.33888 .369

Amreli -.41900 1.33888 .755

Bhavnagar -38.74336(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.95325 1.33888 .149

Junagadh -2.19146 1.33888 .106

Kutch -1.71676 1.33888 .204

Rajkot -10.31850(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar -.80029 1.33888 .552

Porbandar -.36300 1.33888 .787

Dahod -.29125 1.33888 .828

Baroda -5.50025(*) 1.33888 .000

Kheda -.48900 1.33888 .716

218

Panchmahal -.62250 1.33888 .643

Anand -1.48350 1.33888 .271

Bharuch -1.59700 1.33888 .237

Valsad -2.95272(*) 1.33888 .030

Dang .05383 1.33888 .968

Navsari -.84509 1.33888 .530

Surat -10.73618(*) 1.33888 .000

Navsari Ahmedabad .18184 1.33888 .892

Banaskantha .30659 1.33888 .820

Gandhinagar .02849 1.33888 .983

Mehsana -.54842 1.33888 .683

Sabarkantha .05259 1.33888 .969

Patan -.36417 1.33888 .786

Amreli .42609 1.33888 .751

Bhavnagar -37.89827(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar -1.10817 1.33888 .410

Junagadh -1.34637 1.33888 .318

Kutch -.87168 1.33888 .517

Rajkot -9.47342(*) 1.33888 .000

Surendranagar .04480 1.33888 .973

Porbandar .48209 1.33888 .720

Dahod .55384 1.33888 .680

Baroda -4.65517(*) 1.33888 .001

Kheda .35609 1.33888 .791

Panchmahal .22259 1.33888 .868

Anand -.63842 1.33888 .635

Bharuch -.75192 1.33888 .576

Valsad -2.10763 1.33888 .120

Dang .89891 1.33888 .504

Narmada .84509 1.33888 .530

219

Surat -9.89110(*) 1.33888 .000

Surat Ahmedabad 10.07293(*) 1.33888 .000

Banaskantha 10.19768(*) 1.33888 .000

Gandhinagar 9.91959(*) 1.33888 .000

Mehsana 9.34268(*) 1.33888 .000

Sabarkantha 9.94368(*) 1.33888 .000

Patan 9.52693(*) 1.33888 .000

Amreli 10.31718(*) 1.33888 .000

Bhavnagar -28.00718(*) 1.33888 .000

Jamnagar 8.78293(*) 1.33888 .000

Junagadh 8.54472(*) 1.33888 .000

Kutch 9.01942(*) 1.33888 .000

Rajkot .41768 1.33888 .756

Surendranagar 9.93590(*) 1.33888 .000

Porbandar 10.37318(*) 1.33888 .000

Dahod 10.44493(*) 1.33888 .000

Baroda 5.23593(*) 1.33888 .000

Kheda 10.24718(*) 1.33888 .000

Panchmahal 10.11368(*) 1.33888 .000

Anand 9.25268(*) 1.33888 .000

Bharuch 9.13918(*) 1.33888 .000

Valsad 7.78347(*) 1.33888 .000

Dang 10.79001(*) 1.33888 .000

Narmada 10.73618(*) 1.33888 .000

Navsari 9.89110(*) 1.33888 .000

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

220

Means Plots

Surat

Navsari

Narmada

Dang

Valsad

Bharuch

Anand

Panchmahal

Kheda

Baroda

Dahod

Porbandar

Surendranagar

Rajkot

Kutch

Junagadh

Jamnaga

r

Bhavnagar

Amreli

Patan

Sabarkanth

a

Mehsana

Gandhinaga

r

Banaskanth

a

Ahmedabad

District

40.00

20.00

0.00

Mea

n o

f 10

00 t

imes

Tar

SS

I

Statistical Analysis:

For the comparison of the target amount credited to agricultural and allied sector between

different regions, we have used the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique.

Hypothesis : There is no significant difference between the target amount (Agri. Allied)

credit to four different regions of Gujarat state.

221

Region-wise Comparison

Descriptives

1000 times Tar Agr (The variable Target Credit is multiplied by 1000 for ease of

calculation)

N Mean Std.

Deviation

Std.

Error Minimum Maximum

North Gujarat 24 19.5499 11.53787 2.35516 6.05 51.54

Saurashtra

Kachchh 32 43.5593 27.38319 4.84071 6.02 125.27

Central Gujarat 20 12.3628 7.63039 1.70621 2.52 35.14

South Gujarat 24 5.6913 4.86515 .99310 .29 18.37

Total 100 22.4694 22.74012 2.27401 .29 125.27

ANOVA

1000 times Tar Agr

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F p-value

Between Groups 23236.723 3 7745.574 26.597 .000

Within Groups 27957.464 96 291.224

Total 51194.187 99

Conclusion: As p-value <0.05, there is significant difference between the Target amount

of credit (Agricultural and Allied) by banks to four regions of Gujarat State.

