2

Tbilisis botanikuri baRi da botanikis instituti

prof. revaz qvaCakiZe

saqarTvelos

geobotanikuri raionebi

Tbilisi

2010

3

TBILISI BOTANICAL GARDEN AND INSTITUTE OF BOTANY

Prof. REVAZ KVACHAKIDZE

GEOBOTANICAL REGIONS OF GEORGIA

TBILISI 2010

4

581.524

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamoyofilia 25 geobo-

tanikuri raioni. mocemulia geobotanikuri raionebis

mcenareulobis aRweriloba.

25 geobotanical regions are distinguished within the territory of Georgia (Caucasus). The description of the vegetation of geobotanical regions is given. redaqtori: kaxa iaSaRaSvili

recenzenti: merab svaniZe

Editor: Kakha Iashaghashvili Reviewer: Merab Svanidze ISBN 978_9941_0_1945_6

5

sarCevi

avtoris winaTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

geobotanikuri daraionebis ZiriTadi principebi da

daraionebis sqema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

geobotanikuri raionebis aRweriloba . . . . . . . . . 14

dasavleT saqarTvelos geobotanikuri are . . . . . . 14

kolxeTis vake dablobis geobotanikuri olqi . . . . 17

kolxeTis vake dablobis dasavleTis geobotanikuri

raioni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

kolxeTis vake dablobis aRmosavleTis

geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

kavkasionis geobotanikuri olqi . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

afxazeT-samegrelos geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . 27

svaneTis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

raWa-leCxumis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . . 42

mcire kavkasionis geobotanikuri olqi . . . . . . . . 48

aWara-guriis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . . . 48

imereTis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

zemo imereTis platos geobotanikuri olqi . . . . . 58

zemo imereTis platos geobotanikuri raioni . . . . 58

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos geobotanikuri are . . . . . 62

iveriis baris geobotanikuri olqi . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Sida qarTlis baris geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . 64

qvemo qarTlis baris geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . 69

alaznis anu kaxeTis vakis geobotanikuri raioni . . 74

ivris anu hereTis zegnis geobotanikuri raioni . . 78

eldaris vakis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . . 87

6

kavkasionis samxreTi kalTis geobotanikuri olqi . 91

liaxv-rexulas geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . . 91

fSav-mTiuleTis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . 98

mTiani kaxeTis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . . 104

kavkasionis CrdiloeTi kalTis geobotanikuri olqi 114

xevisa da piriqiT xevsureTis geobotanikuri

raioni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

114

TuSeTis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

mcire kavkasionis geobotanikuri olqi . . . . . . . . 1124

dasavleTi TrialeTis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . 1124

centraluri TrialeTis geobotanikuri raioni . . . 133

aRmosavleTi TrialeTis da xram-somxiTis

geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

140

samxreT saqarTvelos geobotanikuri are . . . . . . . 146

axalcixis qvabulis geobotanikuri olqi . . . . . . . 147

mesxeTisa da arsianis qedebis geobotanikuri raioni 147

eruSeTis maRlobis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . 152

samxreT saqarTvelos zegnis geobotanikuri olqi . 137

javaxeTis zegnis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . 134

walka-dmanisis geobotanikuri raioni . . . . . . . . . 162

boloTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

7

avtoris winaTqma

geobotanikuri daraioneba – mcenareuli safaris

mixedviT teritoriis klasifikaciaa (soCava, 1966).

amdenad, igi – rogorc mcenareuli safaris teritori-

uli struqtura – landSafturi daraionebis Semadgen-

lobaSi (mis erT-erT mecnierul safuZvlad) moiazreba.

saqarTvelos geobotanikuri daraionebisaTvis safuZv-

lebis momzadeba qveynis bunebrivi mcenareulobis

Seswavlis adreul etapze – me-20 saukunis 20-iani wle-

bidan daiwyo, roca gamoqveynda saqarTvelos da kavkasiis

TvalsaCino mecnierebis geobotanikuri Sromebi.

1966 wlidan saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis

botanikis institutma, cnobili botanikosis da sazogado

moRvawis akademikos niko kecxovelis ZalisxmeviT, daiwyo

(igi dResac grZeldeba) saqarTvelos regionebis (xeo-

bebis, istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis) eqspediciuri

geobotanikuri gamokvlevebi (am muSaobaSi 1967 wlidan

CarTulia am wignis avtori). Segrovebuli mdidari geo-

botanikuri masalisa da arsebuli literaturuli wyaro-

ebis analizis safuZvelze Sevadgine saqarTvelos geobo-

tanikuri daraionebis sqema da gamoyofili erTeulebis

(geobotanikuri areebi, olqebi, raionebi) mcenareulobis

aRweriloba. wigni (r. qvaCakiZe. saqarTvelos geobota-

nikuri daraioneba) gamoqveynda 1996 wels.

saqarTvelos samecniero da praqtikosTa wreebSi

wigni araerTmniSvnelovnad iqna aRqmuli da Sefasebuli,

rac sruliad bunebrivia. CemTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSv-

nelovani da am mimarTulebiT muSaobis gagrZelebis

stimuli gaxda is, rom aRniSnulma wignma sabunebis-

metyvelo dargis mecnierTa, pedagogTa da studentTa,

aseve fitocenologiuri da ekologiuri eqspertebis

mowoneba daimsaxura da saTanado gamoyenebac hpova.

8

wignis gamosvlidan ganvlili arcTu mcire xnis

manZilze gamoqveynda saqarTvelos calkeuli regionebis

mcenareulobisadmi miZRvnili mravali geobotanikuri

naSromi, romelTa analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli

gaxda wignSi Semetana Sesworebebi da damatebebi. amis

gamo, da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aRniSnuli wigni ukve

bibliografiuli iSviaTobaa, gadavwyvite misi gadamuSa-

vebuli (Sevsebuli, dazustebuli) saxiT gamocema.

9

geobotanikuri daraionebis ZiriTadi

principebi da daraionebis sqema

geobotanikuri daraionebis sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili

samecniero Sromebis analizi cxadyofs, rom SeuZlebelia

(da gaumarTlebelicaa) geobotanikuri daraionebis erTia-

ni (universaluri) kriteriumebis dadgena. gasaTvaliswi-

nebelia konkretuli obieqtis (teritoriis) xasiaTi, misi

geologiuri warsuli, reliefisa da mcenareulobis for-

mirebis Taviseburebebi, mcenareulobaze anTropogenuri

wnexis gavlena da sxva mravali faqtori.

saqarTvelos teritoriis rTuli geologiuri isto-

riisa da masTan dakavSirebuli adgilobrivi mcenareu-

lobis formirebis Taviseburebebis, bunebriv mcenareulo-

baze anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis formebisa da masStabe-

bis, sxva mravali faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiTYmimaCnia, rom

saqarTvelos geobotanikuri daraionebisas umTavresi

yuradReba unda mieqces Semdegs:

• Tanamedrove Zireuli (pirveladi) mcenareuloba da

misi horizontaluri (Savi zRvidan daSorebis

kvalad) da vertikalur-zonaluri (zRvis donidan

simaRlis matebis kvalad) ganawileba.

• uZvelesi (mesameul-reliqturi) mcenareulobis

warmomadgenlebis (fitocenozebi, fitocenozebSi

iarusobrivad daqvemdebarebuli sinuziebi) pozi-

ciebi Tanamedrove mcenareul safarSi.

garda am mTavari kriteriumebisa, mxedvelobaSi misa-

Rebia uaxloes geologiur warsulSi (holocenSi) mimdi-

nare bunebrivi mcenareulobis dinamika (suqcesiebi),

ganpirobebuli bunebrivi faqtorebis (uwinaresad havis)

cvalebadobis gavleniT.

uaxloes (istoriul) warsulSi saqarTvelos Zireu-

li (pirveladi) mcenareulobis umTavresma warmomadge-

10

nelma – tyis mcenareulobam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi

ganicada adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis gavleniT. igi

gansakuTrebiT masStaburia (Tvisobrivad, raodenobrivad)

saqarTvelos mTaTaSoris barSi da mimdebare mTian

teritoriaze (mTis qveda sartyeli, z. d. 1000-1200 m-

mde). am teritoriaze bunebrivi pirveladi (zonaluri)

tyeebi bevrgan Seicvala meoreuli (nawarmoebi) tyeebiT,

buCqnarebiT da balaxeulobiT.

Zireuli (pirveladi) mcenareulobidan adamianis

sameurneo saqmianobis gavleniT (tyeebisa da saTib-saZov-

rebis gamoyeneba) Camoyalibda anTropogenuri mcenareu-

loba, romelTa Soris mravladaa ukve mniSvnelovnad

Secvlil adgilobriv bunebriv pirobebTan sakmaod kargad

Seguebuli (TviTganaxlebadi, stabiluri) fitocenozebi –

tyis, buCqnaris, mdelos, stepis da a.S. sadReisod sa-

qarTveloSi, mis praqtikulad mTel teritoriaze Seqmni-

lia Zireuli da meoreuli (nawarmoebi) mcenareulobis

urTierTSeTanawyobis uamravi varianti.

aucilebelia yovelive zemoaRniSnuli gaTvaliswi-

nebuli iqnes qveynis geobotanikuri daraionebisas.

saqarTvelos (rogorc saerTod mTiani qveynebis) geo-

botanikuri daraionebisas, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, gansa-

kuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba Zireuli mcenareulobis

vertikalur-zonalur ganawilebas – e.w. mcenareulobis

sartylianobis tips da maT regionul variantebsa da

subvariantebs.* amdenad, logikuria, rom saqarTvelos

teritoriis mTian nawilSi daraionebis ZiriTadi erTeu-

lis (geobotanikuri raioni) gamoyofisaTvis misaRebia e.w.

* ganmartebisaTvis: sartylianobis tipi – Zireuli mcenareulobiT Seqmnili

sartyelTa sistemaa; sartylianobis tipis varianti da subvarianti –

ganisazRvreba sartylisa da qvesartylis farglebSi mcenareulobis

struqturis TaviseburebebiT (literatura: grebenSCikovi, 1957; lavrenko,

1964, da sxv.).

11

seqtoraluri principi: geobotanikuri raioni moicavs

mTiani teritoriis garkveul seqtors, mTis Ziridan

dawyebuli umaRles hifsometriul niSnulamde (qedis

Txemi, mwvervali), romlis farglebSi ramdenime mcena-

reuli sartyeli da qvesartyelia warmodgenili. rac

Seexeba saqarTvelos mTaTaSoris teritorias (kolxeTis

vake dablobi, iveriis bari), aq geobotanikuri daraio-

nebisas mTavar kriteriumad SeiZleba miviRoT mcenareu-

lobis (mcenareuli safaris) horizontaluri cvalebado-

ba, romelsac uwinaresad ganapirobebs Savi zRvidan daSo-

reba. iveriis barSi, sadac Savi zRvis klimatmare-

gulirebeli roli sustia, geobotanikuri daraionebisas

mniSvneloba izrdeba iseTi faqtorebisa, rogoricaa

samxreTidan da aRmosavleTidan haeris masebis xSiri

Semodineba (am faqtorebis roli mcenareulobis regio-

nul cvalebadobaSi zogan Zalze mniSvnelovania).

saqarTveloSi (rogorc saerTod mTian qveynebSi) geo-

botanikur raionebs Soris sazRvari xSir SemTxvevaSi

Tanxvdeba maRali qedebis Txems, da es bunebrivia: maRali

qedi, romelic warmoadgens dabrkolebas haeris masebis

horizontaluri gadaadgilebis gzaze, ganapirobebs qede-

bis mopirispire mxareebis (mezobeli regionebis) bunebriv

pirobebs (uwinaresad havas) Soris met-nakleb gansxvave-

bas, rac Sesabamisad bunebriv mcenareulobazec aisaxeba.

barSi da zegnebze (platoebze) geobotanikuri raionebis

gamijvnisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT pirobiTi sazRvari, -

romelime TvalsaCino obieqtze (mdinare, dasaxlebuli

punqti da a.S.) gamavali pirobiTi xazi.

saqarTvelos geobotanikuri daraionebis warmodgenil

sqemaSi daraionebis umsxviles erTeulad miRebulia

g e o b o t a n i k u r i a r e. saqarTvelos teritoriaze

gamoyofilia 3 geobotanikuri are: dasavleT saqarTve-

los, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos da samxreT saqarTvelos.

12

geobotanikuri areebis mcenareuloba erTmaneTisagan

mkveTrad gansxvavebulia gavrcelebis (horizontaluri;

sartylianobis tipi), struqturuli organizaciisa da

dinamikis (suqcesiuri cvlis) mixedviT.

geobotanikur areSi gamoyofilia g e o b o t a n i -

k u r i o l q e b i . olqebi erTmaneTisagan sakmaod mkveT-

rad gansxvavebulia mcenareulobis gavrcelebisa (hori-

zontaluri; sartylianobis tipi, sartylianobis tipis

variantebi) da struqturuli organizaciis mixedviT,

agreTve mcenareulobis dinamikiT. saqarTvelos terito-

riaze gamoyofilia 10 geobotanikuri olqi.

geobotanikur olqSi gamoyofilia g e o b o t a n i -

k u r i r a i o n e b i . raionebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelov-

nad gansxvavebulia mcenareulobis gavrcelebis (horizon-

taluri; sartylianobis tipis variantebi da subvarian-

tebi), struqturuli organizaciisa da dinamikis mixed-

viT. saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamoyofilia 25 geobota-

nikuri raioni (ix. sqema).

geobotanikur raionSi q v e r a i o n e b i s gamo-

yofa (rac friad saWiroa) SesaZlebeli gaxdeba qveynis

yvela regionis bunebrivi mcenareulobis detaluri geo-

botanikuri Seswavlis Semdeg. aqve unda iTqvas, rom sa-

qarTvelos mraval regionSi (svaneTi, raWa, mTiani kaxeTi,

qiziyi da sxv.) bunebrivi mcenareuloba sakmaod kargadaa

Seswavlili da ukve aris momzadebuli safuZveli am

regionebSi geobotanikuri qveraionebis gamosayofad.

geobotanikuri daraionebis erTeulebis (geobotani-

kuri olqebi, geobotanikuri raionebi) aRsaniSnavad Ziri-

Tadad gamoyenebulia fizikur-geografiuli, aseve saqar-

Tvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli provinciebis dasaxele-

bani (svaneTi, TuSeTi, aWara-guria da a.S.). es sruliad

gamarTlebulad mimaCnia, ramdenadac Cveni qveynis isto-

riul-eTnografiuli provinciebi bunebrivi pirobebiTac

13

(maT Soris mcenareulobiT) erTmaneTisagan met-naklebad

gansxvavebulia.

saqarTvelos geobotanikuri daraionebis sqema

(qvaCakiZe, 1996)

geobotanikuri

are

geobotanikuri

olqi

geobotanikuri raioni

1 2 3

I. kolxeTis vake

dablobis

1. dasavleTis

2. aRmosavleTis

II. kavkasionis 3. afxazeT-samegrelos

4. svaneTis

5. raWa-leCxumis

III. mcire

kavkasionis

6. aWara-guriis

7. imereTis

A. dasavleT

saqarTvelos

IV. zemo imereTis

platos

8. zemo imereTis platos

V. iveriis baris 9. Sida qarTlis baris

10. qvemo qarTlis baris

11. alaznis anu kaxeTis vakis

12. ivris anu kaxeTis zegnis

13. eldaris vakis

VI. kavkasionis

samxreTi

kalTis

14. liaxv-rexulas

15. fSav-mTiuleTis

16. mTiani kaxeTis

VII. kavkasionis

CrdiloeTi

kalTis

17. xevisa da piriqiT

xevsureTis

18. TuSeTis

B. aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos

VIII. mcire

kavkasionis

19. dasavleTi TrialeTis

20. centraluri TrialeTis

21. aRmosavleTi TrialeTis da

xram-somxiTis

IX. axalcixis

qvabulis

22. mesxeTisa da arsianis

qedebis

23. eruSeTis maRlobis C. samxreT saqarTvelos X. samxreT

saqarTvelos

zegnis

24. javaxeTis zegnis

25. walka-dmanisis

14

geobotanikuri raionebis aRweriloba

A. dasavleT saqarTvelos

geobotanikuri are

geobotanikuri are moicavs dasavleT saqarTvelos

(kolxeTis) teritorias, mis bars (kolxeTis vake

dablobi) da mTian nawils (kavkasioni, mcire kavkasioni,

zemo imereTis plato, lixis qedis dasavleTi kalTa).

kolxeTis bunebrivi pirobebi (reliefi, hava, niada-

gebi) gamoirCeva didi nairgvarobiT. teniani da Tbili

hava, romelic kolxeTis barsa da mTebis qveda nawilSia

gabatonebuli, mTebSi TandaTanobiT icvleba mkacri da

uxvTovliani, xolo mTavar wyalgamyof qedebTan miaxlo-

ebisas – mkacri kontinenturi haviT. bunebrivi pirobebis,

gansakuTrebiT havis mkveTri vertikalur-zonaluri da

horizontaluri (Savi zRvidan daSorebis kvalad) cvale-

badoba ganapirobebs bunebrivi mcenareulobis (mcenareuli

safaris) cvalebadobas, romelsac iseve kanonzomieri

xasiaTi aqvs (vertikalur-zonaluri, horizontaluri),

rogorc bunebis sxva komponentebs.

kolxeTis barSi, aseve dabalmTian da saSualomTian

teritoriaze mcenareuli safaris SemadgenlobaSi farTod

monawileobs mesameul-reliqturi (kolxuri) Termomezo-

filuri mcenareuloba. kolxuri mcenareulobis formaci-

ebi da asociaciebi kolxeTis mosazRvre teritoriazec

vrceldeba (Crdilo-dasavleTi kavkasia, lazistani,

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dasavluri nawili), magram isini

iq iseTi farTo gavrcelebiT ar xasiaTdeba da arc iseTi

simdidriTa da nairgvarobiTaa warmodgenili, rogorc

kolxeTSi. mdidari da mravalferovani reliqturi mcena-

15

reulobis arseboba kolxeTSi ganpirobebulia aqauri

rbili da Tbili (zRviuri) haviT.

kolxeTis mcenareuli safaris SemadgenlobaSi far-

Todaa warmodgenili wiwviani tyeebis formaciebi – naZv-

nari (Picea orientalis)* da soWnari (Abies nordmanniana). kolxeTSi gavrcelebulia reliqturi endemebisagan (med-

vedevis aryi – Betula medwedewii; pontos muxa - Quercus pontica, da sxv.) tyeebi da tyis cenozebi reliqturi

saxeobebis (epigea – Epigaea gaultheroides; ungernis Sqeri – Rhododendron ungernii, da sxv.) sinuziebiT.

bunebrivi mcenareulobis struqtura, aseve mcenareu-

lobis formirebis Taviseburebebi kolxeTis mTel teri-

toriaze erTnairi araa. sxvaoba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCi-

noa, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT mTis da baris, aseve

kolxeTis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi nawilebis mcenareu-

lobas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, kolxeTis geobotanikur

areSi SesaZlebelia geobotanikuri olqebis gamoyofa. ro-

gorc zemoT motanil sqemaSia warmodgenili, kolxeTis

geobotanikur areSi 4 geobotanikuri olqia gamoyofili

– kolxeTis vake dablobis, kavkasionis, mcire kavkasionis

da zemo imereTis platos, riTac kolxeTis mcenareuli

safaris regionaluri gansxvavebani (Taviseburebani)

dafiqsirebulia.

kolxeTis TiToeuli geobotanikuri olqis mcenare-

uli safaris heterogenurobis done sakmaod maRalia.

olqis farglebSi mcenareulobis struqtura da dinamika

mniSvnelovnad icvleba horizontaluri mimarTulebiT

(Savi zRvidan daSorebis kvalad). mcenareulobis sar-

tylianobis saerTo kolxuri tipi mTiani teritoriis

sxvadasxva regionSi warmodgenilia adgilobrivi varian-

* mcenareTa dasaxeleba motanilia `saqarTvelos floris~ (meore

gamocema) mixedviT (gagniZe, 2005).

16

tis da subvariantis saxiT. rac Seexeba kolxeTis vake

dablobs, aq aSkaraa sxvaoba teritoriis dasavleTi da

aRmosavleTi nawilebis mcenareulobas Soris. yovelive

zemoT aRniSnulis safuZvelze geobotanikur olqebSi

gamoyofilia geobotanikuri raionebi.

qvemoT motanilia dasavleT saqarTvelos (kolxeTis)

teritoriaze gamoyofili geobotanikuri raionebis mcena-

reulobis aRweriloba. mcenareulobis daxasiaTebas win

uZRvis bunebrivi pirobebis mokle mimoxilva (arsebul

literaturaze dayrdnobiT; ix. gamoyenebuli umTavresi

naSromebis nusxa).

17

I. kolxeTis vake dablobis

geobotanikuri olqi

I. 1. kolxeTis vake dablobis dasavleTis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs kolxeTis vake dab-

lobis dasavleT nawils (aRmosavluri sazRvari q. sam-

trediis meridianze gadis). teritoriis umetesi nawili

vakea, romlis saerTo daxriloba zRvisaken mcirea (simaR-

lis cvalebadoba 0-30 m farglebSia). vakis periferiuli

nawili amaRlebulia garemomcveli mTebisaken, - saSualod

z. d. 100-150 m-mde.

saqarTvelos teritoriis es nawili, romelic yve-

laze gvian ganTavisuflda zRvis wylisagan, agebulia

meoTxeuli periodis mdinareuli nafenebiT – riynalebiT,

TixebiTa da qviSebiT, romlebTan Serwymulia WaobebSi

dagrovebuli torfi. maT qveS ganlagebulia mesameuli

zRviuri danaleqi qanebi.

raionis hidrografiuli qseli warmodgenilia mra-

valricxovani didi da mcire mdinariT, reliqturi tbe-

biTa da WaobebiT. vake dablobis yvelaze dabal nawilSi

(z. d. 30-50 m-mde) niadag-grunti Warbadaa danestiane-

buli, rasac aZlierebs mdinareTa wyaldidobis periodSi

dablobis mniSvnelovani nawilis datborva. teritoriis

amaRlebul periferiul nawilSi (z. d. 50-100-150 m)

grunti sakmaod kargadaa drenirebuli, Waobebi da tbebi

aq TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba.

raionis hava Tbili da nestiania, igi Savi zRvis

mniSvnelovan gavlenas ganicdis (zRviuri brizebi). haeris

saSualo wliuri temperatura 13-14° Seadgens. ucivesi

Tvis saSualo temperatura 4-5°-ia. saSualo Tviuri

18

temperaturebis rxevis wliuri amplituda 17-18° udris. atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri jami 1400-3000 mm farg-

lebSi cvalebadobs. naleqebis meti wili zafxulsa da

Semodgomaze modis.

niadaguri safari raionis centralur yvelaze dabal

nawilSi warmodgenilia Waoburi (torfiani) niadagebiT,

xolo periferiul ufro amaRlebul nawilSi – eweri da

yviTelmiwa niadagebiT. mdinareTa sanapiro zolSi (tera-

sebze) gavrcelebulia aluviuri niadagebic.

• mcenareuloba

bunebrivi mcenareuloba raionis mWidrod dasaxle-

bul teritoriaze SemorCenilia calkeuli nakveTebis,

ufro iSviaTad – sakmaod mozrdili masivebis saxiTac.

mcenareuloba fitocenologiurad mravalferovania. teri-

toriis yvelaze dabal Warbad danestianebul nawilSi

gavrcelebulia higromezofiluri da higrofiluri mcena-

reuloba, romelic ZiriTadad torfiani, balaxiani da

tyiani WaobebiTaa warmodgenili. aRniSnuli mcenareuloba

raionisaTvis pirveladi da erT-erTi yvelaze ufro

damaxasiaTebelia. am tipis mcenareuloba raionSi arse-

bobda istoriul da ufro Soreul warsulSic, Tumca

mis mier daWerili teritoria, SesaZloa, periodulad

farTovdeboda da mcirdeboda. raionis teritoriis ufro

SemaRlebul (metwilad periferiul) nawilSi gavrcele-

bulia (jer kidev SemorCenilia) reliqturi mezofiluri

farTofoTlovani tyeebic. specifikur niadag-gruntul

pirobebSi gvxvdeba friad saintereso reliqturi mcena-

reuli dajgufebebi – dafnis (Laurus nobilis) tye,

biWvinTis fiWvis (Pinus pithyusa) fiWvnari da sxv. kolxeTis tyiani Waobebi warmodgenilia monodominan-

turi murynarebiT (Alnus barbata). Sereuli (Tanmxlebi,

damaxasiaTebeli) saxeobebidan gvxvdeba lafani (Pterocarya

19

pterocarpa), xvalo (Populus canescens), tirifis (Salix) saxeobebi. qvetyeSi yvelaze xSirad aRiniSneba ieli

(Rhododendron luteum), didgula (Sambucus nigra), kavka-

siuri mocvi (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), wyavi (Laurocerasus officinalis), Sqeri (Rhododendron ponticum). liana (xviara)

mcenareebidan gvxvdeba kolxuri suro (Hedera colchica), Rvedkeci (Periploca graeca), katabarda (Clematis vitalba), svia (Humulus lupulus), didi xvarTqla (Calystegia sylvestris), ekalRiWi (Smilax excelsa) da sxv. balaxovan

mcenareTagan murynarebSi izrdeba Crdilisamtani da te-

nismoyvaruli saxeobebi – Oplismenus undulatifolius, Poa trivialis, Potentilla reptans, Pycrens colchicus, Trifolium repens da sxv. tyiani Waobebis tipologiuri speqtri sakmaod

mravalferovania. maT Soris umTavresia asociaciebi –

murynari isliani (Carex acuta), murynari laqaSiani

(Typha latifolia), murynari leliani (Phragmites australis), murynari Wiliani (Juncus effusus), murynari nairbalaxiani.

garda murynarebisa, kolxeTis higrofiluri tyeebis for-

maciebia – lafnari (Pterocarya pterocarpa), verxvnari (Po-pulus canescens) da sxv., romlebic amJamad iSviaTad

gvxvdeba.

tyian WaobebTan Tavisi SemadgenlobiT axlosaa

higromezofiluri Walis tye, romelic met-naklebi siga-

nis zolebad gauyveba mdinareTa napirebs. kolxeTis Wa-

lis tyeebi ZiriTadad Seqmnilia lafanis (Pterocarya pterocarpa) da muryanis (Alnus barbata) mier.

torfiani da balaxiani Waobebi gavrcelebulia

raionis teritoriis yvelaze dabal nawilSi. maTi farTo

gavrceleba dakavSirebulia kolxeTis mdinareTa auzebSi

(gansakuTrebiT maT mTian nawilSi) tyeebis masiur gaCe-

xvasTan, ramac gamoiwvia wyaldidobebi da vake dablobis

teritoriis didi nawilis datborva. yvelaze farTodaa

gavrcelebuli nairbalaxiani Waobebi (damaxasiaTebeli

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saxeobebi – Butomus umbellatus, Carex acuta, Iris pseudocorus, Juncus effusus, J. conglomeratus, Polygonum hydropiper, Rhamphicarpa medwedewii, Typha latifolia da

sxv.). gvxvdeba monodominanturi balaxiani Waobebic,

romelTa edifikatorebia – leli (Phragmites australis), laqaSi (Typha latifolia), zambaxi (Iris pseudocorus), isli

(Carex acuta), Wili (Juncus effusus). ufro iSviaTia bido-minanturi Waobis mcenareuloba – lelian-laqaSiani,

laqaSian-zambaxiani, islian-Wiliani da sxv.

torfiani Waobebis masivebi gvxvdeba q. foTisa da

paliastomis tbis maxloblad, q. qobuleTTan, malTayvas

napirebTan, didi Wyonis midamoebSi da sxv. mcenareuloba

Seqmnilia torfis xavsebis mier, romelTa Sorisaa –

Sphagnum imbricatum, S. palustris, S. acutifolius, S. centrale da sxv. torfian WaobebSi izrdeba kavkasiisaTvis iSviaTi

CrdiloeTis mcenareebi – Carex lasiocarpa, Drosera rotundifolia, Rhynchospora alba, gvar Sphagnum-is mravali

saxeoba. aqve gvxvdeba uZvelesi (reliqturi) mcenareebi –

Osmunda regalis, Rhynchospora caucasica, Rhamphicarpa medwedewii, Trapa colchica, Rhododendron luteum da sxv.

kolxeTis vake dablobis dasavleTis geobotanikur

raionSi erT-erTi Zireuli da damaxasiaTebeli mcenareu-

lobaa reliqturi mezofiluri farTofoTlovani tyeebi.

amJamad am tyeebis didi umetesi nawili ganadgurebulia,

gadarCenilia calkeuli tyis koromebi, tyis koromTa

fragmentebi da xeTa jgufebi. maTi fitocenologiuri

analizi cxadyofs, rom warsulSi aRniSnuli reliqturi

tyeebi sakmaod mravalferovani SemadgenlobiT xasiaTde-

boda da mniSvnelovani farTobic eWira teritoriis

SedarebiT naklebad tenian adgilebSi. tyeebis yvelaze

damaxasiaTebeli saxeobaa imeruli muxa (Quercus ime-retina), romelic xSirad monodominantur dajgufebebs

qmnida. muxis es saxeoba xSirad dominirebs Tanamedrove

21

farTofoTlovani tyis koromebSi. Sereuli tyis koro-

mebSi imerul muxasTan erTad izrdeba kolxuri muxa

(Quercus hartwissiana), wabli (Castanea sativa), wifeli

(Fagus orientalis), rcxila (Carpinus caucasica), muryani

(Alnus barbata). qvetyes qmnis maradmwvane da foTolmcveni

buCqebi – wyavi (Laurocerasus officinalis), Sqeri

(Rhododendron ponticum), ieli (Rhododendron luteum),

kavkasiuri mocvi (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), didgula

(Sambucus nigra), jonjoli (Staphylea colchica), Zmerxli

(Ruscus colchicus), Wyori (Ilex colchica) da sxv. balaxeuli

safari reliqtur (kolxur) tyeebSi, Zlieri daCrdilvis

gamo, sustadaa ganviTarebuli da floristuladac Rari-

bia. damaxasiaTebeli saxeobebia – Blechnum spicant, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Prunella vulgaris, Calamintha grandiflora, Dryopteris affinis, Fragaria vesca, Lapsana communis, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Pteridium tauricum, Salvia glutinosa, Veronica officinalis, Viola alba. kolxeTis dablobis reliqtur mezofilur tyeebSi

mravladaa liana mcenareebi, romlebic optimalur zrda-

ganviTarebas tyispirebSi da tyis gameCxerebul ubnebSi

aRwevs. maT Soris damaxasiaTebel saxeobebs warmoadgens

– kolxuri suro (Hedera colchica), krikina anu gareuli

vazi (Vitis sylvestris), mayvali (Rubus anatolicus, R. candicans), ekalRiWi (Smilax excelsa), katabarda (Clematis vitalba), svia (Humulus lupulus), ZaRlis satacuri (Tamus communis). epifitebidan Warbobs mRierebi, gvxvdeba

yvavilovani mcenareebi da gvimrebic – tyis wiwmati

(Cardamine hirsuta), kilamura (Polypodium australe) da sxv. kolxeTis vake dablobis dasavleTis geobotanikur

raionSi gavrcelebulia (momcro koromebi, tyis naSTebi,

iSviaTad – mozrdili dajgufebebic) monodiminanturi

reliqturi tyis formaciebi – wablnari (Castanea sativa), wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), muxnari (Quercus imeretina),

22

rcxilnari (Carpinus caucasica). gvxvdeba bidominanturi

da polidominanturi tyeebic – wablnar-muxnari, wifl-

nar-wablnari, rcxilnar-wiflnari, rcxilnar-wiflnar-

wablnari, rcxilnar-muxnar-wablnari. lokalurad (met-

wilad kirqvian substratze) gvxvdeba dafnari (Laurus nobilis), romelic qserofilur iers atarebs: fito-

cenozebis SemadgenlobaSi gvxvdeba mSrali da momSralo

adgilsamyofelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mcenareebi –

jagrcxila (Carpinus orientalis), kvido (Ligustrum vulgare), broweuli (Punica granatum), Warela (Teucrium trapezunticum) da sxv. afxazeTSi, md. bzifis deltaze

ganviTarebulia saintereso reliqturi wiwviani tye –

biWvinTis fiWvis (Pinus pithyusa) fiWvnari. amJamad tyis farTobi 200-mde ha-s Seadgens (tye ganviTarebulia mosa-

zRvre mTebis kalTebze gavrcelebuli fiWvnari koro-

mebidan qarisa da wylis mier Semotanili Teslidan).

biWvinTis fiWvis tyis cenozebis SemadgenlobaSi monawi-

leobs Zveli xmelTaSuazRveTuri da kolxuri saxeobebi

– bza (Buxus colchica), kolxuri muxa (Quercus hartwissiana), marwyvis xe (Arbutus andrachne), xurma

(Diospyros lotus), Tagvisara (Ruscus ponticus), sakmela

(Cistus creticus), korobela (Hypericum androsaemum), ses-

leria (Sesleria anatolica) da sxv., romelTagan zogierTi

(bza, sakmela, sesleria da sxv.) dominirebs kidec daqvem-

debarebul iarusSi. afxazeTsa da samegreloSi SemorCeni-

lia bzis (Buxus colchica) koromebi, romelTa Semadgen-

lobaSi aseve monawileobs Zveli xmelTaSuazRveTis

saxeobebi.

Savi zRvis sanapiros viwro zolad (sigane iSviaTad

2-3 km aRwevs) gauyveba qviSianis mcenareuloba. igi

metwilad Ria (meCxeri) fitocenozebiTaa warmodgenili.

SemadgenlobaSi umetesad monawileobs xmelTaSuazRveTis

floris saxeobebi. zRvis uSualo sanapiroze (wylidan

23

30-35 m-mde, xSirad zRvis wyliT irwyveba) momcro

dajgufebebs qmnis lurji nari (Eringium maritimum).

momdevno zonaSi (igi iSviaTad irwyveba zRvis wyliT)

dominirebs erTwlovan mcenareTa meCxeri dajgufebebi

(Carex colchica, Cynodon dactylon, Imperata cylindrica da

sxv.). aqve gvxvdeba zRvispiris SroSanis (Pancratium maritimum) dajgufebebi. zRvidan ufro daSorebiT (Sem-

dgomi zona) mcenareuloba warmodgenilia, ZiriTadad,

lerwmianebiT (Arundo donax) da qacvianebiT (Hipophaë rhamnoides).

kolxeTis vake dablobis dasavleTis geobotanikur

raionSi bolo aTwleulebis manZilze fexi moikida da

mniSvnelovani farTobebic daikava sinanTropulma mcena-

reulobam. am mcenareulobis warmomadgenlebma, kerZod

fitocenozebma, romelTa edifikatorebia merqniani egzo-

tebi – katalpa (Catalpa speciosa), mirzinfoTola muxa

(Quercus mirsinaefolia), lega akacia (Acacia dealbata), krip-tomeria (Cryptomeria japonica), luzitanuri kviparozi

(Cupressus lusitanica), pueraria (Pueraria hirsuta) da sxv., zogan Secvala anTropogenuri zemoqmedebiT ganadgure-

buli Zireuli tyeebi. kolxeTis vake dablobis zRvispira

nawilSi aborigenuli marcvlovani da marcvlovan-nairba-

laxovani mdeloebi bevrgan ukve Seicvala meoreuli mde-

los fitocenozebiT, romelTa dominantebia egzotebi –

paspalumi (Paspalum dilatatum, P. thunbergii), lakartia

(Paspalum paspaloides), mWada (Oplismenus undulatifolius), matitela (Polygonum thunbergii), tradeskancia

(Tradescanthia fluminensis), wiTeli WinWari (Perilla nan-kinensis), bambukis balaxi (Microstegium japonicum) da sxv.

(daviTaZe, 2001). aRniSnuli invaziuri saxeobebi (merqnia-

ni, balaxovani) aqtiurad iWreba adgilobriv fitoceno-

zebSi da TandaTanobiT cvlis socialur-ekologiuri

TvalsazrisiT ufro sasargeblo adgilobriv (aborige-

24

nul) mcenareulobas. tyispirebSi, fanjrebSi da gaCexili

tyeebis naalagevze xSirad viTardeba ewris gvimris

(Pteridium tauricum) dajgufebebi da mayvlianebi (Rubus caucasica da sxv.).

I. 2. kolxeTis vake dablobis aRmosavleTis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs kolxeTis vake dab-

lobis aRmosavleT nawils (dasavluri sazRvari q. sam-

trediis meridianze gadis). teritoriis hifsometriuli

ganvrcoba z. d. 25-30 m-dan 100-150 m-mdea (q. zestafon-

Tan). vake teritoria met-naklebi siganis zolis saxiT

vrceldeba rionis, gubiswylis, yvirilas, Zirulas,

suloris, xaniswylis da sxva mdinareTa xeobebSi, sadac

igi zogan z. d. 250-300 m-mde maRldeba.

kolxeTis dablobis es nawilic axalgazrdaa, igi

meoTxeul periodSi ganTavisuflda zRvis wylisagan

(ZiriTadad – aq arsebuli ubis mdinareuli nafenebiT

amovsebis Sedegad).

raionis teritoria, romelic wina (dasavleTis)

raionTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad amaRlebulia, sakmaod

kargi drenaJiT xasiaTdeba, ris gamoc Waobebi aq TiTqmis

ar gvxvdeba.

raionis hava Tbili da nestiania, Savi zRvis gavlena

kolxeTis vake dablobis am nawilzec sakmaod Zlieria

(zRviuri brizebi). dasavleTis raionTan SedarebiT hava

aq ramdenadme mSralia, rac garkveulwilad aRmosavleTis

mSrali qarebis (fionebis) gavleniTaa ganpirobebuli.

raionis niadaguri safari warmodgenilia eweri da

aluviuri niadagebiT. q. quTaisidan dasavleTiT da

25

samxreT-dasavleTiT, md. rionsa da cxeniswyals Soris

meoTxeul konglomeratebze ganviTarebuli aluviuri

niadagebi Raribia humusiT da didi raodenobiT Seicavs

riyis qvebs, ris gamoc SedarebiT Tbili da mSralia

(xelsayrelia adreuli bostneulisa da baRCeuli

kulturebis mosayvanad).

• mcenareuloba

bunebrivi mcenareulobis didi nawili adamianis sa-

meurneo saqmianobis gavleniT met-naklebad transformire-

bulia. Zireuli mcenareuloba, met-naklebad saxecvlili

saxiT, warmodgenilia reliqturi (kolxuri) farTofoT-

lovani tyeebiT – ZiriTadad muxnariT (Quercus imeretina), muxnar-rcxilnariT (Carpinus caucasica + Quercus imeretina), muxnar-ZelqvnariT (Zelkova carpinifolia + Quercus imeretina), muxnar-wablnar-rcxilnariT (Carpinus caucasica + Castanea sativa + Quercus imeretina). aRniSnuli

Zireuli tyeebi, romlebic warsulSi teritoriis did

nawils faravda, amJamad SemorCenilia metwilad momcro

nakveTebis saxiT. SedarebiT vrcel teritoriaze muxnari

tye SemorCenilia q. quTaisTan (saRorias tye) da sof.

ajameTTan (ajameTis tye). ajameTis saxelmwifo nakrZalSi

SemorCenilia muxnar-rcxilnaris, muxnar-Zelqvnaris da

Zelqvnaris koromebic. saRorias da ajameTis tyis mcena-

reuloba unikaluria, maT didi samecniero mniSvneloba

gaaCnia. es mcenareuloba naTel warmodgenas iZleva ime-

reTis vake dablobze warsulSi farTod gavrcelebul

mcenareulobaze. g. mxeiZis (1975) gamokvleviT, ajameTis

nakrZalis muxnari da muxnar-Zelqvnari tyeebi sakmaod

mravalferovania floristulad da tipologiurad. avto-

ri gamoyofs asociaciebs – muxnari ieliani (Quercus imeretina – Rhododendron luteum), muxnari korobeliani (Q. imeretina – Hypericum inodorum), muxnar-Zelqvnari korobe-

26

liani (Zelkova carpinifolia + Quercus imeretina – Hypericum inodorum), muxnari Tagvisariani (Quercus imeretina – Ruscus ponticus), Zelqvnar-muxnari Wiliani (Quercus imeretina + Zelkova carpinifolia – Juncus effusus), muxnari

nairmarcvlovniani.

garda aRniSnuli tyeebisa, raionSi gavrcelebuli iyo

kolxuri polidominanturi tyis sxvadasxva varianti, ro-

melTa naSTebi dRemdea SemorCenili. mTavar tyisSemqmnel

saxeobebs (edifikatorebi, damaxasiaTebeli saxeobebi)

warmoadgens imeruli da kolxuri muxebi (Quercus imeretina, Q. hartwissiana), rcxila (Carpinus caucasica), wabli (Castanea sativa), Zelqva (Zelkova carpinifolia), cacx-vi (Tilia begoniifolia), ifani (Fraxinus excelsior). qvetyeSi gabatonebulia kolxuri maradmwvane da foTolmcveni

floris warmomadgenlebi – wyavi (Laurocerasus officinalis), Sqeri (Rhododendron ponticum), Wyori (Ilex colchica), Tagvisara (Ruscus ponticus), ieli (Rhododendron luteum),

kavkasiuri mocvi (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), korobela

(Hypericum inodorum) da sxv. kirqvian substratze domi-

nirebs muxnarebi da muxnar-rcxilnarebi, romelTa qvetye

metwilad jagrcxiliT (Carpinus orientalis), bziT (Buxus colchica) da TagvisaraTia (Ruscus ponticus) Seqmnili.

raionis teritoriaze sakmaod farTodaa gavrcele-

buli tyisSemdgomi buCqnarebi. maT Soris gamoirCeva

jagrcxilnarebi (Carpinus orientalis), romlebic metwilad

kirqvian da qvian, SedarebiT mSral niadag-gruntzea

ganviTarebuli. jagrcxilian cenozebSi gvxvdeba kolxuri

dendrofloris warmomadgenlebi – bza (Buxus colchica), Tagvisara (Ruscus ponticus), Zmerxli (Ruscus colchicus), ieli (Rhododendron luteum), wyavi (Laurocerasus officinalis), zRmartli (Mespilus germanica), Savi kuneli (Crataegus pentagyna) da sxv. liana (xviara) mcenareebidan Cveuleb-

rivia suro (Hedera colchica, H. helix), ekalRiWi (Smilax

27

excelsa), Rvedkeci (Periploca graeca), mayvlis (Rubus) sa-xeobebi. mravalferovania balaxovan mcenareTa florac.

meoreuli buCqnaris sxva formaciebidan gvxvdeba ieliani

(Rhododendron luteum), mayvliani (Rubus-is saxeobebi) da sxv.

tyispirebSi, tyis fanjrebSi da gaCexili tyeebis

adgilze ganviTarebulia mezofiluri marcvlovani da

marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdeloebi da ewris gvimrianebi

(Pteridium tauricum).

kolxeTis vake dablobis aRmosavleTis geobotanikuri

raionis teritoriaze SedarebiT SezRudulia adventuri

mcenareulobis gavrceleba. ZiriTadad aRiniSneba ambro-

zias (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) da lakartias (Paspalum paspaloides) mier Seqmnili fitocenozebi. uaxloes war-

sulSi sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli (gansakuTrebiT

rion-cxeniswylis SuamdinareTSi) cruakaciis anu eklis

xis (Robinia pseudoacacia) tyis koromebi, romlebic

sadReisod, samwuxarod, metwilad ganadgurebulia, rac

uaryofiTad aisaxa kolxeTis dablobis havaze (gaZlierda

aRmosavleTis cxeli da mSrali qarebi).

