Satellite Remote Sensing of the Air Quality Health Index
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Satellite Remote Sensing of the Air Quality Health Index
Randall Martin, Dalhousie and Harvard-Smithsonian
Aaron van Donkelaar, Lok Lamsal, Dalhousie University
Xiong Liu, NASA Goddard
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Satellite Observations Complement Ground-Based Measurements
Large Regions Have Insufficient In Situ Measurements for Air Quality Assessment
~1 site / 10,000 km2 in continental US & southern Canada
In situ NO2 measurements contaminated with NOz
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Major Nadir-viewing Space-based Measurements of AQHI Species
Sensor GOME MISR MODIS SCIA-MACHY
TES OMI PARA-SOL
GOME-2
IASI
Platform (launch) ERS-2 (1995)
Terra Aqua (1999) (2002)
Envisat (2002)
Aura (2004)
PARA-SOL
(2004)
MetOp(2006)
Equator Crossing 10:30 10:30 1:30 10:00 1:45 1:30 9:30
Typical Res (km) 320x40 18x18 10x10 60x30 8x5 >24x13 18x16 80x40 12x12
Global Obs (w/o clouds)
3 7 2 6 n/a 1 1 1 0.5
Aerosol X X X X X X X
NO2 X X X X
Ozone X X X X X X
Solar Backscatter & Thermal Infrared
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Retrievals of Aerosol and NO2 Most Sensitive to Boundary Layer
0.30 0.36 0.43 0.52 0.62 2.2 4.7
O3 Aerosol
O3
NO2
0.75 9.6
Wavelength (μm)
Strong Rayleigh Scattering
Weak Thermal Contrast with
Surface
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Relative Vertical Profile Affects Boundary-Layer Information in Satellite Observations
Normalized Simulated (GEOS-Chem) Summer Mean Profiles over North America
S(z) = shape factor C(z) = concentration Ω = column
( )( )
C zS z
NO2
Aerosol Extinction
O3
Martin, AE, 2008
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OMI Tropospheric NO2 Column Proxy for Surface Concentration
NO/NO2
with altitude
October 2004 – September 2007 Inclusive
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Promising Relationship Between Modeled and In-Situ NO2 Profiles
Martin et al., JGR, 2004
Texas AQS
ICARTT
Martin et al., JGR, 2006
In Situ
GEOS-Chem
In Situ
GEOS-Chem
Eastern North America
New England
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General Approach to Estimate Surface Concentration
Daily Observed Column
S → Surface Concentration
Ω → Tropospheric column
In Situ
GEOS-Chem
Coincident GEOS-Chem Profile
OM
MO S
S
MODIS/MISR AOD OMI NO2 (DOMINO) OMI O3 (Xiong Liu)
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Significant Spatial Correlation from NO2 and PM2.5
(OMI-derived NO2, MODIS/MISR-derived PM2.5)
Mean over Jun – Aug 2005
Partial AQHI (NO2 and PM2.5)
y=1.4x-0.57 r=0.87
In Situ Partial AQHI
Sat
ellit
e-de
rived
Par
tial A
QH
I
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Evaluation of Surface O3 Estimate with AQ Network
O3 Mixing Ratio (ppbv)
OMI-Derived Surface O3 for North America (Jun – Aug 2005)
GEOS-Chem simulates strong correlation (r=0.9) between tropospheric O3 Column and surface O3 concentration during summer
r=0.77 y=0.89 + 20.0
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Significant Spatial Correlation in Satellite-derived and In Situ AQHI (OMI-derived NO2 and O3, MODIS/MISR-derived PM2.5)
Mean values over June – August 2005 for North America
AQHI
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 In Situ AQHI
Sat
ellit
e-de
rived
AQ
HI
r=0.85 y=1.1x+0.47
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Temporal Variation in the AQHI
In Situ
Satellite
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Significant Correlation of Satellite-derived and In Situ AQHI
Jun – Aug 2005
Correlation Coefficient
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Challenges
Remote Sensing Community: Boundary-layer ozone Higher spatial resolution obs (urban scales, cloud-free, validation)
Modeling Community: Develop representation of vertical profile Comprehensive assimilation capability
Measurement Community: Develop robust validation networks
• vertical profile• span satellite footprint• full year • research quality (e.g. NO2)
Encouraging Prospects for Satellite Remote Sensing of Air Quality