222

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: 1000 times Tar Agr

LSD (Least Significant Difference)

(I) Region (J) Region Mean Difference

(I-J) Std. Error p-value

North Gujarat Saurashtra

Kachchh -24.00943(*) 4.60815 .000

Central Gujarat 7.18712 5.16677 .167

South Gujarat 13.85867(*) 4.92632 .006

Saurashtra

Kachchh North Gujarat 24.00943(*) 4.60815 .000

Central

Gujarat 31.19654(*) 4.86435 .000

South Gujarat 37.86809(*) 4.60815 .000

Central

Gujarat North Gujarat -7.18712 5.16677 .167

Saurashtra

Kachchh -31.19654(*) 4.86435 .000

South Gujarat 6.67155 5.16677 .200

South Gujarat North Gujarat -13.85867(*) 4.92632 .006

Saurashtra

Kachchh -37.86809(*) 4.60815 .000

Central Gujarat -6.67155 5.16677 .200

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. (Since the p-value is less than 0.05)

Conclusion: e.g. There is a significant difference between the Target amount of credit

(Agriculture and Allied) by Banks to North Gujarat and Saurashtra Kachchh. Similar

conclusion can be drawn for other pairs of regions.

223

South GujaratCentral GujaratSaurashtra KachchhNorth Gujarat

Region

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

Mea

n o

f 10

00 t

imes

Tar

Ag

r

Hypothesis : There is no significant difference between the target amount (SSI) credit to

four different regions of Gujarat state.

Region-wise Comparison

224

Descriptives

1000 times Tar SSI

N Mean Std.

Deviation

Std.

Error Minimum Maximum

North Gujarat 24 .9850 .35062 .07157 .51 1.70

Saurashtra

Kachchh 32 7.1460 12.81091 2.26467 .37 43.31

Central Gujarat 20 1.7601 2.47165 .55268 .29 10.32

South Gujarat 24 2.7623 3.96307 .80896 .01 14.59

Total 100 3.5381 7.92546 .79255 .01 43.31

ANOVA

1000 times Tar SSI

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F p-value

Between Groups 650.644 3 216.881 3.739 .014

Within Groups 5567.835 96 57.998

Total 6218.478 99

Conclusion : As p-value <0.05, there is significant difference between the Target

amount of credit (SSI) by banks to four regions of Gujarat State.

225

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: 1000 times Tar SSI

LSD

(I) Region (J) Region

Mean

Difference

(I-J)

Std.

Error p-value

North Gujarat Saurashtra Kachchh -6.16094(*) 2.05646 .003

Central Gujarat -.77503 2.30576 .738

South Gujarat -1.77726 2.19845 .421

Saurashtra Kachchh North Gujarat 6.16094(*) 2.05646 .003

Central Gujarat 5.38590(*) 2.17080 .015

South Gujarat 4.38368(*) 2.05646 .036

Central Gujarat North Gujarat .77503 2.30576 .738

Saurashtra Kachchh -5.38590(*) 2.17080 .015

South Gujarat -1.00223 2.30576 .665

South Gujarat North Gujarat 1.77726 2.19845 .421

Saurashtra Kachchh -4.38368(*) 2.05646 .036

Central Gujarat 1.00223 2.30576 .665

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

226

South GujaratCentral GujaratSaurashtra KachchhNorth Gujarat

Region

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00

Me

an

of

10

00

tim

es

Ta

r S

SI

227

Descriptives

% achievement in Agr and Allied

N Mean Std.

Deviation

Std.

Error Minimum Maximum

North Gujarat 24 108.9982 62.64413 12.78718 60.96 386.00

Saurashtra

Kachchh 32 110.7912 53.19517 9.40367 71.08 347.32

Central Gujarat 20 93.5148 40.54074 9.06518 13.76 185.06

South Gujarat 24 107.9772 32.83754 6.70293 60.34 196.58

Total 100 106.2302 49.04801 4.90480 13.76 386.00

ANOVA

% achievement in Agr and Allied

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p-value

Between Groups 4156.409 3 1385.470 .568 .637

Within Groups 234008.579 96 2437.589

Total 238164.987 99

Conclusion : As p-value > 0.05, there is no significant difference between the

percentage achievement amount of credit (Agricultural and Allied) by banks to four

regions of Gujarat State.