II. kavkasionis geobotanikuri olqi

II. 3. afxazeT-samegrelos geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs afxazeTisa da

samegrelos mTian nawils (aRmosavluri sazRvari texuri-

cxeniswylis wyalgamyofis Txemze gadis).

raionis dabalmTiani zoli – z. d. 500 m-mde

(mTiswinebi, maRlobebi, mTebis qveda nawili) agebulia

28

carculi da mesameuli nafenebiT (kirqvebi, Tixebi, qviSe-

bi, konglomeratebi). reliefi, sadac erTmaneTs enacvleba

serebi, qvabulebi da terasebi, rTulia, aq warmodgenilia

reliefis nairgvari formebi – teqtogenuri, eroziuli,

karstuli, mewyruli da sxv. hava Tbili da nestiania.

haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura 13-15° farglebSia.

saSualo Tviuri temperaturebis rxevis wliuri

amplituda 18° Seadgens. atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri

jami 1300-2100 mm farglebSi cvalebadobs. niadaguri sa-

fari warmodgenilia wiTelmiwa, yviTelmiwa, aluviuri,

neSompala-karbonatuli da tyis yomrali niadagebiT.

raionis saSualomTiani da maRalmTiani nawili geo-

logiurad da geomorfologiurad rTuli da mraval-

ferovania. mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi agebulia protero-

zouli da paleozouri kristaluri fiqlebiTa da grani-

toidebiT. ufro samxreTiT mTebis agebulebaSi gabato-

nebulia iuruli da carculi nafenebi _ fiqlebi, kir-

qvebi da sxv. reliefi Zlier danawevrebulia, igi Zi-

riTadad normaluri eroziiT da Zveli myinvarebiT

gamomuSavebuli formebiTaa Seqmnili. hidrografiuli

qseli xSiria. igi warmodgenilia mravalricxovani mdina-

reebiT (bzifi, gumisTa, kelasuri, RaliZga, enguri,

xobiswyali, texuri da sxv.), Zvelmyinvaruli da Segu-

bebuli tbebiT (riwa, amtyeli, yvaraSi da sxv.) da uxvi

mineraluri wylebiT (squri, lugela, lebarde da sxv.).

hava ganicdis Savi zRvis Zlier gavlenas. naleqebis

wliuri raodenoba teritoriis umetes nawilze 1400-

2200 mm farglebSia, samegrelos qedis maRalmTian na-

wilSi ki naleqianoba gacilebiT metia (weliwadSi 3000

mm-mde). hava, gansakuTrebiT temperaturuli maxasiaTeble-

bi cvalebadobs zRvis donidan simaRlesTan dakavSirebiT.

niadaguri safari mravalferovania: tyis sartyelSi gaba-

tonebulia tyis yomrali niadagebi; maRalmTian sartye-

29

lebSi (subalpebi, alpebi) ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia mTa-

mdelos kordiani niadagebi da torfiani niadagebi.

niadagis TiToeuli tipi Tavis mxriv mravali variantiTaa

warmodgenili.

• mcenareuloba

raionis bunebrivi mcenareuloba mravalferovania,

rasac uwinaresad ganapirobebs teritoriis farTo

hifsometriuli ganvrcoba da, Sesabamisad, mcenareulobis

vertikalur-zonaluri cvalebadoba. rac Seexeba mcenare-

uli safaris cvalebadobas horizontaluri mimarTulebiT

(Savi zRvidan daSorebis kvalad), igi SedarebiT mcirea.

es garemoeba, - mcenareulobis homogenurobis sakmaod

maRali xarisxi – daedo safuZvlad am sakmaod vrceli

teritoriis erT geobotanikur raionSi gaerTianebas.

raionis teritoriaze warmodgenilia mcenareulobis

vertikalur-zonaluri ganawilebis kolxuri tipi, rome-

lic dasavleTevropuls uaxlovdeba (doluxanovi, saxo-

kia, 1941). igi sruli (srulwevriani) saxiT mxolod

maRal qedebze da mwvervalebzea gamosaxuli. teritoriis

met nawilSi ki (SedarebiT dabal mTebze) araa warmodge-

nili maRalmTiani (alpuri, subnivaluri) sartyelebi.

tyis sartyeli moicavs teritorias mTis Ziridan

(saSualod z. d. 100-150 m) dawyebuli subalpur sarty-

lamde (z. d. 1750-1800 m). igi warmodgenilia 3 qvesar-

tyeliT: Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebis qvesartyeli;

wiflnari tyeebis qvesartyeli; muqwiwviani tyeebis qve-

sartyeli.

Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebis qvesartyeli

vrceldeba z. d. 100-150 m-dan 1000-1100 m-mde. am reliq-

turi (kolxuri) tyeebis umetesoba bidominanturi da

polidominanturia (tyis koromebis mTavar iarusSi gaba-

tonebulia 2 an meti saxeoba). maT Sorisaa – kolxuri

30

muxa (Quercus hartwissiana), wabli (Castanea sativa), wife-li (Fagus orientalis), rcxila (Carpinus caucasica). Sere-uli saxeobebidan (aseqtatorebi) gvxvdeba – qarTuli da

imeruli muxebi (Quercus iberica, Q. imeretina), cacxvi

(Tilia begoniifolia), muryani (Alnus barbata), lafani

(Pterocarya pterocarpa), ifani (Fraxinus excelsior), xurma

(Diospyros lotus). Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyis koro-

mebSi, sadac aSkarad gamokveTilia 2 saxeobis dominireba

(edifikatorebi), metwilad warmodgenilia SeTanawyobis

Semdegi formebi: wiflnar-wablnari, rcxilnar-wiflnari,

rcxilnar-wablnari, rcxilnar-muxnari. polidominanturi

tyeebidan umetesad gavrcelebulia: wablnar-rcxilnar-

wiflnari, rcxilnar-murynar-wiflnari, murynar-rcxil-

nar-wablnari. gvxvdeba saxeobaTa SeTanawyobis sxva

variantebic.

Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyis koromebSi qvetyes

metwilad reliqturi maradmwvane saxeobebi qmnis – Sqeri

(Rhododendron ponticum), wyavi (Laurocerasus officinalis), bza (Buxus colchica); ufro iSviaTad – Wyori (Ilex colchica), Zmerxli (Ruscus colchicus), Tagvisara (Ruscus ponticus). maradmwvane qvetye umetesad xSiria, zogan gau-vali rayacaa Seqmnili. foTolcvenia buCqebidan Sereuli

farTofoTlovani tyis koromebSi qvetyes qmnis kavka-

siuri mocvi (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), jonjoli

(Staphylea colchica), ucveTela (Philadelphus caucasicus), ieli (Rhododendron luteum) da sxv. liana mcenareebidan

damaxasiaTebelia ekalRiWi (Smilax excelsa), mayvali (Rubus anatolicus, R. candicans), Rvedkeci (Periploca graeca), suro (Hedera colchica, H. helix), krikina (Vitis sylvestris), ZaRlis

satacuri (Tamus communis). balaxeuli safari Sereuli

farTofoTlovani tyis koromebSi saerTod sustadaa

ganviTarebuli. floristul SemadgenlobaSi dominirebs

Crdilisamtani da tenismoyvaruli saxeobebi, romelTa

31

Soris gvxvdeba reliqturi saxeobebi – xarisTvala (Paris incompleta), xaxia (Pachyphragma macrophyllum), anCxla

(Trachystemon orientalis) da sxv. epifitebi warmodgenilia

xavsebiT da mRierebiT, iSviaTad gvxvdeba yvavilovani

mcenareebi da gvimrebi – tyis wiwmati (Cardamine hirsuta), kilamura (Polypodium australe) da sxv.

Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebis qvesartyelSi

gavrcelebulia monodominanturi tyeebic. mniSvnelovani

farTobi ukavia reliqtur tyes – wablnars (Castanea sativa), gansakuTrebiT arakirqvian ferdobebze. rig xeo-bebSi (md. kodoris da sxv.) farTodaa gavrcelebuli

wiflnari (Fagus orientalis). gvxvdeba meoreuli tyeebi –

murynari (Alnus barbata), rcxilnari (Carpinus caucasica), fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi). kirqvian mTebze sakmaod

farTodaa gavrcelebuli qarTuli muxis (Quercus iberica) muxnari. muxnari koromebi metwilad monodominanturia,

Sereulia jagrcxila (Carpinus orientalis), Tameli (Sorbus torminalis) da sxv. qvetyes qmnis metwilad ieli

(Rhododendron luteum), Trimli (Cotinus coggygria), jagrcxila (Carpinus orientalis). muxnarebSi xSirad

gvxvdeba reliqturi saxeobebi – marwyvis xe (Arbutus andrachne), xemagvari manana (Erica arborea), sesleria

(Sesleria anatolica), korobela (Hypericum androsaemum),

Citiwviva (Epimedium colchicum) da sxv. (marwyvis xis da

xemagvari mananas areali viwroa, moicavs afxazeTis

zRvispira ferdobebs). muxnarebis ekologiur arealSi

gavrcelebulia buCqnarebi – bzianebi (Buxus colchica) da jagrcxilnarebi (Carpinus orientalis).

wiflnari tyeebis qvesartyeli moicavs hifsometri-

ul zols z. d. 1000-1100 m-dan 1400-1500 m-mde (zo-

gierT xeobaSi wiflnarebi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,

farTodaa gavrcelebuli ufro dabal simaRleebzec).

gvxvdeba wminda wiflnari (Fagus orientalis) da Sereuli

32

tyeebic wiflis siWarbiT, kerZod: rcxilnar-wiflnari

(Fagus orientalis + Carpinus caucasica), wablnar-wiflnari

(Fagus orientalis + Castanea sativa), naZvnar-wiflnari

(Fagus orientalis + Picea orientalis), soWnar-wiflnari (Fagus orientalis + Abies nordmanniana). raionis wiflnari tyeebis

tipologiur SemadgenlobaSi dominirebs kolxuri asocia-

ciebi: wiflnari wyaviani (Laurocerasus officinalis), wifl-

nari Sqeriani (Rhododendron ponticum), wiflnari Wyoriani

(Ilex colchica), wiflnari kavkasiuri mocviani (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), wiflnari ieliani (Rhododendron luteum),

wiflnari Savi gvimriani (Matteuccia struthiopteris). wiflnari tyeebis qvesartyelSi gavrcelebulia tyis

sxva formaciebic. maT Soris uwinaresad aRsaniSnavia

muqwiwviani tyeebi – naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis), soWna-rebi (Abies nordmanniana) da naZvnar-soWnarebi; gvxvdeba fiWvnarebi (Pinus sosnowskyi), wablnarebi (Castanea sativa). Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebi (rcxila + wifeli +

wabli); kirqvian ferdobebze dajgufebebs qmnis kolxuri

bza (Buxus colchica). muqwiwviani tyeebis qvesartyeli moicavs tyis

sartylis zeda nawils, z. d. 1400-1500 m-dan 1800 m-mde

(afxazeTSi qveda sazRvari ramdenadme daweulia). tyeebis

formaciuli Semadgenloba sakmaod Wrelia. dominirebs

muqwiwviani wminda da Sereuli (foTlovan-wiwvovani)

tyeebi: naZvnari (Picea orientalis), soWnari (Abies nordmanniana), naZvnar-soWnari, wiflnar-soWnari, fiWv-

nar-naZvnari. tyeebis tipologiur speqtrSi farTodaa

warmodgenili muqwiwviani da farTofoTlovan-muqwiwviani

tyeebi reliqturi kolxuri qvetyiT – wyaviT

(Laurocerasus officinalis), SqeriT (Rhododendron ponticum),

WyoriT (Ilex colchica), kavkasiuri mocviT (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), ieliT (Rhododendron luteum). farTodaa

gavrcelebuli tyeebi mayvlis (Rubus caucasicus) qvetyiT,

33

mTis wivanas (Festuca drymeja) safariT, CitisTvalas

(Asperula odorata) safariT, mJavelas (Oxalis acetosella) safariT da sxv. didi daqanebis kldovan ferdobebze

gavrcelebulia fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi). subalpuri sartyeli moicavs hifsometriul zols z.

d. 1750-1800 m-dan 2450-2500 m-mde. mcenareulobis

Semadgenloba mravalferovania: gavrcelebulia maRalmTis

(subalpuri) tyeebi, buCqnarebi, mdeloebi. reliqturi

fitocenozebi SedarebiT cotaa, magram friad origina-

luri da sainteresoa (gansakuTrebiT iSviaT saxeobaTagan

Seqmnili).

subalpuri tyeebidan raionSi sakmaod farTodaa gavr-

celebuli tanbrecili wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), rom-lis tipologiur speqtrSi Warbobs reliqturi (kol-

xuri) asociaciebi: wiflnari wyaviani (Laurocerasus officinalis), wiflnari Sqeriani (Rhododendron ponticum),

wiflnari Wyoriani (Ilex colchica), wiflnari Zmerxliani

(Ruscus colchicus), wiflnari kavkasiuri mocviani (Vac-cinium arctostaphylos). tanbrecili wiflnari mTaSi sakma-

od maRla – z. d. 2400 m-mde vrceldeba. subalpuri muq-

wiwviani tye (saSualo sixSiris, SedarebiT dabali war-

madobis) ZiriTadad soWnariTaa (Abies nordmanniana) war-modgenili. gvxvdeba bidominanturi soWnar-nekerCxliani

(Acer trautvetteri + Abies nordmanniana) da wminda

nekerCxliani (Acer trautvetteri). ukanaskneli metwilad meo-

reuli fitocenozebiTaa warmodgenili (ganviTarebulia

ZiriTadad soWnarebis naalagevze), romelTa cocxal

safarSi monawileobs subalpuri maRalbalaxeulobis war-

momadgenlebi. tyis sartylis zeda nawilSi da sub-

alpebSi gavrcelebulia endemuri reliqtis – pontos

muxis (Quercus pontica) tanbrecili tyis cenozebi.

subalpur sartyelSi (subalpuri tyeebis zolSi da

tyis sazRvars zemoT) vrceli teritoria ukavia

34

maradmwvane garTxmul buCqnars – dekians (Rhododendron caucasicum), romelic uZvelesi (reliqturi) mcenareu-

lobis friad saintereso warmomadgenelia. sxva buCqnare-

bis gavrceleba friad SezRudulia, rogoricaa – Txi-

liani (Corylus colchica), mocviani (Vaccinium myrtillus), tirifnari (Salix apoda, S. kazbekensis) da sxv.

subalpuri maRalbalaxeuloba met-naklebi sididis

nakveTebis saxiT gavrcelebulia subalpuri tyeebis zol-

Si (xSirad eSveba tyis sartylis zeda qvesartyelSi).

aqauri maRalbalaxeulobis SemadgenlobaSi farTod mona-

wileobs kolxuri saxeobebi – diyi (Heracleum mantegazzianum, H. ponticum), didi gvirila anu samtita

(Pyrethrum macrophyllum), laSqara (Symphytum asperum),

telekia (Telekia speciosa), mziura (Inula magnifica) da sxv. subalpur sartyelSi (tyeebis fanjrebSi, natyevareb-

ze, tyis zeda sazRvars zemoT) farTodaa gavrcelebuli

subalpuri mdeloebi. mdeloebi SemadgenlobiT mravalfe-

rovania, gvxvdeba marcvlovani, isliani, nairbalaxovani,

marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdeloebi. marcvlovani mdelo-

ebidan farTodaa gavrcelebuli formaciebi – berseliani

(Brachypodium pinnatum), sesleriani (Sesleria anatolica), namikrefiani (Agrostis planifolia), Zigviani (Nardus stricta), brZamiani (Calamagrostis arundinacea). maTgan pirveli ori

formaciis (berseliani, sesleriani) fitocenozebi Ziri-

Tadad kirqvian substratzea ganviTarebuli. kirqvianebTan

dakavSirebulia endemuri pontos islis (Carex pontica) fitocenozebic. farTo gavrcelebas aRwevs nairbala-

xovani subalpuri mdeloebic – nemsiwverianebi (Geranium gymnocaulon), uZovrianebi (Trollius patulus), frintianebi

(Anemone fasciculata). kirqvian ferdobebze gavrcelebulia

voronovias (Woronowia speciosa) reliqturi fitoceno-

zebi.

35

alpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 2500 m-dan 3100-

3200 m-mde. mcenareulobis Zireul (zonalur) tips aq

alpuri mdeloebi warmodgens. subalpuri sartylidan al-

pebSi iWreba dekas (Rhododendron caucasicum) maradmwvane

buCqnaris cenozebi. alpuri mdeloebidan raionisaTvis

gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia wivanian-islianebi (Carex meinshauseniana + Festuca ovina), romelTac vrceli

farTobi ukavia, metwilad samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdo-

bebze. gvxvdeba sxva formaciebic – Zigviani (Nardus stricta), kobreziani (Kobresia schoenoiodes) da sxv. Txel

da qanebis naSalebiT gamdidrebul niadagebze, metadre

Cadablebul adgilebSi ganviTarebulia alpuri xalebis

mikrocenozebi. SemadgenlobaSi wamyvania marmuWis

(Alchemilla) saxeobebi, fesvmagara (Sibbaldia semiglabra), kaSkaSayvaviliani mcenareebi – pirTeTra (Cerastium cerastoides), qarcxvi (Campanula tridentata), alpuri baia

(Ranunculus helenae), stevenis burbuSela (Taraxacum stevenii) da sxv.

subnivaluri sartyeli (z. d. 3100-3200 m zemoT)

moicavs afxazeTis da samegrelos umaRlesi qedebis Txe-

mis mimdebare teritorias da mwvervalebis kalTebs.

mkacri klimatur-niadaguri pirobebis gamo mcenareuloba

(mdelo) Ria (meCxeri) cenozebiTaa warmodgenili. Semad-

genlobaSi damaxasiaTebelia saxeobebi – Cerastium cerastoides, Draba siliquosa, Minuartia caucasica, Primula algida, Saxifraga flagelaris, Symphyoloma graveolens, Veronica telephiifolia da sxv. xalis momcro dajgufebebs qmnis

xavsebi, mravladaa mRierebic. xelsayrel mikroklimatur-

niadagur pirobebSi ganviTarebulia alpuri mdelos mik-

rocenozebic.

36

II. 4. svaneTis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs zemo da qvemo svaneTs

– md. engurisa da cxeniswylis qvabulebs. raioni praqti-

kulad yvela mxridan SemozRudulia maRali qedebiT:

mTavari wyalgamyofi qediT (CrdiloeTidan), kodorisa da

akibos qedebiT (dasavleTidan), samegrelosa da leCxumis

qedebiT (samxreTidan), leCxumis qediT (aRmosavleTidan).

svaneTis wylebs – engursa da cxeniswyals mxolod samx-

reTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT aqvs gasasvlelebi (jvri-

sa da muris kldekarebi). svaneTi warmoadgens saqarTve-

los yvelaze mkveTrad gamoxatul maRalmTian regions.

svaneTis teritoriis geologiur agebulebaSi far-

Tod monawileobs proterozouli da paleozouri qanebi

– granitebi da kristaluri fiqlebi. mTavari wyalgam-

yofi qedi TiTqmis mTlianad am qanebiTaa agebuli. teri-

toriis samxreT nawilSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli iuru-

li fiqlovani wyebebi. karbonatuli naleqebis gavrceleba

raionis teritoriaze mkveTrad SezRudulia.

svaneTis reliefi uaRresad rTulia. ZiriTadad

gavrcelebulia reliefis myinvaruli, eroziuli da mewy-

ruli formebi. mdinareuli terasebi met-naklebad gamo-

saxulia md. cxeniswylis auzis qvemo nawilSi. qvabulebis

SemomsazRvreli maRali qedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

Zlier danawevrebuli reliefi mkveTrad daqanebuli fer-

dobebiT.

svaneTi mdidaria Tanamedrove myinvarebiT, romlebic

gansazRvravs aqauri mdinareebis reJims: wyaldidoba aq

zafxulSia, myinvarebis dnobis periodSi; mdinareebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia donis mkveTri dRe-Ramuri ryeva

(maqsimumia gvian saRamos, minimumi – diliT). svaneTi

saqarTveloSi gamoirCeva mineraluri wylebis siuxviTac.

37

svaneTis hava ganicdis zRviuri havis mniSvnelovan

gavlenas, ris gamo igi sakmaod rbilia da nestiani,

Zlieri yinvebi TiTqmis araa damaxasiaTebeli. maRali

mTebi saimedod icavs svaneTis qvabulebs civi haeris

masebis SemoWrisagan. raionis teritoriaze hava zomieri

nestianobiT xasiaTdeba; amasTan, sxvaoba qvabulebis

dasavlur da aRmosavlur nawilebs Soris sagrZnobia. ase,

magaliTad, zemo svaneTis dasavleT nawilSi atmosferuli

naleqebis wliuri raodenoba xeobis fskerze 1200-1350

mm-ia, aRmosavleT nawilSi – 900-1000 mm. analogiuri

suraTia qvemo svaneTSic. mTis ferdobebze simaRlis

matebasTan erTad naleqebis raodenoba izrdeba. (metsad-

gurebis uqonlobis gamo faqtobrivi monacemebi ar arse-

bobs). rac Seexeba temperaturul maxasiaTeblebs, adgili

aqvs maT kanonzomier cvalebadobas zRvis donidan simaR-

lesTan dakavSirebiT. am mxrivac svaneTis qvabulebis

dasavluri da aRmosavluri nawilebi erTmaneTisagan sagr-

Znoblad gansxvavdeba. amaze naTlad metyvelebs saSualo

Tviur temperaturaTa rxevis wliuri amplitudac. ase,

magaliTad, zemo svaneTis dasavlur nawilSi (xaiSi) igi

Seadgens 21,5°, aRmosavleT nawilSi (mestia) – 24,4°. svaneTis niadaguri safari mravalferovania. tyis

sartyelSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia tyis yomrali

niadagebi, maTi mravalricxovani variantiT. SezRuduli

gavrcelebiT xasiaTdeba neSompala-karbonatuli niadagebi

(gvxvdeba kirqvian ferdobebze). maRalmTian sartyelebSi

(subalpuri, alpuri, subnivaluri) niadagTa genezisuri

tipebisa da maTi variantebis raodenoba izrdeba. aq

farTodaa gavrcelebuli tyis yomrali niadagebi (sub-

alpuri tyeebis qveS), mTa-mdelos kordiani niadagebi

(maRalmTis mdeloebis qveS) da torfian-humusiani niada-

gebi (dekas buCqnarebis qveS).

38

• mcenareuloba

svaneTis geobotanikuri raionis mcenareuloba mdi-

dari da mravalferovania. qvabulebis dasavlur da aR-

mosavlur nawilebSi ganviTarebuli mcenareulobis

struqtura erTmaneTisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia,

rac ZiriTadad haviTaa ganpirobebuli (dasavlur nawilSi

hava ufro rbilia; aRmosavlur nawilSi – SedarebiT

mkacri, kontinenturi). rac Seexeba mcenareulobis ver-

tikalur-zonaluri ganawilebis saerTo suraTs, igi

dasavleT saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sartyliano-

bis tipis (kolxuri tipis) farglebSi Tavsdeba, Tumca

raionis sxvadasxva nawilSi mas sakmaod naTlad gamo-

saxuli adgilobrivi specifika gaaCnia.

tyis sartyeli raionSi vrceldeba z. d. 1800-1850 m-

mde. gansxvaveba svaneTis qvabulebis dasavluri da

aRmosavluri nawilebis tyeebs Soris sagrZnobia, ris

gamo mizanSewonilia maTi cal-calke ganxilva.

a. svaneTis (zemo da qvemo svaneTi) dasavlur nawil-

Si tyis mcenareuloba kargad gamosaxuli mezofiluri

ieris matarebelia, riTac igi mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba

mezobeli samegrelos tyeebs. tyis sartylis qveda

nawilSi, z. d. 1000-1200 m-mde dominirebs Sereuli

farTofoTlovani tyeebi (Sereuli farTofoTlovani

tyeebis qvesartyeli). maT SemadgenlobaSi wamyvania

wifeli (Fagus orientalis), wabli (Castanea sativa), rcxila

(Carpinus caucasica). Sereulia cacxvi (Tilia begoniifolia), leka (Acer platanoides), qorafi (Acer laetum) da sxv.

tyeebis mniSvnelovani nawili reliqturi (kolxuri) qve-

tyiTaa, romlis dominantebia – Sqeri (Rhododendron ponticum), wyavi (Laurocerasus officinalis), kavkasiuri mocvi (Vaccinium arctostaphylos) da sxv. monodominanturi da

bidominanturi tyeebidan gavrcelebulia wablnari

(Castanea sativa), rcxilnari (Carpinus caucasica),

39

wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), wiflnar-rcxilnari, rcxil-

nar-wablnari. samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze Warbobs

muxnari (Quercus iberica) da rcxilnar-muxnari tyeebi.

saintereso muxnari koromebi gvxvdeba kirqvian ferdobeb-

ze, romelTa daqvemdebarebul iarusebSi ganviTarebulia

reliqtur saxeobaTa sinuziebi – Citiwvivas (Epimedium colchicum), araxnes (Arachne colchica), anCxlas

(Trachystemon orientalis) da sxv. (asociaciebi: muxnari

Citiwviviani, muxnari araxneiani, muxnari anCxliani).

mdinareTa WalebSi ZiriTadad ganviTarebulia murynarebi

(Alnus barbata). qvesartyelSi gavrcelebulia wiwviani da

Sereuli (wiwvovan-foTlovani) tyis koromebic – naZv-

nari (Picea orientalis), soWnari (Abies nordmanniana), fiWv-nari (Pinus sosnowskyi), naZvnar-soWnari, naZvnar-wiflnari,

fiWvnar-naZvnari.

z. d. 1000-1200 m-dan 1800-1850 m-mde tyeebis Semad-

genlobaSi Warbobs wiflnari da muqwiwviani (naZvnari,

soWnari, naZvnar-soWnari) tyeebi (wiflnari da muq-

wiwviani tyeebis qvesartyeli). SedarebiT SezRudulia

fiWvnarebis gavrceleba. tyeebis (wiflnaris, soWnaris,

naZvnaris, wiflnar-soWnaris) sakmaod didi nawili

warmodgenilia kolxuri asociaciebiT – maradmwvane

(wyavi, Sqeri) da foTolmcveni (kavkasiuri mocvi, ieli)

kolxuri qvetyiT.

b. svaneTis (orive qvabulis) aRmosavlur nawilSi

(zemo svaneTSi – balis qedidan aRmosavleTiT; qvemo

svaneTSi – lentexis meridianis aRmosavleTiT) gavrcele-

buli tyis mcenareulobis SemadgenlobaSi Warbobs

aRmosavluri naZvis (Picea orientalis) da fiWvis (Pinus sosnowskyi) tyeebi. samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze z. d. 1400-1500 m simaRlemde (daba mestiis midamoebSi gaci-

lebiT maRla) vrceldeba qarTuli muxis (Quercus iberica) muxnarebi. usistemo eqspluataciiT ganadgurebuli

40

Zireuli tyeebis naalagevze ganviTarebulia mtirala

aryis (Betula pendula) da mTrTolavi verxvis (Populus tremula) arynarebi da verxvnarebi. svaneTis qvabulebis

dasavlur nawilTan SedarebiT sagrZnoblad Semcirebulia

tyis kolxuri fitocenozebis (kolxuri qvetyiani tye-

ebis) Sexvedrianoba, Tumca floris kolxuri elementebi

(buCqebi, balaxebi) aqaur tyeebSic sakmaod didi

mravalferovnebiTaa warmodgenili.

subalpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 1800-1850 m-dan

2500-2550 m-mde. svaneTis dasavlur nawilSi subalpuri

tyeebidan gavrcelebulia subalpuri wiflnaris (Fagus orientalis) meCxeri da tanbrecili koromebi, subalpuri

soWnari (Abies nordmanniana), subalpuri naZvnari (Picea orientalis), arynari (Betula litwinowii), nekerCxliani (Acer trautvetteri). sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba tyis koromebi

kolxuri qvetyiT (wyavi, Sqeri, ieli, kavkasiuri mocvi,

gogosa – Sorbus subfusca, Savi gvimra – Matteuccia struthiopteris). farTodaa gavrcelebuli subalpuri tyis

fitocenozebi maRalbalaxeulobis sinuziiT (arynarebi,

nekerCxlianebi, soWnarebi, wiflnarebi). subalpur aryna-

rebSi optimalur ganviTarebas aRwevs dekas

(Rhododendron caucasicum) qvetye. md. TxeiSis (xaiSuras)

saTaveebSi gavrcelebulia wiflnarebi, romelTa cocxal

safarSi ganviTarebulia iSviaTi saxeobis – isluras

(Luzula sylvatica) sinuzia. svaneTis aRmosavlur nawilSi subalpur tyeebs

Soris dominirebs arynarebi (Betula litwinowii), circelian-

arynarebi (B. litwinowii + Sorbus caucasigena) da fiWvnarebi (Pinus sosnowskyi). sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli

subalpuri soWnaric (Abies nordmanniana), gansakuTrebiT svaneTisa da leCxumis qedebis CrdiloeTis kalTebze.

mkveTrad SezRudulia subalpuri wiflnaris (Fagus ori-entalis) gavrceleba. momcro nakveTebis saxiT gvxvdeba

41

maRalmTis muxnaris (Quercus macranthera) koromebi

(mestiis, mulaxis, ielis, kalas, gulis midamoebi; md.

aSxaSuras zemo weli – qvemo svaneTSi da sxv.). (aRsaniS-

navia, rom svaneTi kavkasionze maRalmTis muxnaris gavrce-

lebis dasavluri sazRvaria).

svaneTis (gansakuTrebiT dasavlur nawilSi) subal-

pur sartyelSi sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli maRal-

balaxeuloba, metwilad polidominanturi Semadgenlobisa

(wamyvani saxeobebia – Aconitum orientale, Cicerbita petiolata, Senecio rhombifolius, Valeriana alliariifolia da sxv.). gvxvdeba monodominanturi maRalbalaxeuli fitocenozebic (diyi-

ani, xarisSubliani da sxv.).

svaneTis subalpebi mdidaria mdeloebiT. farTodaa

gavrcelebuli polidominanturi marcvlovan-nairbalaxi-

ani mdeloebi, romlebic mravali variantiTaa warmodgeni-

li. monodominanturi mdeloebidan farTodaa gavrcele-

buli nemsiwveriani (Geranium gymnocaulon), uZovriani

(Trollius patulus), frintiani (Anemone fasciculata), brZami-ani (Calamagrostis arundinacea). sakmaod farTodaa gavrce-lebuli (gansakuTrebiT svaneTis qedis samxrul kalTaze)

Wrelwivaniani (Festuca varia). SedarebiT SezRudulia

Zigvianis (Nardus stricta) gavrceleba. lokalurad gvxvdeba

(md. TxeiSis saTaveebi da sxv.) WrelSvrielianis (Bro-mopsis variegata) fitocenozebi.

subalpuri buCqnarebidan farTo gavrcelebas aRwevs

dekiani (Rhododendron caucasicum). momcro nakveTebis sa-

xiT da fragmentulad gvxvdeba Rviiani (Juniperus hemisphaerica), ieliani (Rhododendron luteum), mocvianebi

(Vaccinium arctostaphylos, V. myrtillus), tirifiani (Salix kazbekensis).

alpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 2500 m-dan 3200-

3300 m-mde. mcenareulobis zonaluri tipi alpuri mde-

loebia, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Warbobs polidominan-

42

turi marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdelo (mravali vari-

anti). farTodaa gavrcelebuli alpuri nemsiwveriani

(Geranium gymnocaulon) da uZovriani (Trollius patulus). gvxvdeba alpuri mdelos sxva formaciebic – Zigviani

(Nardus stricta), Wrelwivaniani (Festuca varia) da sxv.

sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli alpuri xalebi. Crdi-

loeTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze gavrcelebulia dekianis

(Rhododendron caucasicum) cenozebi.

subnivaluri sartyeli warmodgenilia maRal qedebze

da mwvervalebze, z. d. 3200 m zemoT. mcenareuli safari

warmodgenilia Ria, umetesad niadagis zedapirze garTx-

muli cenozebiT. gvxvdeba alpuri mdelos fragmentebic.

svaneTis kavkasionze, dolras xeobidan TeTnuldamde,

klde-naSalianis da qvaRorRianis mcenareulobaSi monawi-

leobs iSviaTi subnivaluri saxeobebi – Delphinium caucasicum, Pseudovesicaria digitata da sxv.

II. 5. raWa-leCxumis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs kavkasionis mTianeTs

raWisa da leCxumis istoriuli provinciis farglebSi da

imereTis CrdiloeT nawils (xvamlisa da raWis qedebis

kalTebi). raionis aRmosavluri sazRvari dasavleT

saqarTvelos sazRvars Tanxvdeba.

raionis CrdiloeTi nawili – kavkasionis RerZuli

qedi agebulia proterozouli da paleozouri grani-

tebiT, gneisebiT da kristaluri fiqlebiT. teritoriis

samxreTi nawilis geologiur agebulebaSi dominirebs

iuruli da carculi fliSuri wyebebi – fiqlebi, qvi-

Saqvebi da kirqvebi. raWa-leCxumis sinklinis amaRlebuli

43

kideebi – xvamlis masivi, raWis qedi da leCxumis qedis

nawili ZiriTadad carculi kirqvebiTaa warmoqmnili.

raioni rTuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba. yvelaze

maRalmTian nawilSi – mTavar wyalgamyof qedze da

Stoqedebis – leCxumis, samegrelos da Soda-kedelas

umaRles monakveTebze gamosaxulia myinvaruli reliefi.

gamyinvarebaTa periodSi aRniSnul qedebze, mdinareebis –

rionis, WanWaxisa da jejoras xeobebSi myinvarebi z. d.

1700-1500 m simaRlemde eSveboda (maruaSvili, 1964).

raionis es maRalmTiani nawili mdidaria Tanamedrove

myinvarebiTac. teritoriis danarCeni nawilis reliefi

Camoyalibebulia normaluri (mdinareuli) eroziuli,

mewyruli da karstuli procesebis gavleniT. karstuli

warmonaqmnebi metwilad ganviTarebulia raWis qedze,

xvamlis masivze, asxis mTaze, mdinareebis – jejorasa da

WanWaxis auzebSi. raWa-leCxumis raionisaTvis gansa-

kuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia mewyruli procesebi (rogorc

Tixovan, ise kirqvul nawilSi).

raionis hava, Savi zRvidan sakmaod didi daSorebis

da orografiuli Taviseburebebis gamo (dabrkolebebi

zRviuri havis aRmosavleTisaken gavrcelebis gzaze),

kolxeTis dasavlur raionebTan SedarebiT ufro

kontinenturia. atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri jami

raionis metwil teritoriaze Seadgens 900-1500 mm.

naleqebis ganawileba, reliefTan dakavSirebiT, araTana-

baria. raionis ukidures samxreT nawilSi (CrdiloeTi

imereTi, tyibulisa da wyaltubos administraciuli

raionebis CrdiloeTi nawili) atmosferuli naleqebis

wliuri jami ramdenadme maRalia (1300-1800 mm). raionis

am nawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia fionis tipis xangrZ-

livi qarebi, gansakuTrebiT zamTarSi da gazafxulze.

raionis niadaguri safari gamoirCeva didi nair-

gvarobiT: samxreT nawilSi (CrdiloeTi imereTi)

44

gavrcelebulia wiTelmiwa da yviTelmiwa niadagebi; kir-

qvian nawilSi gavrcelebulia neSompala-karbonatuli

niadagebic; farTodaa gavrcelebuli tyis yomrali

niadagebi, romlebic nairgvari variantiTaa warmodgenili.

mravalferovania raionis maRalmTiani teritoriis

niadagebic: subalpur sartyelSi warmodgenilia tye-

mdelos gardamavali niadagebi; maRalmTis mdeloebis qveS

ganviTarebulia mTa-mdelos kordiani niadagebis sxva-

dasxva varianti. intensiuri eroziuli procesebis

gavleniT raionSi sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli

gadarecxili da qviani niadagebi.

• mcenareuloba

raionis mcenareuloba fitocenologiurad mravalfe-

rovania. Savi zRvidan sakmaod didi daSorebisa da, masTan

dakavSirebiT, havis meti simSralisa da kontinenturobis

gamo, aqauri mcenareuli safaris SemadgenlobaSi Seda-

rebiT meti farTobi uWiravs hemiqserofiluri mcenareu-

lobis warmomadgenlebs – muxnars (Quercus iberica) da

fiWvnars (Pinus sosnowskyi). mcenareulobis sartylianobis

kolxuri tipi teritoriis sxvadasxva nawilSi, edafur

da klimatur TaviseburebebTan dakavSirebiT, garkveul

cvalebadobas ganicdis (sartylianobis tipis variantebi,

subvariantebi).

tyis sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 1800-1850 m-mde. igi

warmodgenilia 2 qvesartyelis saxiT.

Sereuli farTofoTlovani da muxnari tyeebis

qvesartyeli. igi vrceldeba z. d. 1000-1100 m-mde. Sere-

uli polidominanturi tyeebis edifikatorTa Soris

gvxvdeba wifeli (Fagus orientalis), wabli (Castanea sativa), rcxila (Carpinus caucasica). Sereulia cacxvi (Tilia begoniifolia), leka (Acer platanoides), qorafi (Acer laetum)

da sxv. gvxvdeba monodominanturi da bidominanturi

45

tyeebic – rcxilnari, wiflnari, wablnari, wiflnar-

rcxilnari, wiflnar-wablnari da sxv. tyeebis Semadgen-

lobaSi aRiniSneba (SedarebiT iSviaTad vidre dasavlur

raionebSi) reliqturi tyis cenozebic – qvetyeSi

dominirebs kolxuri qvetyis esa Tu is warmomadgeneli –

Sqeri (Rhododendron ponticum), wyavi (Laurocerasus officinalis), Wyori (Ilex colchica), kavkasiuri mocvi

(Vaccinium arctostaphylos), molozana (Viburnum orientale), kolxuri suro (Hedera colchica). qarTuli muxis muxna-

ris tipologiur speqtrSi gabatonebulia muxnari jag-

rcxiliani (Quercus iberica – Carpinus orientalis), romelsac

mniSvnelovani farTobi ukavia samxreTis eqspoziciis

saSualo da didi daqanebis ferdobebze. muxnar koromebSi

mcire raodenobiT Sereulia ifani (Fraxinus excelsior), rcxila (Carpinus caucasica), cacxvi (Tilia begoniifolia). qvesartyelSi gvxvdeba wiwviani tyeebis – fiWvnaris

(Pinus sosnowskyi), fiWvnar-naZvnaris (Picea orientalis + Pinus sosnowskyi) momcro koromebi.

wiflnari da muqwiwviani tyeebis qvesartyeli

vrceldeba z. d. 1000-1100 m-dan 1800-1850 m-mde. simaR-

lis am farglebSi tyis mcenareulobis SemadgenlobaSi

dominirebs wiflis (Fagus orientalis) da naZvis (Picea orientalis) tyeebi. wiflnari tyeebi warmodgenilia ro-

gorc monodominanturi (wminda) koromebiT, ise Sereuli

saxiT (rcxilnar-wiflnari, naZvnar-wiflnari, soWnar-

wiflnari, naZvnar-soWnar-wiflnari, wiflnar-naZvnari da

sxv.). zogierT xeobaSi (md. askiswylisa da lajanuris

xeobebi, rionis zemo welis marcxena napiris ferdobebi)

tyis mcenareuloba TiTqmis mTlianad wminda wiflnare-

biTaa warmodgenili, wiwviani tyeebi aq saerTod ar

gvxvdeba (mniSvnelovanwilad igi adgilobriv satyeo

meurneobebSi tyeebis araswori eqspluataciiT aixsneba).

qvesartylis zemo nawilSi, z. d. 1300-1700 m farglebSi

46

tyis safarSi mkveTrad izrdeba muqwiwviani tyeebis –

soWnaris (Abies nordmanniana), naZvnaris (Picea orientalis), soWnar-naZvnaris, wiflnar-soWnaris monawileoba. md.

rionis marcxena Senakadis – WanWaxis xeobaSi, agreTve

raWisa da leCxumis qedebis rig xeobebSi muqwiwviani

tyeebi gansakuTrebiT farTo gavrcelebas aRwevs. muqwiw-

viani tyeebis arealSi sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli

fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi) da naZvnar-fiWvnari koromebi. tyeebis reliqturobis xarisxi (kolxuri qvetyis fito-

cenologiuri poziciebis mixedviT) dabalia: wiflnarebi

da muqwiwviani tyeebi kolxuri qvetyiT (Sqeri, wyavi,

Wyori, kavkasiuri mocvi, kolxuri suro da sxv.) gvxvde-

ba metwilad momcro nakveTebis saxiT da fragmentulad.

qvesartylis qveda nawilSi (z. d. 1350-1400 m-mde) samx-

reTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze farTodaa gavrcelebuli

muxnari (metwilad jagrcxilas qvetyiT) koromebi.

subalpuri sartyeli moicavs hifsometriul zols z.

d. 1800-1850 m-dan 2500 m-mde. subalpuri tyeebi raionSi

cotaRaa SemorCenili, - ZiriTadad mTavari wyalgamyofi

qedisa da umaRlesi Stoqedebis (leCxumis qedi, Soda-

kedela da sxv.) kalTebze. tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi monawi-

leobs arynari (Betula litwinowii), maRalmTis muxnari

(Quercus macranthera), nekerCxliani (Acer trautvetteri), sub-alpuri wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), subalpuri soWnari

(Abies nordmanniana), subalpuri fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi). gvxvdeba bidominanturi tyis koromebic –

wiflnar-nekerCxliani, soWnar-nekerCxliani, wiflnar-

soWnari. subalpuri tyeebis tipologiur speqtrSi

gvxvdeba kolxuri asociaciebic, kerZod, wiflnari da

wiflnar-soWnari kavkasiuri mocvis (Vaccinium arctosta-phylos) qvetyiT, wiflnar-soWnari Wyoris (Ilex colchica) qvetyiT.

