Sandeep Modi Phildelphia nov10 Drug safety
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Transcript of Sandeep Modi Phildelphia nov10 Drug safety
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Use of Informatics for Risk Assessments in 21st Century
Sandeep ModiNovember 2010
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Discovery Process : The challenges
Only 1-2 chemicals reach market out of hundreds of leads, which might come from thousands of chemicals synthesized. Currently the whole process may take about 14-15 years and ~ $800. million.
http://csdd.tufts.edu/
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in-vivo Decides
in-vitro Guides
in-silico Designs
Discovery / Role of Informatics in 20th Century
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Why use informatics tools?
HTS (“Fail fast, fail cheap”–new mantra for R&D)• need of decisions, more quickly
e.g. Library Design (can be done on virtual compds)
Need to do more than just screen molecules• need of understanding SAR relationships
e.g. how to “alter” undesirable properties
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Commit to product
type
Commit to target
Tractablehit
Candidateselection
FTIM PoC
Target to lead
Gene-function-
targetassociation
FTIM to PoC Pre-clinical
/ Safety
Lead tocandidate
Target family
selection
Disease selection
Decision
points
Where in the discovery process informatics methods could be used?
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IdentifyProblem/disease
Isolate protein
Find compWhich binds target
Animal testing/Clinical Trials
How informatics can help in different steps for candidate selections
Genomics / Proteomics / Bioinformatics
Assay development, HTS screening, Analysis, Combinatorial chemistry / Libraries, Virtual screening
Structural BiologyXray structures,molecular modelling
In-vitro and in-silicoADMET models
PBPK modelling(Exposure / Populationdifferences)
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Genomics / Bioinformatics
● Genomics involves determining the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping efforts.
● Bioinformatics entails the creation and advancement of databases, algorithms, computational and statistical techniques.– Sequence analysis– Genome annotation– Computational biology– Analysis of gene expression / regulation– Comparative genomics– Prediction of protein structures
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Known Structures (similar sequece to target) : MTIKEMPQPKTFGELKNLPL……
Unknown Structure (target) :MGLEALVPLAVIVAIFLLLV……..
Copy Conserved Region :
Add loops and calculate structure ofnon- conserved parts
Structural Biology (e.g. Homology Modelling)
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Structural Biology (in 21st Century)
21st Century:● We now have
access to more structures.
● And also computational methods are becoming better and more intelligent
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High throughput screening
● Assumptions– If we screen large no. of compounds, we will find right
chemicals– In-vitro data is good measure of reality
• We understand biology enough that hitting a given target will have desired effect on the disease.
● 20th Century– Far too many hits– False +ve rate due to expt errors / purity of sample– Bad ADMET profile (safety needs to be considered)
● 21st Century– Include safety in selection / screening.– Understanding of ADR.– Need to have smart screening instead of blind screening
• Use of informatics and QSAR models– Use of diverse library of compounds (diverse set)
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Combinatorial Chemistry : Chemical reactions in plate (Use of informatics approaches)
R3
R1
R2
R3
O
R1
R2
● Better design using ADMET / Safety considerations (coming later)
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Beside activity, it needs to be able to reach target, maintains its conc., doesn’t reaches toxicity levels & have no side effects
Balance of activity with safety (ADMET)
Good Potency towards desired TARGET
ABSORPTION (Gut-Blood)
DISTRIBUTION (Blood-Tissues)
METABOLISM (Enzymes)
EXCRETION (Urine, Bile, Faeces)
TOXICITY (Complex)
These issuesare importantfor allindustries
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Plasma Drug Concentrations Following Oral Dosing
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hours)
Toxicity
Activity
Need to be Safe, and also effective concentrations needs to be maintained in circulations
Depending on target/needs (e.g. infood or personal care Industrieswe may not like to have anyplasma levels.
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Therefore lots of efforts are going into in-silicomodelling in ADMET area
Reasons for termination of development of New Chemical Entities by 7 UK based companies
05
10152025303540
1991
2001
The continuing High Safety Failure, about 30%(Clinical Safety & Toxicology)
40% PK/Efficacy failure?
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QSAR
Experimental Data (E)
Description of Molecules (P1,P2...)
Statistical method Model e.g E=f(P1,P2...)