228

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: % achievement in Agr and Allied

LSD

(I) Region (J) Region

Mean

Difference

(I-J)

Std. Error p-value

North Gujarat Saurashtra Kachchh -1.79301 13.33195 .893

Central Gujarat 15.48332 14.94810 .303

South Gujarat 1.02099 14.25245 .943

Saurashtra

Kachchh North Gujarat 1.79301 13.33195 .893

Central Gujarat 17.27632 14.07317 .223

South Gujarat 2.81399 13.33195 .833

Central Gujarat North Gujarat -15.48332 14.94810 .303

Saurashtra Kachchh -17.27632 14.07317 .223

South Gujarat -14.46233 14.94810 .336

South Gujarat North Gujarat -1.02099 14.25245 .943

Saurashtra Kachchh -2.81399 13.33195 .833

Central Gujarat 14.46233 14.94810 .336

229

Means Plots

South GujaratCentral GujaratSaurashtra KachchhNorth Gujarat

Region

110.00

105.00

100.00

95.00

Mean

of

% a

ch

ievem

en

t in

Ag

r an

d A

llie

d

230

Descriptives

% achievement in SSI

N Mean Std.

Deviation Std. Error Minimum Maximum

North Gujarat 24 163.0650 147.21796 30.05074 19.07 624.91

Saurashtra

Kachchh 32 101.2033 56.69042 10.02155 24.14 282.48

Central Gujarat 20 82.5799 58.80924 13.15015 4.68 222.16

South Gujarat 24 91.3837 57.08688 11.65281 6.38 202.25

Total 100 109.9687 91.68399 9.16840 4.68 624.91

ANOVA

% achievement in SSi

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p-value

Between

Groups 93412.522 3 31137.507 4.046 .009

Within Groups 738776.837 96 7695.592

Total 832189.359 99

Conclusion: As p-value < 0.05, there is significant difference between the percentage

achievement amount of credit (SSI) by banks to four regions of Gujarat State.

231

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: % achievement in SSi

LSD

(I) Region (J) Region Mean Difference

(I-J) Std. Error p-value

Saurashtra Kachchh 61.86175(*) 23.68833 .010

Central Gujarat 80.48514(*) 26.55992 .003

North

Gujarat

South Gujarat 71.68133(*) 25.32389 .006

North Gujarat -61.86175(*) 23.68833 .010 Saurashtra

Kachchh

Central Gujarat 18.62339 25.00534 .458

South Gujarat 9.81958 23.68833 .679

North Gujarat -80.48514(*) 26.55992 .003

Saurashtra Kachchh -18.62339 25.00534 .458

Central

Gujarat

South Gujarat -8.80382 26.55992 .741

North Gujarat -71.68133(*) 25.32389 .006 South

Gujarat

Saurashtra Kachchh -9.81958 23.68833 .679

Central Gujarat 8.80382 26.55992 .741

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

232

Means Plots

South GujaratCentral GujaratSaurashtra KachchhNorth Gujarat

Region

180.00

160.00

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

Me

an

of

% a

ch

iev

em

en

t in

SS

i

233

Year-wise comparison

Descriptives

1000 times Tar Agr

N Mean Std.

Deviation Std. Error Minimum Maximum

2002-03 25 15.7239 14.25049 2.85010 .29 55.81

2003-04 25 18.0694 16.76137 3.35227 .39 67.58

2004-05 25 24.3646 23.70064 4.74013 .41 96.34

2005-06 25 31.7198 30.44520 6.08904 .60 125.27

Total 100 22.4694 22.74012 2.27401 .29 125.27

ANOVA

1000 times Tar Agr

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p-value

Between Groups 3850.570 3 1283.523 2.603 .056

Within Groups 47343.618 96 493.163

Total 51194.187 99

234

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: 1000 times Tar Agr

LSD

(I) Year (J) Year Mean Difference

(I-J) Std. Error p-value

2003-04 -2.34556 6.28116 .710

2004-05 -8.64076 6.28116 .172 2002-03

2005-06 -15.99588(*) 6.28116 .012

2003-04 2002-03 2.34556 6.28116 .710

2004-05 -6.29520 6.28116 .319

2005-06 -13.65032(*) 6.28116 .032

2002-03 8.64076 6.28116 .172

2003-04 6.29520 6.28116 .319 2004-05

2005-06 -7.35512 6.28116 .245

2005-06 2002-03 15.99588(*) 6.28116 .012

2003-04 13.65032(*) 6.28116 .032

2004-05 7.35512 6.28116 .245

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

235

Means Plots

2005-062004-052003-042002-03

Year

32.50

30.00

27.50

25.00

22.50

20.00

17.50

15.00

Me

an

of

10

00

tim

es

Ta

r A

gr

236

Descriptives

% achievement in Agr and Allied

N Mean Std.