47

subalpuri maRalbalaxeuloba ZiriTadad kavkasiuri

saxeobebiTaa Seqmnili – Aconitum nasutum, Campanula latifolia, Chaerophyllum aureum, Ligusticum alatum, Senecio rhombifolius, Valeriana alliariifolia da sxv.

subalpuri mdeloebis SemadgenlobaSi Warbobs poli-

dominanturi marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdelo Tavisi

mravali variantiT. damaxasiaTebeli saxeobebidan wamyvania

– Anthoxanthum odoratum, Astrantia maxima, Bromopsis variegata, Betonica macrantha, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Geranium ibericum, G. sylvaticum, Trifolium canescens. mono-dominanturi mdeloebidan gvxvdeba – nemsiwveriani (Ge-ranium gymnocaulon), brZamiani (Calamagrostis arundinacea), namikrefiani (Agrostis planifolia), frintiani (Anemone fasciculata) da sxv.

subalpur sartyelSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli deki-

ani (Rhododendron caucasicum). momcro nakveTebis saxiT

da fragmentulad gvxvdeba Rviiani (Juniperus hemispaerica), mocviani (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), tiri-

fiani (Salix kazbekensis). alpuri sartyeli warmodgenilia mTavar wyalgamyof

qedze, leCxumis da Soda-kedelas qedebze, raWis qedis

aRmosavlur nawilSi, z. d. 2500 m-dan 3100-3300 m-mde.

alpuri mdeloebis SemadgenlobaSi dominirebs polidomi-

nanturi marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdeloebi da alpuri

nemsiwverianebi (Geranium gymnocaulon). gvxvdeba alpuri

xalebi da dekianebi (dekiani _ mdelos kompleqsuri mce-

nareuloba).

subnivaluri sartyeli ganviTarebulia z. d. 3100-

3300 m zemoT (maRal mwvervalebze). mcenareuloba warmo-

dgenilia Ria (meCxeri) cenozebiT. saxeobriv Semadgen-

lobaSi monawileobs – Campanula tridentata, Cerastium cerastoides, Jurinella squarrosa, Saxifraga flagellaris da sxva alpuri da subnivaluri saxeobebi.

48

III. mcire kavkasionis geobotanikuri

olqi

III. 6. aWara-guriis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs mcire kavkasionis

dasavlur nawils (aWara, guria, imereTis ukiduresi

samxreT-dasavluri nawili). raionis aRmosavluri

sazRvari m. mefiswyaros meridianze gadis.

raionis teritoria rTuli geologiuri agebulebiT

xasiaTdeba. yvelaze dabali nawilis – mesxeTis qedis

mTiswineTis geologiur agebulebaSi monawileobs mesa-

meuli da meoTxeuli vulkanogenuri qanebi – tufebi,

tufbreqCiebi da sxv., oligocenuri da neogenuri danale-

qi qanebi, meoTxeuli nafenebi (zRviuri, mdinareuli).

mTiani nawilis (mesxeTis, SavSeTis, arsianis qedebi) geo-

logiur agebulebaSi gabatonebulia porfirituli wyebebi

– tufebi, tufbreqCiebi da sxv.

raioni rTuli reliefiT gamoirCeva. CrdiloeTi

nawilis, kerZod mesxeTis qedis mTiswineTisa da nawi-

lobriv dabalmTiani zolis reliefi SedarebiT rbilia,

rac mZlavri wiTelmiwuri gamofitvis qerqis arsebobiT

aixsneba. saSualomTian nawilSi gabatonebulia rTuli

eroziuli reliefi. yvelaze maRalmTian nawilSi – xinos

mTaze (2580 m), sayorniaze (2756 m), sanisloze (2666 m)

da sxv. – SeiniSneba meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis kvalic.

raionis hava xasiaTdeba maRali nestianobiT, rac Savi

zRvis Zlieri gavlenis Sedegia. mesxeTis qedis mTiswi-

nebis zolSi hava nestiani subtropikuli xasiaTisaa,

romlis umTavresi maxasiaTeblebia: haeris saSualo wli-

uri temperatura 13-14° Seadgens; ucivesi Tvis tempe-

ratura 4-7°-ia; Tviuri temperaturebis rxevis wliuri

49

amplituda 15-17° udris; atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri

jami 1800-2700 mm farglebSia, naleqebi wlis manZilze

Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. maRali nestianobiT xasiaTdeba

hava raionis mTian nawilSic, gansakuTrebiT mesxeTis

qedis Crdilo kalTaze. rac Seexeba aWaris qvabuls, aq

hava nakleb nestiania – wliuri naleqebi 1200-1800 mm

farglebSia.

raionis niadagebi mravalferovania. mTiswinebis

zolSi gabatonebulia wiTelmiwa niadagebi, romlebic

mZlavr (10-20 m sisqis) gamofitvis qerqzea ganviTare-

buli. mTis kalTebze ZiriTadad tyis yomrali niadagebia

ganviTarebuli. maRalmTian zolSi ganviTarebulia mTa-

mdelos niadagebi, maTi nairgvari variantiT (kordiani,

torfiani, ganuviTarebeli da sxv.).

• mcenareuloba

aWara-guriis geobotanikuri raionis mcenareuloba

mTel saqarTveloSi gamorCeulia Tavisi simdidriT,

fitocenologiuri mravalferovnebiT, reliqturobis

maRali xarisxiT. raionis teritoriaze mkafiodaa gamo-

saxuli mcenareulobis kanonzomieri cvalebadoba rogorc

horizontaluri mimarTulebiT (zRvidan daSorebis

kvalad), ise hifsometriuli (zRvis donidan simaRlesTan

dakavSirebiT). mcenareulobis sartylianobis kolxuri

tipi warmodgenilia 3 sartyliT – tyis, subalpuri da

alpuri (araa ganviTarebuli subnivaluri sartyeli).

tyis sartyeli moicavs mTiswinebis zols da mTebis

kalTebs z. d. 1800-1850 m-mde. am sartylis mcenareuloba

uxvi da mravalferovania. gabatonebuli Zireuli (zona-

luri) formaciebis mixedviT tyis sartyelSi gamoiyofa

qvesartyelebi: Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebis;

wiflnari tyeebis; muqwiwviani tyeebis.

50

Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebis qvesartyeli

moicavs mTiswinebis zols da mTis qveda sartyels, z. d.

1000-1100 m-mde. gabatonebulia polidominanturi farTo-

foTlovani tyeebi, romlebic mravali variantiTaa warmo-

dgenili. wamyvani tyisSemqmneli saxeobebia – wabli

(Castanea sativa), wifeli (Fagus orientalis), rcxila

(Carpinus caucasica), kolxuri muxa (Quercus hartwissiana), muryani (Alnus barbata). Sereulia (aseqtatorebi) – cacx-

vi (Tilia begoniifolia), leka (Acer platanoides), TelamuSi

(Ulmus glabra). zogan tyis koromebSi monawileobs wiwvia-

nebic, ZiriTadad naZvi (Picea orientalis). qvesartyelSi

gavrcelebulia monodominanturi da bidominanturi tye-

ebic – wablnari (Castanea sativa), wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), rcxilnari (Carpinus caucasica), muxnari

(Quercus dschorochensis), wiflnar-rcxilnari, wiflnar-

wablnari da sxv. tyeebis umetesoba reliqturia (kol-

xuri), rasac upirvelesad gansazRvravs koromebSi mZlav-

rad ganviTarebuli maradmwvane qvetye – wyavisagan

(Laurocerasus officinalis), Sqerisagan (Rhododendron ponticum), Wyorisagan (Ilex colchica), kolxuri surosagan

(Hedera colchica). foTolcvenia kolxuri buCqebidan qve-

tyes qmnis kavkasiuri mocvi (Vaccinium arctostraphylos), ieli (Rhododendron luteum) da sxv. garda CamoTvlilisa,

tyeebis mTavar iarusSi da qvetyeSi met-naklebi raodeno-

biT aRiniSneba endemuri da iSviaTi saxeobebi, rogoricaa

– ungernis Sqeri (Rhododendron ungernii), smirnovis Sqeri (Rhododendron smirnowii), epigea (Epigaea gaultheroides), xurma (Diospyros lotus), leRvi (Ficus carica), kolxuri bza

(Buxus colchica), kolxuri jonjoli (Staphylea colchica) da sxv. ganaCexze, metwilad inversiul RartafebSi, ganvi-

Tarebulia Sqerianis (Rhododendron ponticum, Rh. ungernii) rayebi. raionis farTofoTlovani tyeebi mdidaria liana

(xviara) mcenareebiT. gvxvdeba epifitebic.

51

wiflnari tyeebis qvesartyeli vrceldeba z. d.

1000-1100 m-dan 1500-1550 m-mde (aWaris zRvisaken

miqceul nawilSi igi vrceldeba subalpur sartylamde).

qvesartyelSi gavrcelebulia wminda wiflnarebi (Fagus orientalis) da Sereuli tyeebi wiflis siWarbiT. wiflna-

rebis umetesoba reliqturi kolxuri qvetyiTaa (Sqeri,

wyavi, Wyori, kolxuri suro, kavkasiuri mocvi, ieli).

qvesartyelSi gavrcelebulia Sereuli (polidominan-

turi) tyec. gvxvdeba wiwviani tyis formaciebic –

soWnari, naZvnari, fiWvnari. samxreTis eqspoziciis

ferdobebze gavrcelebulia muxnarebi Woroxis muxisagan

(Quercus dschorochensis). utyeo adgilebSi, metwilad

inversiul RartafebSi ganviTarebulia SqerianTa rayebi

(Rhododendron ponticum, Rh. ungernii). muqwiwviani tyeebis qvesartyeli vrceldeba z. d.

1500-1550 m-dan 1800-1850 m-mde. gabatonebulia naZvnari

(Picea orientalis) da soWnari (Abies nordmanniana). sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli bidominanturi muqwiwviani

tyeebi – naZvnar-soWnari, wiflnar-soWnari, wiflnar-naZv-

nar-soWnari. gvxvdeba wminda (monodominanturi) wiflna-

rebic. tyeebis didi nawili reliqturi kolxuri qve-

tyiTaa. gansakuTrebiT farTodaa gavrcelebuli muqwiwvi-

ani tyeebi Sqeris (Rhododendron ponticum), wyavis

(Laurocerasus officinalis) da kavkasiuri mocvis (Vaccinium arctostaphylos) qvetyiT. qvesartyelSi gavrcelebulia

kolxeTisa da kolxeT-lazistanis endemuri reliqtebis –

medvedevis aryisa (Betula medwedewii) da pontos muxis

(Quercus pontica) tanbrecili tyeebi, romlebic xel-

sayrel reliefur pirobebSi (ZiriTadad depresiuli

adgilsamyofelebi) eSveba subalpuri sartylidan.

subalpuri sartyeli moicavs hifsometriul zols z.

d. 1800-1850 m-dan 2500 m-mde. raionis subalpuri

52

mcenareuloba friad originaluri da mravalferovani

struqturiT gamoirCeva.

subalpuri tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi farTodaa warmo-

dgenili mTis tyeebis formaciebis maRalmTis variantebi

– subalpuri tanbrecili wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), subalpuri soWnari (Abies nordmanniana), subalpuri

naZvnari (Picea orientalis), subalpuri fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi). SedarebiT SezRudulia arynaris (Betula litwinowii) da nekerCxlianis (Acer trautvetteri) gavrceleba.

sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli medvedevis aryis (Betula medwedewii) da pontos muxis (Quercus pontica) tanbre-cili tyeebi, romelTa hifsometriuli arealis zemo

sazRvari zogan 2300-2400 m aRwevs. raionis subalpuri

tyeebis reliqturobis xarisxi maRalia (reliqturi

formaciebisa da asociaciebis siuxve).

subalpuri buCqnarebis SemadgenlobaSi dominirebs

dekianebi (Rhododendron caucasicum), romlebic ganviTare-

bulia nairgvari daqanebis TiTqmis yvela eqspoziciis

ferdobze (ar gvxvdeba wminda samxreTis eqspoziciis

ferdobebze). sxva buCqnarebidan aRiniSneba Rviianebi

(Juniperus pygmaea, J. hemisphaerica), mocvianebi (Vaccinium arctostaphylos, V. myrtillus) da sxv.

subalpuri maRalbalaxeuloba gamoirCeva kolxuri

saxeobebis farTo monawileobiT (Inula magnifica, Pyrethrum macrophyllum da sxv). dominirebs Sereuli (polidomi-

nanturi) maRalbalaxeuli fitocenozebi.

raionSi vrcel teritoriaze ganviTarebulia subal-

puri mdeloebi. Semadgenloba mravalferovania. farTo

gavrcelebas aRwevs polidominanturi marcvlovan-nairba-

laxovani mdeloebi (mravali varianti). sakmaod farTodaa

gavrcelebuli namikrefianebi (Agrostis tenuis, A. planifolia), nemsiwveriani (Geranium gymnocaulon), frintiani (Anemone

53

fasciculata); SedarebiT SezRudulia Zigvianis (Nardus stricta) gavrceleba.

alpuri sartyeli warmodgenilia calkeul mwverva-

lebze, romelTa simaRle z. d. 2500 m aRemateba (sayor-

nia, xino, sanislo da sxv.). mcenareuloba warmodgenilia,

ZiriTadad, alpuri marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdeloebiT

(mravali varianti). mniSvnelovani farTobi ukavia nemsi-

wverian (Geranium gymnocaulon) da nairmarcvlovan mde-

loebs. CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze gavrcele-

bulia alpuri dekianis (Rhododendron caucasicum) ceno-

zebi.

raionis aRmosavleT sazRvarze (goderZis gadasasvle-

lis midamoebi) gvxvdeba gamyinvarebamde aq arsebuli mce-

nareebis gaqvavebuli naSTebi da anabeWdebi, romlebic

vulkanur tufebSia moqceuli.

III. 7. imereTis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi imereTis geobotanikuri raioni moicavs mesxeTis

qedis CrdiloeT kalTas imereTis farglebSi (ukiduresi

dasavluri nawilis gamoklebiT; raionis dasavluri

sazRvari m. mefiswyaros meridianze gadis).

teritoriis yvelaze dabali nawili – mesxeTis qedis

mTiswineTi agebulia mesameuli wyebebiT – TixebiT,

qviSaqvebiT, mergelebiT da konglomeratebiT. mesxeTis

qedis geologiur agebulebaSi ZiriTadad monawileobs

porfirituli wyebebi – tufebi, tufbreqCiebi da sxv.

reliefi rTulia, mdinareTa xeobebiT Zlier dana-

wevrebuli. eroziuli xeobebis qvemo nawilSi ganviTa-

rebulia terasebi. SedarebiT rbili reliefiT xasiaTdeba

teritoriis dabalmTiani nawili da mTiswineTi.

54

raionis teritoriaze Savi zRvis gavlena sagrZnob-

lad Semcirebulia, ris gamoc aqauri hava nakleb nes-

tiania (aWara-guriis raionis havasTan SedarebiT).

naleqebis wliuri jami meryeobs 900-1600 mm farglebSi.

zafxuli raionis metwil teritoriaze (gansakuTrebiT

mTiswinebis zolSi) gvalviania.

raionis niadaguri safari sakmaod Wreli Semadgen-

lobiT xasiaTdeba. mTiswineTis zolSi gavrcelebulia

yviTelmiwa niadagebi (wiTelmiwebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba.

araa ganviTarebuli karbonatuli niadagebic). mTian

nawilSi gavrcelebulia tyis yomrali niadagebi,

romlebic mravali variantiTaa warmodgenili. maRalmTian

(subalpur, alpur) sartyelebSi gavrcelebulia tye-

mdelos gardamavali da mTa-mdelos kordiani niadagebi,

maTi nairgvari variantebiT.

• mcenareuloba

imereTis geobotanikuri raionis mcenareuloba, Tavi-

si fitocenologiuri SinaarsiT, reliqturia (kolxuri).

amasTan, zemoT ganxilul aWara-guriis raionTan Seda-

rebiT misi reliqturobis xarisxi ramdenadme dabalia,

rac gamoixateba, uwinaresad, mcenareuli safaris Semad-

genlobaSi tipuri reliqturi fitocenozebis xvedriTi

wilis SemcirebaSi. mcenareulobis sartylianobis kolxu-

ri tipi warmodgenilia tyis, subalpuri da alpuri

sartyelebiT.

tyis sartyeli moicavs mesxeTis qedis mTiswinebs da

kalTebs z. d. 1800-1850 m-mde. tyis sartyelSi sakmaod

mkafiodaa gamosaxuli 3 qvesartyeli – Sereuli farTo-

foTlovani tyeebis, wiflnari tyeebis da muqwiwviani

tyeebis.

Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebis qvesartyeli

vrceldeba z. d. 900-1000 m-mde. qvesartyelSi gabatone-

55

bulia Sereuli (polidominanturi) farTofoTlovani

tyeebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi dominirebs – wabli

(Castanea sativa), wifeli (Fagus orientalis), rcxila

(Carpinus caucasica). Sereuli saxeobebidan (aseqtatorebi)

damaxasiaTebelia – cacxvi (Tilia begoniifolia), muryani (Al-nus barbata), leka (Acer platanoides). mniSvnelovani far-

Tobi ukavia monodominantur da bidominantur tyeebs –

rcxilnars, wiflnars, wablnars, wiflnar-rcxilnars,

wiflnar-wablnars. samxreTis, samxreT-aRmosavleTis da

samxreT-dasavleTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze gavrcelebu-

lia muxnarebi (Quercus iberica), xolo ufro daCrdilul,

magram metwilad Txelniadagian kalTebze – muxnar-

rcxilnari da muxnar-wablnari tyeebi. didi daqanebis

ferdobebze, romlebzec Zireuli tyeebi adre gaiCexa da

niadagebic mniSvnelovanwilad Camorecxilia, ganviTarebu-

lia meoreuli murynarebi (Alnus barbata). tyeebis fitocenologiuri struqtura mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba zemoT ganxiluli (aWara-guriis) tyeebis

struqturisgan. aqaur tyeebSi SedarebiT sustia

reliqturi kolxuri saxeobebis fitocenologiuri pozi-

ciebi (uwinaresad maradmwvane kolxuri qvetyis Semqmne-

lebis), Tumca tyeebis (Sereuli farTofoTlovani, wabl-

nari, wiflnari, wiflnar-wablnari) koromebi kolxuri

reliqturi qvetyiT (wyaviT, SqeriT, WyoriT, kolxuri

suroTi, kavkasiuri mocviT, ieliT da sxv.) sakmaod

xSirad gvxvdeba. tyeebis tipologiur speqtrSi farTodaa

warmodgenili mTis wivaniani (Festuca drymeja), CitisTva-liani (Asperula odorata), mayvliani (Rubus caucasica) se-riis asociaciebi. Zireuli tyeebis usistemo eqspluata-

ciis Sedegad mkveTrad gadidebulia utyeo mcenareulobis

(meoreuli buCqnarebis, mdeloebis) farTobebi. amave

mizeziT mniSvnelovani farTobebi ukavia ewris gvimrianebs

(Pteridium tauricum).

56

wiflnari tyeebis qvesartyeli moicavs hifsomet-

riul zols z. d. 900-1000 m-dan 1350-1400(1500) m-mde.

qvesartyelSi gabatonebulia wminda wiflnari (Fagus orientalis) tyeebi. mniSvnelovani farTobi ukavia bido-

minantur tyeebs – wablnar-wiflnars, rcxilnar-wifl-

nars, naZvnar-wiflnars. SedarebiT SezRudulia polido-

minanturi farTofoTlovani tyis da monodominanturi

formaciebis – rcxilnaris (Carpinus caucasica) da naZv-naris (Picea orientalis) gavrceleba. SezRudulia Sereuli

tyeebis – naZvnar-wiflnarebis gavrcelebac. lokalurad

ganviTarebulia fiWvnarebi (Pinus sosnowskyi). tyeebis

struqtura mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba mezobeli aWara-

guriis geobotanikuri raionis Sesabamisi qvesartyelis

tyeebis struqturisagan. upirveles yovlisa aqaur tye-

ebSi SesamCnevad Sesustebulia reliqturi kolxuri qve-

tyis fitocenologiuri poziciebi. samagierod farTodaa

gavrcelebuli tyis fitocenozebi, sadac cocxal safars

qmnis mTis wivana (Festuca drymeja), Caduna (Dryopteris filix mas) da nairbalaxebi.

muqwiwviani tyeebis qvesartyeli vrceldeba z. d.

1350-1400 m-dan 1800-1850 m-mde. mcenareuli safaris

SemadgenlobaSi dominirebs muqwiwviani da foTlovan-

wiwviani Sereuli tyeebi – naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis), soWnarebi (Abies nordmanniana), naZvnar-soWnarebi, wifl-

nar-naZvnar-soWnarebi. lokalurad ganviTarebulia fiWvna-

rebi (Pinus sosnowskyi). zogan wiwviani tyeebis zols

zeviT ganviTarebulia wminda wiflnaris viwro zoli (es

Tavisebureba saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic SeimCneva).

muqwiwviani tyeebis tipologiur speqtrSi dominirebs

mTis wivaniani (Festuca drymeja), xavsiani (Hylocomium splendens, Dicranum scoparium, Pleurozium schreberi da sxv.), gvimriani (Dryopteris filix mas), CitisTvalian-qristesbeW-

diani (Asperula odorata + Sanicula europaea), mJaveliani

57

(Oxalis acetosella) seriis asociaciebi. Zlier SezRudulia

reliqturi kolxuri qvetyiani tyeebis (Sqeriani, wyaviani,

Wyoriani, kolxuri suroiani, kavkasiuri mocviani seriis

asociaciebis) gavrceleba.

subalpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 1800-1850 m-dan

2500 m-mde. mcenareuli safaris SemadgenlobaSi domini-

rebs subalpuri tyeebi, subalpuri buCqnarebi da mdelo-

ebi.

subalpuri tyeebi raionSi bevri aRaraa SemorCenili,

maTi didi umetesoba usistemo eqspluataciis Sedegad

(tyis usistemo Wra, pirutyvis sistematuri Zoveba)

ganadgurda da maT naalagevze meoreuli buCqnarebi da

mdeloebi ganviTarda. subalpuri tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi

gvxvdeba mTis tyis formaciebis maRalmTis variantebi –

subalpuri wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), subalpuri soW-

nari (Abies nordmanniana), subalpuri wiflnar-soWnari,

subalpuri fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi). tipuri subalpuri

formaciebidan gavrcelebulia arynari (Betula litwinowii), circelian-arynari (Betula litwinowii + Sorbus caucasigena), nekerCxliani (Acer trautvetteri), romelTa meCxeri da

tanbrecili tyis dajgufebebi morigeobs subalpuri buCq-

narebisa da mdeloebis dajgufebebTan.

subalpuri buCqnarebidan farTodaa gavrcelebuli

dekianebi (Rhododendron caucasicum), romlebic Crdilo-

eTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze did teritorias iWers.

momcro nakveTebis da fragmentebis saxiT warmodgenilia

Rviianebi (Juniperus hemisphaerica) da mocvianebi

(Vaccinium myrtillus). subalpuri tyeebis zolSi da tyispirebSi, gavakebul

da Cadablebul adgilebSi gavrcelebulia subalpuri

maRalbalaxeuloba. maRalbalaxeulobis cenozebi metwi-

lad polidominanturi Semadgenlobisaa, maTSi kolxuri

58

saxeobebis poziciebi, aWara-guriis geobotanikur raion-

Tan SedarebiT, mokrZalebulia.

tipur subalpur mdeloebs vrceli farTobi ukavia

subalpuri sartylis zeda nawilSi (z. d. 2100-2200 m-

dan 2500 m-mde). farTodaa gavrcelebuli polidomi-

nanturi marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdeloebi. monodomi-

nanturi mdeloebidan gvxvdeba namikrefiani (Agrostis tenuis), nemsiwveriani (Geranium gymnocaulon), frintiani

(Anemone fasciculata), Zigviani (Nardus stricta) da sxv. sub-alpuri mdeloebis umetesoba, saZovrebis uweso eqsplua-

taciisa da mouvlelobis gamo, Zlier dasarevlianebulia

Sxamiani da balasturi (saZovrad uvargisi) mcenareebiT.

alpuri sartyeli ganviTarebulia maRal mwverva-

lebze (m. mefiswyaro, nageba, samecxvario da sxv.), ro-

melTa simaRle aRemateba z. d. 2450-2500 m. alpuri mde-

loebis SemadgenlobaSi dominirebs polidominanturi

marcvlovan-nairbalaxiani mdelo. SezRuduli gavrcele-

biT xasiaTdeba alpuri nemsiwverianis (Geranium gymnocaulon) da marcvlovan mcenareTagan Seqmnili for-

maciebi. CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze ganviTarebu-

lia alpuri dekianebi (Rhododendron caucasicum).

IV. zemo imereTis platos

geobotanikuri olqi

IV. 8. zemo imereTis platos geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi zemo imereTis platos (Zirulisa da WiaTuris

platoebi) geobotanikuri raioni moicavs md. yvirilas

auzis umetes nawils. raionis farglebSi moqceulia

59

lixis qedis dasavleTi kalTac. aRiSnul teritorias

geologiuri aRnagobis, teqtonikuri istoriis, reliefis,

mcenareulobis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTveloSi (kolxe-

TSi) gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs.

raionis teritoria agebulia, ZiriTadad, uZvelesi

kristaluri qanebiT – granitebiT da kristaluri

fiqlebiT, agreTve – iuruli carculi da mesameuli

danaleqebiT (Savi zRva am teritoriaze periodulad

iWreboda miocenis dasasrulamde).

raioni rTuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba. platos umetesi

nawilis simaRle z. d. 500-800 m farglebSi meryeobs.

yvelaze maRalia lixis qedisa da Zirula-Cxerimelas

wyalgamyofis Txemuri nawili, sadac calkeuli

mwvervalebi z. d. 1200-1500 m simaRles aRwevs. plato

danawevrebulia kanionisebri xeobebiT, romelTa siRrme

teritoriis periferiidan Sida nawilisaken TandaTanobiT

izrdeba. Sorapnis midamoebSi kanionis simaRle 150-200 m

aRwevs, q. WiaTurasTan – 300-400 m, lixis qedTan –

700-900 m. Rrma eroziuli xeobebiT gansakuTrebiT

mWidrodaa daserili Zirulas denudaciuri plato.

raionis hidrografiuli qseli sakmaod mWidroa. igi

warmodgenilia md. yvirilas gantotvili sistemiT,

karstuli wylebiTa da tbebiT. mTavari mdinareebia –

yvirila, Zirula da Cxerimela. maT raWisa da lixis

qedebidan Camomdinare mravali mdinare uerTdeba.

raionis teritoria zRviuri havis SedarebiT sust

gavlenas ganicdis. aqauri hava SedarebiT kontinenturia,

magram mainc sakmaod nestiania da zomierad Tbili.

atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri jami 700-800 mm-dan

1100-1200 mm-mde farglebSi cvalebadobs.

raionis teritoriis SedarebiT dabal (dasavlur)

nawilSi ganviTarebulia yviTelmiwa, wiTelmiwa da neSo-

60

mpala-karbonatuli niadagebi; amaRlebul (aRmosavlur)

nawilSi Warbobs tyis yomrali niadagebi.

• mcenareuloba

zemo imereTis platos geobotanikuri raionis mcena-

reuloba kolxuri mcenareulobis yvelaze gaRaribebuli

variantia. marTalia, reliqturi kolxuri saxeobebis

saerTo raodenoba raionis teritoriaze arcTu cotaa,

magram maTi fitocenologiuri poziciebi adgilobriv

mcenareul safarSi erTob mokrZalebulia. ramdenadme

Zlieria wyavis (Laurocerasus officinalis), Sqeris

(Rhododendron ponticum), ielis (Rhododendron luteum),

kolxuri bzis (Buxus colchica) da zogierTi sxva

kolxuri saxeobis poziciebi adgilobrivi mcenareulobis

(tyis, buCqnaris) fitocenozebSi.

raionSi warmodgenilia mxolod tyis sartyeli,

arasruli hifsometriuli profiliT. platoebze, mWidro

dasaxlebisa da sameurneo saqmianobis gavleniT, bunebrivi

mcenareuloba, gansakuTrebiT tyeebi, bevrgan faqtobrivad

ganadgurebulia, SemorCenilia mxolod calkeul xeobebSi

(WiaTuris platoze – md. bujas xeobaSi da sxv.).

mcenareuloba, met-naklebad saxecvlili saxiT, Se-

morCenilia lixis qedze, aseve Zirula-Cxerimelas

wyalgamyofze da zogierT sxva adgilebSi.

tyis mcenareulobis SemadgenlobaSi gvxvdeba Sere-

uli farTofoTlovani da wiflnari (Fagus orientalis) tyeebi. Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyis fitocenozebiT

dafarulia xeobaTa kalTebi z. d. 800-900 m-mde.

SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs – wabli (Castanea sativa), wifeli (Fagus orientalis), muryani (Alnus barbata), rcxila

(Carpinus caucasica), cacxvi (Tilia begoniifolia), leka (Acer platanoides), ifani (Fraxinus excelsior), kolxuri muxa

(Quercus hartwissiana), qarTuli muxa (Quercus iberica).

61

samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebi z. d. 800-900 m

simaRlemde ZiriTadad qarTuli muxis (Quercus iberica) tyes uWiravs. mitovebul miwebze (nasimindari, nakarto-

filari) xSirad viTardeba droebiTi murynaris (Alnus barbata) cenozebi.

teritoriis SedarebiT maRal nawilSi (z. d. 800 m

zeviT) gavrcelebulia wiflis (Fagus orientalis) domini-rebiT tyis cenozebi. gvxvdeba bidominanturi koromebic,

kerZod wablnar-wiflnari (Fagus orientalis + Castanea sativa) da rcxilnar-wiflnari (Fagus orientalis + Carpinus caucasica). mniSvnelovani farTobebi ukavia rcxilnar

(Carpinus caucasica) tyeebs. wiwviani tyeebi iSviaTia,

ZiriTadad fiWvnarebi (Pinus sosnowskyi). Sereul farTo-

foTlovan da wiflnar tyeebSi iSviaTad viTardeba re-

liqturi kolxuri qvetye (wyavis, Sqeris, ielis, Wyoris

da sxv.). ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli mTis wivaniani

(Festuca drymeja), CitisTvaliani (Asperula odorata), nairbalaxiani, gvimriani (Dryopteris filix mas) seriis tyis asociaciebi. muxnari (Quercus iberica) tyis koromebSi,

metadre kirqvianebze, qvetyeSi Cveulebrivia jagrcxila

(Carpinus orientalis) da qseromezofiluri nairbuCqebi.

natyevari adgilebi uWiravs meoreul jagrcxilnarebs

(Carpinus orientalis), bzianebs (Buxus colchica), mayvlianebs

(Rubus-is saxeobebi), nairbuCqnarebs, mdeloebs.

raionis bunebrivi mcenareuloba da misi dinamika

(suqcesiebi) detalur geobotanikur gamokvlevas

saWiroebs.

62

B. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

geobotanikuri are

geobotanikuri are moicavs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

teritorias, mis bars (iveriis bari) da mTebs (kavkasioni,

mcire kavkasioni, lixis qedis aRmosavleTi kalTa; are ar

vrceldeba md. mtkvris zemo welis auzsa da javaxeTis

zeganze, masze aRmarTuli mTebiTurT, - es teritoria

calke geobotanikur ared gamoiyofa).

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebi radika-

lurad gansxvavebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos (kolxeTis)

bunebrivi pirobebisagan. Savi zRvis (saerTo-atlantikuri)

havis gavlena aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ukidures

dasavlur regionebze vrceldeba (borjomis xeoba, lixis

qedi, md. liaxvis auzi), isic sakmaod Sesustebuli

xarisxiT. danarCeni teritoria aseT gavlenas faqtobri-

vad moklebulia. samagierod, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

teritoriis didi nawili, gansakuTrebiT bari da mTis

qveda sartyeli, ganicdis aralo-kaspiis auzis mSrali da

Tbili havis mniSvnelovan gavlenas. rTuli mTiani

reliefi ganapirobebs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT

regionSi (Sida kaxeTi, saguramo-ialnos qedis CrdiloeTi

kalTa da sxv.) haeris cirkulaciuri procesebis

Taviseburebebs, rasac saTanado koreqtivi Seaqvs havis

saerTo kanonzomierebebSi. dabolos, bunebrivi pirobebi

(hava, niadagebi da sxv.) icvleba mTebSi, - zRvis donidan

simaRlis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT, rasac ZiriTadad

kanonzomieri xasiaTi gaaCnia.

bunebrivi pirobebis, gansakuTrebiT havis horizon-

taluri (Savi zRvidan TandaTanobiTi daSorebisa da

samxreT-aRmosavleTis tramalebTan miaxloebis kvalad)

da vertikalur-zonaluri cvalebadoba ganapirobebs

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bunebrivi mcenareulobis did mravalferovnebas. aq

gavrcelebulia ekologiurad da fitocenologiurad

iseTi gansxvavebuli mcenareuloba, rogoricaa –

reliqturi (kolxuri) wiflnari tyeebi (borjomis xeoba,

md. liaxvis auzi), avSniani da yarRaniani naxevrad

udabnoebi (iveriis bari), alpuri mdeloebi (kavkasionisa

da TrialeTis maRalmTianeTi) da a. S.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mcenareuli safaris Tana-

medrove mravalferovani da kontrastuli suraTis for-

mirebaze didi gavlena (gacilebiT Zlieri, vidre kol-

xeTSi) iqonia Zireul mcenareulobaze anTropogenurma

zemoqmedebam (adamianis araracionaluri sameurneo saqmia-

noba, gareSe mtrebis mier tyeebis masiuri gadawva da a.

S.). man didi roli Seasrula Zireuli mcenareulobis

(gansakuTrebiT tyeebis) dinamikaSi (suqcesiur ganviTare-

baSi): tyiTdafaruli teritoriebi TandaTanobiT daiWira

meoreulma (tyisSemdgomma) mcenareulobam – buCqnarebma,

mdeloebma, stepebma, naxevrad udabnos mcenareulobam.

Zireuli mcenareulobis digresuli suqcesiebi gansakuT-

rebiT farTo masStabiT ganxorcielda iveriis barSi,

mTiswineTSi da mTis qveda sartyelSi, aseve subalpebSi.

ukanaskneli saukuneebis manZilze formirebulma meoreul-

ma (anTropogenurma) mcenareulobam bevrgan mkveTrad

Seucvala saxe aTaswleulebis manZilze Camoyalibebul

mcenareulobis sartylianobis tipebs (warmoiqmna sarty-

lianobis tipis uamravi varianti da subvarianti) da

bunebriv landSaftebs, saerTod.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bunebrivi mcenareulobis

SemadgenlobaSi farTodaa warmodgenili saerTo-kavkasi-

uri formaciebi da asociaciebi. reliqturi (kolxuri)

mcenareulobis warmomadgenlebi SemorCenilia ZiriTadad

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ukidures dasavlur regionebSi.

zogierT regionSi, magaliTad iveriis barSi, romelic

64

sakmaod vrcel teritorias moicavs, bunebrivi mcenareu-

lobis mozrdili masivebi (tyis, stepis, naxevrad udab-

nos) cotaRaa SemorCenili. aq metwil teritoriaze

bunebrivi mcenareuloba SemorCenilia mcire zomis

masivis, momcro nakveTebis da fragmentebis saxiT.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos geobotanikuri ares farg-

lebSi 4 geobotanikuri olqia gamoyofili. kolxeTTan

SedarebiT metia (13) geobotanikuri raionebis raodenoba,

rac bunebrivi pirobebis (Sesabamisad mcenareuli safaris)

didma nairgvarobam ganapiroba.

V. iveriis baris geobotanikuri olqi

V. 9. Sida qarTlis baris geobotanikuri

raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs Sida qarTlis vakeebs

(tirifonis, muxran-saguramos, diRmis da sxv.) da maTze

aRmarTul serebs (kvernaqis, maxaTas da sxv.). raionis

teritoria moqceulia kavkasionisa da TrialeTis qedebs

Soris. aRmosavleTiT igi q. Tbilisamde (CaTvliT)

vrceldeba. teritoriis absoluturi simaRle meryeobs

350 m-dan (mtkvris done soRanluRTan) 1200 m-mde

(kvernaqis seris absoluturi simaRle).

teritoriis geologiur agebulebaSi gabatonebulia

mesameuli da meoTxeuli naleqi wyebebi – qviSaqvebi da

konglomeratebi. vakeebze aRmarTuli serebi (kvernaqis,

maxaTas da sxv.) aseve agebulia kavkasionidan Camoziduli

masaliT.

raionis teritoria rTuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba.

umetesi nawili vakea, romelic daserilia md. mtkvriT da

65

misi mravali SenakadiT (mdinareebi – frone, liaxvi,

rexula, qsani, aragvi, Zama, tana, TeZami, kavTura, niCbura,

Zegviswyali, diRmiswyali, vere). vakis absoluturi

simaRle meryeobs 550-850 m farglebSi. md. mtkvris

xeobaSi kargadaa gamosaxuli akumulaciuri terasebi. mdi-

naris marjvena sanapiroze es terasebi sakmaod did

simaRlezea azevebuli, xolo marcxena sanapiroze

SedarebiT dabalia (terasebze ganlagebulia qalaqebi –

mcxeTa, Tbilisi).

rTuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba vake teritoriaze aR-

marTuli serebic. kvernaqis seri, romelic md. fronedan

md. aragvamdea gadaWimuli, sigrZiT 75 km-ia (misi da-

savleTi nawili cnobilia ruisis seris, xolo aRmo-

savleTi nawili – sxaltbis seris saxeliT). seri CaW-

rilia kavkasionidan Camomdinare mtkvris marcxena Senaka-

debiT (aragvi, qsani da sxv.). kvernaqis seris samxreTi

kalTa cicaboa (bedlenduri reliefi, ganviTarebuli

adviladSlad neogenur qanebze), xolo CrdiloeTi kalTa

– damreci. kvernaqis serSi gamokveTilia cixe-qalaqi

ufliscixe (ruisis seri) da SiomRvimis kompleqsi

(sxaltbis seri).

raionis hava mSrali kontinenturia, Savi zRvis

haeris masebis gavlena umniSvneloa (lixis qedis

klimaturi zRudis gamo), igi praqtikulad mxolod

teritoriis dasavleT nawilSi (fronispireTi) igrZnoba.

haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura Seadgens 9-10°. saSualo Tviur tenperaturaTa rxevis wliuri

amplituda 18-24° farglebSi cvalebadobs (izrdeba

aRmosavleTisaken). atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri jami

400-700 mm Seadgens (mcirdeba aRmosavleTisaken).

raionis niadagebi nairgvaria. vakeebze ZiriTadad

aluviuri niadagebia ganviTarebuli, romlebic sakmaod

kargad gamosaxul gastepebis niSnebs atarebs. xeobaTa

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Zvel terasebze da serebis kalTebze, sadac warsulSi

tyis niadagebi iyo ganviTarebuli (vidre es teritoria

tyiT iyo dafaruli), amJamad farTo gavrcelebas aRwevs

Savmiwisebri niadagebi (stepuri niadagwarmoqmnis proce-

sis Sedegi). gvxvdeba tyis yavisferi (muxnari tyeebis

qveS) da rux-yavisferi (naxevrad udabnos mcenareulobis

qveS) niadagebic.

• mcenareuloba

Sida qarTlis baris umetesi nawili warsulSi tyiT

iyo dafaruli. dominirebda muxnari (Quercus iberica), rcxilnari (Carpinus caucasica), muxnar-rcxilnari, wifl-

nari (Fagus orientalis), rcxilnar-wiflnari. mogvianebiT

(istoriul periodSi) tyiani teritoria TandaTanobiT

Semcirda: ganadgurda tyeebi vake teritoriaze; praqtiku-

lad mTlianad ganadgurda md. mtkvris da mis SenakadTa

uaxloes terasebze ganviTarebuli Walis tyeebic. tyeebis

naalagevze TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda meoreuli mcenare-

uloba – hemiqserofiluri da qserofiluri buCqnarebi

da balaxeuli cenozebi, utyeo teritoriis meti nawili

ki sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebma daikava.

tyis mcenareuloba SemorCenilia, ZiriTadad, mcxeTis

kldekaris raionSi. tyis koromebi (muxnari, Quercus iberica) amonayriTia, dabali warmadobis (boniteti V).

