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Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.1
Satellite Communications APart 4
Access Schemes in Satellite Networks-Professor Barry G Evans-
EEM.scmA
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.2
EARTH STATION TRAFFIC MATRIX:
Satellite Network organisation
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.3
Satellite Networks-Fixed and Demand Assignment-
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.4
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.5
Basic multiple access techniques
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA)
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.6
• There are two layers of multiple access:– Access to any earth station by several users– Access to the satellite by all earth stations
• At each layer, the access problem is solved using one or a combination of the basic multiple access techniques
Various layers of multiple access
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.7
FDMA Techniques
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.8
FDMA-1 carrier per link-
• With N earth stations:– Each earth station transmits (N-1) carriers to the other
stations– The satellite repeater handles N(N-1) carriers
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.9
FDMA-1 carrier per station-
• With N earth stations– Each earth station transmits to one carrier modulated by a
multiplex of the signals to the other earth stations– The satellite repeater handles N carriers
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.10
One carrier per station
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.11
FDMA throughput
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.12
FDMA Summary
• Access Channel: give frequency band• Advantages
– Use of existing hardware to a greater extent than other techniques
– Network timing not required
• Disadvantages– As the number of accesses increases, intermodulation
noise reduces the usable repeater output power (TWT back-off). Hence there is a loss of capacity relative to single carrier/transponder capacity
– The frequency allocation may be difficult to modify– Uplink power coordination is required
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.13
• In a TDMA system, each earth station transmits traffic bursts, synchronized so that they occupy ASSIGNED NON-OVERLAPPING time slots. Time slots are organised within a periodic structure called TIME FRAME.
• A burst is received by all stations in the downlink beam and any station can extract its traffic from any of the bursts
a BURST = link from one station to several stations (TDMA=one-link-per-station scheme)
TDMA Satellite System
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.14
Burst Generation
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.15
Recovery of data messages
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.16
Frame Structure-Example: INTELSAT/EUTELSAT
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.17
Synchronisation -Problem statement-
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.18
Synchronisation -Problem statement-
• Space-time graph illustrating TDMA synchronisation
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.19
Synchronisation-Determination of ‘stat of local TDMA frame’ instant
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.20
TDMA synchronisation
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.21
Synchronisation of multiple beam TDMA systems
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.22
Open loop synchronisation
- Measurements of round trip delay are performed by three ranging stations using closed loop synchronization.
- Satellite position is derived by triangulation and range from each ordinary station to satellite is calculated at reference station.
- Satellite-to-station range information and frame timing is distributed to all ordinary stations by reference station
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.23
Frame efficiency
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.24
TDMA throughput
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.25
TDMA summary
• Access Channel: given time slot within time frame• Advantages
– Digital signalling provides easy interfacing with developing digital networks on ground
– Digital circuitry has decreasing cost– Higher throughput compared to FDMA when number of accesses is
large
• Disadvantages– Stations transmit high bit rate bursts, requiring large peak power– Network control is required
• Generation and distribution of burst time plans to all traffic stations• Protocols to establish how stations enter the network• Provision of redundant reference stations with automatic switchover to
control the traffic stations• Means for monitoring the network
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.26
CDMA
-Spread spectrum communications
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.27
• Transmitter spreads baseband signal from bandwidth W to B.
• B/W = spreading factor (100 to 1 000 000).
• Receiver despreads only signal with proper address.
• Received signals with other addresses and jammer are spread by receiver and act as noise.
• Addresses are periodic binary sequences that either modulate the carrier directly (DIRECT SEQUENCE SYSTEMS) or change the frequency state of the carrier (FREQUENCY HOPPING SYSTEMS).
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.28
Direct sequence systems
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.29
Direct sequence systems-power spectrum of data and of spread signal-
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.30
Direct sequence systems-practical receiver implementation-
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.31
CDMA-Frequency hopping systems
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.32
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.33
Code generation
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.34
Code Synchronisation-direct sequence systems-
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.35
Exercise- Capacity of a CDMA system
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.36
Exercise- Capacity of a CDMA system
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.37
Multiple access-Comparison of multiple access techniques
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.38
Advantages/disadvantages of various multiple access techniques
Type of multiple access Advantages Disadvantages
FDMA Network timing not required Intermodulation products cause degradation and poor power utilisation
Compatible to existing hardware
Uplink control power required
TDMA No mutual interference between accesses
Network control required
Uplink power control not needed
Large peak power transmission for earth station
Maximum use of satellite transponder power, most efficient
Being digital in nature interface with analogue system is expensive
CDMA Network timing not required Wide bandwidth per user required
Anti-jamming capability Strict code sync.needed
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.39
Random Access Schemes (1)
• FDMA/TDMA/CDMA fixed access have been designed for circuit/stream traffic
• Bursty data traffic –e.g. packets- more efficiently dealt with via random access schemes
• In random access there is no permanent assignments –resource is allocated when needed on a random basis
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.40
Random Access Schemes (2)
• Simplest system is ALOHA –transmit packets and if collide, retransmit with random time difference.
• Performance via ‘throughput versus delay’• Throughput = N L/R
– N= no transmissions = packet generation rate (S-1)– L= packet length (bits)– R= transmission bit rate (bits/s)
• ALOHA doesn’t need synchronisation• Maximum throughput 18%
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.41
Random Access Schemes (3)
• SLOTTED-ALOHA confines transmission to slot boundaries and needs time synchronisation
• Maximum throughput is increased to 36%
• As system rapidly becomes unstable as collisions build up, usual to operate below maxima
Cha
nnel
thro
ughp
ut (
S)
Channel load (G)
0.18
0.36S-ALOHA(S=Ge-G)
ALOHA(S=Ge-2G)
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.42
Random Access Schemes (4)
• For variable length messages need to employ more complex scheme e.g. slotted reject ALOHA
• Use multi-packet message and only re-transmit sub-packets that collide
• Increases throughput (0.37) independent of message length
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.43
Random Access Schemes (5)
• Comparison of random access
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.44
Random Access Schemes (6)
• Comparison performances
– For stream or file traffic need to use reservation TDMA (DA-TDMA) schemes
ALOHAS-ALOHA S-R.ALOHA
DA-TDMA
Del
ay
Throughput
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.45
Random Access Schemes (7)
• Reservation – TDMA
• RSF= Reservation Sub Frame• ISF = Information Sub Frame• RSF used to book space in next ISF frame according to
demand• RSF can be operated in fixed TDMA, ALOHA, S-ALOHA, etc.
ith frame (i+1) frame
RS Fi
ISFi
R S F i+1
ISF(i+1)
Autumn2005 © University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.46
Random Access Schemes (8)
• Summary
– Select RA scheme for traffic type and delay/throughput ( number of tx’s)
– Take care to achieve stability
– ALOHA: short bursty traffic
– S-ALOHA: short bursty traffic –better throughput
– S-R.ALOHA: variable length messages
– RA-TDMA: stream or file transfers