Deviation Std. Error Minimum Maximum

2002-03 25 100.6858 55.61834 11.12367 60.34 347.32

2003-04 25 102.6969 49.66629 9.93326 13.76 246.43

2004-05 25 104.8084 23.49158 4.69832 54.71 180.72

2005-06 25 116.7298 60.41176 12.08235 78.16 386.00

Total 100 106.2302 49.04801 4.90480 13.76 386.00

ANOVA

% achievement in Agr and Allied

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F p-value

Between Groups 3887.192 3 1295.731 .531 .662

Within Groups 234277.795 96 2440.394

Total 238164.987 99

237

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: % achievement in Agr and Allied

LSD

(I) Year (J) Year Mean Difference

(I-J) Std. Error p-value

2002-03 2003-04 -2.01115 13.97253 .886

2004-05 -4.12258 13.97253 .769

2005-06 -16.04401 13.97253 .254

2003-04 2002-03 2.01115 13.97253 .886

2004-05 -2.11143 13.97253 .880

2005-06 -14.03286 13.97253 .318

2004-05 2002-03 4.12258 13.97253 .769

2003-04 2.11143 13.97253 .880

2005-06 -11.92143 13.97253 .396

2005-06 2002-03 16.04401 13.97253 .254

2003-04 14.03286 13.97253 .318

2004-05 11.92143 13.97253 .396

238

Means Plots

2005-062004-052003-042002-03

Year

120.00

115.00

110.00

105.00

100.00

Mea

n of

% a

chie

vem

ent i

n A

gr a

nd A

llied

Descriptives

1000 times Tar SSI

N Mean Std.

Deviation

Std.

Error Minimum Maximum

2002-03 25 2.7280 6.03001 1.20600 .06 30.07

2003-04 25 3.1987 7.68554 1.53711 .01 38.62

2004-05 25 3.6865 8.69473 1.73895 .03 43.31

2005-06 25 4.5390 9.28473 1.85695 .02 43.30

Total 100 3.5381 7.92546 .79255 .01 43.31

239

ANOVA

1000 times Tar SSI

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F p-value

Between Groups 44.882 3 14.961 .233 .873

Within Groups 6173.597 96 64.308

Total 6218.478 99

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: 1000 times Tar SSI

LSD

(I) Year (J) Year Mean Difference

(I-J) Std. Error p-value

2002-03 2003-04 -.47068 2.26819 .836

2004-05 -.95842 2.26819 .674

2005-06 -1.81100 2.26819 .427

2003-04 2002-03 .47068 2.26819 .836

2004-05 -.48774 2.26819 .830

2005-06 -1.34032 2.26819 .556

2004-05 2002-03 .95842 2.26819 .674

2003-04 .48774 2.26819 .830

2005-06 -.85258 2.26819 .708

2005-06 2002-03 1.81100 2.26819 .427

2003-04 1.34032 2.26819 .556

2004-05 .85258 2.26819 .708

240

Means Plots

2005-062004-052003-042002-03

Year

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

Mea

n o

f 10

00 t

imes

Tar

SS

I

Descriptives

% achievement in SSI

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Minimum Maximum

2002-03 25 74.4919 71.75930 14.35186 6.38 341.18

2003-04 25 91.3013 59.58733 11.91747 21.00 299.33

2004-05 25 124.6884 82.78760 16.55752 4.68 308.42

2005-06 25 149.3933 124.90768 24.98154 40.65 624.91

Total 100 109.9687 91.68399 9.16840 4.68 624.91

241

ANOVA

% achievement in SSi

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p-value

Between Groups 84451.097 3 28150.366 3.614 .016

Within Groups 747738.262 96 7788.940

Total 832189.359 99

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: % achievement in SSI

LSD

(I) Year (J) Year Mean Difference

(I-J) Std. Error p-value

2003-04 -16.80937 24.96228 .502

2004-05 -50.19647(*) 24.96228 .047 2002-03

2005-06 -74.90139(*) 24.96228 .003

2003-04 2002-03 16.80937 24.96228 .502

2004-05 -33.38711 24.96228 .184

2005-06 -58.09203(*) 24.96228 .022

2002-03 50.19647(*) 24.96228 .047

2003-04 33.38711 24.96228 .184 2004-05

2005-06 -24.70492 24.96228 .325

2005-06 2002-03 74.90139(*) 24.96228 .003

2003-04 58.09203(*) 24.96228 .022

2004-05 24.70492 24.96228 .325

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

242

Means Plots

2005-062004-052003-042002-03

Year

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

Mea

n of

% a

chie

vem

ent i

n SS

i

243

Recent trends of registered industries in Gujarat.