Sereuli saxeobebidan (aseqtatorebi) aRiniSneba ifani

(Fraxinus excelsior), mindvris nekerCxali (Acer campestre), rcxila (Carpinus caucasica), cacxvi (Tilia begoniifolia). qvetye muxnar koromebSi metwilad jagrcxilis (Carpinus orientalis) mieraa Seqmnili. Sereuli saxeobebidan gvxvdeba

– Sindi (Cornus mas), kvido (Ligustrum vulgare), werwa

(Lonicera caucasica), zRmartli (Mespilus germanica), Rvia (Juniperus rufescens, J. oblonga), askili (Rosa canina), da sxv. q. mcxeTis midamoebSi (kvernaqis seris kalTebi),

67

gavrcelebulia meCxeri Rviianebi (Juniperus foetidissima, J. polycarpos). mcxeTa-Tbilisis midamoebSi gvxvdeba ariduli

meCxeri tyis naSTebi - sakmlis xiani (Pistacia mutica), akakiani (Celtis caucasica), beryeniani (Pyrus salicifolia). md. mtkvris da misi Senakadebis napirebze SemorCenilia

Walis tyis momcro koromebi da fragmentebi, romelTa

SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs ofi (Populus nigra), xvalo

(Populus canescens), tirifi (Salix excelsa), muryani (Alnus barbata), Walis muxa (Quercus pedunculiflora), korpiani da Cveulebrivi Tela (Ulmus suberosa, U. minor).

hemiqserofiluri da qserofiluri buCqnarebi

farTodaa gavrcelebuli raionis teritoriaze – vakeebze

da serebis kalTebze. buCqnarebis absoluturi umetesoba

meoreulia, - ganviTarebulia vakisa da Walis tyeebis,

agreTve serebis kalTebze arsebuli tyeebis (muxnarebi,

rcxilnar-muxnarebi, ariduli meCxeri tyeebi) naalagevze.

buCqnarebs Soris dominirebs – ZeZvianebi (Paliurus spina christi), graklianebi (Spiraea hypericifolia), jagrcxil-

narebi (Carpinus orientalis), nairbuCqnarebi (Savjaga –

Rhamnus pallasii, ZeZvi – Paliurus spina christi, grakla –

Spiraea hypericifolia, Rviebi – Juniperus oblonga, J. rufescens, askili – Rosa canina, R. corymbifera, Jasmini – Jasminum fruticans, Trimli – Cotinus coggygria, TuTubo – Rhus coriaria, kuneli – Crataegus kyrtostyla, werwa – Lonicera caucasica, kvrinCxi – Prunus spinosa, CitakomSa –

Cotoneaster racemiflorus da sxv,). yvelaze mSral adgil-

samyofelebSi – samxreTis eqspoziciis Txelniadagian da

RorRian niadagebze ganviTarebulia qserofiluri buCq-

narebi – tragakantuli glerZianebi (Astragalus microcephalus), zRarbianebi (Acantholimon lepturoides, A. fominii), urcianebi (Thymus tiflisiensis) da sxv.

stepis mcenareuloba raionis teritoriaze sakmaod

farTodaa gavrcelebuli. dominirebs uroiani (Botriochloa

68

ischaemum). igi metwilad plakorul reliefTanaa

dakavSirebuli; gvxvdeba metwilad momcro nakveTebis

saxiT hemiqserofilur buCqnarebs (ZeZviani, grakliani da

sxv.) Soris; xSirad qmnis kompleqsur dajgufebebs

(ZeZvianisa da uroianis, nairbuCqnarisa da uroianis

kompleqsebi da sxv.). mSral ferdobebze ganviTarebulia

uroian-wivaniani (Festuca valesiaca + Botriochloa ischaemum)

da wivaniani (Festuca valesiaca) stepebi, romelTa momcro

nakveTebi da fragmentebi gafantulia qserofiluri

buCqnarebis saerTo fonze. stepis mcenareulobis

aRniSnuli dajgufebebis didi umetesoba meoreulia,

ganviTarebulia adre aq arsebuli vakisa da ariduli

meCxeri tyeebis (qarTuli muxis muxnarebi, ariduli

meCxeri tyeebi) naalagevze. meoreul mcenareulobad unda

CaiTvalos raionis teritoriaze gavrcelebuli (momcro

nakveTebisa da fragmentebis saxiT) vaciwveriani (Stipa lessingiana, St. tirsa ) stepis dajgufebebic.

naxevrad udabnos mcenareuloba raionSi gvxvdeba

yvelaze mSral da met-naklebad damlaSebul niadagebze,

rogorc vakeze ise serebis kalTebze. am qserofiluri

mcenareulobis warmomadgenelia avSnianebi (Artemisia lerchiana), romlebic metwilad momcro nakveTebis saxiT

gvxvdeba serebis mimdebare vakeebze (serebis kalTebze

avSnianebi fragmentuladaa gavrcelebuli). iSviaTad,

momcro nakveTebisa da fragmentebis saxiT aRiniSneba

bidominanturi naxevrad udabnos mcenareuloba, kerZod

avSnian-yarRaniani (Salsola dendroides + Artemisia lerchiana) da avSnian-Caraniani (Salsola ericoides + Artemisia lerchiana). naxevrad udabnos cenozebSi adre gazafxulze viTardeba

efemerebisa da efemeroidebis sinuziebi (Alissum desertorum, Bromus japonicus, Poa bulbosa da sxv.).

Waobis mcenareuloba raionis teritoriaze ganviTare-

bulia wyalsacavebis da tbebis napirebze da WalebSi.

69

magaliTad, q. mcxeTasTan, Walis tyeSi ganviTarebulia

Waobis mcenareuloba, romlis dominantTa Sorisaa leli

(Phragmites australis), laqaSi (Typha latifolia) da sxv.

V. 10. qvemo qarTlis baris geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs teritorias q. Tbi-

liss (soRanluRs) qvemoT, md. mtkvris orive sanapiroze.

igi moqceulia TrialeTis qeds, somxiTis qeds da ivris

zegans Soris. aRmosavleTisaken qvemo qarTlis bari

grZeldeba azerbaijanis farglebSi (mtkvar-araqsis

dablobi, romlis nawilsac igi warmoadgens). raioni

moicavs akumulaciur vakeebs (marneulis, gardabnis), teq-

tonikuri warmoSobis serebs da vulkanur platoebs

(TeTri wyaros, disvelis). teritoriis absoluturi

simaRle meryeobs 265 m-dan (wiTeli xidis midamoebi)

1200-1500 m-mde (TeTri wyaros plato).

teritoriis geologiur agebulebaSi mTavari adgili

ukavia meoTxeul mdinareul nafenebs, romlebic zemodan

faravs mezozour da mesameul wyebebs (es qanebi

gaSiSvlebulia md. xramis Sua welis xeobaSi). marneulis

vakis geologiur agebulebaSi monawileobs dasavleTidan

(javaxeTis qedidan) SemoWrili lavuri (dolomituri)

qanebi da zRviuri nafenebic. teqtonikuri iaRlujas seri

agebulia TrialeTidan Camotanili neogenuri konglo-

meratebiTa da qviSaqvebiT (molasuri formaciiT). qvemo

qarTlis plato (TeTri wyaros, disvelis) agebulia

javaxeTis qedidan Camosuli lavuri qanebiT (zeda plio-

cenSi Camosuli lavuri Rvari q. marneulamde grZeldeba).

70

raionis teritoria rTuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba.

teritoriis umetesi nawili vakea (marneulis da

gardabnis vakeebi). mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze 17 km

manZilze gadawolilia iaRlujas seri (`iaRluja~

Turqulad niSnavs msuqans, cximians, mdidars). TeTri

wyaros platos zedapiri daxrilia samxreTisaken, xolo

disvelis platos zedapiri brtyeli daunawevrebelia.

aRniSnuli platoebi gamijnulia md. xramis kanioniT,

romlis sigane 0,4-1,7 km-ia, xolo siRrme 100-300 m

(maqsimaluria samSvildesTan).

raionis hidrografiuli qseli warmodgenilia md.

mtkvriTa da misi SenakadebiT – xramiTa da algeTiT,

agreTve tbebiT (kumisis, jandaris). meoTxeuli naleqebis

Rrma horizontebSi Tavmoyrilia wneviani wylebis didi

maragi. iaRlujas seri praqtikulad uwyloa, aq mxolod

mlaSe wyaroebia, romlebic zafxulobiT Sreba.

raionis hava mSrali (kontinenturi) subtripikuli

xasiaTisaa. igi ganicdis aziis kontinentis ariduli havis

mniSvnelovan gavlenas. saSualo wliuri temperatura

Seadgens 11,5-13,0°. saSualo Tviur temperaturaTa merye-

obis wliuri amplituda 23,0-24,5°-ia (rac havis maRali

kontinenturobis maCvenebelia). atmosferuli naleqebis

wliuri jami meryeobs 350 mm-dan 500 mm-mde. naleqebi

wlis manZilze ganawilebulia metad araTanabrad

(maqsimaluri modis mais-ivnisis Tveebze).

raionis niadagebi gamoirCeva didi siWreliT. aq

gavrcelebulia aluviuri, Savmiwisebri, tyis yavisferi,

rux-yavisferi da wabla niadagebi. teritoriis yvelaze

dabal nawilSi (z. d. 300-500 m, marneulis da gardabnis

vakeebi) ganviTarebulia, ZiriTadad, wabla niadagebi, aqve

vxvdebiT rux-yavisfer, ufro iSviaTad – Savmiwisebr

niadagebsac. ufro SemaRlebul adgilebSi metwilad

Savmiwisebri niadagebia gavrcelebuli, gvxvdeba tyis

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yavisferi niadagebic (platoebi). zogan niadagi

damlaSebulia gruntisa da zedapiruli wylebiT.

• mcenareuloba

bunebrivi mcenareulobiT dafarulia raionis teri-

toriis mcire nawili (erT-erTi yvelaze naklebi aRmo-

savleT saqarTvelos regionebs Soris). amasTan, bunebrivi

mcenareuloba Zlier saxecvlilia adamianis sameurneo

saqmianobis gavleniT. es gansakuTrebiT vakeebze iTqmis,

sadac bunebrivi mcenareuloba didi xania kulturulma

mcenareulobam Secvala.

raionis teritoriaze ganviTarebuli mcenareuli

safari, miuxedavad SezRuduli farTobisa, tipologiuri

struqturisa da ganviTarebis istoriis, agreTve

Tanamedrove suqcesiuri cvlis TvalsazrisiT, Zalze

mravalferovan da rTul suraTs iZleva.

tyis mcenareuloba fitocenologiurad mravalfero-

vania. teritoriis yvelaze maRal nawilSi (TeTri

wyarosa da disvelis platoebi) ganviTarebulia mTis

tyeebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Warbobs qarTuli muxis

(Quercus iberica) da maRalmTis muxis (Quecus macranthera) mier Seqmnili monodominanturi tyeebi. sayuradReboa, rom

maRalmTis muxa regionSi (iseve rogorc saerTod aR-

mosavleT TrialeTSi) Zalze dabla eSveba. aqve gavrce-

lebulia rcxilnar-muxnari (Quercus iberica + Carpinus caucasica) da polidominanturi foTlovani tyis koro-

mebi (qarTuli da maRalmTis muxebi, ifani - Fraxinus excelsior, rcxila - Carpinus caucasica, cacxvi - Tilia begoniifolia, mindvris nekerCxali - Acer campestre).

raionis teritoriaze (ZiriTadad md. xramisa da

algeTis auzebSi) SemorCenilia ariduli meCxeri tyis

naSTebi – sakmlis xianis (Pistacia mutica) da akakianis

(Celtis caucasica) momcro koromebi. maT SemadgenlobaSi

72

monawileobs ariduli meCxeri (naTeli) tyisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli mravali saxeoba – qarTuli nekerCxali (Acer ibericum), hirkanuli nekerCxali (Acer hyrcanum), Savjaga

(Rhamnus pallasii), ZeZvi (Paliurus spina christi), Trimli

(Cotinus coggygria), TuTubo (Rhus coriaria), qarTuli

cxratyava (Lonicera iberica), Jasmini (Jasminum fruticans) da sxv.

md. mtkvrisa da xramis WalebSi SemorCenilia (ganad-

gurebas gadaurCa) odesRac vrceli Walis tyeebis naS-

Tebi – tirifnari (Salix excelsa, S. alba, S. pseudomedemii) da verxvnar-tirifnari (Salix excelsa + Populus canescens + P. nigra), maTi fitocenozebis damaxasiaTebeli saxeobebiT

(Tela - Ulmus minor, Walis muxa - Quercus pedunculiflora, TuTa - Morus alba,�Sindanwla - Svida australis, ialRuni -

Tamarix ramosissima, kvrinCxi - Prunus spinosa, Rvedkeci – Periploca graeca, mayvali - Rubus anatolicus, qacvi -

Hippophaë rhamnoides, katabarda - Clematis orientalis da sxv.).

hemiqserofiluri da qserofiluri buCqnarebi

gavrcelebulia serebis ferdobebze da platoebze. Semad-

genlobaSi monawileobs mravali formacia – ZeZvianebi

(Paliurus spina christi), graklianebi (Spiraea hypericifolia), Savjagianebi (Rhamnus pallasii), jagrcxilnarebi (Carpinus orientalis), nairbuCqnarebi da sxv. erozirebul mSral

ferdobebze gavrcelebulia glerZianebi (Astragalus micro-cephalus) da zRarbianebi (Acantholimon lepturoides).

stepis mcenareuloba ganviTareulia raionis mTel

teritoriaze (vakeebi, platoebi, serebis kalTebi), metwi-

lad Savmiwisebr niadagebze. farTodaa gavrcelebuli

uroianebi (Botriochloa ischaemum) da avSnian-uroianebi

(Botriochloa ischaemum + Artemisia lerchiana). teritoriis SemaRlebul nawilSi Cveulebrivia ZeZvian-uroianebi

(Paliurus spina christi – Botriochloa ischaemum), vaci-

73

wverianebi (Stipa lessingiana, St. pulcherrima) da marcv-

lovan-nairbalaxovani stepis dajgufebebi (Festuca valesiaca, Bromus japonicus, Phleum phleoides, Ph. pa-niculatum, Cynodon dactylon, Achillea biebersteinii, Filago arvensis, Salvia sclarea, Xeranthemum squarrosum da sxv. ).

naxevrad udabnos mcenareuloba ganviTarebulia met-

wilad vake adgilebSi, wabla da damlaSebul niadagebze.

mcenareuloba warmodgenilia, ZiriTadad, avSnianebiT

(Artemisia lerchiana). SedarebiT iSviaTia xurxumoiani

(Salsola nodulosa) da naxevrad udabnos mcenareulobis

sxva formaciebi. avSnian fitocenozebSi edifikatori

(avSani) did umetes SemTxvevaSi srul gabatonebas aRwevs.

sxva (damaxasiaTebel) saxeobebs Soris aRiniSneba -

Caragana grandiflora, Sterigmostemum torulosum, Torularia torulosa da sxv. gazafxulze cenozebSi uxvad viTardeba

efemerebi da efemeroidebi - Alissum tortuosum, Gagea dubia, Medicago minima, Pterotheca sancta, Trachynia distachya da sxv. avSniani naxevrad udabno saukeTeso

zamTris saZovaria (ZiriTadad cxvrisaTvis).

Waobis mcenareuloba ganviTarebulia wyalsacavebis

da mdinareTa napirebze, metwilad momcro nakveTebis

saxiT. SemadgenlobaSi dominirebs laqaSianebi (Typha latifolia, T. laxmannii).

qvemo qarTlis geobotanikuri raionis farglebSi

erT-erTi friad sainteresoa iaRlujas seri. igi gada-

Wimulia 17 km manZilze, dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken.

seri agebulia TrialeTidan Camotanili neogenuri

konglomeratebiT da qviSaqvebiT. seris saSualo simaRle

didi araa (maqsimaluri z. d. 766 m). TiTqmis mTlianad

moklebulia hidrografiul qsels (uwyloa, aris mxolod

mlaSe droebiTi wyaroebi).

iaRlujas seris mcenareuli safari friad sainte-

resoa Tavisi genezisiTa da SemadgenlobiT. sadReisod

74

SemorCenilia ariduli meCxeri tyis naSTebi – winaT aq

arsebuli sakmlis xianebis, akakianebis da Rviianebis

fitocenozebi. farTodaa gavrcelebuli avSnianebi

(Artemisia lerchiana) da uroian-avSnianebi (Artemisia lerchiana + Botriochloa ischaemum). mniSvnelovani farTo-

bebi ukavia stepis mcenareulobas – uroians (Botriochloa ischaemum), wivanian-uroians (Botriochloa ischaemum + Festuca valesiaca), vaciwverians (Stipa lessingiana, St. pulcherrima), vaciwverian-wivanian-uroians da qserofilur

buCqnarebs – ZeZvians (Paliurus spina christi) da glerZians

(Astragalus microcephalus). fitocenozebSi (ZiriTadad

balaxnarebSi) uxvad viTardeba efemerebi da erTwlovani

mcenareebi - Bromus japonicus, Echinaria capitata, Medicago minima, Poa bulbosa, Salvia viridis, Trachynia distachya, Trifolium arvense da mravali sxva. adre gazafxulze

fitocenozebSi viTardeba ulamazesi geofitebi – zamba-

xebi (Iris iberica, I. pumila), CitisTava (Gagea commutata) da sxv.

V. 11. alaznis anu kaxeTis vakis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs teritorias, romelic

SemosazRvrulia mTavari kavkasionis qediT, gomboris

qediT da ivris zegniT (teritoriis bunebrivi gagrZe-

lebaa agriCais veli azerbaijanis respublikaSi). alaznis

vake gadaWimulia 160 km-ze, xolo sigane 28-35 km-ia.

vakis zedapiris absoluturi simaRle cvalebadobs 175 m-

dan (sof. qvemo qedis midamoebi) 550 m-mde (pankisis

xeobis dasasruli, baxtrionTan).

75

mesameulis dasasrulisaTvis alaznis vake kavkasionis

mTiswineTs warmoadgenda. pliocenis bolodan daiwyo

alaznis vakis dRevandeli teritoriis intensiuri

daZirva, rac dRemde grZeldeba.

alaznis vake agebulia meoTxeulis mdinareuli

nafenebiT, romlebic gadafarebulia mesameul da

meoTxeul wyebebze.

raionis hidrografiuli qseli sakmaod mWidroa. vake

daserilia md. alazniT da misi SenakadebiT, romlebic

Camoedineba kavkasionidan da gomboris qedidan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mTebidan Camomavali zogierTi mdinare

alaznamde ver aRwevs, CaiJoneba an sarwyavad gamoiyeneba.

alaznis veli warmoadgens mZlavr arteziul auzs, – mis

fxvier wyebebSi grovdeba mtknari wylis didi maragi.

hava raionis teritoriaze mniSvnelovnad icvleba

kavkasionidan daSorebis kvalad. ase, magaliTad, atmosfe-

ruli naleqebis wliuri raodenoba q. lagodexTan 800-

900 mm-ia, xolo md. wnoriswyalTan igi 400 mm-sac ar

aRwevs. haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura 11,0-13,5° farglebSia. md. alaznis marcxena sanapiros teritoriaze

(gaRmamxari) hava zomierad nestiania, xolo marjvena sana-

piros teritoriaze (winamxari) hava gacilebiT mSralia.

haeris saSualo Tviur temperaturaTa meryeobis wliuri

amplituda 22-23°-ia, rac havis kontinenturobis sakmaod maRal xarisxze miuTiTebs.

raionis niadaguri safari sakmaod Wreli Sedgeni-

lobiT xasiaTdeba. alaznis marcxena sanapiroze ZiriTa-

dad ganviTarebulia aluviuri ukarbonato niadagebi;

alaznis marjvena sanapiroze niadagebis meti mraval-

ferovnebaa, aq gavrcelebulia aluviuri karbonatuli

niadagebi, Savmiwisebri niadagebi, wabla niadagebi da muq-

yavisferi niadagebi.

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• mcenareuloba

raionis teritoria bunebrivi pirobebis mixedviT

xelsayrelia tyis mcenareulobisaTvis. warsulSi igi

(gaRmamxari, winamxari) swored tyeebiT iyo dafaruli,

romlebic mogvianebiT gaiCexa da amoiZirkva. sadReisod

bunebrivi tyeebi SemorCenilia md. alaznis WalaSi,

kavkasionis mTisZira zolSi, q. gurjaanTan da sxv.

natyevar vrcel teritoriaze ganviTarda meoreuli

stepis da naxevrad udabnos mcenareuloba. teritoriis

umetesi nawili ki kulturulma mcenareulobam daikava.

tyis mcenareuloba, Tu dRemde SemorCenili tyis

naSTebiT vimsjelebT, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli alaznis

vakeze. igi ZiriTadad warmodgenili iyo muxnarebiT

(Quercus iberica), rcxilnarebiT (Carpinus caucasica) da

muxnar-rcxilnarebiT (Carpinus caucasica + Quercus iberica). sakmaod did farTobs iWerda Sereuli

(polidominanturi) farTofoTlovani tyeebi (qarTuli

muxa, rcxila, wabli – Castanea sativa, qorafi – Acer laetum, mindvris nekerCxali – Acer campestre, ifani –

Fraxinus excelsior, cacxvi – Tilia begoniifolia). md. alaznisa

da misi Senakadebis WalebSi ganviTarebuli iyo Walis

tyis xSiri da maRali warmadobis koromebi.

amJamad alaznis vakeze tyeebi ZiriTadad md. alaznis

WalaSia SemorCenili. alaznis Walis tyeebi sakmaod mdi-

daria da mravalferovani. pirvel (uaxloes) terasaze

dominirebs verxvnari (xvalo – Populus canescens, ofi – P. nigra). gvxvdeba sxva formaciebic – lafnari

(Pterocarya pterocarpa), murynari (Alnus barbata), tiri-

fnari (Salix excelsa), Sereuli (polidominanturi) tye

(xvalo, ofi, tirifi, lafani, muryani, Walis Tela –

Ulmus suberosa). mdinaris kalapotidan ufro daSorebiT

(meore terasa) Walis tye ZiriTadad muxnariTaa warmod-

genili (Walis muxis – Quercus pedunculiflora tye). Walis

77

tyeebis koromebSi ganviTarebulia qvetye, metwilad

polidominanturi Sedgenilobisa (kuneli – Crataegus kyrtostyla, kvido – Ligustrum vulgare, Sindanwla – Svida australis, qacvi – Hippophaë rhamnoides, askili – Rosa canina da sxv.). mravladaa xviara (liana) mcenareebi,

gansakuTrebiT tyis gameCxerebul ubnebSi da tyispirebSi

(ekalRiWi – Smilax excelsa, katabarda – Clematis vitalba, C. orientalis, svia – Humulus lupulus, Rvedkeci – Periploca graeca, gareuli vazi – Vitis sylvestris, Cveulebrivi da

pastuxovis suroebi – Hedera helix, H. pastuchowii, Sorvala – Cynanchum acutum). Walis tye momcro

nakveTebis saxiT da fragmentulad gvxvdeba alaznis

Senakadebis WalebSic.

buCqnari mcenareuloba gavrcelebulia, ZiriTadad,

alaznis velis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi (qiziyi). Wa-

lis tyeebis zolSi da mimdebare teritoriaze ganviTare-

bulia, metwilad, ialRunianebi (Tamarix ramosissima). ufro SemaRlebul adgilebSi gavrcelebulia hemiqsero-

filuri da qserofiluri buCqnarebi – ZeZvianebi (Paliurus spina christi), nairbuCqnarebi da sxv.

stepis mcenareuloba raionSi sakmaod farTo gavr-

celebas aRwevs, metwilad – SemaRlebul adgilebSi. war-

modgenilia, ZiriTadad, uroianebiT (Botriochloa ischaemum). Cveulebrivia uroianis da ZeZvianis kompleq-

suri mcenareulobac.

naxevrad udabnos mcenareuloba sakmaod farTodaa

gavrcelebuli raionis aRmosavleT nawilSi, wabla da

met-naklebad damlaSebul niadagebze. am mcenareulobis

erT-erTi tipuri warmomadgenelia Soroqniani (Limonium meyeri). Soroqnian cenozebSi damaxasiaTebelia niadagis

damlaSebis amtani saxeobebi – xvarxvara (Petrosimonia brachiata), TaTabo (Atriflex tatarica), avSani (Artemisia lerchiana), glerta (Cynodon dactylon), Wanga (Elytrigia

78

pseudocaesia) da sxv. damlaSebul niadagebze gvxvdeba

dajgufebebi xvarxvaras dominirebiT da Soroqnian-

xvarxvarianebi (Limonium meyeri – Petrosimonia brachiata). momcro nakveTebis saxiT gvxvdeba glertiani (Cynodon dactylon), Wangiani (Elytrigia pseudocaesia), avSniani

(Artemisia lerchiana). Walis tyis mimdebare teritoriaze,

sadac gruntis wylebi zedapirTan axlosaa, ganviTa-

rebulia Zirtkbilianis (Glycyrrisa glabra) da lelianis

(Phragmites australis) fitocenozebi. alaznis vakeze, metwilad yvelaze tenian nawilSi

(lagodexis raioni) aqtiurad vrceldeba, zogan dajgu-

febebsac qmnis ewris gvimra (Pteridium tauricum), ambrozia

(Ambrosia artemisiifolia), lakartia (Paspalum paspaloides) da sxv. (adgilobrivi saTib-saZovrebis sarevelebi).

V. 12. ivris anu hereTis zegnis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs vrcel teritorias

mtkvar-alaznis SuamdinareTSi. igi gadaWimulia 168 km

manZilze, q. Tbilisidan samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken, azer-

baijanis respublikis sazRvramde. ivris zegnis maqsi-

maluri sigane 55-60 km-ia. ivris zegani CrdiloeTidan

SemosazRvrulia saguramo-ialnosa da gomboris qedebiT,

xolo Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan, aRmosavleTidan da samx-

reTidan – saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis saxelmwifo sazRvriT

da eldaris dablobiT.

ivris zegani agebulia mesameuli da meoTxeuli dana-

leqi qanebiT – TixebiT, qviSaqvebiT da konglomeratebiT.

tafobebi (didi Siraqi, naomari veli da sxv.) amov-

sebulia meoTxeuli nafenebiT – TixebiTa da riynalebiT.

79

q. dedofliswyarosTan gaSiSvlebulia iuruli kirqvianebi

(mTa nikoracixe, z.d. 1001m).

raioni metad rTuli reliefiT gamoirCeva. aq

Serwymulia mesameuli qanebiT agebuli serebi da maTi

gamyofi vakeebi (ukanaskneli warmoadgens kontinenturi

nafenebiT amovsebul Zvel sinklinur qvabulebs). md.

mtkvridan md. alaznamde teritoriaze aseTi 4-5 seria

(yaSi, ziliCa da sxv.) da amdenive vake. ukanasknelTa

Soris yvelaze didia Siraqis vake, romlis sigrZe 40 km,

xolo sigane 19 km aRwevs, absoluturi simaRle 560-700

m farglebSia. ivris zegnis simaRle sakmaod did

farglebSi cvalebadobs, z. d. 100-150 m-dan (ivrisa da

alaznis talvegebi) 1000-1200 m-mde (m. nikoracixe,

Tamariscixe, oriZma da sxv.). ivris zeganze sakmaod

farTo gavrcelebas aRwevs bedlenduri reliefi

(serebze) da mSrali xevebis eroziuli reliefi.

ivris zegnis hidrografiuli qseli sakmaod Txelia.

mTlianad ivris zegani gadaserilia md. ioriT, romelic

raionis farglebSi TiTqmis moklebulia Senakadebs.

serebis kalTebze Camoedineba mxolod patara nakadulebi.

aris mSrali xevebic, romlebSic wyali mxolod gaza-

fxulze moedineba da dedamdinaremde ar aRwevs. gvxvdeba

veZiani (mariliani) wyaroebi da mlaSe tbebi (yajiris,

ujarmis da sxv.). meoTxeuli nafenebiT amovsebuli Zveli

tafobebi (Siraqi, taribana da sxv.) Rrma horizontebSi

Seicavs arteziuli wylis did marags.

raionis hava mSrali kontinenturia, romelic z. d.

simaRlesTan dakavSirebiT cvalebadobs subtropikulidan

zomieramde. haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura 13-14° Seadgens (md. alaznisa da ivris xeobebSi), zegnis

umaRles nawilSi ki igi 9,0-10,0°-ia. saSualo Tviuri

temperaturebis rxevis wliuri amplituda 22,0-27,0° Seadgens. naleqebis wliuri jami raionis farglebSi

80

gansxvavebulia: teritoriis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi

igi 200-300 mm-ia, Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi 400-500

mm, xolo ukidures Crdilo nawilSi yvelaze metia –

600-700 mm. naleqebis umetesi nawili mais-ivnisze modis.

zafxuli Zlier cxeli da gvalviania.

raionis teritoriaze gavrcelebulia nairgvari

niadagebi. yvelaze farTodaa gavrcelebuli Savmiwisebri

niadagebi, romelTa formireba didi xnis winaT (tyeebis

ganadgurebis Semdeg) daiwyo. sakmaod farTodaa

gavrcelebuli wabla da mlaSob-bicobi niadagebi. gvxvdeba

tyis yavisferi da tyisSemdgomi gardamavali niadagebis

nairgvari varianti.

• mcenareuloba

bunebrivma pirobebma, agreTve samxreTis mosazRvre

vrceli udabno - naxevrad udabnoebis gavlenam gansazRvra

ivris zegnis geobotanikuri raionis mcenareulobis

fitocenologiuri struqtura, romelic mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba saqarTvelos sxva regionebis mcenareulobis

struqturisagan: raionSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli

hemiqserofiluri da qserofiluri mcenareuloba –

tyeebi, buCqnarebi, stepebi; gvxvdeba naxevrad udabnos

mcenareulobis warmomadgenlebi; SemorCenilia vakisa da

mTis muxnarebi, Walis tyeebi da buCqnarebi. yovelive es

ganapirobebs ivris zegnis mcenareuli safaris mravalfe-

rovnebis ganumeorebel, unikalur suraTs.

tyis mcenareuloba ekologiurad da fitocenolo-

giurad mravalferovania. aq gavrcelebulia unikaluri

reliqturi tyeebi, romlebic cnobilia ariduli meCxeri

(`naTeli~, `savanoiduri~) tyeebis saxelwodebiT.

teritoriis amaRlebul nawilSi – serebis kalTebze aqa-

iq gadarCenilia muxnarisa (Quercus iberica) da rcxilnar-

muxnaris (Quercus iberica + Carpinus caucasica) koromebi,

81

xolo md. ivrisa da alaznis WalebSi – Walis tyis

momcro dajgufebebi da fragmentebi.

ariduli meCxeri tyeebi saqarTveloSi yvelaze ukeT

da tipuri saxiT ivris zeganzea Semonaxuli. foTlovani

ariduli meCxeri tye warmodgenilia sakmlis xianiT

(Pistacia mutica), romlis meCxeri koromebi (kalTaSekru-

loba 0,2-dan 0,5-mde farglebSi) gavrcelebulia talRur

vakeebze, terasebze da serebis damrec kalTebze (patara

Siraqi, vaSlovanis nakrZali da sxv.). sakmlis xianebi

metwilad wminda koromebis saxiTaa warmodgenili, iSvia-

Tad gvxvdeba akakian-sakmlis xianebi (Pistacia mutica + Celtis caucasica). koromebSi erTeuli saxiT Sereulia

qarTuli nekerCxali (Acer ibericum ), zogan – Rviebic

(Juniperus foetidissima, J. polycarpos). ariduli meCxeri tye

tipologiurad sakmaod mravalferovania: proluviur-

deluviur vakeebze, maT mimdebare gorak-borcvebze da

serebis damrec ferdobebze ganviTarebulia sakmlis xian-

uroiani (Pistacia mutica – Botriochloa ischaemum); serebis

CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze, Txemebze, serTaSua

platoebze metwilad gvxvdeba sakmlis xian-vaciwveriani

(Pistacia mutica – Stipa capillata, St. lessingiana, St. pulcherrima); mSrali xevebis gamozidvis konusebze Ziri-

Tadad gavrcelebulia sakmlis xian-ZeZviani (Pistacia mutica – Paliurus spina christi); vakeebze, metwilad sustad

damlaSebul niadagebze ganviTarebulia sakmlis xian-

avSniani (Pistacia mutica – Artemisia lerchiana). n. laCaSvili

da m. xaCiZe (2005) vaSlovanis saxelmwifo nakrZalis

sakmlis xianebSi 8 asociacias gamoyofen.

mdidari da mravalferovania foTlovani ariduli

meCxeri tyeebis flora. tyis koromebSi aRiniSneba

(damaxasiaTebeli saxeobebi) hemiqserofiluri da qsero-

filuri buCqebi – ZeZvi (Paliurus spina christi), Savjaga (Rhamnus pallasii), menaxiris bali (Cerasus mahaleb),

82

qarTuli cxratyava (Lonicera iberica), Jasmini (Jasminum fruticans), uZraxela (Caragana grandiflora), joris Zua

(Ephedra distachya), qarTuli kowaxuri (Berberis iberica), broweuli (Punica granatum), glerZa (Astragalus microcephalus), ialRuni (Tamarix rhamosissima) da sxv.;

balaxovani mcenareebidan da qondara buCqebidan Cveuleb-

rivia – Artemisia lerchiana, Botriochloa ischaemum, Elytrigia pseudocaesia, Festuca valesiaca, Kochia prostrata, Limonium meyeri, Phleum phleoides, Salsola dendroides, Stachys fruticulosa, Stipa capillata, St. lessingiana, St. pulcherrima, Suaeda dendroides da mravali sxva; mravladaa erTwlovani

balaxebi – Alissum desertorum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Astragalus asterias, Bromus japonicus, Galium tenuissimum, Hordeum crinatum, Thlaspi perfoliatum, Veronica pilota, Vicia hirsuta da sxv.

ivris zeganze wiwviani ariduli meCxeri tye warmo-

dgenilia RviianebiT, romlebic Seqmnilia Rviis ori saxe-

obis TanadominantobiT – Savi Rvia (Juniperus foetidissima) da mravalnayofa Rvia (Juniperus polycarpos). Rviianebis

geografiuli areali ZiriTadad Tanxvdeba sakmlis xia-

nebis areals, magram adgilsamyofelis xasiaTiT am

ukanasknelisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba: Rviianebi Zi-

riTadad ganviTarebulia serebis CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis

didi (30-40°) daqanebis ferdobebze, metwilad yavisfer

niadagebze. Rviiani koromebi xasiaTdeba saSualo (0,5-0,7)

kalTaSekrulobiT, xeebi aRwevs 6-9 m simaRles. Rviiani

fitocenozebis umetesoba gaerTianebulia Semdeg asocia-

ciebSi: Rviiani Jasminiani (qvetyeSi dominirebs Jasmini –

Jasminum fruticans); Rviiani uZraxeliani (qvetyeSi domi-

nirebs uZraxela – Caragana grandiflora); Rviiani nairbuC-qiani (qvetye polidominanturia, aRiniSneba saxeobebi –

ZeZvi – Paliurus spina christi, Savjaga – Rhamnus pallasii, xorcifera – Atraphaxis spinosa, joris Zua – Ephedra

83

procera, E. distachya). balaxovan mcenareTa safari Rviia-

nebSi ufro iSviaTad viTardeba, samagierod kargadaa gan-

viTarebuli xavsebisa da mRierebis sakmaod mWidro

safari (Cladonia convoluta, C. pocillum, Pleurochaeta squarrosa, Thuidium abietinum, Tortula ruralis da sxv.). garda aRniSnulisa, ivris zegnis RviianebSi gamoyofilia aso-

ciaciebi: Rviiani jagrcxiliani, Rviiani nairmarcvlov-

niani, sakmlis xian-Rviiani uZraxeliani da sxv. (laCa-

Svili, xaCiZe, iaSaRaSvili, 2004).

ivris zeganze farTodaa gavrcelebuli bidominanturi

ariduli tyeebi – sakmlis xian-Rviianebi (Pistacia mutica + Juniperus foetidissima, J. polycarpos). gavrcelebulia

yvela eqspoziciisa da daqanebis ferdobze, nairgvar

niadagur-gruntul pirobebSi. SeiniSneba kanonzomiereba:

didi daqanebis ferdobebze ganviTarebul tyis koromebSi,

romelTa kalTaSekruloba metwilad 0,5-0,6 farglebSia,

Warbobs Rviebi; mcire daqanebis (10-15°) ferdobebze gan-viTarebul Sereul koromebSi, romelTa kalTaSekruloba

metwilad 0,2-0,4 farglebSia, Warbobs sakmlis xe.

ivris zeganze momcro koromebis saxiT da frag-

mentulad aRiniSneba Sereuli foTlovani tyeebi (qar-

Tuli nekerCxali, akaki, ifani da sxv.). gvxvdeba akakianis

(Celtis caucasica) da beryenianis (Pyrus salicifolia) momcro dajgufebebi. mSral xevebSi da serebis kalTebze (Savi

mTis tye, tye qvemo qedTan da sxv.) SemorCenilia muxnari

(Quercus iberica) da muxnar-rcxilnari (Carpinus caucasica + Quercus iberica) tyeebis naSTebi.

md. ivrisa da alaznis WalebSi momcro nakveTebisa da

fragmentebis saxiT gvxvdeba Walis tyeebi. md. alaznis

farTo terasaze zogan aRiniSneba verxvnaris (Populus canescens, P. nigra) koromebi. erTeuli saxiT Sereulia

tirifi (Salix excelsa), Walis muxa (Quercus pedunculiflora), Cveulebrivi Tela (Ulmus minor). Walis

84

tyis koromebSi xSir SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebulia meore

qveiarusi da qvetye, sadac ZiriTadad monawileobs –

qacvi (Hippophaë rhamnoides), fSati (Eleagnus angustifolia), ialRuni (Tamarix ramosissima), romlebic

zogan gauval rayasac qmnis. ufro iSviaTad qvetyeSi aRi-

niSneba – Sindanwla (Svida australis), mayvali (Rubus anatolicus), broweuli (Punica granatum), askili (Rosa canina, R. corymbifera), lerwami (Arundo donax). lianebidan

Walis tyeebSi Cveulebrivia – Rvedkeci (Periploca graeca), ekalRiWi (Smilax excelsa), svia (Humulus lupulus), katabarda (Clematis vitalba). tyis koromebis balaxeul sa-

farSi monawileobs - Brachypodium sylvaticum, Calamagrosis glauca, Cynodon dactylon, Glycyrriza glabra, Imperata cylindrica, Lolium rigidum, Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia da sxv.

daTvis xevSi, dasawyisidan me-3 km-ze, orive napiris

riyeze SemorCenilia unikaluri koromi, Seqmnili

Turanulasagan (Populus euphatica). igi pirvelad aRwera

z. qebaZem (1965). koromi nairxnovania. Turanula mesa-

meulis reliqtia. misi momcro koromebi gvxvdeba mo-

sazRvre somxeTSi da azerbaijanSi.

ivris zeganze farTodaa gavrcelebuli qserofiluri

buCqnarebi. yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba ZeZvianebi (Paliurus spina chisti). maTi didi nawili genezisurad dakavSirebu-

lia aridul meCxer tyeebTan (tyeebis ganadgurebis Sem-

deg ZeZviani qvetye damoukidebel fitocenozebad Camoya-

libda). serebis zeda nawilSi gavrcelebuli ZeZvianebi

ganviTarebulia adre aq arsebuli muxnarebis (Quercus iberica) naalagevze. ZeZvianebi xSirad gvxvdeba mSrali

xevebis ferdobebzec. sxva qserofiluri buCqnarebidan iv-

ris zeganze (ZiriTadad mSrali xevebis ferdobebze) gavr-

celebulia Savjagianebi (Rhamnus pallasii), uZraxelianebi

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(Caragana grandiflora), xorciferianebi (Atraphaxis spinosa), glerZianebi (Astragalus microcephalus) da sxv.

bedlendebisZira zolSi gavrcelebulia halofituri

mcenareulobis Ria cenozebi, romelTa dominantebia –

xurxumo (Salsola nodulosa), xvarxvara (Petrosimonia brachiata), gamanTusi (Gamanthus pilosus). TviT bedlen-

debze (pantiSara, mijnisyure, eldaris vakis mosazRvre

antiklinuri serebi da sxv.) gavrcelebulia erT-erTi

yvelaze qserofiluri fitocenozebi, Seqmnili reumurias

(Reaumuria alternifolia) mier (laCaSvili, xaCiZe, 2005).

stepis mcenareuloba farTodaa gavrcelebuli ivris

zegnis centralur da CrdiloeT nawilSi (didi Siraqis

vake, udabnosa da yajiris vakeebi da sxv.). mniSvnelovani

teritoria ukavia uroians (Botriochloa ischaemum), rome-

lic ganviTarebulia wabla da Savmiwisebr niadagebze.

uroiani cenozebi metwilad maRali Sekrulobis balax-

narebs warmoadgens, sadac uro srul gabatonebas aRwevs.

Sereuli saxeobebidan SedarebiT maRali konstantobiT

warmodgenilia - Achillea biebersteinii, A. nobilis, Carduus hamulosus, Cleistogenes bulgarica, Crinitaria villosa, Dianthus villosa, Elytrigia pseudocaesia, Euphorbia sequeriana, Filipendula vulgaris, Glycyrriza glabra, Medicago caerulea, Onobrychis kachetica, Phleum phleoides, Stipa capillata, St. lessingiana, St. pulcherrima, Veronica multifida, Vinca herbacea da sxv. gazafxulze da Semodgomaze uroian cenozebSi

uxvad viTardeba efemerebi – Androsace elongata, Bromus japonicus, Veronica polita da sxv. gvxvdeba saintereso, e. w. qarqveta mcenareebi – Bilacunaria microcarpa, Eryngium biebersteinianum, Phlomis pungens. uroiani stepis fito-

cenozebis umetesoba meoreulia, formirebulia ufro

adre aq arsebuli ariduli meCxeri tyeebis (ZiriTadad

sakmlis xianebi) mospobis Semdeg.

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ivris zeganze gavrcelebuli uroiani stepi tipolo-

giurad sakmaod mravalferovania. warmodgenilia Semdegi

asociaciebi: uroian-ZeZviani (Botriochloa ischaemum – Paliurus spina christi) – igi yvelaze farTodaa gavrce-

lebuli da genezisurad dakavSirebulia ZeZvian-uroianTan;

uroian-Zirtkbiliani (Botriochloa ischaemum – Clycyrriza glabra) – aseve farTodaa gavrcelebuli gavakebebze da

mezodepresiebze, Rrma niadagebze; uroian-vaciwveriani

(Botriochloa ischaemum – Stipa capillata + St. lessingiana); uroian-esparcetiani (Botriochloa ischaemum – Onobrychis kachetica); uroian-efemerebiani; uroian-nairbalaxiani da

sxv. (soxaZe, 1977).

garda uroianisa, raionis teritoriaze gavrcelebu-

lia (SedarebiT SezRuduli saxiT) vaciwveriani (Stipa capillata, St. lessingiana) da uroian-vaciwveriani stepebi.

vaciwveriani stepis cenozebis momcro nakveTebi gvxvdeba,

ZiriTadad, serebis Txemebis gavakebebze, z. d. 700-900 m

simaRleze. momcro nakveTebis da fragmentebis saxiT

gvxvdeba Wangiani (Elytrigia pseudocaesia) da glertiani

(Cynodon dactylon). naxevrad udabnos mcenareuloba gavrcelebebulia,

ZiriTadad, raionis ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT nawil-

Si. es mcenareuloba gvxvdeba rogorc vakeze da Cadab-

lebul adgilebSi, ise gorak-borcvebisa da serebis fer-

dobebze, metwilad damlaSebul niadagebze. naxevrad udab-

nos mcenareuloba warmodgenilia, ZiriTadad, avSnianiT

(Artemisia lerchiana). avSniani fitocenozebis Sekruloba

araerTnairia, cvalebadobs 0,3-0,7 farglebSi. avSanTa-

Soris Tavisufal sivrces sezonurad (gazafxuli,

Semodgoma) avsebs efemerebi da efemeroidebi, romelTa

Soris simravliT gamoirCeva _ Alissum desertorum, Bromus japonicus, Erodium cicutarium, Filago pyramidata, Helianthemum salicifolium, Lepidium vesicarium, Lolium

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rigidum, Medicago minima, Poa bulbosa, Torularia contortuplicata da sxv. avSnianTa umTavresi asociaciebia: avSniani efemerebiT (Artemisietum efemerosum) – ganviTa-

rebulia vakeze, met-naklebad damlaSebul niadagebze; avS-

niani uroTi (Artemisietum botriochloosum) – gavrcelebu-

lia vakeze da mcire daqanebis ferdobebze. avSnian-Cara-

niani (Artemisia lerchiana – Salsola ericoides) da avSnian-yar-Raniani (Artemisia lerchiana – Salsola dendroides) gvxvdeba lokalurad, metwilad fragmentebis saxiT. aseve fragmen-

tebis saxiT warmodgenilia naxevrad udabnos mcenareu-

lobis formaciebi – yarRaniani (Salsola dendroides), Cara-niani (Salsola ericoides), xurxumoiani (Salsola nodulosa).

V. 13. eldaris vakis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs md. ioris marcxena

sanapiroze mdebare vakes. Tavis mxriv igi eldaris

sakmaod vrceli vakis ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT nawils

warmoadgens (eldaris vakis umetesi nawili azerbaijanis

respublikis farglebSia). amdenad, eldaris vakis

geobotanikuri raionis teritoria erTob SezRudulia,

igi sul 6-7 km siganes da 20-22 km sigrZes aRwevs.

eldaris vake agebulia meoTxeuli aluviuri

TixnarebiT (rogorc mTlianad mtkvar-araqsis

akumulaciuri vake). zedapiris absoluturi simaRle mer-

yeobs 100-260 m farglebSi.

raionis teritoria moklebulia hidrografiul

qsels. mSral xevebSi (kaladarasis, yumros da sxv.)

wyali mxolod drodadro moedineba, romelic mTlianad

iJoneba niadagSi, md. iors vercerTi maTgani ver aRwevs.

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eldaris vake saqarTveloSi yvelaze mSrali (aridu-

li) regionia. haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura 13°-ia. atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri jami 250-300 mm

Seadgens. naleqebis umetesi nawili modis gazafxulze.

zafxuli Zlier cxeli da gvalviania.

eldaris vakis niadaguri safari ZiriTadad ruxi da

wabla niadagebiTaa warmodgenili. sakmaod farTodaa

gavrcelebuli saSualod da Zlier damlaSebuli

niadagebi. zafxulSi niadagis zedapiri, romelic bevrgan

sruliad moSiSvlebulia, gvalvisagan skdeba.

• mcenareuloba

eldaris vake erTaderTi regionia saqarTveloSi,

sadac farTo gavrcelebas aRwevs naxevrad udabnos mcena-

reuloba (zogierTi avtori mas udabnos mcenareulobas

uwodebs). igi warmodgenilia ZiriTadad 4 formaciiT –

yarRaniani (Salsola dendroides), Caraniani (Salsola ericoides), xurxumoiani (Salsola nodulosa), avSniani (Artemisia lerchiana). Zlier damlaSebul niadagebze gvxvdeba tipuri

halofituri dajgufebebic. md. ioris sanapiro zolSi

ganviTarebulia Walis tyisa da buCqnaris mcenareuloba.

aRniSnuli mcenareuli tipebisa da formaciebis

ganawileba vakeze xasiaTdeba garkveuli kanonzomie-

rebebiT.

md. ioris sanapiro zolSi (uaxloesi terasa) ganvi-

Tarebulia tyis mcenareuloba (Walis tye). sadReisod

Walis tye iseT ganier uwyvet zols aRara qmnis, ro-

gorc es Soreul warsulSi SeiZleba yofiliyo. Walis

tyis dajgufebebi gvxvdeba urTierTgancalkevebuli momc-

ro nakveTebis saxiT, zogan SemorCenilia Walis tyis

fragmentebi da xeTa jgufebi. Walis tyis ZiriTadi

formaciaa verxvnari, romelic Seqmnilia (monodominan-

turi da Sereuli koromebi) xvalosa (Populus canescens)

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da ofis (Populus nigra) mier. tyis koromebSi mcire

raodenobiT Sereulia tirifi (Salix excelsa), Cveulebrivi

Tela (Ulmus minor), Walis muxa (Quercus pedunculiflora), TuTa (Morus alba), fSati (Eleagnus angustifolia). buCqebi-dan aRiniSneba qacvi (Hippophaë rhamnoides), ialRuni (Ta-marix ramosissima), qarTuli kowaxuri (Berberis iberica), mayvali (Rubus anatolicus) da sxv. koromebSi zogan ganvi-Tarebulia qvetye, ZiriTadad ialRunis da qacvis domini-

rebiT. balaxeuli safari Walis tyeebSi ganviTarebulia

araTanabrad. safarSi dominirebs - Calamagrostis glauca, Cynodon dactylon, Glycyrriza glabra, Imperata cylindrica da sxv. md. alaznis WalaSi gvxvdeba Telnar-muxnaris

(Quercus pedunculiflora + Ulmus minor) koromebi, romelTa

qvetyeSi monawileobs ZeZvi (Paliuris spina christi), browe-uli (Punica granatum) da sxv. mSrali xevebis gamotanis

konusebze momcro koromebis saxiT da fragmentulad

gvxvdeba sakmlis xiani (Pistacia mutica). eldaris vakis udidesi nawili, ivris Walidan moki-

debuli ivris zegnamde, uWiravs naxevrad udabnos mce-

nareulobas. ivris Walis sanapiro zolSi, aluviur

damlaSebul niadagebze ganviTarebulia naxevrad udabnos

mcenareuloba, romelic warmodgenilia, ZiriTadad, yarRa-

nianiT (Salsola dendroides). yarRani buCq-balaxia (piruty-

vis karg sakvebad iTvleba). yarRanianis fitocenozebi

meCxeria (Sekruloba 0,3-0,5); maTi pirveli iarusi Se-

qmnilia yarRaniT, erTeuli saxiT Sereulia Carani

(Salsola ericoides), wiTelwvera (Kochia prostrata), avSani

(Artemisia lerchiana) da sxv. gazafxulze da Semodgomaze

yarRanian cenozebSi uxvad viTardeba efemerebi da efe-

meroidebi, romelTa raodenoba ramdenime aTeul saxeobas

aRwevs. yarRanianebi metwilad monodominanturi cenoze-

bia, SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba bidominanturi yarRania-

nebic, kerZod, avSnian-yarRanianebi (Salsola dendroides +

90

Artemisia lerchiana) da ekalcercvian-yarRanianebi (Salsola dendroides + Alhagi pseudoalhagi).

momdevno, SedarebiT farTo zoli ZiriTadad Cara-

nians (Salsola ericoides) uWiravs. Caranianic Tixnar,

sakmaod damlaSebul niadagebzea ganviTarebuli. fito-

cenozebi meCxeria (Sekruloba 0,3-0,5), metwilad

monodominanturi. erTeuli saxiT Sereulia yarRani,

avSani, wiTelwvera da sxv. Caranian cenozebSic se-

zonurad (gazafxulze, Semodgomaze) uxvad viTardeba

efemer-efemeroidTa sinuziebi.

eldaris vakis CrdiloeT nawilSi gavrcelebulia,

ZiriTadad, avSnianebi (Artemisia lerchiana) da uroian-

avSnianebi (Artemisia lerchiana + Botriochloa ischaemum).

avSniani cenozebis Sekruloba araerTnairia (cvalebadoba

0,3-0,7 farglebSi). avSanis mcenareTaSorisi Tavisufali

are sezonurad (gazafxulze, Semodgomaze) ivseba efemere-

biTa da efemeroidebiT _ Alissum desertorum, Bromus japonicus, Erodium cicutarium, Lilium rigidum, Medicago minima, Poa bulbosa da mravali sxva (saerTo floris-

tuli sia 100-mde saxeobas iTvlis). avSani pirutyvis

(ZiriTadad cxvris) saukeTeso sakvebi balaxia. avSniani,

yarRanianTan da CaranianTan erTad, saqarTvelos zamTris

saZovrebis safuZvelia, – zamTrobiT aq ikvebeba aTeul

aTasobiT cxvari.

eldaris vakis CrdiloeT nawilSi arsebuli serebis

(yumro, bozdaRi, yaradara da sxv.), ufro iSviaTad vake-

zec, TabaSiris Semcvel damlaSebul niadagebze ganviTare-

bulia xurxumoianebi (Salsola nodulosa). saTuSo ioris

samxreT nawilSi (iSviaTad sxvaganac), sadac niadagebi

aseve damlaSebulia, gavrcelebulia erTwlovani halofi-

tebis dajgufebebi, ZiriTadad xvarxvaras (Petrosimonia brachiata) da gamanTusis (Gamanthus pilosus) dominirebiT. msgavs niadagebze aqa-iq aRiniSneba Soroqnianis (Limonium

91

meyeri) momcro dajgufebebi. bedlendebze gavrcelebulia

naxevrad udabnos sakmaod mravalferovani mcenareuloba

(laCaSvili, xaCiZe, 2005).

eldaris vakeze, metwilad mis aRmosavleT nawilSi

(yumro, mijnis yure), Zlier damarilebul niadagebze

ganviTarebulia e. w. `mTiswinebis udabnoebi~ (saxokia,

1958). mcenareuloba warmodgenilia reumurias (Reaumuria alternifolia), xurxumos (Salsola nodulosa), dedafutkaras

(Stachys fruticulosa) da sxva halofitebis dominirebiT

Seqmnili meCxeri (saerTo proeqciuli dafaruloba 10-

15%) dajgufebebiT.

VI. kavkasionis samxreTi kalTis geobotanikuri olqi

VI. 14. liaxv-rexulas geobotanikuri

raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs md. liaxvis, mejudas

da rexulas auzebis mTian nawils da lixis qedis aRmo-

savleT kalTas. raionis dasavluri sazRvari emTxveva

Savi da kaspiis zRvebis wyalgamyofs – raWisa da lixis

qedebis Txemebs; CrdiloeTis sazRvari kavkasionis

mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis Txemia; aRmosavleTis sazRvari

gauyveba xarulis qedis (liaxv-rexulasa da qsnis auzTa

wyalgamyofi) Txems. raionis teritoriis hifsometriuli

ganvrcoba sakmaod didia, kavkasionis mTiswinebidan daw-

yebuli nivaluri (mudmivi Tovlis) sartylis CaTvliT.

kavkasionis mTiswinebi (raionis farglebSi) agebulia

paleogenuri da neogenuri wyebebiT, ZiriTadad qviSaqve-

biTa da fiqlebiT. kavkasionis samxreTi kalTa ZiriTadad

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agebulia carculi, nawilobriv ki – iuruli fliSuri

wyebebiT. gabatonebulia Tixafiqlebi da qviSaqvebi, xolo

karbonatuli faciesebis gavrceleba SezRudulia. yelis

platos areSi meoTxeuli efuziuri qanebisagan Seqmnilia

mozrdili kompaqturi masivi, xolo fragmentulad es

qanebi didi da patara liaxvis auzebSic vrceldeba.

raioni rTuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba. aq gvxvdeba re-

liefis mravali forma, ZiriTadad ki – eroziuli, Zvel-

myinvaruli da vulkanogenuri formebi. kavkasionis qedi

raionis farglebSi SedarebiT (dasavleT saqarTvelos

kavkasionTan) dabalia. kavkasionis qedze da mis maRal

Stoqedebze (javis, germuxis, xarulis) gamosaxulia

meoTxeulis myinvarebis namoqmedari – myinvaruli reli-

efis formebi. rac Seexeba raionis saSualo da dabal-

mTian nawils, aq gabatonebulia reliefis normaluri

eroziis formebi. yelis platos areSi gvxvdeba meoTxeul

vulkanizmTan dakavSirebuli formebi – lavuri plato,

lavuri Rvarebi, konusebi da gumbaTebi. yelis platodan

mravali vulkanuri nakadi Camodis, mohyveba Zvel xeobebs.

maTgan erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCinoa maRran-dvaleTis

lavuri Rvari, romelic 15 km manZilzea gaWimuli. mdi-

nareTa xeobebSi ganviTarebulia riynali terasebi; zogan

xeobaTa terasirebuli fskeris sigane 1-2 km aRwvs.

raionis hidrografiuli qseli warmodgenilia md.

didi liaxviT da misi SenakadebiT, md. mejudaTi da rexu-

laTi; tbebiT (yelis tba, arCvebis tba da sxv.); minera-

luri wylebiT; vokluzis tipis wyaroebiT da veZebiT.

raionis hava ganicdis zRviuri havis sust gavlenas,

amitom igi SedarebiT (aRmosavleTis mezobel raionTan)

rbili da nestiania. naleqebis wliuri jami cvalebadobs

500-600 mm-dan (mTiswinebis zoli) 1200-1300 mm-mde

(subalpuri sartyeli). haeris temperaturuli reJimi

icvleba zRvis donidan simaRlesTan dakavSirebiT (saerTo

93

kanonzomierebis Sesabamisad). saSualo Tviur temperatu-

raTa rxevis wliuri amplituda 21-22°-ia. mudmivi Tov-lis sazRvari mdebareobs z. d. 3200-3400 m simaRleze.

liaxv-rexulas geobotanikuri raionis niadaguri

safari sakmaod mravalferovania. mTis qveda sartyelSi

ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia tyis yavisferi da tyis yomra-

li niadagebi; mTis Sua da zeda sartyelebSi farTodaa

gavrcelebuli tyis yomrali niadagebi, romlebic mravali

variantiTaa warmodgenili; maRalmTian (subalpur, alpur)

sartyelebSi gavrcelebulia tye-mdelos gardamavali da

mTa-mdelos niadagebi.

• mcenareuloba

liaxv-rexulas geobotanikuri raionis mcenareuloba

mdidari da mravalferovania. kolxeTTan teritoriuli

siaxlovisa da zRviuri havis gavlenis gamo, raionSi sak-

maod farTodaa gavrcelebuli muqwiwviani tyeebi, ZiriTa-

dad naZvnari (Picea orientalis) da naZvnar-soWnari (Abies nordmanniana + Picea orientalis), agreTve foTlovani tye-

ebi wablis (Castanea sativa) TanadominantobiT da mniSvne-lovani raodenobiT SereviT. tyis formaciebis (naZvnaris,

wiflnaris da sxv.) tipologiur speqtrSi gvxvdeba kol-

xuri asociaciebic, rac aseve adasturebs adgilobrivi

tyeebis fitocenologiur siaxloves kolxeTis tyeebTan.

faqtobrivad raionis mcenareuloba gardamavalia kolxu-

ridan aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mcenareulobaze. es Tavi-

sebureba asaxulia mcenareulobis sartylianobis tipSic:

raionSi warmodgenilia kolxuridan aRmosavleT-kavkasi-

urze gardamavali sartylianobis tipi, sartyelTa sruli

speqtriT (tyis, subalpuri, alpuri, subnivaluri sar-

tyelebi).

tyis sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 500-600 m-dan 1800-

1850 m-mde. mcenareulobis hifsometriul (vertikalur-

94

zonalur) gavrcelebaSi SeiniSneba garkveuli kanonzomie-

rebebi, magram tyis sartylis qvesartyelebad diferenci-

reba (gabatonebuli tyis formaciis an formaciebis mi-

xedviT) raionSi naTlad gamosaxuli araa. es Tavisebureba

uwinaresad ganpirobebulia mcenareulobis gardamavali

xasiaTiT (rac zemoT aRiniSna): raionSi gavrcelebulia

rogorc kolxeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tyis formaciebi

– naZvnari (Picea orientalis), naZvnar-soWnari (Abies nordmanniana + Picea orientalis), fiWvnari (Pinus sos-nowskyi), ise – aRmosavleT saqarTvelos tyeebis mTavari

formaciebi – qarTuli muxis (Quercus iberica) muxnari, wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), rcxilnari (Carpinus caucasica). maT Soris bunebrivi suqcesiuri urTierToba kvlav aqtiuria (mcenareulobis ganawilebis kanonzomieri

saxe formirebis stadiazea).

tyis sartylis qveda nawilSi, z. d. 500-600 m-dan

1000-1100 m-mde farTo gavrcelebas aRwevs qarTuli

muxis (Quercus iberica) tyeebi. muxnarebi dominirebs samx-reTis, samxreT-aRmosavleTis, samxreT-dasavleTis eqspo-

ziciis ferdobebze. ZiriTadad warmodgenilia muxnaris

mSrali variantebi (asociaciebi: muxnari jagrcxilas _

Carpinus orientalis qvetyiT; muxnari Tivaqasras –Poa nemoralis safariT, da sxv.). CrdiloeTis, Crdilo-aRmo-

savleTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze

ganviTarebulia, upiratesad, rcxilnarebi (Carpinus caucasica) da Sereuli tyeebi (qarTuli muxa, rcxila,

cacxvi – Tilia begoniifolia, ifani – Fraxinus excelsior, qorafi – Acer laetum, wifeli – Fagus orientalis). md.

didi liaxvis auzSi, simaRlis aRniSnul farglebSi, ga-

vrcelebulia Sereuli tyeebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi

monawileobs wiwviani saxeobebic – naZvi (Picea orientalis) da fiWvi (Pinus sosnowskyi); patara liaxvis auzSi

gvxvdeba wiflnaric (Fagus orientalis). mdinarispirul

95

terasebze (WalaSi) ganviTarebulia Walis tye, ZiriTadad

murynari (Alnus barbata). simaRlis aRniSnul farglebSi, gansakuTrebiT samxre-

Tis eqspoziciis ferdobebze, ganviTarebulia meoreuli

(tyisSemdgomi) buCqnarebi – jagrcxilnarebi (Carpinus orientalis), ZeZvianebi (Paliurus spina christi) da hemiqsero-filuri nairbuCqnarebi; sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba stepis

mcenareulobis nakveTebi (ZiriTadad polidominanturi

marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani fitocenozebi).

tyis sartylis Sua da zeda nawilSi gavrcelebuli

tyis mcenareuloba gamoirCeva sakmaod Wreli forma-

ciuli SemadgenlobiT. gabatonebulia wiflnari (Fagus orientalis) tyeebi, romlebic raionis yvela xeobaSia gavr-

celebuli. wiflnarebi warmodgenilia aRmosavleT

saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli asociaciebiT, romelTa

Soris farTo gavrcelebiT xasiaTdeba – wiflnari mTis

wivaniani (Fagus orientalis – Festuca drymeja) da wiflnari

mkvdarsafriani (Fagetum nudum); kolxuri asociaciebi

ZiriTadad gvxvdeba md. didi liaxvis xeobaSi, maT

Sorisaa – wiflnari mocviani (Fagus orientalis – Vaccinium arctostaphylos), wiflnari molozaniani (Fagus orientalis – Viburnum orientale), wiflnari ieliani (Fagus orientalis – Rhododendron luteum). muqwiwviani tyeebi gavrcelebulia

ZiriTadad md. didi liaxvis xeobaSi, romlebic warmo-

dgenilia naZvnarebiT (Picea orientalis) da soWnar-naZvna-

rebiT (Picea orientalis + Abies nordmanniana). wminda soW-narebis (Abies nordmanniana) gavrceleba SezRudulia.

naZvnarebi gvxvdeba patara liaxvis xeobaSic, ZiriTadad

momcro nakveTebis saxiT. naZvnari da wiflnar-naZvnari

tyeebis momcro masivi gvxvdeba SambieTis xeobaSi (patara

liaxvis marcxena Senakadi), yofil sofel SambieTTan, z.

d. 1600-1700 m simaRleze. didi daqanebis kldovan

ferdobebze sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba fiWvnari (Pinus

96

sosnowskyi), naZvnar-fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi + Picea orientalis) da arynar-fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi + Betula pendula) koromebi. fiWvnaris mozrdili dajgufebebi

gvxvdeba maRran-dvaleTis lavur Rvarze, WeliaTis xeo-

baSi da sxv.

subalpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 1800-1850 m-dan

2500-2550 m-mde. mcenareuli safari warmodgenilia

maRalmTis (subalpuri) tyeebiT, buCqnarebiT, maRalbala-

xeulobiT da tipuri subalpuri mdeloebiT.

maRalmTis tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi dominirebs arynari

(Betula litwinowii), circelian-arynari (Betula litwinowii + Sorbus caucasigena) da nekerCxliani (Acer trautvetteri). tyebi, ZiriTadad arynaris da circelian-arynaris tanbre-

cili koromebi, mTaSi sakmaod maRla vrceldeba (2300-

2450 m-mde; zogan – md. didi liaxvis saTaveebSi da sxv.

– 2550 m-mde). farTodaa gavrcelebuli maRalmTis

wiflnaric (Fagus orientalis), romelic dabali warmadobis

meCxeri da saSualo sixSiris (saburvlis Sekruloba 0,3-

0,6) koromebiTaa warmodgenili. tanbrecili wiflnarebi,

gansxvavebiT kolxeTis geobotanikuri raionebisagan, aq

ukve aRar vrceldeba (aRiniSneba mxolod fragmentebi).

SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba maRalmTis soWnarebi (Abies nordmanniana) da naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis). lokalurad

gvxvdeba maRalmTis fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi) – ZiriTa-dad morenul danagrovebze da axalgazrda moSiSvlebul

substratze (qvian-naSalianebi, klde-zvavebi da misT.).

analogiuri fiWvnarebi mravladaa md. liaxvis auzSi,

soflebis – edisisa da xoZis midamoebSi. momcro

nakveTebisa da fragmentebis saxiT gvxvdeba maRalmTis

muxnari (Quercus macranthera). raionis maRalmTis (subalpuri) tyeebi tipologiu-

rad mdidari da mravalferovania; tipologiur speqtrSi

kolxuri asociaciebi araa warmodgenili (qvaCakiZe, 2001).

97

maRalmTis buCqnarebidan raionSi farTodaa gavrce-

lebuli dekianebi (Rhododendron caucasicum). gvxvdeba

maRalmTis Rviianebic (Juniperus oblonga, J. hemisphaerica), – ZiriTadad lavur Rvarebze (maRran-dvaleTis da sxv.).

subalpuri maRalbalaxeuloba warmodgenilia, metwi-

lad, polidominanturi fitocenozebiT. wamyvani saxeobe-

bia _ Aconitum nasutum, A. orientale, Athyrium filix femina, Campanula latifolia, Chaerophyllum aureum, Ligusticum alatum, Senecio rhombifolius. iSviaTad gvxvdeba monodominanturi

maRalbalaxeuli cenozebi (xarisSubliani – Senecio rhombifolius, da sxv.).

subalpur tipur mdeloebs (pirveladi, meoreuli)

vrceli teritoria uWiravs z. d. 2200-2550 m farg-

lebSi. mdeloebis SemadgenlobaSi umTavresia – namikre-

fiani (Agrostis planifolia), Svrieliani (Bromopsis variegata), Wrelwivaniani (Festuca varia), brZamiani

(Calamagrostis arundinacea), Zigviani (Nardus stricta), frin-tiani (Anemone fasciculata), polidominanturi marcvlovan-

nairbalaxovani mdeloebi.

alpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 2500-2550 m-dan

3000-3100 m-mde. alpuri mdeloebi fitocenologiurad

mravalferovania. dominirebs polidominanturi marcvlo-

van-nairbalaxovani mdeloebi. sakmaod farTodaa gavrcele-

buli alpuri Wrelwivaniani (Festuca varia), Zigviani

(Nardus stricta), nemsiwveriani (Geranium gymnocaulon), isliani (Carex tristis), fesvmagariani (Sibbaldia semiglabra). gvxvdeba alpuri dekianebis (Rhododendron caucasicum)

momcro nakveTebi da alpuri xalis mikrocenozebi (do-

minantebi – Colpodium versicolor, Sibbaldia semiglabra, Taraxacum stevenii da sxv.).

subnivalur sartyelSi (z. d. 3100-3200 m zemoT)

gavrcelebulia Ria (meCxeri) cenozebi, ZiriTadad alpuri

tipuri mdelos da xalebis saxeobebis monawileobiT.

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gvxvdeba klde-naSal-RorRianis mcenareuloba, romlis

SemadgenlobaSi mravali saintereso endemi monawileobs.

amrigad, liaxv-rexulas geobotanikuri raionis mcena-

reuloba didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. raionis

sxvadasxva nawilSi (didi liaxvis xeoba, patara liaxvis

xeoba, rexulasa da mejudas xeobebi, lixis qedis aRmo-

savluri kalTa) ganviTarebuli mcenareuloba, saerTo

msgavsebasTan erTad, fitocenologiuri mravali paramet-

riT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia, rac iZleva safuZvels

(damatebiTi geobotanikuri kvlevebi am safuZvels kidev

ufro gaamyarebs), rom raionis farglebSi gamoiyos

geobotanikuri qveraionebi.

VI. 15. fSav-mTiuleTis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs md. qsnis, aragvis da

ivris auzebis mTian nawils. raionis dasavluri sazRvari

xarulis qedis Txemze, xolo aRmosavluri sazRvari

kaxeT-gomboris qedis Txemze gadis. aqve Sedis saguramo-

ialnos qedic, romelic qarTlis qedis gagrZelebaa.

teritoriis geologiur agebulebaSi ZiriTadad

iuruli da carculi nafenebi monawileobs, xolo samx-

reT nawilSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli paleogenuri nafe-

nebic – qviSaqvebi, fiqlebi, kirqvebi, mergelebi. md. TeT-

ri aragvis xeobaSi gvxvdeba lavuri Rvari (kaiSauris),

romelzec ganviTarebulia talRuri vake (simaRle z. d.

1500-2000 m).

raioni rTuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba. mis Camoyali-

bebaSi ZiriTadad eroziulma procesebma miiRo monawile-

oba. maRali qedebisa da mwvervalebis kalTebze gamosa-

99

xulia reliefis myinvaruli formebic (Tanamedrove myin-

varebidan raionSi mxolod erTia SemorCenili – Wauxis

masivze, md. abudelauris saTaveebSi).

raionis hidrografiuli qseli sakmaod mdidaria. misi

safuZvelia md. qsani, iori, aragvi (TeTri, Savi anu

gudamayris, fSavis, xevsureTis) da maTi Senakadebi.

gvxvdeba vokluzis tipis wyaroebi da mineraluri wylebi.

tbebiT raioni Raribia.

raionis hava dasavluri (zRviuri) havis Zalze sust

gavlenas ganicdis. amitom igi mezobeli raionebis havas-

Tan SedarebiT ufro mSrali da kontinenturia. atmosfe-

ruli naleqebis wliuri jami meryeobs 500-600 mm-dan

(mTiswinebi) 1450 mm-mde (jvris uReltexili). dasavluri

haeris mniSvnelovan gavlenas ganicdis saguramos qedis

Crdilo-dasavleTi kalTa (gzad eRobeba dasavleTidan

SemoWril haeris nakads), ris gamoc igi SedarebiT ufro

teniania.

raionis niadagebi sakmaod mravalferovania. gavrcele-

bulia, ZiriTadad, tyis yavisferi, tyis yomrali, mTa-

tyis gardamavali da mTa-mdelos niadagebi, romlebic mra-

vali variantiTaa warmodgenili.

• mcenareuloba

fSav-mTiuleTis geobotanikuri raioni erT-erTia im

raionTa Soris, romelTa bunebrivma mcenareulobam Zli-

eri anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba ganicada (tyeebis usis-

temo gaCexva, mTis mdeloebze cxvar-Zroxis mouwesri-

gebeli Zoveba). amasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovnad

Secvlilia mcenareuli safaris bunebrivi struqtura:

sadReisod mcenareuli safaris SemadgenlobaSi mkveTrad

Semcirebulia tyis mcenareulobis xvedriTi wili; na-

tyevari mdeloebis mniSvnelovani nawili degradirebulia

(Semadgenlobisa da struqturis gauareseba); teritoriis

100

sagrZnobi nawili erozirebulia, sadac mcenareuli sa-

fari praqtikulad daSlilia, xolo niadagi Camorecxi-

lia (namewyrali ferdobebi, xev-xramebi).

bunebrivi mcenareulobis saerTo fitocenologiuri

suraTi, sintaqsonTa (mcenareulobis tipebi, formaciebi,

asociaciebi) ganawilebis kanonzomierebebi, mcenareuli

Tanasazogadoebebis (fitocenozebis) suqcesiuri ganviTa-

rebis Taviseburebebi iZleva safuZvels iTqvas: raionSi

warmodgenilia mcenareulobis sartylianobis aRmosav-

leT-kavkasiuri tipi (doluxanovi, saxokia, 1941), sar-

tyelTa sruli speqtriT (tyis, subalpuri, alpuri,

subnivaluri sartyelebi).

tyis sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 500-600 m-dan 1800-

1850 m-mde. gabatonebuli tyis formaciebis mixedviT tyis

sartyelSi ori qvesartyeli SeiZleba gamoiyos – muxnari

da wiflnari tyeebis qvesartyelebi.

muxnari tyeebis qvesartyeli moicavs teritorias z.

d. 500-600 m-dan 1000-1100 m-mde. tyis mcenareuloba

ZiriTadad warmodgenilia qarTuli muxis (Quercus iberica) tyeebiT. muxnarebs uWiravs samxreTis, aRmosavle-

Tis, dasavleTis eqspoziciis sxvadasxva daqanebis ferdo-

bebi, sadac ganviTarebulia, ZiriTadad, tyis yavisferi

saSualo da mcire siRrmis niadagebi. muxnari koromebis

didi nawili amonayriTia, dabali warmadobis (IV-V bo-

niteti da naklebi). muxnarebis tipologiur Semadgenlo-

baSi dominirebs asociaciebi – muxnari jagrcxiliani

(Quercus iberica – Carpinus orientalis), muxnari Tivaqasriani (Quercus iberica – Poa nemoralis), muxnari arjakeliani

(Quercus iberica – Lathyrus roseus). muxnari tyeebis

usistemo eqspluataciis Sedegad tyis koromebis didi

nawili degradirebulia (amonayriTi, dabali warmadobis,

dabali sixSiris da meCxeri koromebi). mravalgan, met-

wilad samxreTis eqspoziciis mSral ferdobebze, muxis

101

tyis mxolod naSTebia SemorCenili. natyevarebze ganviTa-

rebulia tyisSemdgomi buCqnarebi – jagrcxilnari

(Carpinus orientalis), ZeZviani (Paliurus spina christi), nairbuCqnari (ZeZvi – Paliuris spina christi, grakla –

Spiraea hypericifolia, kuneli – Crataegus kyrtostyla, kvido – Ligustrum vulgare, Sindi – Cornus mas, jagrcxila –

Carpinus orientalis, CitavaSla – Pyracantha coccinea da

sxv.); gvxvdeba stepis mcenareulobis momcro nakveTebi,

ZiriTadad – uroianebi (Botriochloa ischaemum) da marcv-

lovan-nairbalaxovani stepis dajgufebebi.

CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis SedarebiT tenian ferdobeb-

ze ganviTarebulia, ZiriTadad, rcxilnari (Carpinus cau-casica) da wiflnar-rcxilnari (Carpinus caucasica + Fagus orientalis) tyeebi; iSviaTad aRiniSneba wminda wiflnari

(Fagus orientalis) koromebic. zogan momcro nakveTebis sa-xiT gvxvdeba Sereuli farTofoTlovani tye, romlis

SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs – rcxila, qarTuli muxa,

wifeli, cacxvi – Tilia begoniifolia, lekis xe – Acer plata-noides, qorafi – Acer laetum, ifani – Fraxinus excelsior.

wiflnari tyeebis qvesartyeli moicavs hifsometriul

zols z. d. 1000-1100 m-dan 1800-1850 m-mde. Zireuli

tyeebi warmodgenilia wiflnarebiT (Fagus orientalis) da

rcxilnar-wiflnarebiT (Fagus orientalis + Carpinus cauca-sica). farTodaa gavrcelebuli meoreuli rcxilnarebi da

Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebi (rcxila, wifeli, cacxvi,

qorafi, lekis xe da sxv.). lokalurad gvxvdeba wiwviani

tyeebis, kerZod naZvnaris (Picea orientalis) momcro nakveTebi da fragmentebi (sof. araxveTTan da qoroRosTan,

bakurTxevSi, kawalxevSi, xandosxevSi da sxv.). fiWvnaris

(Pinus sosnowskyi) mozrdili koromebi gadarCenilia md.

TeTri aragvisa da qsnis xeobebSi.

wiflnari tyeebis qvesartyelSi mniSvnelovani far-

Tobi ukavia tyisSemdgom mcenareulobas – Txilis

102

(Corylus avellana) da ielis (Rhododendron luteum)

buCqnarebs, marcvlovan-nairbalaxovan mdeloebs da sxv.

mdinareebis (qsani, aragvi, iori) WalebSi gadarCeni-

lia murynaris (Alnus barbata, A. incana) da tirifnaris (Salix excelsa, S. alba) momcro nakveTebi da fragmentebi.

tyis mcenareulobis SemadgenlobaSi Zalze iSviaTia

kolxuri fitocenozebi, Tumca mcenareTa (xeebi, buCqebi,

balaxebi) kolxuri saxeobebi sakmaod mravladaa war-

modgenili. kolxuri mcenareulobis warmomadgenlebi,

kerZod wiflnarebi maradmwvane da foTolmcveni kolxuri

qvetyiT (WyoriT – Ilex colchica, ieliT – Rhododendron luteum, kavkasiuri mocviT – Vaccinium arctostaphylos) gavrcelebulia SedarebiT tenian adgilebSi (saguramos

da sabaduris qedebis kalTebi, TeTri aragvis xeoba –

sof. araxveTTan da sxv.). saguramos qedis CrdiloeT

kalTaze sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli wiflnari

suroiani (Fagus orientalis – Hedera pastuchowii). subalpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 1800-1850 m-dan

2450-2500 m-mde. mcenareuloba warmodgenilia subalpuri

(maRalmTis) tyeebiT, buCqnarebiT, maRalbalaxeulobiT da

tipuri maRalmTis mdeloebiT.

subalpuri (maRalmTis) tyeebis farTobi, tyeze

xangrZlivi da Zlieri anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Se-

degad (usistemo Cexva, tyeSi Sinauri pirutyvis mou-

wesrigebeli Zoveba) Zalze Semcirebulia. tyis sazRvari

raionSi saSualod z. d. 2000-2100 m simaRleze gadis,

rac tyis bunebriv zemo sazRvars (daaxloebiT 2500 m

zRvis donidan) Zlier daSorebulia (mas aRwevs mxolod

tanbrecili arynaris da arynar-circelianis momcro

koromebi da fragmentebi). tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi gvxvde-

ba maRalmTis wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), maRalmTis

muxnari (Quercus macranthera), nekerCxliani (Acer trautvetteri), arynari (Betula litwinowii), circeliani

103

(Sorbus caucasigena) da arynar-circeliani (Sorbus caucasigena + Betula litwinowii). tyeebis struqtura (flo-

ristuli Sedgeniloba, agebuleba) xSirad im donemdea

darRveuli, rom tipologiur klasifikacias praqtikulad

aRar eqvemdebareba. SedarebiT bunebrivad gamoiyureba

arynar-dekianis (Betula litwinowii – Rhododendron caucasicum) fitocenozebi, romlebic gavrcelebulia

mdinareTa saTaveebSi, didi daqanebis ferdobebze.

subalpur sartyelSi mniSvnelovani farTobi ukavia

maradmwvane buCqnars – dekians (Rhododendron caucasicum).

ganadgurebuli maRalmTis tyeebis naalagevze ganviTarebu-

lia foTolmcveni buCqnarebi – ielianebi (Rhododendron luteum), ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba Txilianebi (Corylus avella-na). momcro dajgufebebs qmnis qondara buCqebi – mocvi

(Vaccinium myrtillus), tirifi (Salix kazbekensis) da sxv. subalpuri maRalbalaxeuloba gvxvdeba, metwilad,

momcro nakveTebisa da fragmentebis saxiT sartylis qveda

nawilSi (z. d. 1800-2200m). dominirebs polidominanturi

maRalbalaxeuloba (Aconitum nasutum, A. orientale, Athyrium filix femina, Campanula latifolia, Chaerophyllum aureum, Dryopteris filix mas, Dactylis glomerata, Heracleum sosnowskyi, Ligusticum alatum, Senecio rhombifolius). SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba maRalbalaxeulobis monodominanturi

fitocenozebic – xarisSublianebi (Senecio rhombifolius), diyianebi (Heracleum sosnowskyi) da sxv.

raionSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli tipuri subalpuri

mdeloebi (maRalmTis saTib-saZovrebi) – namikrefiani

(Agrostis planifolia), brZamiani (Calamagrostis arundinacea), Svrieliani (Bromopsis variegata), Wrelwivaniani (Festuca varia), Zigviani (Nardus stricta), uZovriani (Trollius patulus), frintiani (Anemone fasciculata), marmuWiani (Alchemilla caucasica, A. sericata) da sxv. vrceli farTobebi uWiravs

polidominantur marcvlovan-nairbalaxovan mdeloebs.

104

alpuri sartyeli moicavs teritorias z. d. 2450-

2500 m-dan 3000 m-mde. alpuri mdeloebis SemadgenlobaSi

dominirebs polidominanturi marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani

mdeloebi (mravali varianti). sakmaod farTodaa gavrce-

lebuli monodominanturi alpuri mdeloebic, romelTa

Sorisaa – nemsiwveriani (Geranium gymnocaulon), fesvmaga-riani (Sibbaldia semiglabra), Wrelwivaniani (Festuca varia), Zigviani (Nardus stricta), isliani (Carex tristis) da sxv.

alpuri sartylis zeda nawilSi gavrcelebulia alpuri

xalebis mikrocenozebi (Campanula tridentata, Festuca ruprechtii, Taraxacum stevenii, Veronica gentianoides da sxv.).

subnivaluri sartyeli warmodgenilia maRali

qedebisa da mwvervalebis ferdobebze, z. d. 3000 m

zemoT. mcenareuloba warmodgenilia Ria cenozebiTa da

mikrocenozebiT – fesvmagarianiT (Sibbaldia semiglabra), marmuWianiT (Alchemilla sericata), WrelwivanianiT (Festuca varia) da sxv.

maRalmTian sartyelebSi (subalpuri, alpuri, subni-

valuri) sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli klde-naSal-

RorRianis mcenareuloba, romelic ekologiurad da

fitocenologiurad mravalferovania, mis SemadgenlobaSi

mravlad gvxvdeba kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos endemebi.

VI. 16. mTiani kaxeTis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs kavkasionis samxreTi

kalTis im nawils, romelic moqceulia kaxeTis qedis

Txemsa da saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis sazRvars Soris.

raionis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis gomboris qedic, romelic

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kaxeTis qedis gagrZelebas warmoadgens da geologiurad

da landSafturad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli kavkasionTan.

mTiani kaxeTis geologiur agebulebaSi dominirebs

mezozouri da mesameuli wyebebi. gabatonebulia iuruli

nafenebi – qviSaqvebi da Tixafiqlebi. kaxeTis kavkasionis

dasavleT da centralur nawilSi (metwilad mTis qveda

sartyelSi) gvxvdeba carculi naleqebic. kavkasionis

RerZul nawilSi gavrcelebulia metamorfizebuli qane-

bic. sperozas kldovani masivi (md. alaznis saTaveebi)

agebulia marmariloTi, granitebiTa da kristaluri fiq-

lebiT.

raionis teritoria rTuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba.

aqauri mTebi SedarebiT (centralur kavkasionTan) daba-

lia, amitom Tanamedrove myinvarebi aq ar gvxvdeba. Zveli

myinvarebis naSTebi – myinvaruli reliefis formebi

(trogebi, cirkebi, karebi) sporaduladaa gavrcelebuli

RerZuli qedis Txemispira zolSi. reliefis gabatonebul

formas raionis teritoriaze eroziuli reliefi war-

moadgens. gomboris qedze (absoluturi simaRle 2000 m)

farTodaa gamosaxuli mewyruli da bedlenduri re-

liefic. reliefis saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSania

mTiswinebis zolis susti ganviTareba; bevrgan mTiswinebi

saerTod ar gvxvdeba (kaxeTis kavkasioni mTiani kedlis

saxiT aRmarTulia alaznis velidan).

raioni mWidro hidrografiuli qseliT gamoirCeva,

gansakuTrebiT RerZuli qedi. igi daserilia mokle da

Rrma xeobebiT. md. alaznis marcxena Senakadebi (ilto,

stori, lopota, didxevi, inwoba, CelTi, duruji, bursa,

avanis-xevi, Saro-xevi, kabali, Sromis wyali, lagodexis

wyali, mawimis wyali) 20-25 km manZilze eSveba saSualod

z. d. 2500 m-dan 500 m-mde; maT mier Camotanili didi

odenobis daSlis produqtebi mTisZirebTan qmnis mZlavr

gamotanis konusebs. terasebi, md. alaznis xeobis

106

gamoklebiT, xeobaTa siRrmeSi ar vrceldeba. raionSi

(gomboris qedi, md. durujis xeoba da sxv.) gamosaxulia

Rvarcofuli movlenebi.

mTiani kaxeTis hava, adgilobrivi orografiuli piro-

bebis da masTan dakavSirebuli atmosferos cirkulaciuri

procesebis Taviseburebebis gamo, gansxvavebulia mezobeli

(fSav-mTiuleTis) raionis havisagan. igi gamoixateba,

uwinaresad, maRal sinotiveSi. atmosferuli naleqebis

wliuri jami mTisZirebSi 700-1000 mm-ia, z. d. simaRlis

zrdasTan erTad igi swrafad izrdeba da subalpur

sartyelSi 1500-1800 mm aRwevs. am mxriv mTiani kaxeTis

raioni sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

sxva raionebisagan (uaxlovdeba dasavleT saqarTvelos

mTian raionebs). saSualo Tviur temperaturaTa rxevis

wliuri amplituda zomieria, meryeobs 21-23° farglebSi.

gomboris qedis Txemi, kerZod m. civis midamoebi

gamoirCeva Taviseburi temperaturuli reJimiT (haeris

gadaciveba), ris gamoc igi setyvianobis keraa da did

safrTxes uqmnis kaxeTis baR-venaxebs.

mTiani kaxeTis niadagebi mravalferovania. mTiswinebis

zolSi da mTis qveda sartyelSi dominirebs tyis

yavisferi niadagebi. kirqvianebis gavrcelebis areSi

(kaxeTis kavkasionis dasavleTi da centraluri nawili)

gavrcelebulia neSompala-karbonatuli niadagebic. mTis

Sua da zeda nawilSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli tyis

yomrali niadagebi. subalpur sartyelSi gvxvdeba tye-

mdelos gardamavali da mTa-mdelos kordiani niadagebi.

mTa-mdelos kordiani niadagebi, maTi mravali variantiT,

gavrcelebulia alpur sartyelSic.