Note : figures in the brackets indicate % to total (It is applicable to the year of 2007 only.) Source : Industries Commissionerate

State /

District 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Up to

March

2005

Up to

31st

Sep

2006-

(p)

2006-

07(P)

Up to

30-9-06

Ahmedabad 18929 29661 43320 58332 59747 60693 62137 63193 63987 65763

Banaskantha 942 1753 3230 5003 5343 5733 6073 6401 6468 6819

Gandhinagar 3616 5152 7947 10613 11106 11130 11335 11484 11584 4808

Mehsana 3598 5290 8877 13030 13814 14857 15259 16025 16200 14602

Sabarkantha 1347 2362 4307 6497 6829 7233 7721 8114 8140 8601

Patan NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2274

Amreli 909 1426 2566 3929 4179 4339 4627 4711 4735 4890

Bhavnagar NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 11821

Jamnagar 357 843 1881 2958 3275 3648 4009 4371 4451 13236

Junagadh 1889 2632 4261 6545 6843 7294 7764 8217 8315 7986

Kachchh 1182 1746 3127 4780 5100 5279 5470 5718 5794 6109

Rajkot 8348 14417 20923 27874 29409 29639 30611 31371 31507 32461

Surendranagar 2190 2949 4757 6792 7134 7585 7872 8168 8313 8609

Porbandar NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 766

Anand NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2298

Kheda 3807 5669 8522 12064 12715 132698 14103 14765 14938 13521

Panchmahal 1285 2071 3785 5825 6233 6482 6282 7277 7306 6704

Vadodara 4754 6648 10134 14209 15011 15653 16273 17219 17438 18498

Bharuch 1974 38715 6963 11174 111920 12483 13312 14023 14263 14328

Valsad / Dang 4335 6788 10529 14981 15781 16716 17560 18186 18429 15966/

53

Surat 9174 16764 25780 36069 39309 41053 43015 44420 45266 47404

Navsari NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3357

Narmada NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 816

2764

(100.00)

for

entier

Gujarat

244

Recent trends of Employment & Investment in Registered industries of Gujarat

S.R. ITEM 2002-

03

2003-

04

2004-

05

2005-06

(revised

–p)

2006-07(P)

Up to

30-9-06

1 Total Investment (in Rs.

Crs.)

454.86 491.12 574.08 699.74 293.74

2 Employement 31062 29924 30784 35555 12877

Note : figures in the brackets indicate % to total

Source : Industries Commissionerate

Analysis of Recent trends of Employment & Investment in Registered

industries of Gujarat

YEAR. INVEST RS

IN CRORE

EMPLOYMENT YEAR WISE

INVEST.

X 100

TOTAL

INVESTMENT

YEAR WISE

EMP X 100

TOTAL

EMPLOY

MENT

2002-03 454.86 31062 18% 22%

2003-04 494.12 29924 20% 21%

2004-05 574.08 30784 23% 22%

2005-06 699.74 35555 28% 25%

2006-07 293.74 12877 11% 10%

2516.54 140202

From the above table it is observed that there is no change in total no of registered

unit in Gujarat. From the period of 2002-03 to 2006-07. Govt. have to strictly formulate

the policies that will help to establish new SSIS in Gujarat. From the above table, we can

say that govt. fails to increase no. of SSI units. Both Investment and employment in SSI

steadly increased.

245

Referances :

1. Fundamentals of applied statistics – S C Gupta and V K Kapoor. 2. Statistics for management – Levin and Rudin. 3. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Ahmedabad Dist 2002 To 2007. 4. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Banaskantha Dist 2002 To 2007. 5. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Gandhinagar Dist 2002 To 2007. 6. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Mehsana Dist 2002 To 2007. 7. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Sabarkantha Dist 2002 To 2007. 8. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Patan Dist 2002 To 2007. 9. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Amreli Dist 2002 To 2007. 10. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Bhavnagar Dist 2002 To 2007. 11. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Jamnagar Dist 2002 To 2007. 12. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Junagadh Dist 2002 To 2007. 13. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Kutch Dist 2002 To 2007. 14. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Rajkot Dist 2002 To 2007. 15. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Surendranagar Dist 2002 To 2007. 16. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Porbandar Dist 2002 To 2007. 17. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Dahod Dist 2002 To 2007. 18. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Baroda Dist 2002 To 2007. 19. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Kaira Dist 2002 To 2007. 20. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Panchmahal Dist 2002 To 2007. 21. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Anand Dist 2002 To 2007. 22. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Bharuch Dist 2002 To 2007. 23. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Buslor Dist 2002 To 2007. 24. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Dangs Dist 2002 To 2007. 25. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Narmada Dist 2002 To 2007. 26. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Navsari Dist 2002 To 2007. 27. Annual credit plan (Service Area Approach) Surat Dist 2002 To 2007. 28. Gujarat – A celebration of life, published in 2003 the government of Gujarat. 29. Gujarat Tourist Map, Published by – Tourism Corporation of Gujarat Limited. www.gujarattourism.com 30. Gujarat India guide, Anjali Desai, India Guide Publications, Houston.

246

Chapter 5

Findings, Suggestions, and Conclusions.

Sr No Title

5.1 Findings of the study.

5.2 Suggestions.

5.3 Conclusions.

247

5.1 Findings of the study: The researcher, in his pursuit of analyzing the bank credit trends in SSI of

Gujarat, had selected only those banks that are satisfied the criteria of nationalized bank.

In addition, these banks should have been in full scale commercial operations in the state

of Gujarat. The researcher observe that banks have satisfied the above criteria.

The researcher had tested the data of bank credit target and bank credit

achievement in Gujarat for the period of 5 years viz. 2002 to 2007 with f test for

significant of difference in various of the coefficients in the data. It is observed that there

has been a high positive relationship between the variables and variables area also found

to be significant.

The researcher had made sub-regional analysis in the state of Gujarat. The

following are sub region of Gujarat.

1). North Gujarat

2). South Gujarat

3). Central Gujarat

4). Saurashtra and Kutch.

Nationalized banks situated and working from above sub region are selected in

research study.

5.2. Suggestions The commercial bank granted various concessions to seek industrial unit like

1) Grant of additional working capital facilities to overcome the shortage of working

capital faced by such unit

2) Recovery of interest at reduce rates

3) Suitable moratorium on payment of interest

4) Freezing a portion of the out standing in the accounts etc.

5) Setting up a seek industrial undertaking cell in reserve bank of India to function as

clearing house for information relating to sick units and to act as a coordinating

agency between the government, banks, financial institution and other agencies

for tackling the various related issues

248

6) Setting up of state level inter institutional committees at all the regional offices of

the department of banking operations and development of the reserve bank of

India for ensuring better coordination between the banks, state government,

central and state level financial institution and other agencies

7) Constitution of a standing coordination committee by reserve bank to consider the

issues relating to coordination between commercial banks and term landing

institutions on and ongoing basis.

8) Setting up of a special cell within the rehabilitation finance division of industrial

development bank of India for attending to references from banks in respect of

their sick and problem areas as regards the small scale industries reserve bank

issued guideline to the banks with a view to ensuring that the potentially viable

sick units in small scale industries sector receive due attention and timely support

9) The process of liberalization and market reforms has created wide ranging

opportunities for the development of small-scale industries. At the same time,

banking credit sector has also change their policy and the need of the credit sector

is to suitable strengthen the small-scale sector in Gujarat.

10) Banking industries appeals to be a definite need to slow down and regulate the

unfettered expansion of the SSIs sector and follow it up with sustained efforts to

consolidate the gains already made so as to increase capacity utilization, improve

profitability, and achieve betterment of quality standards.

11) There is a need to appoint “Credit counselors” by banks to help SSIs in Gujarat.

12) The state should directly attempt at promoting banking industries by offering

world class facilities so as it encourage wide credit to SSIs in Gujarat.

13) Marketing, specially for exports, has always been a big problem for SSIs in

Gujarat. Banking sector may need to have a special attention on credit to exports

market of SSIs in Gujarat state so to SSIs enjoys hassle free exports.

14) There is a need of bank credit in modernization and computer technology of SSIs

in Gujarat. SSIs should be encouraged to adopt low cost automation through

competitive rate of credit.

15) There is a need to set up and institution by RBI that may supply reliable and up to

date market intelligence on industrial products, banking credit information,

249

procedures for credit etc. that helps SSIs in Gujarat to establish new unit and also

helps existing units.

16) All banks may fix self targets for financing to SSIs so as to reflect a higher

disbursement over the immediately preceding year.

17) In order to increase the outreach of formal credit to the SSIs, all banks, including

regional rural banks may make concerted efforts to provide credit cover on an

average to at least 5 new small enterprises at each of their semi urban / urban

branches per year.

18) Reserve Bank had issued a master circular on lending to SSIs sector vide circular

RPCD. PLNFS. BC NO. 03/06.02.31/2005-06 dated July 1, 2005 incorporating

instructions on the time to be taken for disposing of loan applications of SSI units,

the limit up to which banks are obliged to grant collateral free loans, etc. based on

the above guidelines, the boards of banks may formulate a comprehensive and

more liberal policies than the existing policies in respect of loans to SSI.