• mcenareuloba

mTiani kaxeTis geobotanikuri raioni gamoirCeva uxvi

da mravalferovani mcenareulobiT. haerisa da niadagebis

107

SedarebiT maRali tenianobis wyalobiT raionSi farTo

gavrcelebas aRwevs mezofiluri mcenareuloba (tyis,

mdelos). raionis florac sakmaod mdidaria reliqturi

(mesameulis) saxeobebiT, romelTagan bevrs (lafani,

wabli, diadi boyvi, Zelqva, uTxovari, bza, wyavi, Wyori,

kavkasiuri mocvi, pastuxovis suro, Savi gvimra, xaxia da

sxv.) mniSvnelovani poziciebi ukavia adgilobriv

mcenareul safarSi. gvxvdeba mravali viwro_endemuri

saxeobac (iulias furisula, mlokoseviCis iordasalami,

lagodexis naRvela, mrgvali wamali da sxv.).

mTiani kaxeTis geobotanikur raionSi mcenareulobis

ganawileba eqvemdebareba aRmosavleT kavkasionze (mis

samxreT kalTaze) mcenareuli safaris vertikalur-

zonaluri ganawilebis saerTo kanonzomierebebs. raionis

teritoriaze vrceldeba mcenareulobis sartylianobis

aRmosavleT-kavkasiuri tipi sartyelTa sruli speqtriT

(tyis, subalpuri, alpuri, subnivaluri sartyelebi).

tyis sartyeli moicavs teritorias z. d. 400-500 m-

dan 1800-1850 m-mde. misi qvesartyelebad dayofa

ramdenadme pirobiTia. saqme isaa, rom tyis sartylis

qveda nawilSi, z. d. 1000-1100 m-mde (romelic aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos mraval regionSi muxnaris qvesartylis

saxeliT gamoiyofa) qarTuli muxis (Quercus iberica) tyis gavrceleba erTob SezRudulia. igi gansakuTrebiT

TvalsaCinoa geobotanikuri raionis aRmosavlur nawilSi

– lagodexis administraciuli raionis teritoriaze,

sadac uxvi atmosferuli naleqebi ganapirobebs aRmosav-

leTis wiflis (Fagus orientalis) fitocenologiuri

poziciebis bunebrivad gafarToebas z. d. simaRlis

aRniSnul farglebSic ki. magaliTad, lagodexis saxel-

mwifo nakrZalSi wminda wiflnarebi ganviTarebulia ukve

z. d. 700-800 m simaRlidan. muxnar tyeebs did konkuren-

cias uwevs Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebic.

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miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, tyis sartyelSi muxnari

tyeebis qvesartylis gamoyofa z. d. 400-500 m-dan 1000-

1100 m farglebSi usafuZvlo araa, miT umetes, rom

raionis metwil teritoriaze (kaxeTis kavkasionis cen-

traluri da dasavluri nawili, gomboris qedi) igi

sakmaod reliefuradaa gamosaxuli.

muxnari (Quercus iberica), rcxilnar-muxnari (Quercus iberica + Carpinus caucasica) da Sereuli farTofoTlovani

tyeebi (qarTuli muxis siWarbiT) ganviTarebulia samxre-

Tis, aRmosavleTis, samxreT-dasavleTis eqspoziciis fer-

dobebze, tyis yavisfer da neSompala-karbonatul niada-

gebze. muxnarebi tipologiurad sakmaod mravalferovania.

dominirebs muxnari jagrcxiliani (Quercus iberica – Carpinus orientalis), romelic ramdenime subasociaciis

saxiTaa warmodgenili; gvxvdeba muxnari mTis wivaniani

(Quercus iberica – Festuca drymeja), muxnari isliani

(Quercus iberica – Carex buschiorum) da sxv. (qvaCakiZe,

1999; qvaCakiZe, iaSaRaSvili, 1992).

qvesartyelSi mniSvnelovani teritoria (proluviuri

terasebi da mimdebare mTis ferdobebi) ukavia rcxilnar

(Carpinus caucasica) da Sereul farTofoTlovan tyeebs

(rcxila, cacxvi - Tilia begoniifolia, leka – Acer platanoides, diadi boyvi - Acer velutinum, wabli -

Castanea sativa, wifeli - Fagus orientalis). unikaluri

rcxilnari da Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebi ganviTa-

rebulia lagodexis nakrZalSi, sadac koromebis cocxal

safarSi xSir SemTxvevaSi srul gabatonebas aRwevs

hirkanuli floris reliqti – pastuxovis suro (Hedera pastuchowii). alaznis (pankisis) da storis xeobaTa

wyalgamyofi qedis kalTebze (sof. babaneuris da lalis-

yuris midamoebSi) z. d. 400-900 m simaRleze gavrcele-

bulia unikaluri reliqturi tyeebi – Zelqvnari (Zelkova carpinifolia) da jagrcxilnar-Zelqvnari (Zelkova carpini-

109

folia – Carpinus orientalis). am tyeebis didi nawili, ro-

gorc saqarTvelos tyis mcenareulobis istoriisaTvis

mniSvnelovani obieqti, daculia saxelmwifos mier

(bawara-babaneuris nakrZali).

mdinareTa uaxloes terasaze (WalaSi) ganviTarebulia

Walis tyeebi, sadac dominirebs verxvnari (ofi - Populus nigra, xvalo - Populus canescens) da murynari (Alnus barbata). zogan SemorCenilia lafnaris (Pterocarya pterocarpa) momcro koromebi (lagodexis nakrZali, md.

ninosxevis Wala da sxv.). sadReisod Walis tyeebis

umetesoba ganadgurebulia an SemorCenilia tyis koro-

mebis naSTebi (momcro nakveTebi, xeTa jgufebi).

muxnari tyeebis qvesartyelSi gavrcelebulia, zogan

mniSvnelovani farTobic ukavia tyeebis (muxnaris,

Sereuli foTlovani tyeebis) anTropogenuri digresiis

(suqcesiis) sxvadasxva stadiis mcenareulobas –

jagrcxilnars (Carpinus orientalis), ZeZvians (Paliurus spina christi), hemiqserofilur nairbuCqnars (jagrcxila, ZeZvi,

Savjaga - Rhamnus pallasii, kuneli – Crataegus kyrtostyla, Trimli – Cotinus coggygria, kvido – Ligustrum vulgare, Sindi – Cornus mas da sxv.), marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani

stepis mcenareulobas.

wiflnari tyeebis qvesartyeli moicavs teritorias

z. d. 1000-1100 m-dan subalpur sartylamde (z. d. 1800-

1850 m). qvesartyelSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli wminda

(monodominanturi) wiflnarebi (Fagus orientalis). samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze, agreTve aRmosavleTis

da dasavleTis eqspoziciis didi daqanebis ferdobebze

gvxvdeba, upiratesad, rcxilnari (Carpinus caucasica), rcxilnar-wiflnari (Fagus orientalis + Carpinus caucasica) da Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebi (wifeli, rcxila,

wabli – Castanea sativa, cacxvi – Tilia begoniifolia,

110

qorafi – Acer laetum, qarTuli Txili – Corylus iberica). lokalurad gvxvdeba tyis koromebi wablis dominirebiT.

mTiani kaxeTis wiflnari tyeebi tipologiurad

mravalferovania. farTodaa gavrcelebuli mkvdarsafriani,

mTis wivaniani (Festuca drymeja), Caduniani (Dryopterix filix mas), mayvliani (Rubus caucasicus) da sxva seriebis

asociaciebi (qvaCakiZe, 1999; qvaCakiZe, iaSaRaSvili,

1992). muqwiwviani tyeebi (naZvnari, soWnari) raionSi

araa gavrcelebuli. mTa sperozas kldovan kalTebze (md.

alaznis saTaveebi) ganviTarebulia fiWvnaris (Pinus sosnowskyi) meCxeri koromebi. fiWvnarebi gvxvdeba gombo-ris qedzec, upiratesad misi samxruli kalTis xeobebSi.

aqauri fiWvnaris cenozebi formirebulia CamoSlili

qanebis dagrovebis adgilebSi, z. d. 1650-1850 m simaRle-

ze; xeobebis Sua welze (z. d. 800-1200 m) fiWvnarebi

ganviTarebulia Zvel Rvarcoful nakadebze (mariamjvris,

anTokis, giorgiwmindis da sxva xeobebSi); amJamad maTi

umetesoba icvleba Zireuli tyeebiT – muxnariTa da

wiflnariT (qvaCakiZe, iaSaRaSvili, 2007).

tyis sartyelSi gavrcelebulia kolxuri asociaci-

ebi, kerZod: wiflnari kavkasiuri mocviani (Fagus orientalis – Vaccinium arctostaphylos), wiflnari ieliani

(Fagus orientalis – Rhododendron luteum), wiflnari wyaviani

(Fagus orientalis – Laurocerasus officinalis), wiflnari

xaxiani (Fagus orientalis – Pachyphragma macrophyllum),

murynari Savi gvimriani (Alnus barbata – Matteuccia struthiopteris) da sxv. am asociaciebis fitocenozTa ume-tesoba, marTalia, momcro nakveTebis da fragmentebis

saxiTaa warmodgenili, magram TviT faqti mTian kaxeTSi

maTi arsebobisa mecnierebisaTvis friad mniSvnelovania.

sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli hirkanuli asociacia –

wiflnari suroiani (Fagus orientalis – Hedera pastuchowii).

111

pankisis xeobaSi, md. alaznis marjvena Senakadis –

bawaras xeobis marjvena sanapiroze gavrcelebulia

uTxovriani (Taxus baccata) da wiflnar-uTxovriani (Taxus baccata + Fagus orientalis) reliqturi tyeebi. tyis

koromebi ganviTarebulia CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis

ferdobebze, z. d. 1000-1500 m farglebSi, daaxloebiT

180 ha farTobze. bawaras uTxovrianebi unikaluria ara

marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel msoflioSi. uTxovris

xeebi aRwevs saSualod 20-22 m simaRles da 90-100 sm

diametrs, asaki 600-900 weli (erTeuli xeebis simaRle

25 m, diametri 120 sm, asaki 2000 wels aRwevs). iSviaTi

reliqturi mcenareulobidan aRsaniSnavia, agreTve,

kolxuri bzis (Buxus colchica) koromebi md. bursasa da storis xeobebSi, wyavis (Laurocerasus officinalis) buCqnare-bi md. storisa da didxevis xeobebSi da sxv. tyis

sartyelSi gavrcelebulia mravali viwro-lokaluri

endemi, rogoricaa – iulias furisula (Primula juliae), mlokoseviCis iordasalami (Paeonia mlokosewitschii), lagodexis naRvela (Gentiana lagodechiana), mrgvali

wamali (Gymnospermium smirnowii) da sxv. subalpuri sartyeli moicavs hifsometriul zols z.

d. 1800-1850 m-dan 2450-2500 m-mde. mcenareuli safaris

SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs maRalmTis (subalpuri)

tyeebi, buCqnarebi, maRalbalaxeuloba, tipuri subalpuri

da alpuri mdeloebi.

raionis subalpuri tyeebi warmodgenilia formaci-

ebiT – maRalmTis wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), nekerCxli-

ani (Acer trautvetteri), arynari (Betula litwinowii), muxnari (Quercus macranthera), circeliani (Sorbus caucasigena). Zlieri anTropogenuri wnexis Sedegad subalpuri tyeebis

saerTo farTobi mkveTrad Semcirebulia (maT Soris

lagodexis nakrZalSic, sadac sanakrZalo reJimi ma-

RalmTian – subalpur, alpur – sartyelebze mxolod

112

1945 wlidan ganxorcielda), mniSvnelovnad darRveulia

subalpuri tyeebis (gansakuTrebiT rbili reliefis piro-

bebSi arsebuli tyeebis) fitocenologiuri struqtura.

raionis subalpuri tyeebis tipologiuri speqtri

sakmaod mravalferovania, mis SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs

tyis kolxuri asociaciebic (qvaCakiZe, 1979, 1999; qvaCa-

kiZe, iaSaRaSvili, 1992).

subalpuri buCqnarebi warmodgenilia, ZiriTadad,

dekianebiT (Rhododendron caucasicum). gvxvdeba dekianis

wminda (mWidro rayebis saxiT) da kompleqsuri da-

jgufebebi (dekiani – subalpuri mdelos kompleqsebi).

momcro nakveTebis saxiT da fragmentulad aRiniSneba

Rviianebi (Juniperus hemisphaerica), ielianebi

(Rhododendron luteum), mocvianebi (Vaccinium myrtillus). subalpuri maRalbalaxeuloba ganviTarebulia, Ziri-

Tadad, gavakebul adgilebSi – tyis yalTaRebSi (fanj-

rebSi) da natyevarebze. dominirebs polidominanturi

maRalbalaxeuloba, romlis damaxasiaTebeli saxeobebia –

Aconitum nasutum, A. orientale, Athyrium filix femina, Campanula lactiflora, C. latifolia, Chaerophyllum aureum, Dryopteris filix mas, Ligustrum alatum, Senecio rhombifolius, Symphytum asperum, Telekia speciosa, Valeriana alliariifolia. gvxvdeba monodominanturi maRalbalaxeuli cenozebic –

xarisSublianebi (Senecio rhombifolius), diyianebi

(Heracleum sosnowskyi), Roloianebi (Rumex alpinus), telekianebi (Telekia speciosa).

mdidari da mravalferovania tipuri subalpuri mde-

loebi. dominirebs polidominanturi marcvlovan-nairba-

laxovani mdeloebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs

saxeobebi – Agrostis planifolia, Alchemilla caucasica, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Betonica macrantha, Briza elatior, Bromopsis variegata, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Campanula collina, C. charanthifolia, C. salicifolia, Dactylis glomerata,

113

Festuca pratensis, Geranium ibericum, Leontodon hispidus, Poa nemoralis, P. longifolia, Trifolium ambiguum, T. canescens da sxv. mniSvnelovani farTobebi ukavia monodominantur mde-

loebs – brZamians (Calamagrostis arundinacea), namikre-

fians (Agrostis planifolia), Wrelwivanians (Festuca varia), Zigvians (Nardus stricta), mziurians (Inula grandiflora), nemsiwverians (Geranium ibericum), frintians (Anemone fasciculata) da sxv.

alpuri sartyeli ganviTarebulia mTiani kaxeTis

maRal qedebze da mwvervalebze, z. d. 2450-2500 m-dan

3000 m-mde. mcenareuli safari Seqmnilia alpuri mdelo-

ebiT, romelTa Soris dominirebs polidominanturi marcv-

lovan-nairbalaxovani mdelos fitocenozebi. sakmaod

farTodaa gavrcelebuli mkvrivkordiani mdeloebi –

Zigviani (Nardus stricta) da Wrelwivaniani (Festuca varia). alpuri sartylis zeda nawilSi gavrcelebulia alpuri

xalebi – marmuWiani (Alchemilla caucasica), Zirmagariani

(Sibbaldia semiglabra), beruliani (Omalotheca supina), babuawveriani (Taraxacum stevenii) da sxv.

subnivaluri sartyeli wamodgenilia kaxeTis kavka-

sionis maRal mwvervalebze, z. d. 3000 m zemoT. fitoce-

nozebi ganviTarebulia iSviaTad, xelsayrel reliefur

pirobebSi. SemadgenlobaSi wamyvania alpuri xalebis sa-

xeobebi, emateba – Carex tristis, Luzula pseudosudetica, L. spicata, Phleum alpinum da sxv. farTodaa warmodgenili

klde-naSal-RorRianis mcenareuloba (sxvadasxva varianti).

mTiani kaxeTis geobotanikur raionSi, gansakuTrebiT

raionis aRmosavlur nawilSi, gavrcelebulia adventuri

floris saxeobebi, romelTagan zogierTi gamoirCeva maRa-

li invaziuri potencialiT (aqtiurad iWreba aborigenul

fitocenozebSi). maT Sorisaa – pavlovnia (Paulownia tomentosa) da cru akacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), romle-

bic bunebrivad inergeba Walis tyeebSi da mTis qveda

114

sartylis rcxilnarebSi; mTis rcxilnarebisa da wifl-

nar-rcxilnarebis cocxal safarSi masiurad vrceldeba

mWada (Oplismenus undulatifolius).

VII. kavkasionis CrdiloeTi kalTis geobotanikuri olqi

VII. 17. xevisa da piriqiT xevsureTis

geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs saqarTvelos

istoriul-eTnografiul provinciebs – xevsa da piriqiT

xevsureTs. raioni bunebriv gagrZelebas poulobs

CrdiloeTiT, ruseTis federaciis teritoriaze (Tergis

olqi; grosheimi, 1948).

teritoriis geologiur agebulebaSi gabatonebulia

iuruli nafenebi – fiqlebi da qviSaqvebi. raionis samx-

reT-dasavleT nawilSi gvxvdeba kirqvebi da mergelebic.

darialis kldekarSi gaSiSvlebulia paleozouri grani-

tebis masivi. meoTxeuli warmonaqmnebi warmodgenilia

efuziuri qanebiT, myinvaruli da mdinareuli nafenebiT,

qvayrilebiT. piriqiT xevsureTSi, xevisagan gansxvavebiT,

vulkanogenuri qanebi araa gavrcelebuli.

raioni metad rTuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba. gabatone-

bulia teqtonikur-eroziuli reliefi, romelSic CarTu-

lia myinvaruli, vulkanuri da sxva formebi. mTavar

qedze da maRal Stoqedebze farTodaa warmodgenili

reliefis Zveli myinvaruli formebi.

raionis hidrografiuli qseli mWidroa. igi warmod-

genilia md. TergiTa da misi mravali SenakadiT. raionSi

gvxvdeba didi debetis mineraluri wylebi.

115

raionis teritoriaze hava SedarebiT mSrali da

kontinenturia. naleqebis wliuri jami meryeobs 650 mm-

dan (daba stefanwminda, z. d. 1727 m) 1444 mm-mde (jvris

uReltexili, z. d. 1380 m). Tviuri temperaturebis rxe-

vis wliuri amplituda 19-21° Seadgens. mudmivi Tovlis

xazi gadis z. d. 3500-3800 m simaRleze (gacilebiT

maRla, vidre kavkasionis mopirispire samxreT kalTaze).

raionis niadagebi sakmaod mravalferovania. tyisa da

subalpur sartyelebSi gavrcelebulia tyis yomrali nia-

dagebi (mravali varianti), tye-mdelos gardamavali nia-

dagebi, mTa-mdelos kordiani niadagebi, torfiani da

torfian-Waoburi niadagebi. alpur sartyelSi niadaguri

safari warmodgenilia, ZiriTadad, saSualo da mcire

siRrmis mTa-mdelos kordiani niadagebiT. raionSi (yvela

sartyelSi, cicabo ferdobebze) farTodaa gavrcelebuli

mcire siRrmis xirxatiani da ganuviTarebeli niadagebi.

• mcenareuloba

xevisa da piriqiT xevsureTis geobotanikuri raionis

bunebrivi mcenareuloba sakmaod mkveTrad gansxvavebulia

saqarTvelos sxva geobotanikuri raionebis mcenareulobi-

sagan. igi ganpirobebulia mdebareobiT, SedarebiT mSrali

haviT da sxva faqtorebiT. aRsaniSnavia bunebriv mcena-

reulobaze anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis farTo masStabe-

bic (gansakuTrebiT xevis teritoriaze), ramac Zireuli

mcenareulobis mniSvnelovani transformireba ganapiroba.

mcenareulobis specifikuri xasiaTi reliefurad

vlindeba sartylianobis tipSi: raionSi warmodgenilia

mcenareulobis sartylianobis centralur-Crdilokavkasi-

uri tipi (Sifersi, 1953) – tyis (arasruli moculo-

biT), subalpuri, alpuri da subnivaluri sartyelebiT.

tyis sartyeli xevsa da piriqiT xevsureTSi

warmodgenilia mxolod erTi qvesartyeliT.

116

arynari da fiWvnari tyeebis qvesartyeli vrceldeba

z. d. 1000 m-dan 1800-1850 m-mde. amJamad arynari da

fiWvnari tyeebi SedarebiT ukeT Semonaxulia piriqiT

xevsureTSi, xolo xevis teritoriaze tyeebi momcro

koromebisa da fragmentebis saxiTaa ZiriTadad warmodge-

nili. gvxvdeba rogorc wminda fiWvnarebi (Pinis sosnowskyi) da arynarebi (Betula pendula, B. litwinowii, B. raddeana), ise Sereuli fiWvnar-arynari tyeebic.

fiWvnari tyeebi (Pinus sosnowskyi) gavrcelebulia

didi daqanebis samxreTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleTis

eqspoziciis ferdobebze. tyis koromebSi mcire rao-

denobiT Sereulia – mTrTolavi verxvi (Populuis tremula), rcxila (Carpinus caucasica), cacxvi (Tilia begoniifolia), ifani (Fraxinus excelsior), qarTuli muxa (Quercus iberica), naZvi (Picea orientalis). buCqebidan mcire raodenobiT

aRiniSneba – werwa (Lonicera caucasica), SoTxvi (Padus avium), uzani (Viburnum lantana). balaxeul safarSi

dominirebs marcvlovnebi da islebi – Bromopsis variegata, Carex buschiorum, Festuca drymeja, Poa nemoralis da sxv.

arynari tyeebi, romelTa edifikatorebad gvevlineba

aryis sami saxeoba (mtirala aryi – Betula pendula, litvinovis aryi – B. litwinowii, endemuri Savi aryi – B. raddeana), ZiriTadad CrdiloeTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis

eqspoziciis ferdobebzea gavrcelebuli. tyis koromebSi

mcire raodenobiT Sereulia circeli (Sorbus caucasigena), Txis tirifi (Salix caprea) da sxv. cicabo Txelniadagian da kldovan ferdobebze metwilad ganviTa-

rebulia Sereuli fiWvnar-arynari tyeebi. tyis koromebi

nairxnovania, dabali sixSiris, xSirad gvxvdeba meCxe-

rebic. rbili reliefis pirobebSi gvxvdeba maRali six-

Siris mqone anTropogenuri (ganviTarebuli naxanZralebze

da naCexebze) erTxnovani fiWvnari da arynari koromebi.

117

anTropogenuri wnexis gavleniT raionis fiWvnari da

arynari tyeebis didi nawili ganadgurebulia (gansakuT-

rebiT xevis teritoriaze), natyevarze ki ganviTarebulia

buCqnarebi – Rviiani (Juniperus hemisphaerica, J. sabina), qacviani (Hippophaë rhamnoides), nairbuCqnari (grakla –

Spiraea hypericifolia, askili – Rosa canina, kowaxuri –

Berberis vulgaris, CitakomSa – Cotoneaster racemiflorus da sxv.). raionis dasavleT nawilSi (xevi) vrceli terito-

ria uWiravs gastepebul mdeloebs (Bromopsis riparia, Festuca valesiaca da sxva saxeobaTa monawileobiT).

subalpuri sartyeli moicavs hifsometriul zols z.

d. 1800-1850 m-dan 2500 m-mde. subalpebis mcenareul

safars qmnis, ZiriTadad, subalpuri tyeebi, buCqnarebi,

maRalbalaxeuloba da tipuri subalpuri mdeloebi.

subalpuri tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi wamyvani formaci-

ebia – fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi) da arynari (Betula litwinowii, B. raddeana). xevis teritoriaze subalpuri

meCxeri da tanbrecili arynarebi momcro koromebis (tyi-

ani kunZulebis) saxiT gafantulia vrceli subalpuri

mdeloebis fonze. koromebi metwilad monodominanturia,

mcire raodenobiT Sereulia mTrTolavi verxvi (Populus tremula) da circeli (Sorbus caucasigena). qvetyeSi

gvxvdeba tirifis (Salix) saxeobebi (S. kazbekensis, S. kuznetzowii, S. pseudomedemii), werwa (Lonicera caucasica), mocxari (Ribes biebersteinii), askili (Rosa canina, R. oxyodon). arynarSi xSirad qmnis qvetyes deka (Rhododen-dron caucasicum). balaxeul safarSi aRiniSneba nairbala-

xebi, marcvlovani balaxebi, maRalbalaxeulobis war-

momadgenlebi. arynari tyis tanbrecili koromebi xevSi z.

d. 2500 m simaRles aRwevs. piriqiT xevsureTSi sub-

alpuri arynarebi ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli da

tipologiurad ufro mravalferovania.

118

subalpuri fiWvnarebi sakmaod farTodaa gavrcele-

buli piriqiT xevsureTSi. xevis teritoriaze maTi

mxolod momcro koromebi da fragmentebia SemorCenili.

subalpuri maRalbalaxeuloba ganviTarebulia Sedare-

biT tenian adgilebSi (gavakebebi, xevebi, Rartafebi), Ziri-

Tadad momcro dajgufebebis saxiT. fitocenozebi poli-

dominanturia, wamyvan saxeobebs Sorisaa – Aconitum nasutum, A. orientale, Aquilegia caucasica, Delphinium flexuosum, Heracleum asperum, H. sosnowskyi, Valeriana tiliifolia.

raionSi vrceli teritoria ukavia tipur subalpur

mdeloebs. farTodaa gavrcelebuli nairbalaxovani mde-

loebi, mkvrivkordiani marcvlovani mdeloebi (gansakuT-

rebiT vrceli teritoria uWiravs Zigvianebs – Nardus stricta da Wrelwivanianebs – Festuca varia) da marcvlovan-

nairbalaxovani mdeloebi (saxokia, 1983).

alpuri sartyeli moicavs teritorias z. d. 2500 m-

dan 3200 m-mde. fitolandSafts qmnis vrceli tipuri

alpuri mdeloebi. CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze

ganviTarebulia alpuri dekianebi (Rhododendron caucasi-cum), romlebic mcenareul kompleqsebs qmnis ZigvianebTan,

WrelwivanianebTan, tipuri alpuri mdeloebis sxva

formaciebis fitocenozebTan da alpur xalebTan. tipur

alpur mdeloTa Soris dominirebs Zigvianebi (Nardus stricta), Wrelwivanianebi (Festuca varia), kobrezianebi

(Kobresia schoenoides), islianebi (Carex meinshauseniana). subnivaluri sartyeli warmodgenilia z. d. 3200 m

zemoT. mkacri bunebrivi pirobebis gamo (mkacri hava,

ganuviTarebeli niadagebi) mcenareuloba warmodgenilia,

ZiriTadad, Ria (meCxeri) fitocenozebiT da mikroceno-

zebiT. rbili reliefis pirobebSi lokalurad (mikro- da

mezoadgilsamyofelebi) gvxvdeba alpur mdeloTa momcro

dajgufebebi da fragmentebi. SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs:

marcvlovnebidan – Alopecurus dasianthus, Colpodium

119

versicolor, Festuca ruprechtii, Phleum alpinum, Poa alpina da sxv. nairbalaxebidan – Cerastium kazbek, Draba bryoides, Erigeron alpinus, Pseudovesicaria digitata, Scrophularia minima, Symphyoloma graveolens, Tripleurospermum caucasicum, Veronica minuta, Ziziphora puschkinii da sxv.

VII. 18. TuSeTis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs TuSeTs (md. andis yoi-

sus saTaveebi, mdinaris zemo qvabuli). raioni grZeldeba

daRestanSi (daRestnis olqi; grosheimi, 1948). geobo-

tanikuri raioni SemosazRvrulia: samxreTidan – kavkasi-

onis mTavari qediT; CrdiloeTidan – piriqiTuli qediT;

dasavleTidan – hawuntis qediT. raioni gaxsnilia aRmo-

savleTiT – daRestnis mxares. teritoriaze yvelaze

dabali adgilia andis yoisus xeobis fskeri daRestnis

sazRvarTan – z. d. 1650 m.

TuSeTis qvabuli gayofilia or gaswvriv xeobad,

romlebic mimarTulia Crdilo-dasavleTidan samxreT-

aRmosavleTisaken (CrdiloeTis xeoba – piriqiT alaznis

anu piriqiTis xeoba; samxreTis xeoba – TuSeTis alaznis

anu gomewris xeoba). TuSeTis xeobebi erTdeba z. d. 2050

m simaRleze da ibadeba md. andis yoisu.

teritoriis geologiur agebulebaSi monawileobs,

ZiriTadad, iuruli nafenebi, alag-alag gvxvdeba kirovani

traventinis danagrovebi. vakeebi agebulia mdinareuli

nafenebiT – TixnarebiTa da riynalebiT.

raioni gamoirCeva rTuli reliefiT. maRal mTebs,

romlebiTac SemosazRvrulia TuSeTis qvabuli, centra-

lur nawilSi cvlis Rrma eroziuli xeobebi da vakeebi.

TuSeTis vakeebi ganlagebulia piriqiTis alaznis da

120

TuSeTis alaznis SesarTavebis raionSi, z. d. 2100-2200 m

simaRleze (mdinareTa fskeridan 150-200 m simaRleze). am

vakeTa warmoSobas mecnierebi andis yoisus teqtonikur

Segubebas ukavSireben. raionis ufro maRal adgilebSi

gvxvdeba meoTxeulis myinvarebiT gamomuSavebuli formebi

– trogebi da morenebi.

raionis hidrografiuli qseli mWidroa, igi warmo-

dgenilia md. piriqiTis alazniT da TuSeTis alazniT

(maTi SeerTebis Semdeg – andis yoisuTi) da maTi Sena-

kadebiT.

raionis hava, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT teritoriis

maRalmTur mdebareobas, SedarebiT rbilia. igi ganpirobe-

bulia TuSeTis orografiuli TaviseburebebiT, kerZod,

teritoriis saimedo dacviT CrdiloeTidan civi haeris

SemoWrisagan (piriqiTisa da hawuntis qedebiT). miuxe-

davad amisa, TuSeTis hava sakmaod mkacri kontinenturia.

atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri jami 850-1000 mm

Seadgens, zafxuli gvalviania. mudmivi Tovlis xazi z. d.

3600-3800 m simaRleze mdebareobs.

TuSeTis niadagebi mravalferovania. tyis mcenareulo-

bis qveS ganviTarebulia tyis yomrali da tye-mdelos

gardamavali niadagebi; farTodaa gavrcelebuli mTa-

mdelos niadagebi, romlebic mravali variantiTaa warmo-

dgenili; dekianebis qveS formirebulia specifikuri tor-

fian-RorRiani niadagebi, xolo Rviianebis qveS – kldian-

RorRiani niadagebi (tarasaSvili, 1938).

• mcenareuloba

TuSeTis mcenareuloba saqarTvelos sxva regionebis

mcenareulobisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia. igi

ganpirobebulia rogorc specifikuri bunebrivi pirobebiT,

ise adgilobrivi mcenareulobisa da floris istoriuli

ganviTarebis TaviseburebebiT. kavkasionis mTavari qedi,

121

romelic TuSeTs gamohyofs saqarTvelos samxreTkavkasi-

uri nawilisagan, uZlieres bunebriv dabrkolebas war-

moadgens kavkasionis CrdiloeT kalTaze samxreTis mcena-

reulobis gansaxlebis gzaze. amiT unda aixsnas, rom

TuSeTSi araa gavrcelebuli Cveni tyeebis umTavresi

saxeoba – aRmosavluri wifeli (Fagus orientalis) da rigi sxva tyisSemqmneli saxeobebi. yovelive aman adgilobrivi

(TuSeTis) mcenareuli safaris suqcesiur ganviTarebaze

didi gavlena iqonia.

TuSeTSi gamosaxulia mcenareulobis sartylianobis

daRestnuri tipi (Sifersi, 1953), romelic warmodgeni-

lia tyis, subalpuri, alpuri da subnivaluri sar-

tyelebiT.

tyis sartyeli, romelic moicavs teritorias z. d.

1650 m-dan 1800-1850 m-mde, warmodgenilia misi mxolod

zeda qvesartyelis (sakmaod viwro hifsometriuli zo-

lis) saxiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am qvesartylis mcenareu-

loba ekologiurad da fitocenologiurad mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli subalpuri sartylis mcenareulobasTan.

amis gamo mizanSewonilia maTi erTad ganxilva.

tyis sartylis zeda qvesartyeli da subalpuri

sartyeli moicavs teritorias z. d. 1650 m-dan (TuSeTis

teritoriis yvelaze dabali adgili) 2500-2550 m-mde.

mcenareuli safari warmodgenilia maRalmTis tyeebiT,

buCqnarebiT, maRalbalaxeulobiT da tipuri subalpuri

mdeloebiT.

tyis mcenareulobis erT-erT mTavar formacias Tu-

SeTSi fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi) warmoadgens. fiWvnari tyeebi gavrcelebulia samxreTis, aRmosavleTis da samx-

reT-dasavleTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze. i. Tumajanovis

(1938) azriT, TuSeTSi fiWvnarebis masiuri gavrceleba

ganapiroba rogorc mkveTrad kontinenturma klimatma, ise

TuSeTis tyeebis bunebrivma izolirebulma mdgomareobam

122

Crdilo kavkasiis da samxreT kavkasiis farTofoTlovani

tyeebisagan (foTlovani tyis maRalkonkurentunarianma

edifikatorebma, uwinaresad aRmosavlurma wifelma –

Fagus orientalis, ver SeZlo TuSeTSi SeWra).

TuSeTis fiWvnarebi tipologiurad mravalferovania

(Tumajanovi, 1938, da sxv.). aq gavrcelebulia fiWvnaris

CrdiloeTis (borealuri) asociaciebic – fiWvnari xavsiani

(Pinetum hylocomiosum), fiWvnari mocviani (Pinetum myrtil-losum) da sxv. da samxreT kavkasiis fiWvnarebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli asociaciebic – fiWvnari Rviiani (Pinetum juniperosum), fiWvnari mSrali (Pinetum siccum) da sxv.

yvelaze farTo gavrcelebas aRwevs asociacia – fiWvnari

mocviani (Pinus sosnowskyi – Vaccinium myrtillus), romelic

dominirebs z. d. 1900-2400 m farglebSi gavrcelebul

fiWvnarebSi. tyis koromebi monodominanturia, erTeuli

saxiT Sereulia mTrTolavi verxvi (Populus tremula), circeli (Sorbus caucasigena), Txis tirifi (Salix caprea). qvetyeSi gabatonebulia mocvi (Vaccinium myrtillus), mcire

raodenobiT Sereulia wiTeli mocvi (Vaccinium vitis idaea) da balaxovani mcenareebi – Goodiera repens, Linnaea borealis, Pirola media da sxv. SezRuduli gavrcelebiT xasiaTdeba

asociacia – fiWvnari mJaveliani (Pinus sosnowskyi – Oxalis acetosella). didi daqanebis mSral ferdobebze da amozneqil

reliefze gvxvdeba asociacia – fiWvnari wiTeli mocviani

(Pinus sosnowskyi – Vaccinium vitis idaea). SedarebiT mSral

adgilsamyofelebSi ganviTarebulia asociaciebi – fiWvnari

Rviiani (Pinus sosnowkyi – Juniperus hemisphaerica + J. oblonga ), fiWvnari Tivaqasriani (Pinus sosnowskyi – Poa nemoralis), fiWvnari xavsiani (Pinus sosnowskyi – Hylocomium splendens). aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eqspoziciis saSualo daqanebis

ferdobebze dominirebs asociaciebi – fiWvnari ieliani

(Pinus sosnowskyi – Rhododendron luteum), fiWvnari

nairbalaxiani da sxv.

123

CrdiloeTis, Crdilo-aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis

eqspoziciis ferdobebze gavrcelebulia TuSeTis tyeebis

meore mTavari formacia – arynari (Betula litwinowii). me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi aryis tyeebis wilad modioda

TuSeTis tyeebis 50-60% (Tumajanovi, 1938). gabatone-

buli asociaciebia – arynari dekiani (Betula litwinowii – Rhododendron caucasicum) da arynari brZamiani (Betula litwinowii – Calamagrostis arundinacea). SezRuduli (loka-

luri) gavrcelebiT xasiaTdeba asociaciebi – arynari

nairbuCqiani (Betula litwinowii – Ribes biebersteinii + Salix hastata + S. kazbekensis + Rosa canina + Vaccinium myrtillus + Viburnum opulus), arynari tirifiani (Betula litwinowii – Salix apoda + S. kazbekensis) da sxv. arynari tyis koromebi amonayriTia, kalTaSekruloba meryeobs 0,3-dan 0,8-mde.

buCqnarebidan TuSeTSi gavrcelebulia dekianebi

(Rhododendron caucasicum), romlebic metwilad mWidro

rayebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. sxva saxeobebidan dekianSi

aRiniSneba, ZiriTadad, xavsebi da TiTo-orola gvimra da

yvavilovani mcenare (Vaccinium myrtillus, Chamerion angustifolium, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Oxalis acetosella da sxv.). samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze gvxvdeba

Rviianebi (Juniperus hemisphaerica, J. oblonga, J. sabina). subalpuri maRalbalaxeuloba ganviTarebulia gava-

kebebze da Cadablebul adgilebSi. gvxvdeba momcro na-

kveTebis saxiT da fragmentulad. SemadgenlobaSi monawi-

leobs aRmosavleT kavkasionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxe-

obebi, wamyvania – Aconitum orientale, Heracleum sosnowskyi, Senecio rhombifolius, Telekia speciosa da sxv.

subalpuri tipuri mdeloebi TuSeTSi farTodaa

gavrcelebuli. gansakuTrebiT vrceli teritoria ukavia

polidominantur marcvlovan-nairbalaxovan mdeloebs.

gvxvdeba Zigvianebi (Nardus stricta), Wrelwivanianebi

(Festuca varia) da sxv.

124

alpuri sartyeli moicavs teritorias z. d. 2500-

2550 m-dan 3200-3300 m-mde. vrceli teritoria ukavia

alpur mdeloebs, romelTa Soris dominirebs polido-

minanturi marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdelos fitoceno-

zebi. gvxvdeba monodominanturi alpuri mdeloebic –

Zigvianebi (Nardus stricta), Wrelwivanianebi (Festuca varia), islianebi (Carex tristis), fesvmagarianebi (Sibbaldia parvi-flora) da sxv. alpur sartyelSi subalpebidan iWreba

maradmwvane buCqnari – dekiani (Rhododendron caucasicum),

romelic qmnis dabal meCxer dajgufebebs alpuri mdelos

fitocenozebTan kompleqsSi (dekiani-mdelos kompleqsebi).

subnivaluri sartyeli mdebareobs z. d. 3200 m

zemoT da moicavs sakmaod vrcel teritorias. farTodaa

gavrcelebuli klde-naSal-RorRianebis mcenareuloba (Ria

cenozebi). SedarebiT xelsayrel pirobebSi (rbili reli-

efi, met-naklebad ganviTarebuli niadagiT) gvxvdeba mde-

los momcro dajgufebebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi mona-

wileobs – Cerastium cerastoides, Colpodium versicolor, Festuca varia, Primula algida, Sibbaldia semiglabra, Veronica telephiifolia da sxv.

VIII. mcire kavkasionis geobotanikuri

olqi

VIII. 19. dasavleTi TrialeTis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs TrialeTis qedis da-

savleT nawils (aRmosavleTiT – md. Zamas auzis CaTv-

liT) da borjomis xeobas (marcxena sanapiros CaTvliT).

125

teritoriis geologiur agebulebaSi monawileobs

zedacarculi kirqvebi, mesameulis fliSuri wyebebi –

tufebi, tufbreqCiebi da sxv., agreTve uaxlesi

andezituri lavebi.

raionis geomorfologiuri suraTi rTulia. reli-

efis gabatonebuli formaa eroziuli, romelic miocenis

droidanaa Camoyalibebuli. raionSi gvxvdeba, agreTve,

mosworebuli brtyeli zedapirebi, vulkanuri warmonaqm-

nebi, mdinareuli terasebi, namewyralebi da sxv. Triale-

Tis qedis dasavluri daboloeba gantotvilia, romelSic

moqceulia Toris qvabuli – borjomulas da guja-

reTiswylis auzebi (Toris istoriuli teritoria). esaa

saqarTvelos erTaderTi kuTxe, sadac bunebrivi land-

Saftis SeqmnaSi didi (gadamwyveti) roli Seasrula uax-

lesma vulkanizmma. bakurianis da gujareTis vulkanuri

centrebidan wamosulma lavurma Rvarebma (pirveli q.

borjomamde Camovida, meore – daba waRveramde) amoavso

Zveli mdinareebis kalapotebi. bakurianis lavurma Rvarma

warmoqmna ori axali xeoba – borjomulas da bakuria-

niswylis, bakurianis da borjomis platoebi, cixisjvris

qvabuli. SedarebiT mokle lavuri Rvari warmoiqmna daba-

Zvelis vulkanuri centridanac (borjomis xeoba, mtkvris

marjvena sanapiro).

raionis hidrografiuli qseli sakmaod mWidroa. igi

warmodgenilia md. mtkvris SenakadebiT, patara tbebiT,

mineraluri da mtknari wyaroebiT.

raionis hava ganicdis dasavleTis (zRviuri) havis

mniSvnelovan gavlenas. igi gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia

borjomis xeobis aRmosavleT nawilSi (md. banisxevis,

samoTxisReles, yvibisisxevis, neZvisxevis auzebi). amis

gamo dasavleTi TrialeTis hava gacilebiT ufro nesti-

ania, vidre centraluri da aRmosavleTi TrialeTisa.