19) Banks may initiate necessary steps to rationalize the cost of loans to SSI by

adopting a transparent rating system with cost of credit being linked to the credit

rating of enterprise. Only SIDBI has developed a credit appraisal and rating tool

(CART) as well as a risk assessment model (RAM) and a comprehensive rating

model for risk assessment of proposals for SSI.

20) The existing institutional arrangements for review of credit to SSI sector like

standard advisory committee in Reserve Bank of India and cells at the banks head

office level as well as at important regional centre will be made more rigorous and

regular.

21) At the regional offices, the RBI will constitute empowered committees with the

regional director of the reserve bank as the chairman to review the progression

SSI financing and rehabilitation of sick small units and to coordinate with other

banks / financial institutions and the state government in removing bottlenecks, if

any, to ensure smooth flow of credit to the sector.

250

General Suggestion

? The process of liberalization and market reforms has created wide ranging

opportunities for the development of small-scale industries. At the same time changing

world scenario has thrown up new challenges to the very existence of the sector. The

need if the hour is to suitably strengthen the sector so that it could adopt itself to the

changed environment and face the challenges boldly and effectively.

? There appears to be a definite need to slow down and regulate the unfettered

expansion of the SSIs sector and follow it up with sustained efforts to consolidate the

gains already made so as to increase capacity utilization, improve productivity and

profitability, and achieve betterment of quality standards.

? The stage appears to have been reached when there is a need to eliminate

protective assistance to eliminate what has been described as ‘bonsai culture’ and replace

it by purely developmental measures, which enable the SSIs sector to meet the

competition of its large scale counterpart.

? A more discrimination programme of assistance needs to be designed and

operated for better allocational needs. The principle of discriminating assistance involves,

among others, the following:

- favouring the growth oriented and viable units and the units satisfying the socio-

economic norms, and avoiding others;

- fostering more of the clustered units to reinforce backward and forward linkages;

- relying exclusively or principally on assistance related to raw materials,

marketing, machinery, technical advice, etc. sparingly;

- giving timely and adequate assistance.

? As part of a programme of development assistance, it is necessary to accord

priority to measures calculated to improve managerial efficiency and productivity, and

bring about modernization of equipment, know-how, techniques, management and

organization structure.

? If the price preference and purchase reservation policies are to confer a measure

of real profit, they need to be monitored closely at government level to ensure that they

251

are not being violated openly or by-passed on some flimsy ground or the other.

Government can do a great deal to encourage local procedure to supply the wide diversity

of articles required by government institutions like schools, hospitals and offices, many

of which can be supplied by small units locally.

? The government’s declared policy of encouraging sub-contracting between small

and large units is based on grounds of economy, efficiency, vertical diffusion of

technology and specialization as well as for providing continuing support to ancillaries.

The large industries should be made to play the game in a fair way. The placement of

order to the SSIs sector should not be left to the whims and fancies of the large firms but

should be based on a set of principles which should be institutionalized. The practice of

delayed payments based on the excuse of long-drawn –out inspection procedure should

not continue to plague the fortunes of SSIs. Ancillarisation should be practiced on a

realistic, economic, mutually beneficial and fair basis.

? Sickness needs to be tackled with a great sense of urgency and commitment.

Whatever the cause, this is a problem which calls for immediate attention of all

concerned. Emphasis in this regard should be on measures of a long term nature rather

than on palliatives.

? There is indeed a pressing need to improve the skill base of small firms so as to

upgrade the level of technical and general education of workers. Apart from improvement

of theoretical instruction, efforts are required to upgrade practical experience in

collaboration with large industry, including public sector undertakings.

? The importance of providing integrated and not piece-meal assistance to the SSIs

sector can hardly be over-emphasised. An integrated package comprising appropriate

policy supports, and inputs such as technology, management, finance, marketing aid,

training and incentives has to be designed to remedy the problems of SSIs. The approach

in all this should, however, be developmental and not protective.

? The voluntary organizations such as the association of small industries and

chambers of commerce need to be associated more closely than in the past in all the

matters concerning SSIs sector, like sickness, ancillarisation, modernization, raising

productivity, etc. Another way that the organization can function is to pool resources and

make available to their members information on technology, market opportunities and

252

quality control. This is an ongoing process in South Korea, where there are quality

control rallies and campaigns to which even the big industrial houses contribute.

? There is a need to appoint ‘industrial counsellors’, to help enterprises thwart the

price warriors from abroad, and also professionalise management.

? In order to ensure that small enterprises sector serves the objective of industrial

dispersal, an approach which emphasis economics of infrastructure, agglomeration and

inter-industry linkages would prove more effective than the present approach which often

tends to over-emphasis the conflict between small or large or between rural and urban

enterprise.

? Further, since small industry is clustered in 50-60 locations, area specific

programmes will have great utility. In activities such as input procurement, sourcing of

institutional funds, and marketing, ‘networks’ are doing the magic.

? The states should attempt at promoting small industries by offering world-class

facilities at commercially feasible rates instead of subsiding industrial development. The

attempt should be to develop 3-4 zones which are near a growth centre having adequate

infrastructure linkages and social infrastructure. The Indonesian Model of industrial

estate as a unit for regulatory control / supervision and consequent regulation of units

within the estate by the estate operator may be mechanism worth exploring further in the

Indian context.

? Marketing, specially for exports, has always been a big problem for SSIs. The

need for a marketing development corporation or export consortia with adequate

financing from the State plans has always been felt. Export consortia is not a new

concept. Such organizations are already working in a number of countries. A few

successful among these include Zeta group of the Netherlands for export of art products,

the Vinos of Argentina exporting wines, Accuran of Israel exporting machine tools and

Prima of Brazil which exports timber. A study of these and some other export groups

shows a number of advantages accruing to the participants in such consortia. A few of

these benefits are security through diversification of markets, reduction if seasonal

fluctuations in business, framework for long-term planning, reduced unit production cost,

increased profit margin through better prices, benefits of foreign currency earnings,

accumulation of international marketing know how and reduced overloads.

253

? Domestically, efforts should be made to create new markets by:

- Promoting the rise of service industries in the rural market.

- Developing environment-friendly products has a competitive advantage.

- Wherever possible increasing alliance with large companies and marketers.

- Making effective use of information technology to further developmental

strategies.

? There is a need for an institution that may supply reliable and up to date market

intelligence on industrial products and make it available in time.

? SSIs should be encouraged to adopt low cost automation, which may assume

three forms, viz., (a) integration, (b) feedback-control, and (c) computer technology.

Integration involves processes in which the finished xproduct is moved automatically

untouched by hands. Feedback control is mainly an electronic process by which errors or

diversion of the machine from a planned performance is automatically corrected.

Computer technology depends on the use of electronically operated machines capable of

recording and classifying information.

? The current computer technology is both decentralizing as well as globalizing. All

that an individual or a firm need to globalise are a personal computer, a modem,

telephone line and access to e-mail. With these one can have access to computers located

in any part of the world. And to gain this global access, one need belong to a large

organization. It can be gained from the privacy of one’s own home. This aspect of the

technology makes it decentralizing. Consequently, this globalization technology is within

the reach of small firms.

? The current technology is predominantly information-intensive unlike the earlier

technologies that were essentially material-intensive. Denial of access to the information

highway, in this information age, will severly handicap small entrepreneurs in their quest

for information on the latest technologies, designs, and market conditions and prevent

them from networking with other firms. The government should take urgent measures to

introduce more agencies to provide these services and bring in an element of competition.

Without these the Indian form will not secure a level playing field to be globally

competitive.

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To sum up, to exploit its intrinsic merits, the SSI sector should be encouraged to grow the

natural way in the new economic environment. Artificial barriers and protection may not

help in the long run. Innovativeness and efficiency must be rewarded in order to enable

SSIs to emerge competitive. Staley and Morse’s conclusion, which they arrived at about

three decades back, appears more relevant to India now than time before: “Policies

towards small industry should be based on a positive, developmental attitude, seeking to

aid by promoting efficiency, adaptation to new circumstances and growth.” Small scale

sector, on its part, when it recognize its strengths, will stop demanding reservations

through industrial and exim policies and release that they are not the only routes to well

meaning prosperity. Competing, upgrading quality, cost effectiveness and productivity

are equally valid routes to prosperity.

5.3. Conclusions from the study

The chapter wise conclusions of this research study are as follows:

(1) The researches identified the research problem, the period and the scope of the

study, survey of literature, hypothesis formulation, objectives of the study,

sources of the study and chapterisation plan and thus in depth analysis of the

problem has been made.

(2) The first two chapters have traced very brightly regarding credit, and small scale

industries in India.

(3) The fourth chapter shows a trends in Gujarat economy. It also highlights bank

finance in four sub region viz. bank finance to SSI in north Gujarat, south Gujarat,

central Gujarat, and bank finance to SSI in Saurashtra and Kutch region. Later an

analysis of the bank credits of the sampled through broad sub region wise

categorization in terms of representation is presented along with brief history of

banks under study. The researcher has also classified various district in sub

regions and thus region wise and district wise analysis had been done.

255

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