Tviur temperaturaTa rxevis wliuri amplituda Seadgens

126

21-22°. naleqebis wliuri raodenoba 600-800 mm farg-

lebSia (izrdeba zRvis donidan simaRlis matebasTan

erTad).

raionis niadaguri safari mravalferovania. tyis

sartyelSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli tyis yomrali ni-

adagebi (mravali variantiT). amave sartylis qveda nawil-

Si gavrcelebulia tyis yavisferi niadagebi. maRalmTian

sartyelebSi (subalpebi, alpebi) ganviTarebulia tye-

mdelos gardamavali niadagebi da mTa-mdelos niadagebi,

romlebic aseve mravali variantiTaa warmodgenili.

• mcenareuloba

dasavleTi TrialeTis geobotanikuri raionis mcena-

reuloba mdidari da mravalferovania. kolxeTTan siax-

lovisa da zRviuri havis mniSvnelovani gavlenis gamo

adgilobrivi mcenareulobis SemadgenlobaSi sakmaod

mravladaa mcenareTa kolxuri saxeobebi da kolxuri

fitocenozebi. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos wiwviani

(muqwiwviani, fiWvnari) tyeebis farTo gavrceleba raio-

nis teritoriaze, riTac dasavleTi TrialeTis geobota-

nikuri raioni (iseve rogorc liaxv-rexulas geobotani-

kuri raioni) mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba aRmosavleT sa-

qarTvelos sxva geobotanikuri raionebisagan da gar-

kveulad uaxlovdeba dasavleT saqarTvelos mTian

geobotanikur raionebs.

aRniSnuli da rigi sxva Taviseburebebi reliefurad

asaxulia mcenareulobis sartylianobis tipSi: raionSi

gamosaxulia kolxuridan aRmosavleT-kavkasiurze

gardamavali sartylianobis tipi, romelic warmodgenilia

tyis, subalpuri da alpuri sartyelebiT.

dasavleTi TrialeTis mcenareulobam ukanasknel

saukuneebSi Zlieri anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad

(tyeebis usistemo Wra, pirutyvis Zoveba tyeSi, tyis

127

xanZrebi – gujareTiswylis, borjomulas da sxva

xeobebSi) mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganicada. mTiswinebze

da mTis qveda sartyelSi, tyeebis ganadgurebis Semdeg

ganviTarda hemiqserofiluri mcenareulobis sxvadasxva

varianti. meoreulma tyeebma, tyisSemdgomma buCqnarebma da

balaxeulma cenozebma daikava sakmaod vrceli teritoria

borjomis, gujareTiswylis da sxva xeobebSi. sakvebi

savargulebis (saTib-saZovrebis) simciris gamo Sinauri

pirutyviT gadatvirTuli iyo raionis subalpuri da

alpuri mdeloebi, ramac maTi sagrZnobi anTropogenuri

transformacia ganapiroba.

tyis sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 600-700 m-dan 1800

m-mde. tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi gvxvdeba wiwviani da

foTlovani formaciebi, romlebic warmodgenilia rogorc

Zireuli (pirveladi), ise nawarmoebi (meoreuli)

fitocenozebiT. tyis mcenareulobis suqcesiuri cvlis

procesebi dResac aqtiurad mimdinareobs. amis gamo tyis

Zireuli formaciebis gavrcelebis bunebrivi kanon-

zomierebebi raionSi sustadaa gamosaxuli. SedarebiT

naTlad (reliefurad) gamosaxulia tyis mcenareulobis

vertikalur-zonaluri ganawilebis saerTo suraTi.

z. d. 650-700 m-dan 1000-1100 m-mde dominirebs

qarTuli muxis (Quercus iberica) muxnarebi (muxnari

tyeebis qvesartyeli). muxnari tyis koromebis didi

nawili amonayriTi warmoSobisaa, dabali warmadobis (IV-

V boniteti). koromebis umetesoba jagrcxilis (Carpinus orientalis) qvetyiTaa. gvxvdeba balaxovan-safriani muxna-

rebi (Tivaqasras – Poa nemoralis, berselas – Brachypodium sylvaticum, B. pinnatum, arjakelis – Lathyrus roseus, buSis islis – Carex buschiorum dominirebiT Seqmnili muxnaris

fitocenozebi).

muxnarebi ganviTarebulia samxreTis, aRmosavleTis,

samxreT-dasavleTis eqspoziciis nairgvari daqanebis fer-

128

dobebze. didi daqanebis kldovan ferdobebze muxnarebs

xSirad cvlis fiWvnarebi (Pinus sosnowskyi). gvxvdeba

bidominanturi muxnar-fiWvnarebi (Pinus sosnowskyi + Quercus iberica). qarTuli muxnarebis da muxnar-fiWvna-

rebis anTropogenuri digresiis Sedegad sadReisod mra-

valgan (gansakuTrebiT samxreTis eqspoziciis Txelniada-

gian ferdobebze, agreTve dasaxlebuli adgilebisa da

gzebis mimdebare teritoriaze) ganviTarebulia hemiqsero-

filuri buCqnarebi – jagrcxilnari (Carpinus orientalis), Trimliani (Cotinus coggygria), Rviiani (Juniperus oblonga, J. rufescens), hemiqserofiluri nairbuCqnari, glerZiani

(Astragalus microcephalus) da sxv., agreTve – marcvlovan-

nairbalaxovani stepi da gastepebuli mdelo.

CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze ganviTarebulia

Sereuli foTlovani da wiwvian-foTlovani tyeebi,

romelTa SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs – qarTuli muxa

(Quercus iberica), rcxila (Carpinus caucasica), wabli

(Castanea sativa), ifani (Fraxinus excelsior), cacxvi (Tilia begoniifolia), wifeli (Fagus orientalis), leka (Acer platanoides), aryi (Betula pendula), naZvi (Picea orientalis). momcro nakveTebisa da fragmentebis saxiT gvxvdeba

naZvnaris wminda koromebic.

z. d. 1000-1100 m-dan 1400-1500 m-mde tyis mcena-

reuloba ZiriTadad wiflnarebiTaa (Fagus orientalis) war-modgenili (wiflnari tyeebis qvesartyeli). gvxvdeba

wminda (monodominanturi) wiflnarebi da Sereuli (bido-

minanturi da polidominanturi) tyeebi – naZvnar-wifl-

narebi (Fagus orientalis + Picea orientalis), soWnar-wifl-

narebi (Fagus orientalis + Abies nordmanniana), soWnar-

naZvnar-wiflnarebi (Fagus orientalis + Picea orientalis + Abies nordmanniana). wiflnarebis tipologiur speqtrSi

dominirebs saerTo-kavkasiuri asociaciebi (seriebi:

Festucosa, Asperulosa, Filicosa, Rubosa, Nuda). gvxvdeba tyis

129

kolxuri asociaciebic, metwilad borjomis xeobaSi,

kerZod – wiflnarebi da naZvnar-wiflnarebi maradmwvane

kolxuri qvetyiT – SqeriT (Rhododendron ponticum),

wyaviT (Laurocerasus officinalis), WyoriT (Ilex colchica), kolxuri suroTi (Hedera colchica).

samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze, simaRlis aRniS-

nul farglebSi, tyis mcenareuloba Wreli Semadgenlo-

biT xasiaTdeba. gvxvdeba muxnarebi (Quercus iberica), rcxilnarebi (Carpinus caucasica), rcxilnar-muxnarebi,

naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis), fiWvnarebi (Pinus sonowskyi), naZvnar-fiWvnarebi, rcxilnar-naZvnarebi da sxv. naxanZra-

lebze ganviTarebulia meoreuli (xanmoklewarmoebuli)

tyeebi – fiWvnarebi (Pinus sonoswkyi), verxvnarebi

(Populus tremula) da hemiqserofiluri buCqnarebi.

z. d. 1400-1500 m-dan 1800 m-mde tyeebis Semadgen-

lobaSi dominirebs muqwiwviani formaciebi (muqwiwviani

tyeebis qvesartyeli). farTodaa gavrcelebuli naZvnarebi

(Picea orientalis). gvxvdeba bidominanturi fiWvnar-naZvna-

rebi (Picea orientalis + Pinus sosnowskyi) da wiflnar-naZv-

narebi (Picea orientalis + Fagus orientalis). SezRuduli

(lokaluri) gavrcelebiT xasiaTdeba soWnarebi (Abies nordmanniana), wiflnarebi, wiflnar-soWnarebi, wiflnar-

naZvnar-soWnarebi. samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze, gan-

sakuTrebiT naxanZral xeobebSi, gavrcelebulia meoreuli

(xanmoklewarmoebuli) fiWvnarebi (Pinus sosnowskyi) da

verxvnarebi (Populus tremula). fiWvnarebi (pirveladi, meo-

reuli) gansakuTrebiT farTo gavrcelebas aRwevs bor-

jomis xeobis SedarebiT mSral dasavleT nawilSi

(qvabisxevisa da zoreTiswylis xeobebi). zogierT xeobaSi

(gujareTiswylis da sxv.) subalpuri sartylidan SemoW-

rilia maRalmTis muxnarebi (Quercus macranthera) da

uSualo kontaqtSia qarTul muxnarebTan (Quercus iberica). muqwiwviani da fiWvnari tyeebis tipologiur speqtrSi

130

Warbobs saerTo-kavkasiuri asociaciebi (seriebi:

Festucosa, Brachypodiosa, Poosa, Graminoso-mixtoherbosa, Rubosa, Muscosa, Siccum). aRiniSneba kolxuri asocia-

ciebic (naZvnari, wiflnar-naZvnari da soWnar-naZvnari

Sqeris – Rhododendron ponticum qvetyiT; naZvnari wyavis – Laurocerasus officinalis qvetyiT).

tyis sartyelSi, mis yvela safexurze (qvesartyeleb-

Si), didi daqanebis kldovan ferdobebze ganviTarebulia

e.w. klde-tyis kompleqsebi. esaa dabali sixSiris da

meCxeri, dabali warmadobis tyis koromebi, romelTa Se-

madgenloba erTob Wrelia. aq erTmaneTis gverdiT izrde-

ba ekologiurad gansxvavebuli saxeobebi (TiToeuli

saxeoba misTvis ufro misaReb mikroekotopTanaa dakavSi-

rebuli), kerZod, naZvi (Picea orientalis), fiWvi (Pinus sosnowskyi), mtirala aryi (Betula pendula), mTrTolavi

verxvi (Populus tremula), qarTuli da maRalmTis muxebi

(Quercus iberica, Q. macranthera), uxravi (Ostrya carpinifolia), ifani (Fraxinus excelsior), cacxvi (Tilia begoniifolia), qorafi (Acer laetum), mindvris nekerCxali

(Acer campestre). subalpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 1800 m-dan

2450-2500 m-mde. subalpebis mcenareuli safari warmod-

genilia subalpuri tyeebiT, buCqnarebiT, maRalbalaxeu-

lobiT da tipuri subalpuri mdeloebiT.

subalpuri tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs ma-

RalmTis wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), maRalmTis naZvnari

(Picea orientalis), maRalmTis fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi), nekerCxliani (Acer trautvetteri), arynari (Betula litwinowii), arynar-circeliani (Sorbus caucasigena + Betula litwinowii), muxnari (Quercus macranthera). anTropogenuri wnexis

gavleniT subalpuri tyeebis didi nawili ganadgu-

rebulia, xolo tyis zeda sazRvari bevrgan aseulobiT

metriT daweulia (m. cxrawyaroze da zogierT sxva

131

mwvervalze tyis zeda sazRvari z. d. 2300-2350 m

simaRleze gadis; raionis teritoriis umetes nawilSi ki

tyis zeda sazRvari iSviaTad scildeba z. d. 2100 m

simaRles). raionis subalpuri tyeebi tipologiurad

sakmaod mravalferovania (gvxvdeba – Altherbosa, Poosa, Calamagrostidosa, Graminoso-mixtoherbosa, Filicosa, Cauca-sico-rhododendrosa da sxva seriebis asociaciebi).

subalpuri maRalbalaxeuloba gavrcelebulia z. d.

1800-2200 m farglebSi. zogan (xevebSi, RartafebSi)

maRalbalaxeuli cenozebi gacilebiT maRla (z. d. 2400

m-mde) vrceldeba da subalpebs qvemoTac (tyis sartyel-

Si) eSveba. gabatonebulia polidominanturi maRalbala-

xeuloba, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi wamyvani saxeobebia –

Aconitum nasutum, A. orientale, Campanula lactiflora, C. latifolia, Cephalaria gigantea, Chaerophyllum aureum, Dactylis glomerata, Delphinium flexuosum, Dryopteris filix mas, Heracleum sosnoswskyi, H. wilhelmsii, Inula grandiflora, Ligusticum alatum, Knautia montana, Lilium szowitsianum, Petasites albus, Pyrethrum macrophyllum, Senecio rhombifolius, Valeriana alliariifolia.

buCqnari mcenareuloba warmodgenilia, ZiriTadad,

dekianebiT (Rhododendron caucasicum), romlis Sekruli

cenozebi (rayebi) farTodaa gavrcelebuli CrdiloeTis

eqspoziciis ferdobebze. momcro nakveTebis saxiT da

fragmentulad gvxvdeba Rviianebi (Juniperus hemisphaerica), mocvianebi (Vaccinium myrtillus) da sxv.

subalpur sartyelSi vrceli teritoria uWiravs

tipur subalpur mdeloebs. gabatonebulia marcvlovan-

nairbalaxovani mdeloebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi wamyva-

nia saxeobebi: marcvlovnebidan – Agrostis planifolia, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromopsis variegata, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, Phleum pratense, Poa longifolia; parkosnebi da nairbalaxebi – Alchemilla erythropoda, Betonica

132

macrantha, Geranium ibericum, Polygonum carneum, Ranunculus caucasicus, Trifolium ambiguum, T. canescens. mniSvnelovani farTobebi uWiravs monodominantur

mdeloebs – frintians (Anemone fasciculata), nemsiwverians (Geranium ibericum), namikrefians (Agrostis planifolia, A. tenuis), marmuWians (Alchemilla caucasica, A. erythropoda), Wrelwivanians (Festuca varia), Zigvians (Nardus stricta), islians (Carex tristis).

alpuri sartyeli gvxvdeba calkeul mwvervalebze,

romelTa absoluturi simaRle 2500 m aRemateba (yarayaia

– 2853 m, m. cxrawyaro – 2720 m, m. sayvelosmTa – 2808

m da sxv.). mcenareul safarSi dominirebs tipuri alpuri

mdeloebi – Wrelwivaniani (Festuca varia), WrelSvrie-

liani (Bromopsis variegata), Zigviani (Nardus stricta), cxvris wivaniani (Festuca ovina), fesvmagariani (Sibbaldia parviflora) da sxv. farTodaa gavrcelebuli marcvlovan-

nairbalaxovani mdeloebi. lokalurad gvxvdeba alpuri

xalebi (Campanula tridentata, Carum caucasicum, Minuartia aizoides, Primula ruprechtii, Veronica gentianoides da sxva

saxeobebis monawileobiT).

zafxulis saZovrebis Zlieri gadatvirTvis gamo sub-

alpuri da alpuri mdeloebis umetesoba dasarevliane-

bulia Sxamiani da balasturi mcenareebiT, romelTac

pirutyvi ar etaneba – Cirsium obvallatum, Colchicum speciosum, Pedicularis condensata, Rumex alpinus, Sibbaldia parviflora, Verathrum lobelianum da sxv.

alpur sartyelSi, CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis ferdo-

bebze xSirad aRiniSneba dekas (Rhododendron caucasicum)

buCqnarebi (ZiriTadad dekiani – mdelos kompleqsuri

mcenareulobis saxiT).

subalpur da alpur sartyelebSi sakmaod farTo

gavrcelebas aRwevs klde-naSal-RorRianebis mcenareulo-

ba, romelic warmodgenilia Ria cenozebis da mikroce-

133

nozebis saxiT. maT SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs (dama-

xasiaTebeli saxeobebi) – Alchemilla sericea, Androsace willosa, Aster alpinus, Campanula aucheri, Draba bryoides, D. bruniifolia, Saxifraga cartilaginea, S. sibirica, S. trautvetteri, Sedum tenellum.

VIII. 20. centraluri TrialeTis

geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs TrialeTis qedis

centralur nawils – md. xvedureTiswylis, tanas,

TeZamis, kavTuras auzebs (javaxeTis zegnisaken miqceuli

TrialeTis qedis zeda, Txemuri nawilis CaTvliT).

raionis teritoria rTuli geologiuri agebulebiT

xasiaTdeba. gabatonebulia iuruli da carculi naleqebi

da mesameuli fliSuri wyebebi (fiqlebi, qviSaqvebi, mer-

gelebi, kirqvebi). farTodaa gavrcelebuli vulkanogenuri

faciesebic (tufebi, tufbreqCiebi da sxv.).

raionSi gabatonebulia reliefis eroziuli tipi.

farTodaa gavrcelebuli mosworebuli brtyeli zedapi-

rebi (md. tanas, TeZamis da sxv. auzebi) da mdinareuli

terasebi. raionis farglebSi TrialeTis RerZuli qedi

SedarebiT (dasavleT TrialeTTan) naklebi simaRlisaa.

umaRlesi mwvervalia arjevnis mTa (2759 m).

hidrografiuli qseli warmodgenilia md. mtkvris

marjvena SenakadebiTY (xvedureTiswyali, tana, TeZami, kav-

Tura) da TrialeTis samxreT kalTaze Camomdinare

momcro xeobebiT (md. qcias auzis zeda nawili).

centraluri TrialeTis hava sagrZnoblad mSralia,

dasavluri (zRviuri) haeris gavlena aq Zlier Sesuste-

bulia. atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri raodenoba 600-

134

800 mm farglebSia (matulobs zRvis donidan simaRlis

matebasTan erTad). zafxuli raionSi sakmaod cxeli da

gvalviania.

raionSi gavrcelebulia ZiriTadad tyis yomrali,

neSompala-karbonatuli da tyis yavisferi niadagebi.

maRalmTian sartyelebSi gavrcelebulia tye-mdelos gar-

damavali da mTa-mdelos kordiani niadagebi, maTi

mravalricxovani variantiT.

• mcenareuloba

centraluri TrialeTis mcenareuloba fitocenolo-

giurad mravalferovania, rac ZiriTadad fizikur-geogra-

fiuli pirobebis (reliefi, hava, niadagebi) mravalferov-

nebam ganapiroba. mcenareulobis struqturisa da di-

namikis Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra

adamianis sameurneo saqmianobamac _ bunebriv mcenareul

safarze anTropogenurma zemoqmedebam.

raionSi mcenareulobis ganawileba ZiriTadad eqvemde-

bareba vertikalur-zonalur saerTo kanonzomierebebs.

rig SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT samxreTis, aRmosavleTis

da samxreT-dasavleTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze, mcena-

reulobis bunebrivi ganawilebis suraTi Zlier darRve-

ulia (anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad): xSiria

SemTxvevebi, roca mcenareuli formaciis Tu asociaciis

areali metismetad gafarToebulia an Semcirebuli;

Zireuli mcenareuli Tanasazogadoebebi did farTobebze

Secvlilia meoreuli mcenareuli TanasazogadoebebiT.

geobotanikuri raionis teritoriaze praqtikulad

wydeba mcenareulobis sartylianobis gardamavali (kol-

xuridan aRmosavleT-kavkasiurze) tipis gavrceleba. rai-

onSi, teritoriis mcire hifsometriuli ganvrcobis gamo,

srulad mxolod ori sartyelia warmodgenili – tyis da

135

subalpuri sartyelebi. alpuri (qvedaalpuri) sartyeli

warmodgenilia mxolod arjevnis mTaze.

tyis sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 1750-1800 m-mde.

sartylis qveda nawilSi, z. d. 1100-1150 m-mde dominirebs

qarTuli muxis (Quercus iberica) tyeebi (muxnari tyeebis qvesartyeli). muxnarebi gvxvdeba praqtikulad yvela

eqspoziciis ferdobze, tyis yavisfer da neSompala-karbo-

natul niadagebze. tyeebis didi umetesoba amonayriTi ko-

romebis saxiTaa warmodgenili, romelTa warmadoba

dabalia (IV-VBboniteti), kalTaSekruloba meryeobs 0,3-

0,6 farglebSi. Sereuli saxeobebidan gvxvdeba ifani

(Fraxinus excelsior), mindvris nekerCxali (Acer campestre), qorafi (Acer laetum), Tameli (Sorbus torminalis), panta

(Pyrus caucasica). buCqebidan Cveulebrivia jagrcxila

(Carpinus orientalis), romelic xSirad koromebis pirvel

iarusSic monawileobs (muxasTan erTad). sxva saxeobebi-

dan gvxvdeba – Sindi (Cornus mas), Txili (Corylus avellana), zRmartli (Mespilus germanica), werwa (Lonicera caucasica), kidobana (Euonymus europaea), kuneli

(Crataegus kyrtostyla), kvido (Ligustrum vulgare), askili

(Rosa canina, R. corymbifera), Rvia (Juniperus oblonga, J. rufescens), tyis cocxi (Cytisus caucasicus). muxnarebi

tipologiurad sakmaod mravalferovania. CrdiloeTis,

Crdilo-aRmosavleTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis eqspoziciis

ferdobebze gavrcelebulia muxnaris asociaciebi: muxnari

Sindiani (Quercus iberica – Cornus mas); muxnari

Tivaqasriani (Quercus iberica – Poa nemoralis). samxreTis, samxreT-aRmosavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis eqspoziciis

mSral ferdobebze dominirebs muxnaris asociaciebi:

muxnari jagrcxiliani (Quercus iberica – Carpinus orien-talis); muxnari jagrcxilian-isliani (Quercus iberica – Carpinus orientalis – Carex buschiorum); fiWvnar-muxnari

mSrali (Pineto-Quercetum siccum).

136

muxnari tyeebis qvesartyelSi vrceli teritoria

ukavia muxnaris degradaciis sxvadasxva stadiis mcena-

reulobas – jagrcxilnars (Carpinus orientalis), graklians

(Spiraea hypericifolia), ZeZvians (Paliurus spina christi), Savjagians (Rhamnus pallasii), qserofilur nairbuCqnars,

glerZians (Astragalus microcephalus, A. atenicus), uroians (Botriochloa ischaemum) da sxv. (qvaCakiZe da jandieri,

1976).

z. d. 1100-1150 m-dan 1750-1800 m-mde tyeebi Sedare-

biT ukeTesadaa Semonaxuli (Tumca tyis araracionaluri

eqspluataciis uaryofiTi gavlena aqac sagrZnoblad

didia). simaRlis aRniSnul farglebSi gabatonebulia

formaciebi – wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), naZvnari (Picea orientalis) da Sereuli wiflnar-naZvnari (Picea orientalis + Fagus orientalis), ris gamo mizanSewonilia igi gamoiyos

wiflnari da muqwiwviani tyeebis qvesartyelis

saxelwodebiT. aRniSnul tyeebs ukavia CrdiloeTis,

aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis eqspoziciis ferdobebi.

wiflnari, rcxilnar-wiflnari da naZvnar-wiflnari tye-

ebis tipologiuri speqtri sakmaod mravalferovania. do-

minirebs saerTo-kavkasiuri asociaciebi: wiflnari,

rcxilnar-wiflnari da naZvnar-wiflnari mkvdarsafriani;

wiflnari, rcxilnar-wiflnari da naZvnar-wiflnari mTis

wivaniani (Festuca drymeja); wiflnari, rcxilnar-wifl-

nari da naZvnar-wiflnari mayvliani (Rubus hirtus); wifl-

nari CitisTvaliani (Asperula odorata); wiflnari qris-

tesbeWediani (Sanicula europaea); wiflnari da naZvnar-

wiflnari gvimriani (Athyrium filix femina, Dryopteris filix mas). naZvnari tyeebis tipologiur SemadgenlobaSi domi-

nirebs asociaciebi: naZvnari mkvdarsafriani; naZvnari xav-

siani (Hylocomium splendes, Dicranum scoparium, Pleurozium schreberi); naZvnari mJaveliani (Oxalis acetosella).

137

soWnarebis (Abies nordmanniana) gavrceleba centra-

luri TrialeTis raionSi friad SezRudulia. wminda

soWnaris da naZvnar-soWnaris (Abies nordmanniana + Picea orientalis) SedarebiT mozrdili koromebi gvxvdeba md.

TeZamis Senakadis – Teknelas auzSi da arjevnis mTis

kalTebze.

CrdiloeTis, Crdilo-aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis

eqspoziciis ferdobebze ganviTarebulia Sereuli farTo-

foTlovani tyeebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs

– wifeli (Fagus orientalis), rcxila (Carpinus caucasica), qarTuli Txili (Corylus iberica), leka (Acer platanoides), ifani (Fraxinus excelsior), Tela (Ulmus elliptica).

fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi) tyeebi gavrcelebulia

tyis sartylis yvela nawilSi, metwilad samxreTis

eqspoziciis ferdobebze. fiWvnarebs mniSvnelovani far-

Tobi ukavia md. tanas auzSi da md. TeZamis Senakadis –

md. vicxas auzSi (xanmoklewarmoebuli da Zireuli

fiWvnarebi).

wiflnari, wiflnar-naZvnari da naZvnari tyeebis didi

nawili raionSi, maTi uweso eqspluataciis gamo, ganad-

gurda. maT naalagevze mravalgan ganviTarebulia droebi-

Ti arynarebi (Betula pendula) da rcxilnarebi (Carpinus caucasica). samxreTis eqspoziciis mSral ferdobebze

natyevari teritoria ukavia, metwilad, hemiqserofilur

buCqnarebs, marcvlovan-nairbalaxovan mdeloebs da

islianebs (Carex buschiorum).

mdinarispirul terasaze (WalaSi), romelic zogan

sakmaod farToa (md. TeZamis auzi da sxv.), gvxvdeba Wa-

lis tyis momcro koromebi da tyis fragmentebi, agreTve

teniani (Walis) mdeloebi. Walis tyis koromebis Semad-

genlobaSi monawileobs ofi (Populus nigra), xvalo

(Populus canescens), tirifebi (Salix alba, S. excelsa, S. pseudomedemii), Tela (Ulmus minor), Walis muxa (Quercus

138

pedunculiflora), fSati (Eleagnus angustifolia). buCqebidan

aRiniSneba – kowaxuri (Berberis vulgaris), qacvi

(Hippophaë rhamnoides), ialRuni (Tamarix ramosissima), kuneli (Crataegus kyrtostyla), Sindanwla (Svida australis). gvxvdeba lianebic – katabarda (Clematis vitalba), mayvali

(Rubus anatolicus) da sxv. proluviur terasaze zogan (md.

TeZamis xeoba, sof. rkonTan da sxv.) ganviTarebulia

rcxilnari tye (Carpinus caucasica). subalpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 1750-1800 m-

dan 2500 m-mde. mcenareuli safaris SemadgenlobaSi

monawileobs – subalpuri tyeebi, buCqnarebi, maRalbala-

xeuloba da tipuri subalpuri mdeloebi.

subalpuri tyeebis farTobi, anTropogenuri wnexis

zegavleniT (usistemo Wra, Sinauri pirutyvis Zoveba,

xanZrebi) Zalze Semcirebulia, xolo tyis zeda sazRvari

daweulia z. d. 2000-2100 m-mde (arcTu iSviaTad – 1900

m-mde da metadac). subalpuri tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi

monawileobs mravali formacia, kerZod: CrdiloeTis,

Crdilo-aRmosavleTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis eqspoziciis

ferdobebze – maRalmTis wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), maRalmTis naZvnari (Picea orientalis), wiflnar-naZvnari,

subalpuri soWnari (Abies nordmanniana), arynari (Betula litwinowii), nekerCxliani (Acer trautvetteri); samxreTis,

samxreT-aRmosavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis eqspoziciis

ferdobebze gavrcelebulia maRalmTis muxnari (Quercus macranthera) da maRalmTis fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi). aRsaniSnavia, rom maRalmTis muxnari raionSi Zlier

dabla, z. d. 1550-1500 m-mde eSveba da xSirad kontaqtSia

qarTul muxnarTan (Quercus ibeica). es Tavisebureba

TrialeTis qedis sxva nawilSicaa gamosaxuli.

subalpuri buCqnarebi gvxvdeba, metwilad, momcro

nakveTebisa da fragmentebis saxiT. samxreTis eqspoziciis

mSral ferdobebze gavrcelebulia Rviianebi (Juniperus

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oblonga, J. hemisphaerica), xolo CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis

ferdobebze – dekianebi (Rhododendron caucasicum).

mwvervalebis (mTa arjevani da sxv.) ferdobebze dekianTa

mozrdili dajgufebebic gvxvdeba.

subalpuri maRalbalaxeulobis momcro dajgufebebi

da fragmentebi sakmaod iSviaTad gvxvdeba. fitocenozebis

SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs – Cephalaria gigantea, Dryopteris filix mas, Knautia montana, Petasites albus, Senecio rhombifolius, Valeriana alliariifolia da sxv.

raionSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli tipuri subalpuri

mdeloebi. dominirebs polidominanturi marcvlovan-

nairbalaxovani mdeloebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi

monawileobs: marcvlovnebidan – Anthoxanthum odoratum, Briza elatior, Bromopsis adjaricus, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca ruprechtii da sxv.; parkosnebi da nairbalaxebi – Alchemilla sericata, Betonica macrantha, Centaurea cheiranthifolia, Coronilla varia, Linum hypericifolium, L. tenuifolium, Lotus caucasicus, Polygala anatolica, Trifolium ambiguum, T. pratense da sxv. mono-

dominanturi mdeloebidan gavrcelebulia – namikrefiani

(Agrostis tenuis), WrelSvrieliani (Bromopsis variegata), Wrelwivaniani (Festuca varia), brZamiani (Calamagrostis arundinacea), Zigviani (Nardus stricta), isliani (Carex buschiorum). subalpuri mdeloebis SemadgenlobaSi

monawileobs stepis mravali saxeoba – Festuca valesiaca, Filipendula vulgaris da sxv.

alpuri sartyeli warmodgenilia mxolod arjevnis

mTaze. mcenareuli safari Seqmnilia tipuri alpuri

mdeloebiT. dominirebs polidominanturi marcvlovan-

nairbalaxovani mdeloebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi

wamyvani saxeobebia – Anthoxanthum odoratum, Alchemilla sericea, Campanula trautvetteri, Carex tristis, Carum carvi, Briza elatior, Festuca ruprechtii, Minuartia aizoides, Myosotis

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alpestris, Sibbaldia parviflora, Trifolium ambiguum.

monodominanturi mdeloebidan gvxvdeba – Zigviani (Nardus stricta), Wrelwivaniani (Festuca varia), isliani (Carex tristis), fesvmagariani (Sibbaldia parviflora). CrdiloeTis

eqspoziciis ferdobebze gavrcelebulia alpuri dekianebi

(Rhododendron caucasicum), romlebic warmodgenilia,

metwilad, kompleqsuri dajgufebebiT (dekianisa da alpu-

ri mdelos kompleqsebi).

VIII. 21. aRmosavleTi TrialeTisa da xram-somxiTis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs TrialeTis qedis

CrdiloeTi kalTis aRmosavleT nawils (md. niCburas,

Zegviswylis da sxv. auzebi), TrialeTis qedis aRmo-

savlur daboloebebs (md. diRmiswylis, veres, algeTis

auzebi) da xram-somxiTis mTian mxares (somxiTis qedi da

TrialeTis qedTan misi damakavSirebeli Sua xramis mTaTa

jgufi).

raionis teritoria rTuli geologiuri agebulebiT

xasiaTdeba. TrialeTis qedis aRmosavluri nawili

agebulia, ZiriTadad, mesameuli danaleqi wyebebiT –

fiqlebiTa da qviSaqvebiT. xram-somxiTis mTiani masivis

geologiur agebulebaSi monawileobs kristaluri qanebi

– granitoidebi da sxv. da carculi tufogenuri wyebebi.

aqvea javaxeTis qedis mxridan SemoWrili lavuri Rvarebi.

raioni rTuli reliefiT gamoirCeva. reliefis

gabatonebuli tipi eroziulia, romelic garTulebulia

vulkanuri da tbiur-mdinareuli akumulaciuri formebiT.

farTodaa gavrcelebuli Zveli mosworebuli (penepleni-

zebuli) zedapirebi da maRali mdinareuli terasebi

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(abrameTTan, manglisTan, wavkisTan da sxv.). porfiritebis

gavrcelebis areSi gvxvdeba kldovani masivebi – azeula,

birTvisi, orbeTisklde, kldekari da sxv. teritoriis

hifsometriuli ganvrcoba, centralur da dasavleT

TrialeTTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad naklebia, mxolod

calkeuli mwvervalebi scildeba z. d. 1800 m simaRles

(kldekari – 2000 m, iailo – 1951 m, didgori verisa –

1893 m, bedeni – 1875 m).

raionis hidrografiuli qseli sakmaod xSiria.

mdinareTa nawili – debeda, foladauri, maSavera, vere da

sxv. Rrma kanionebiT xasiaTdeba. raioni mdidaria vok-

luzuri wyaroebiT, gansakuTrebiT xram-somxiTis mTiani

sistema.

raionis hava TiTqmis ar ganicdis dasavluri

(zRviuri) havis gavlenas, xolo mezobeli azerbaijanis

dablobis mSrali havis gavlena sagrZnobia. amasTan

dakavSirebiT, raionis hava sakmaod mSralia. atmosferuli

naleqebis wliuri raodenoba 500-700 mm Seadgens. saSu-

alo Tviur temperaturaTa rxevis wliuri amplituda 21-

23°-ia. raionis niadagebi ZiriTadad tyis yomrali niadage-

biTaa warmodgenili. tyis sartylis qveda nawilSi

gavrcelebulia tyis yavisferi niadagebic. tyis sartylis

zeda nawilSi da subalpebSi ZiriTadad mTa-mdelos

kordiani niadagebia ganviTarebuli.

• mcenareuloba

aRmosavleTi TrialeTisa da xram-somxiTis geobota-

nikuri raionis mcenareuloba, Tavisi genezisiT da

struqturiT, mravalferovania. garda bunebrivi pirobebis

(reliefi, hava, niadagebi) Taviseburebebisa, mcenareu-

lobis Tanamedrove struqturis formirebaze didi gav-

lena iqonia adamianis mravalsaukunovanma sameurneo

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saqmianobam. anTropogenuri mcenareulobis xvedriTi wili

raionSi, centraluri da dasavleTi TrialeTis raioneb-

Tan SedarebiT, maRalia.

mcenareulobis ganawilebis saerTo suraTi raionis

teritoriaze ZiriTadad eqvemdebareba TrialeTis qedze

mcenareuli safaris vertikalur-zonaluri ganawilebis

zogad kanonzomierebebs. gamosaxulia mcenareulobis sar-

tylianobis aRmosavleT-kavkasiuri tipi, romelic warmo-

dgenilia tyisa da subalpuri (arasruli moculobiT)

sartyelebiT.

tyis sartyeli raionSi vrceldeba z. d. 500-600 m-

dan 1750-1800 m-mde. z. d. 1100-1200 m-mde Zireuli

tyeebis formaciebs Soris dominirebs qarTuli muxis

(Quercus iberica) tyeebi (muxnari tyeebis qvesartyeli).

muxnarebi gvxvdeba yvela eqspoziciis ferdobebze da Rrma

kanionebze. tyis koromebi metwilad amonayriTia, dabali

warmadobis (boniteti V), dabali da saSualo sixSiris

(0,3-0,6 farglebSi). koromebSi mcire raodenobiT

gvxvdeba (Sereuli saxiT) – mindvris nekerCxali (Acer campestre), hirkanuli nekerCxali (Acer hyrcanum), ifani

(Fraxinus excelsior), rcxila (Carpinus caucasica), qorafi (Acer laetum), cacxvi (Tilia begoniifolia), panta (Pyrus caucasica). muxnarebSi qvetyes metwilad jagrcxila

(Carpinus orientalis) qmnis. sxva buCqebidan muxnar

koromebSi erTeuli saxiT gvxvdeba – Sindi (Cornus mas), Sindanwla (Svida australis), werwa (Lonicera caucasica), Rviebi (Juniperus oblonga, J. rufescens), zRmartli (Mespilus germanica), CitakomSa (Cotoneaster racemiflorus), grakla

(Spiraea hypericifolia), Jasmini (Jasminum fruticans), Trimli

(Cotinus coggygria), Txili (Corylus avellana), kvido

(Ligustrum vulgare). balaxeul safarSi metwilad

dominirebs buSis isli (Carex buschiorum), Tivaqasra (Poa nemoralis), arjakeli (Lathyrus roseus), mTis wivana

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(Festuca drymeja). raionis muxnari tye tipologiurad

sakmaod mravalferovania. farTo gavrcelebas aRwevs

asociacia _ muxnari jagrcxiliani (Quercus iberica – Carpinus orientalis), romelic mravali subasociaciiTaa

warmodgenili. SedarebiT naklebi farTobebi ukavia

asociaciebs – muxnari Sindiani (Quercus iberica – Cornus mas), muxnari nairbuCqiani, muxnari Tivaqasriani (Quercus iberica – Poa nemoralis), muxnari mTis wivaniani (Quercus iberica – Festuca drymeja), muxnari isliani (Quercus iberica – Carex buschiorum), muxnari marcvlovan-nairbalaxiani.

tyeebis usistemo eqspluataciis Sedegad muxnarebis

didi nawili ganadgurda, xolo maTi adgili daikava

tyeebis degradaciis (digresuli suqcesiis) sxvadasxva

stadiis mcenareulobam – jagrcxilnarma (Carpinus orientalis), ZeZvianma (Paliurus spina christi), graklianma

(Spiraea hypericifolia), Savjagianma (Rhamnus pallasii), nairbuCqnarma, uroianma (Botriochloa ischaemum),

vaciwverianma (Stipa lessingiana, St. pulcherrima), marcvlovan-nairbalaxovanma stepma. samxreTi eqspoziciis

Zlier erozirebul ferdobebze areali gaafarTova

glerZianma (Astragalus microcephalus). muxnari tyeebis qvesartyelSi, SedarebiT tenian

adgilsamyofelSi (CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis ferdobebi,

xevebi da sxv.) gvxvdeba rcxilnar-muxnarebi (Quercus iberica + Carpinus caucasica), rcxilnarebi (Carpinus caucasica), wiflnar-rcxilnarebi (Carpinus caucasica + Fagus orientalis) – metwilad tyis momcro nakveTebis

saxiT. Rrma kanionebze (md. xrami da sxv.) SemorCenilia

ariduli meCxeri tyeebis – sakmlis xianis (Pistacia mutica) da akakianis (Celtis caucasica) momcro koromebi da fragmentebi. sporadulad gvxvdeba fiWvnaris (Pinus sosnowskyi) da muxnar-fiWvnaris momcro dajgufebebi.

144

z. d. 1100-1200 m-dan 1750-1800 m-mde tyis

mcenareuloba warmodgenilia, ZiriTadad, wiflnarebiTa

(Fagus orientalis) da rcxilnar-wiflnarebiT (wiflnari

tyeebis qvesartyeli). maTi tipologiuri speqtri sakmaod

mravalferovania. SedarebiT farTodaa gavrcelebuli

mkvdarsafriani wiflnarebi (Fagetum nudum) da

wiflnarebi da rcxilnar-wiflnarebi mTis wivaniani

(Festuca drymeja); gvxvdeba wiflnarebi da rcxilnar-

wiflnarebi CitisTvaliani (Asperula odorata), wiflnarebi

Caduniani (Dryopteris filix mas) da sxv. md. algeTis zemo welis auzSi gavrcelebulia naZv-

narebi (Picea orientalis). maTi didi nawili moqceulia

algeTis saxelmwifo nakrZalis farglebSi. tyis cenozebi

stabilurobiT (sakmaod kargi bunebrivi ganaxlebiT) da

mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. naZvnarebis tipologiur

speqtrSi warmodgenilia asociaciebi: naZvnari mkvdarsaf-

riani, naZvnari mTis wivaniani (Festuca drymeja), naZvnari Tivaqasriani (Poa nemoralis), naZvnari xavsiani (Hyloco-mium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi da sxv.), naZvnari

isliani (Carex buschiorum) da sxv. naZvnari da wiflnar-

naZvnaris momcro koromebi da naZvis erTeuli xeebi

gvxvdeba md. diRmiswylis saTaveebSic (sof. bevreTis

midamoebi).

samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze, z. d. 1350 m si-

maRlemde xSirad gvxvdeba qarTuli muxis (Quercus iberica) tyis koromebi, romelTac zemoT (z. d. 1350-1800

m farglebSi) cvlis maRalmTis muxnarebi (Quercus macranthera). lokalurad aRiniSneba fiWvnaris (Pinus sosnowskyi) koromebi (meoreuli, ganviTarebuli metwilad

naxanZralze), romlebic bunebrivad icvleba Zireuli

tyiT – wiflnariT an naZvnariT (suqcesiuri procesi

aqtiurad mimdinareobs algeTis saxelmwifo nakrZalSi).

qvesartyelSi sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli rcxilis

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(Carpinus caucasica) tyeebi, romelTa didi umetesoba

meoreulia (ganviTarebulia ZiriTadad wiflnarebis na-

alagevze).

subalpuri sartyeli warmodgenilia SedarebiT

maRali qedebisa da calkeuli mwvervalebis kalTebze, z.

d. 1750-1800 m zemoT. subalpuri tyeebi raionis

teritoriaze SemorCenilia iSviaTad, ZiriTadad momcro

nakveTebis saxiT. warmodgenilia maRalmTis muxnariT

(Quercus macranthera), maRalmTis wiflnariT (Fagus orientalis) da maRalmTis fiWvnariT (Pinus sosnowskyi).

subalpur sartyelSi da tyis sartylis zeda nawil-

Si (z. d. 1650-1750 m zemoT) gavrcelebulia maRalmTis

(subalpuri) mdeloebi, romlebic genezisurad meoreul

(tyisSemdgom) mdeloebs miekuTvneba. gabatonebulia poli-

dominanturi marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdeloebi, ro-

melTa floristul SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs: marcv-

lovnebidan – Agrostis vinealis, Briza elatior, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca ovina, F. pratensis, Phleum montanum, Poa nemoralis, Trisetum flavescens; parkosnebi da nairbalaxebi –

Achillea millefolium, Agrimonia eupatoria, Alchemilla sericata, Cichorium intybus, Coronilla varia, Euphrasia hirtella, Gelium verum, Helianthemum grandiflorum, Hieracium pilosella, Leontodon hispidus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Lotus caucasicus, Origanum vulgare, Plantago lanceolata, Polygala transcau-casica, Scabiosa bipinnata, Sedum hispanicum, Trifolium campestre, T. pratense, T. repens. monodominanturi mdeloe-

bidan gvxvdeba – wivaniani (Festuca pratensis), namikrefiani (Agrostis tenuis), berseliani (Brachypodium sylvaticum),

oqroSvriiani (Trisetum flavescens), Wrelwivaniani (Festuca varia), cxvris wivaniani (Festuca ovina), isliani (Carex buschiorum).

146

C. samxreT saqarTvelos

geobotanikuri are

geobotanikuri are moicavs samxreT saqarTvelos

teritorias, kerZod: md. mtkvris zemo welis auzs sof.

awyurs zemoT (axalcixis qvabuli misi SemomsazRvreli

mesxeTis qedis samxreTi kalTiT, arsianis qedis aRmosav-

leTi kalTiT da eruSeTis maRlobiT); javaxeTis zegans

masze aRmarTuli qedebiT; walkis qvabuls; md. qcias

(xramis) auzis maRal platoebs (TrialeTis, gomareTis,

dmanisis, bedenis).

samxreT saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebi friad Tavi-

seburia da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia rogorc dasav-

leT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebi-

sagan. dasavluri (atlantikuri) havis gavlena samxreT

saqarTvelos havaze Zalze sustia, samagierod Zlieria

wina aziis zegnebis mkacri kontinenturi havis gavlena.

adgilobriv havaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia tyeebis

masiurad ganadgurebamac (axalcixis qvabuli, javaxeTis

zegani, walkis qvabuli, md. qcias auzis platoebi), ro-

melic gansakuTrebiT intensiurad warimarTa bolo ramde-

nime saukunis manZilze. tyeebis Secvlas stepis, mdelos

da qserofituli kompleqsebis mcenareulobiT Sedegad

mohyva mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi nidagur safarSi; kidev

ufri gamkacrda hava (Zlieri gvalvebi, zamTris mkacri

yinvebi); gaaqtiurda eroziul-denudaciuri procesebi.

bunebrivma pirobebma, agreTve friad Wrelma mcenare-

ulma garemocvam ganapiroba samxreT saqarTvelos mcena-

reuli safaris struqturis sirTule. regionSi gavrce-

lebulia wiwviani tyeebi – naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis), soWnar-naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis + Abies nordmanniana) da fiWvnarebi (Pinus sosnowskyi). am tyeebis mozrdili

147

masivebi gvxvdeba mesxeTSi, xolo javaxeTis zeganze da

walka-dmanisis mxareSi maTi mxolod naSTebia SemorCe-

nili. havis simSralisa da maRali kontinenturobis gamo

samxreT saqarTveloSi SezRudulia wiflnari tyeebis

(Fagus orientalis) gavrceleba. regionSi farTodaa gavrce-

lebuli mTisa da maRalmTis stepebis da gastepebuli

mdeloebis mcenareuloba. yvelaze mSral da cxel adgi-

lebSi (ZiriTadad axalcixis qvabulis qveda nawilSi)

Camoyalibda qserofituli kompleqsebis nairgvari

varianti.

IX. axalcixis qvabulis geobotanikuri

olqi

IX. 22. mesxeTisa da arsianis qedebis

geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs mesxeTis qedis samxreT

kalTas (mesxeTis farglebSi; aRmosavleTi sazRvari sof.

awyurze gadis), arsianis qedis aRmosavleT kalTas

(saqarTvelos farglebSi) da axalcixis qvabulis Crdi-

loeT nawils (qvabulis fskeris mimdebare teritori-

iTurT).

teritoriis geologiur agebulebaSi gabatonebulia

mesameulis qanebi – fiqlebi, qviSaqvebi da vulkanogenuri

wyebebi – tufebi, tufbreqCiebi. goderZis wyebis masaliT

– lavebiT, tufebiT da tufbreqCiebiT agebulia md.

ZinZes xeoba (arsianis qedi).

raionis teritoriaze farTodaa warmodgenili reli-

efis eroziuli tipi. gvxvdeba, agreTve, vulkanogenuri

formebi, mewyruli warmonaqmnebi, akumulaciuri formebi

148

(mdinareTa brtyelfskeriani tafobebi). teritoriis

hifsometriuli ganvrcoba sakmaod farToa, z. d. 1000-

1300 m-dan (axalcixis qvabulis fskeri) 2850 m-mde (m.

mefiswyaro).

raionis hidrografiuli qseli warmodgenilia md.

mtkvriT da misi SenakadebiT – md. qvabliani, focxovi da

sxv.

raionis hava gamoirCeva simSraliT da gvalvianobiT.

havis kontinenturobis maRali xarisxis maCvenebelia sa-

Sualo Tviur temperaturaTa rxevis wliuri amplitudac

– 23,5-26,0°. naleqebis wliuri jami teritoriis qveda

nawilSi (z. d. 1500-1600 m-mde) 400-500 mm Seadgens,

zeda nawilSi – 600-700 mm-ia. amdenad, raioni mcire

kavkasionze yvelaze mSralia.

raionSi sakmaod mravalferovani niadagebia gavrcele-

buli. tyis sartyelSi ZiriTadad tyis yavisferi da tyis

yomrali niadagebi gvxvdeba, maTi mravalricxovani vari-

antiT. subalpur sartyelSi gavrcelebulia tyis yomra-

li, tye-mdelos gardamavali da mTa-mdelos kordiani

niadagebi.

• mcenareuloba

raionis mcenareuloba mravalferovania. adamianis

sameurneo saqmianobis gavlena bunebriv mcenareulobaze

odiTgan Zlieri iyo (tyeebis gakafva da gadawva –

sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis gafarToebis mizniT;

pirutyvis xSiri Zoveba tyeSi; saZovrebis pirutyviT

gadatvirTva; gareSe mtris Semosevebi). amis Sedegia is,

rom aqauri bunebrivi mcenareulobis (ZiriTadad muxnari

da Sereuli foTlovani tyeebi) didi nawili ganadgurda,

xolo niadaguri safari ferdobebidan Camoirecxa. utyeo,

mSral da kldovan adgilsamyofelebSi TandaTanobiT fexi

moikida hemiqserofiluri da qserofiluri mcenareulo-

149

bis warmomadgenlebma (adgilobrivma da mezobeli mcire

aziis qserofituli centrebidan migrirebulma), romleb-

mac safuZveli Cauyara am adgilebSi dRes gavrcelebul

stepisa da qserofituli kompleqsebis mcenareulobas.

bunebrivi pirobebis specifikurma xasiaTma da

bunebriv mcenareulobaze Zlierma anTropogenurma wnexma

ganapiroba mcenareulobis sartylianobis Taviseburi

variantis Camoyalibeba. igi, Tumca Tavisi SiinaarsiT

axlosaa sartylianobis aRmosavleT-kavkasiur tipTan,

rigi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT (uwinaresad –

muqwiwviani tyeebis gavrceleba) mizanSewonilia Cai-

Tvalos mcenareulobis sartylianobis gardamaval (kol-

xeTidan aRmosavleT-kavkasiurze) tipad.

axalcixis qvabulis mcenareulobis sartylianobis

aRniSnuli tipi mesxeTisa da arsianis qedebis geobo-

tanikur raionSi warmodgenilia tyisa da subalpuri

sartyelebiT. alpuri sartyeli (arasruli moculobiT)

mxolod m. mefiswyarozea warmodgenili.

tyis sartyeli moicavs teritorias qvabulis fske-

ridan dawyebuli z. d. 1800-1850 m-mde. tyis sartylis

qveda nawilSi (z. d. 1200-1300 m-mde), romelic SeiZleba

CaiTvalos muxnari tyeebis qvesartyelad, farTodaa

gavrcelebuli Zireuli tyeebis (ZiriTadad qarTuli

muxis – Quercus iberica da Sereuli foTlovan-wiwvovani

tyis) anTropogenuri digresiis Sua da bolo stadiebis

mcenareuloba – tragakantuli glerZianebi (Astragalus microcephalus), zRarbianebi (Acantholimon armenum),

joris Zuianebi (Ephedra procera), udabnos tipis mcena-reuli dajgufebebi (dominantebi – Nitraria schoberi, Reaumuria kuznetzovii), Trimlianebi (Cotinus coggygria), Savjagianebi (Rhamnus pallasii), uroianebi (Botriochloa ischaemum) da avSnian-uroianebi (Botriochloa ischaemum + Artemisia lerchiana) da sxv. (xinTibiZe, 1990). Zireuli

150

tyeebis – muxnarebis (Quercus iberica), rcxilnar-muxna-

rebis (Quercus iberica + Carpinus caucasica) da Sereuli

foTlovani tyeebis (qarTuli muxa, rcxila, ifani –

Fraxinus excelsior, mindvris nekerCxali – Acer campestre, uxravi – Ostrya carpinifolia da sxv.) masivebi SemorCenilia

iSviaTad, metwilad gvxvdeba tyis momcro koromebi –

tyisSemdgomi mcenareulobis saerTo fonze.

z. d. 1200-1300 m-dan 1800-1850 m-mde fitoland-

SaftSi dominirebs wiwviani tyeebi (wiwviani tyeebis

qvesartyeli). farTodaa gavrcelebuli naZvnari (Picea orientalis) tyeebi. gvxvdeba soWnar-naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis + Abies nordmanniana), wiflnar-naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis + Fagus orientalis) da fiWvnar-naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis + Pinus sosnowskyi). SedarebiT SezRudulia wmin-

da soWnarebis (Abies nordmanniana), xolo kidev ufro

SezRuduli – wiflnarebis (Fagus orientalis) gavrceleba

(orive formacia ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia raionis

dasavlur nawilSi). raionSi sakmaod farTo gavrcelebas

aRwevs fiWvnari tyeebi (Pinus sosnowskyi). samxreTis,

samxreT-aRmosavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis eqspoziciis

ferdobebze gavrcelebulia, upiratesad, Zireuli fiWvna-

rebi da muxnarebi (qveda nawilSi – qarTuli muxa, zeda

nawilSi – maRalmTis muxa – Quercus macranthera). Crdi-loeTis, Crdilo-aRmosavleTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis

eqspoziciis ferdobebze gabatonebulia muqwiwviani tyeebi

– naZvnari, soWnar-naZvnari, soWnari, wiflnar-naZvnari;

gvxvdeba sxva (droebiTi, xanmoklewarmoebuli) tyeebic –

rcxilnarebi, erTxnovani fiWvnarebi. iSviaTad aRiniSneba

wiflnarebi.

raionis muqwiwviani da fiWvnari tyeebi tipologi-

urad sakmaod mravalferovania. SedarebiT farTodaa

gavrcelebuli asociaciebi – naZvnarebidan: naZvnari mTis

wivaniani (Festuca drymeja), naZvnari mJaveliani (Oxalis

151

acetosella), naZvnari qristesbeWediani (Sanicula europaea), naZvnari xavsiani (Hylocomium spledens), naZvnari mSrali

(Fagetum siccum); fiWvnarebidan: fiWvnari tyis cocxiani

(Cytisus caucasicus), fiWvnari ieliani (Rhododendron luteum), fiWvnari berseliani (Brachypodium sylvaticum),

fiWvnari arjakeliani (Lathyrus roseus), fiWvnari nairba-laxiani, fiWvnari mSrali (Pinetum siccum) (maxaTaZe,

1964).

wiwviani tyeebis qvesartyelSi, samxreTisa da samx-

reTisaken gardamavali eqspoziciis ferdobebze gavrcele-

bulia qserofiluri buCqnarebi da stepis mcenareulobis

dajgufebebic (glerZianebi, uroianebi da sxv.), magram

maTi fitocenologiuri poziciebi mcenareul safarSi

SedarebiT mokrZalebulia.

subalpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 1800-1850 m-dan

2500 m-mde. sartylis qveda nawilSi (z. d. 2000-2100 m-

mde) gavrcelebulia subalpuri tyeebi, romelTa

SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs – subalpuri naZvnari (Picea orientalis), subalpuri fiWvnari (Pinus sosnowskyi), muxnari (Quercus macranthera), arynari (Betula litwinowii). raionis dasavlur nawilSi gvxvdeba subalpuri wiflnaric (Fagus orientalis). subalpuri tyeebis farTobi, anTropogenuri

wnexis gavleniT Zlier Semcirebulia, xolo

fitocenozebis struqtura met-naklebad darRveulia.

subalpur sartyelSi mniSvnelovani farTobi ukavia

maradmwvane buCqnars – dekians (Rhododendron caucasicum),

romlis fitocenozebi ganviTarebulia CrdiloeTis

eqspoziciis ferdobebze. samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdo-

bebze gvxvdeba Rviianis (Juniperus hemisphaerica) momcro nakveTebi.

subalpur sartyelSi vrceli teritoria ukavia

tipur subalpur mdeloebs. gabatonebulia polidominan-

turi marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdeloebi (mravali vari-

152

anti). CrdiloeTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze momcro

nakveTebis saxiT da fragmentulad gvxvdeba subalpuri

maRalbalaxeuloba.

alpuri sartyeli warmodgenilia mxolod m. mefis-

wyaros kalTebze. mcenareuli safari Seqmnilia, ZiriTa-

dad, polidominanturi marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdelos

fitocenozebiT.

raionSi gvxvdeba bunebis iSviaTi Zegli – ganmar-

xebuli tye, e.w. `goderZis flora~. vulkanis amofr-

qvevis Sedegad ferflqveS Caimarxa imdroindeli (neogenis

sarmatul-ponturi saukuneebi) subtropikuli tye,

romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda: maradmwvane mcenareebi-

dan – palmebi, dafnis saxeobebi, magnoliebi, mirtisebrni,

sapindurisebrni da sxv.; foTolcvenia mcenareebidan –

wifeli, rcxila, aryi, tirifebi da sxv., sul 90-mde

saxeoba. SemorCenilia xeebis gaqvavebuli da naxevrad

gaqvavebuli Reroebi da foTlis anabeWdebi, romlebic

vulkanur tufSia moqceuli.

IX. 23. eruSeTis maRlobis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi eruSeTis maRlobis geobotanikuri raioni moi-

cavs eruSeTis maRlobis mTian regions, axalcixis

qvabulis fskeris mimdebare teritoriiTurT. raionis

bunebrivi gagrZelebaa TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi

nawilis mTiani teritoria. eruSeTis maRlobze

(saqarTvelos farglebSi) aRmarTulia mwvervalebi –

gumbaTi (2964 m), kasriseri (2946 m), harmanTavi

(2950 m), vandaRi (2737 m) da sxv.

153

teritoria rTuli geologiuri agebulebiT xasi-

aTdeba. dominirebs lavebi, tufebi da tufbreqCiebi

(`goderZis wyeba~).

raionSi reliefis gabatonebuli tipi eroziuli

reliefia. SuamdinareTSi warmodgenilia vulkanoge-

nuri (brtyeli) reliefic. maRalmTian sartyelebSi

gvxvdeba Zveli myinvaruli formebi – karebi, more-

nebi da sxv. raionSi gavrcelebulia, agreTve, mewyru-

li warmonaqmnebi, akumulaciuri formebi (mdinareTa

brtyelfskeriani tafobebi) da sxv.

raionis hidrografiuli qseli warmodgenilia

momcro mdinareebiT, kerZod: mtkvris marcxena Senaka-

debi – md. qarzameTiswyali, TaSleqeSla, Zewnobi,

wyalwiTela, toba, uraveli; md. focxovis marjvena

Senakadebi – md. borbola, wyalTbila, jayiswyali;

md. qvablianisa da ZinZes marjvena Senakadebi – md.

ude, karTubnisRele, Tlilisxevi. raionSi mravladaa

patara tbebi.

raionis hava mkacri kontinenturia; dasavleTis

(zRviuri) havis gavlena Zalze sustia, xolo sakma-

od Zlieria gavlena javaxeTis zegnis mkacri konti-

nenturi havisa. saSualo Tviur temperaturaTa rxe-

vis wliuri amplituda 24-26°-ia. naleqebis wliuri

raodenoba 400-700 mm farglebSia.

raionis niadaguri safari warmodgenilia: tyis

sartyelSi – tyis yavisferi da tyis yomrali niada-

gebiT; maRalmTian sartyelebSi – tye-mdelos gar-

damavali niadagebiT da mTa-mdelos kordiani niada-

gebiT.

154

• mcenareuloba

eruSeTis maRlobis geobotanikuri raionis mcena-

reuloba ekologiurad da fitocenologiurad mra-

valferovania. igi ganpirobebulia rogorc adgilob-

rivi bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovnebiT, ise me-

zobeli teritoriebis (kolxeTis, javaxeTis zegnis)

mcenareulobis mniSvnelovani gavleniT. raionis te-

ritoriaze warmodgenilia mcenareulobis sartylia-

nobis kolxuridan aRmosavleT-kavkasiurze gardamava-

li tipi, romlis speqtri moicavs tyis, subalpur

da alpur sartyelebs.

tyis sartyeli moicavs teritorias z. d. 1000-

1200 m-dan (axalcixis qvabulis fskeri) 1800-1850 m-

mde. sartylis qveda nawilSi gavrcelebulia Zire-

uli tyeebis – muxnarebis (Quercus iberica) da

rcxilnar-muxnarebis (Quercus iberica + Carpinus caucasica) momcro koromebi da tyis fragmentebi.

meti wili teritoriisa, romlis niadaguri safari

met-naklebad degradirebulia (erozirebuli ferdo-

bebi, klde-naSalianebi), ukavia qserofilur buCqna-

rebs da nairgvar qserofitul kompleqsebs. Zlier

erozirebul da kldovan ferdobebze ganviTarebulia

glerZianebi (Astragalus microcephalus), Trimlianebi

(Cotinus coggygria), Savjagianebi (Rhamnus pallasii) da sxv. SedarebiT rbil reliefze (damreci ferdobebi,

gavakebebi), sadac niadagebi SedarebiT kargadaa ganvi-

Tarebuli da nayofieria, ganviTarebulia stepis mce-

nareuloba – uroiani (Botriochloa ischaemum), marcv-

lovan-nairbalaxovani stepi da sxv.

155

z. d. 1200-1300 m-dan 1800-1850 m-mde gavcrele-

bulia fitocenologiurad nairgvari tyeebi, romle-

bic Rrmadaa SeWrili xeobebSi. dominirebs naZvnarebi

(Picea orientalis), gvxvdeba Sereuli tyeebic – soW-

nar-naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis + Abies nordmanniana), wiflnar-naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis + Fagus orientalis), fiWvnar-naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis + Pinus sosnoswkyi). sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli fiWvnarebi (Pinus sosnowskyi), rogorc Zireuli (TviTganaxlebadi) ko-

romebi (ZiriTadad samxreTis eqspoziciis kldovan

ferdobebze), ise warmoebuli (CrdiloeTis eqspozi-

ciis ferdobebze).

subalpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 1800-1850

m-dan 2500 m-mde. sartylis qveda nawilSi, z. d.

2000-2100 m-mde gavrcelebulia subalpuri tyeebi,

romlebic warmodgenilia subalpuri naZvnariT (Picea orientalis), subalpuri fiWvnariT (Pinus sosnowskyi), muxnariT (Quercus macranthera) da arynariT (Betula litwinowii). sadReisod subalpuri tyis koromebis

didi nawili ganadgurebulia (Cexva, tyeSi pirutyvis

Zoveba), ramac tyis zeda sazRvari daaqveiTa, Zlier

daaSora raionSi mis bunebriv dones (pirobiT xazs,

romelic ZiriTadad emTxveva zafxulis 10°-ian izo-Termas; igi raionSi z. d. 2500-2550 m simaRleze

gadis).

subalpur sartyelSi sakmaod farTodaa gavrce-

lebuli maradmwvane buCqnari – dekiani

(Rhododendron caucasicum). vrceli teritoria ukavia

subalpur tipur mdeloebs. gansakuTrebiT farTo

gavrcelebas aRwevs polidominanturi subalpuri

156

mdeloebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi wamyvania –

Alchemilla erythropoda, Bromopsis variegata, Carex tristis, Festuca ovina, Koeleria cristata, Poa alpina da sxv.

subalpuri mdelos fitocenozebSi xSirad monawi-

leobs stepis saxeobebic – Festuca valesiaca, Filipendula vulgaris da sxv. (gastepebuli mdeloebi;

javaxeTis zegnis mcenareulobis gavlena). monodomi-

nanturi subalpuri mdeloebidan raionSi gavrcele-

bulia – frintiani (Anemone fasciculata), Wrelwiva-

niani (Festuca varia), WrelSvrieliani (Bromopsis variegata), isliani (Carex buschiorum), namikrefiani

(Agrostis planifolia) da sxv. alpuri sartyeli vrceldeba z. d. 2500 m zemoT.

igi warmodgenilia mxolod mwvervalebis kalTebze.

alpuri mcenareulobis SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs,

ZiriTadad, tipuri alpuri mdeloebi. gvxvdeba al-

puri xalebis dajgufebebic. alpur mdeloTa Soris

farTodaa gavrcelebuli polidominanturi marcvlo-

van-nairbalaxovani mdeloebi (mravali varianti),

romelTa floristul birTvs qmnis saxeobebi –

Alchemilla erythropoda, Carex tristis, Festuca ovina, Poa alpina, Ranunculus caucasicus, R. oreophilus, Sibbaldia parviflora, Taraxacum stevenii, Trifolium ambiguum, T. trichocephalum da sxv.

157

X. samxreT saqarTvelos zegnis

geobotanikuri olqi

X. 24. javaxeTis zegnis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs javaxeTis zegans masze

aRmarTuli qedebiT (samsaris, javaxeTis, nialisyuris) da

serebiT.

teritoriis geologiur agebulebaSi monawileobs

mesameulis efuziuri qanebi (`goderZis wyeba~) – lavebi,

tufebi, tufbreqCiebi. vulkanur zeganze amarTuli meri-

dianuli qedebi – samsaris da javaxeTis (keCuTis)

agebulia mesameulis da meoTxeulis efuziuri qanebiT,

romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Warbobs andezitebi, andezitba-

zaltebi da andezitdacitebi. aqve SeiniSneba fxvieri amo-

frqveuli qanebis (tufebi, tufbreqCiebi) gamosavlebic.

vakeebis (axalqalaqis da sxv.) agebulebaSi farTod mona-

wileobs tbiuri naleqebi, romlebic lavebiT Segubebul

Zvel RrmulebSia dagrovili.

raionis reliefma Tavisi formirebis rTuli gza

ganvlo. aq umTavresi roli Seasrula vulkanurma moqme-

debam da teqtonikurma moZraobebma. javaxeTis zegnis

vakeebi (simaRle saSualod z. d. 1700-1800 m) Camoya-

libda lavur ganfenebze, agreTve – lavebiT gadaketili

Zveli xeobebis tbiuri naleqebiT amovsebis Sedegad.

zeganze aRmarTulia maRali qedebi – samsaris (absolu-

turi simaRle 2500-3000 m) da javaxeTis (2600-3050 m).

am qedebis reliefi SedarebiT rbilia, ferdobebSi

CaWrilia eroziuli xeobebi, romelTa siRrme zogan 200-

300 m aRwevs (kanionebi). javaxeTis zegnis CrdiloeT

nawilSi mdebareobs sakmaod maRali qedebi da serebi – m.

158

mSralimTa, WobareTisTavi, SuanamTa, azavreTi da sxv.,

romelTa simaRle z. d. 2300-2500 m aRwevs. zegnis uki-

dures samxreT nawilSi mdebareobs nialisyuris (gioqTa-

fis) maRlobi (mis Txemze gadis saqarTvelo-somxeTis

saxelmwifo sazRvari). javaxeTis da samsaris qedebis

mwvervalebze SeiniSneba Zveli gamyinvarebis kvali.

raionis hidrografiuli qseli xSiria da xasiaTdeba

TaviseburebebiT. vakeebze mdinareebi mdored miedineba

(rac maTi gayinvis SesaZleblobas iZleva), xolo qveda

welze tipuri mTis mdinareebia (kanionisebri xeobebiT).

raioni mdidaria tbebiT da vokluzis tipis wyaroebiT.

tbebiT mdidaria samsaris qedic, xolo javaxeTis qedi

tbebs TiTqmis moklebulia. javaxeTis qedis aRmosavleT

kalTaze, z. d. 2000-2200 m simaRleze, myudro Rrmuleb-

Si grovdeba Txemidan qaris mier Semotanili Tovli

(mudmivi Tovli; aqedan warmodgeba saxelwodebac -

`sveli mTebi~).

javaxeTis zegnis hava mkacri kontinenturia. Tviur

temperaturaTa rxevis wliuri amplituda Seadgens 24-

25°. zamTari aq ufro civia, vidre kavkasionis Sesabamis simaRleebze. atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri jami

zeganze 600-700 mm Seadgens, xolo mTebis kalTebze igi

800-1000 mm-mde matulobs.

raionis niadaguri safari, Sedgenilobisa da niada-

gebis genezisis TvalsazrisiT, rTul suraTs iZleva.

farTodaa gavrcelebuli Savmiwa niadagebi (mTis Sav-

miwebi). maRal adgilebSi – qedebis, serebis da mwverva-

lebis ferdobebze gabatonebulia mTa-mdelos naidagebi.

daWaobebul adgilebSi (Rrmulebi, tbebis sanapiroebi)

gvxvdeba nestian mdelosebri da Waoburi niadagebi. Sav-

miwa niadagebis formireba javaxeTis zeganze jer kidev

istoriamdel xanaSi daiwyo da istoriul epoqaSi

didxans grZeldeboda. es procesi mWidro kavSirSi iyo

159

tyeebis ganadgurebasTan (miwaTmoqmedebisa da mecxovele-

obis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT) da maT adgilze ma-

RalmTis stepis mcenareulobis formirebasTan.

• mcenareuloba

javaxeTis zegnis geobotanikuri raionis mcenareu-

loba fitocenologiurad rTuli da mravalferovania.

javaxeTis zegani saqarTvelos erT-erTi im regionTagania,

sadac adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis gavleniT bunebrivi

mcenareulobis gardaqmna (anTropogenuri transformacia)

Zlier adre da farTo masStabebiT ganxorcielda. winaT

javaxeTis zegnis didi nawili tyiani iyo. es dasturdeba

mravali sarwmuno werilobiTi cnobiT (vaxuSti – aRwera

samefosa saqarTvelosa, 1941; s. jiqia – gurjistanis vi-

laieTis didi davTari, 1941, 1958, da sxv.). arsebobs

arapirdapiri mtkicebulebebic: v. gulisaSvilis gamokvle-

viT (1942), mTis stepis Savmiwa niadagebi `progradire-

buli tyis niadagebia~; paleontologiur masalebSi mrav-

lad gvxvdeba tipuri tyis cxovelebis naSTebi, da sxv.

paleobotanikuri masalebiT da dRemde SemorCenili Zveli

tyis naSTebiT dasturdeba, rom javaxeTis zeganze gavr-

celebuli iyo, upiratesad, naZvnarebi (Picea orientalis), fiWvnarebi (Pinus sosnowskyi), maRalmTis muxnarebi

(Quercus macranthera) da arynarebi (Betula litwinowii). wi-wviani tyis masivebi javaxeTis zeganze axlo warsulamde

arsebobda. vaxuStis dros (1742 w.) tabawyuris tbis

midamoebi tyiani iyo - `naZovan-fiWovani~.

amJamad raionis teritoriaze tyeebi gvxvdeba loka-

lurad, metwilad momcro nakveTebisa da fragmentebis

(xeTa jgufebi, erTeuli xeebi) saxiT. javaxeTis zegnis

Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi – m. WobisTavisa da azavreTis

ferdobebze SemorCenilia fiWvnari tyis (Pinus sosnowskyi) naSTebi. TeTrobis xeobaSi (Crdilo javaxeTi)

160

gadarCenilia saintereso fiWvnari tye, romlis saburv-

lis qveS ganviTarebulia Rviis (Juniperus hemisphaerica) meCxeri qvetye da balaxeuli safari vaciwverebis (Stipa pulcherrima, St. tirsa) dominirebiT. xriok adgilebSi

mravladaa anatoliis zegnis qserofiluri mcenareulobis

warmomadgenlebi. sof. WobareTis maxloblad gadarCenili

fiWvnarebis da naZvnar-fiWvnari tyis qveS cocxali

safari aseve stepuria. javaxeTis zegnis samxreT nawilSi,

nialisyuris ferdobebze gadarCenilia arynari tyis

(Betula litwinowii) naSTebi. arynari tyis koromebi gvxvdeba javaxeTis qedis zogierT xeobaSi da samsaris qedis

dasavleT ferdobze.

javaxeTis zeganze tyis safaris ganadgurebis kval-

dakval formirdeboda maRalmTis stepisa da gastepebuli

mdelos mcenareuloba, romlisTvis xelsayrel pirobebs

qmnida mSrali kontinenturi hava. paralelurad mimdina-

reobda stepuri niadagwarmoqmnis procesebi (gulisaSvi-

li, 1942).

javaxeTis zegnis geobotanikur raionSi Tanamedrove

mcenareulobis ganawileba garkveul kanonzomierebas eqve-

mdebareba. gamosaxulia mcenareulobis sartylianobis Ta-

viseburi tipi, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos sartylianobis

winaaziuri tipis (doluxanovi, saxokia, 1941) javaxeTis

zegnis varianti. igi warmodgenilia Semdegi sartylebiT:

maRalmTis stepebis da gastepebuli mdeloebis sartyeli;

subalpuri mdeloebis sartyeli; alpuri mdeloebis

sartyeli.

maRalmTis stepebis da gastepebuli mdeloebis

sartyeli moicavs mTebis ferdobebis qveda nawils da

mimdebare vakeebs, z. d. 1700-1800 m-dan 2100-2200 m-mde,

stepebi sakmaod mravalferovania. farTodaa gavrcele-

buli polidominanturi marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani stepi,

romelic mravali variantiTaa warmodgenili. stepisa da

161

mdelo-stepis (gastepebuli mdelos) fitocenozebis

SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs (damaxasiaTebeli saxeobebis

rangSi) – Campanula hohenackeri, Centaurea cheiranthifolia, Falcaria vulgaris, Festuca ovina, F. valesiaca, Filipendula vulgaris, Koeleria caucasica, Medicago hemicycla, Phleum phleoides, Phlomis tuberosa, Polygala anatolica, Stipa tirsa, Thymus caucasicus, Trifolium canescens da sxv. monodo-

minanturi formaciebidan gvxvdeba – vaciwveriani (Stipa tirsa), uroiani (Botriochloa ischaemum), stepis wivaniani

(Festuca valesiaca), isliani (Carex humilis) da sxv. subalpuri mdeloebis sartyeli warmodgenilia

maRali qedebisa (samsaris, javaxeTis da sxv.) da serebis

kalTebze, z. d. 2100-2200 m-dan 2500 m-mde. farTodaa

gavrcelebuli polidominanturi marcvlovan-nairbalaxo-

vani mdeloebi, romelTa floristul birTvs qmnis sa-

xeobebi – Alchemilla erythropoda, Betonica macrantha, Bromopsis adjaricus, B. variegata, Campanula tridentata, Carex tristis, Festuca ovina, Koeleria cristata, K. caucasica, Plantago saxatilis, Poa pratensis, Sibbaldia parviflora, Taraxacum stevenii, Trifolium canescens da sxv. farTodaa gavrcele-

buli monodominanturi mdeloebic – Wrelwivaniani

(Festuca varia), Zigviani (Nardus stricta), isliani (Carex tristis), frintiani (Anemone fasciculata ) da sxv. Crdilo-

eTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze gavrcelebulia dekianis

(Rhododendron caucasicum) fitocenozebi.

alpuri sartyeli warmodgenilia javaxeTisa da

samsaris qedebis umaRles nawilSi, z. d. 2500 m zemoT.

mcenareul safars qmnis, ZiriTadad, alpuri polidomi-

nanturi marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani mdeloebi. mniSvnelo-

vani farTobebi ukavia Zigvianebs (Nardus stricta); gvxvdeba Wrelwivanianebi (Festuca varia), fesvmagarianebi (Sibbaldia parviflora), islianebi (Carex tristis) da sxv.

162

javaxeTis zegnis daWaobebul RrmulebSi (Cadable-

buli adgilebi) da tbebis sanapiroebze ganviTarebulia

nestiani mdelos da Waobis mcenareuloba. maT mniSvnelo-

vani farTobi ukavia md. qcias saTaveebSi (narianis

Waoburi masivi. igi 2060 m simaRleze gadaWimulia 3 km

manZilze), javaxeTis zegnis samxreT nawilSi da sxv.

mcenareulobis SemadgenlobaSi monawileobs islianebi

(Carex juncella, C. lasiocarpa, C. vesicaria), Svitianebi

(Equisetum flaviatile, E. paluste) da sxv.

X. 25. walka-dmanisis geobotanikuri raioni

• mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebi geobotanikuri raioni moicavs walkis qvabuls da md.

xramis (qcias) auzis maRal platoebs (gomareTis, Tria-

leTis, dmanisis da sxv.). raionis teritoria gadaWimulia

daaxloebiT 60 km manZilze, - dawyebuli TrialeTis qe-

didan vidre saqarTvelo-somxeTis saxelmwifo sazRv-

ramde.

raionis teritoria ZiriTadad agebulia mesameulis

da meoTxeulis fuZe qanebiT – bazaltebiT da andezit-

bazaltebiT. lavebis ganfenebs Soris mdebare teritoria

agebulia kontinenturi (mdinareuli, tbiuri) naleqebiT

– TixebiT, qviSaqvebiT da riynalebiT.

raioni rTuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba. reliefis saer-

To xasiaTi gansazRvrulia lavebiT da mdinareTa ero-

ziul-akumulaciuri moqmedebiT. walkis qvabulis saerTo

reliefi warmodgenilia antiklinuri serebiT da sinkli-

nuri qvabulebiT da xeobebiT. rac Seexeba platoebs

(WoWianis plato – z. d. 1400-1600 m; gomareTis plato

– 1250-1450 m; dmanisis plato – 900-1700 m da sxv.),

163

maTi zedapiri danawevrebulia Rrma (70-80 m-dan 500 m-

mde) eroziuli kanionebiT.

raionis hidrografiuli qseli warmodgenilia md.

xramoT (qcia) da misi SenakadebiT – md. WoWiani, yarabu-

laxi, maSavera da sxv., vulkanuri warmoSobis wvrili

tbebiT da vokluzis tipis wyaroebiT.

raionis hava, javaxeTis zegnis havasTan SedarebiT,

ufro rbili da nestiania. saSualo Tviur temperaturaTa

rxevis wliuri amplituda udris 21-21,5°. naleqebis

wliuri jami 600-700 mm Seadgens.

raionis niadaguri safari sakmaod mravalferovani

niadagebiTaa warmodgenili: vake teritoriaze da damrec

ferdobebze gavrcelebulia, ZiriTadad, Savmiwa niadagebi,

gvxvdeba tyis yomrali, mTa-mdelos da Waoburi nia-

dagebic; mTebis kalTebze, metwilad zeda nawilSi, gaba-

tonebulia mTa-mdelos niadagebi.

• mcenareuloba

raionis bunebrivi mcenareuloba odiTgan ganicdida

adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis Zlier gavlenas. amis gamo

pirveladi (Zireuli) mcenareuloba aq faqtobrivad mois-

po, xolo mis adgilze ganviTarda meoreuli mcenareu-

lobis sxvadasxva varianti.

walka-dmanisis raionis teritoriis umetesi nawili,

iseve rogorc mezobeli javaxeTis zegnisa, warsulSi

tyeebiT iyo dafaruli. tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi domini-

rebda maRalmTis muxnari (Quercus macranthera) da fiWv-nari (Pinus sosnowskyi); lokalurad gvxvdeboda rcxil-

nari (Carpinus caucasica), wiflnari (Fagus orientalis), arynari (Betula pendula, B. litwinowii) da sxv. sadReisod SemorCenilia aRniSnuli tyeebis naSTebi – momcro koro-

mebi, tyis fragmentebi da calkeuli xeebi, - rogorc

164

platoebze (gomareTis, dmanisis da sxv.), ise xeobebis

ferdobebze.

tyeebis ganadgureba-ukandaxevis kvaldakval Camoya-

libda balaxeuli mcenareuloba – meoreuli mdeloebi da

mdelo-stepebi. natyevar teritoriaze, eroziuli proce-

sebis gaZlierebis Sedegad, intensiurad warimarTa mcena-

reulobis Semdgomi digresia – qserofitizacia, ramac

sabolood migviyvana Tanamedrove (realuri) mcenareulo-

bis formirebamde.

ramdenadac raionis teritoriaze mcenareuli safari

ZiriTadad transformirebuli (anTropogenuri) mcenareu-

lobiTaa Seqmnili, dRes Znelia vimsjeloT maT fito-

cenologiur kanonzomierebebze (suqcesiuri procesebi

grZeldeba).

raionis teritoriis umetesi nawili (qvabulebi, pla-

toebi, serebi) ukavia mTis stepebs. stepis mcenareuloba

ganviTarebulia Savmiwa da Savmiwisebr niadagebze; igi

gamoirCeva fitocenozTa mravalferovnebiT, romelTa So-

ris dominirebs marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani fitocenozebi.

fitocenozTa floristul birTvs qmnis saxeobebi –

Botriochloa ischaemum, Festuca ovina, F. valesiaca, Filago arvensis, Filipendula vulgaris, Koeleria cristata, Medicago hemicycla, Phleum phleoides, Polygala anatolica, Stipa pulcherrima, St. tirza, Thymus caucasicus da sxv. monodo-

minanturi formaciebis gavrceleba SezRudula, maT Sori-

saa – uroiani (Botriochloa ischaemum), wivaniani (Festuca valesiaca), vaciwveriani (Stipa tirza) da sxv.

raionSi mniSvnelovani teritoria ukavia mdelos

mcenareulobas. mdeloebi genezisurad meoreuli (tyis-

Semdgomi) mcenareulobaa. igi gansakuTrebiT farTodaa

gavrcelebuli maRal platoebze da ferdobebis zeda na-

wilSi. gabatonebulia polidominanturi marcvlovan-nair-

balaxovani mdeloebi, romelTa floristul Semadgenlo-

165

baSi damaxasiaTebel saxeobebs warmodgens _ Agrostis planifolia, Alchemilla erythropoda, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromopsis variegata, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Centaurea salicifolia, Dactylis glomerata, Gentiana gelida, Geranium sylvaticum, Leontodon hispidus, Lotus caucasicus, Ranunculus caucasicus, Trifolium ambiguum, T. canescens da sxv. monodo-minanturi mdeloebidan gavrcelebulia – Zigviani (Nardus stricta), frintiani (Anemone fasciculata), namikrefiani

(Agrostis planifolia), berseliani (Brachypodium sylvaticum),

Svrieliani (Bromopsis variegata) da sxv. stepisa da mdelos mcenareulobis Sorisul (garda-

maval) mcenareulobas warmoadgens e.w. mdelo-stepi

(gastepebuli mdelo). misi formirebis procesi dResac

aqtiurad mimdinareobs, rasac xels uwyobs gadaWarbe-

buli Zovebis gavleniT niadagis fizikuri Tvisebebis

gauareseba (gabekvna, gamoSroba). meoreuli (natyevari)

mdelos fitocenozebSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs invazia

(Canergva) stepis saxeobebisa – Carex humilis, Festuca valesiaca, Filipendula vulgaris, Polygala anatolica da sxv.

Cadablebul adgilebSi (Rrmulebi, tbebis sanapi-

roebi) ganviTarebulia Waobis mcenareuloba – islianebi

(Carex juncella, C. vesicaria), Svitianebi (Equisetum flaviatile) da sxv.

166

boloTqma

winamdebare wigni kidev erTxel adasturebs sayovel-

Taod aRiarebul azrs – saqarTvelos bunebrivi mcena-

reulobis da mTlianad bunebis gansakuTrebuli simdidri-

sa da mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb. igi Cveni samSoblos

erT-erTi umTavresi faseulobaa, erovnuli ganZia, romel-

sac yoveli Cveni da ara marto Cveni moqalaqe unda

gaufrTxildes.

wignSi isic Cans, Tu ra qartexilebi gamoiara Cvenma

bunebrivma mcenareulobam, ramac mas bevri Znelad mosa-

SuSebeli Wrilobac dautova. yvelas valia, SeZlebisda-

gvarad gankurnos es Wrilobebi, izrunos Cveni mTisa da

baris bunebrivi mcenareulobis ganadgurebisagan dasaca-

vad, gaufrTxildes da gonivrulad gamoiyenos igi –

Tundac sakuTari Tavisa da sakuTari Svilebis bednieri

momavlisaTvis.

winamdebare wigni daexmareba yvelas, vinc dainteres-

deba saqarTvelos mTlianad da misi calkeuli regionebis

bunebrivi mcenareulobiT – skolis moswavleebs, stu-

dentebs, mecnier-TanamSromlebs, turistebs, agreTve –

bunebaTsargeblobisa da bunebis monitoringis proble-

mebiT dainteresebul pirebs da organizaciebs.

167

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