Validated
Released for useRefined basedon new data
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O
OH
NH
N2H
OO
OH
NH
NH
OH
OH
OH
propranololsalbutamol atenolol
LogP 0.11 -0.11 2.75PSA 80 93 [email protected] -1.79 -2.21 0.59
Common Molecular Features
Property Salbutamol Atenolol PropranololClearance route renal/hepatic renal hepaticVd (lkg-1) 3.4 0.7 3Protein binding ~10% ~5% ~90%CNS penetration low low high
Different Properties
Descriptors: Relate Structure to Properties which can reflect expt data
QSAR
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Different Methods for Predictive Chemistry
SAR / alerts
● Simplest approach● Only works on +ves
QSAR
● Work equally on +ve & -ves● Can be a black box
Read across / kNN Prediction based on analogues from same chemical class with experimental data
● Can work on +ve & -ves● How to define “SIMILARITY”
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What is available currently ?
EnzymeInhibition1A2, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19, 3A4
Metabolic(P450 Mediated)
Biliary
Systemic Exposure Bioavailability
First Pass Met AbsorptionDistribution Clearance
PPB Vol Tissue(e.g CNS)
Renal Hepatic
Gut Stability
Solubility
Permeation
Drug-druginteractions
EnzymeInduction
Pgp (Transporters)PXR (induction)hERG (Tox)Genetic Tox hepatoTox
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It has now been possible to suggest changes for desired ADMET property
•Predicted as:• Pgp non-substrate • high brain penetration
N
O
F
NH
F
compA New Suggestion
•Pgp non-substrate•Low brain penetration
BB ratio of < 0.05:1 BB ratio of 1.8:1
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QSAR / Read-across in 21st Century
● Data availability and integration
● Role of integrated approaches
● Validation sets / models applicability domain
● Move away from black box methods
● Building on gaps in Models
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QSARsData and
Text Mining
StructureAlerts
BioinformaticsTools
Safety RiskAssessments
MetabolitesIn-vitroAssays
ADMETProfile
PhyschemProperties
HazardIdentification
HazardCharacterisation
QSAR / Read-across in 21st Century
ToxPathways Exposure
PKPDModelling
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
3Q01 4Q01 1Q02 2Q02 3Q02
% cpds with poor AUC median AUC/20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2Q01 3Q01 4Q01 1Q02 2Q02 3Q02 4Q02 1Q03 2Q03
Time
% t
este
d low IC50
medium IC50
high IC50
Project1 (oral PK)
Time
Time
Project2 (CYP2C9)
Project3 (AUC)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mar01–Jul01 Aug01–Nov01 Dec01-Jan02 Feb02–Mar02Date
Average AUC (rat po)
% of Cmpds. with AUC=0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1-2Q03 2-3Q03 3-4Q03 4Q03-1Q04 1Q04-2Q04
L
M
H
Project4 (CNS)
Time
Time
H
L
M
Application of informatics in 20th Century:1D approach
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SEACCould also highlight the potential
problems at very early stage
Multi-optimisation (21st Century)
Solubility
Absorption
Metabolicstability
PotencySafetyX
Lead
XDrug
Property 1
Pro
per
ty 2
Skinpenetration
Reactivity
PeptideDepletion
SafetyDesiredEffect
A possible scenarioin case of consumerproducts
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Absorption
Solubility
Metabolicstability
Potency
Safety
X
X
Lead
Drug
Property 1
Pro
per
ty 2
Assessing the path of Lead Optimisation
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AUC
T1/2
CYP
Plasma Binding
Potency
Profile plot shows that the compounds with the highest scores have good properties for multiple endpoints
Ranking using Multi-optimisation
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Ability to visualize multiple databases
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Need for all steps to come together (21st Century)
IdentifyProblem/disease
Isolate protein
Find compWhich binds target
Safety RiskAssessments
Genomics / Proteomics / Bioinformatics
Assay development, HTS screening, Analysis, Combinatorial chemistry / Libraries, Virtual screening
Structural BiologyXray structures,molecular modelling
In-vitro and in-silicoADMET models
PBPK modelling(Exposure / Populationdifferences)
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Linking biology with chemistry
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Exposure
Internal Real Dose
Biologically Effective Dose
Early Biological Effects
Metabolites(Altered Structures)
Clinical Disease
Route / BioavailabilityPPB / Transporters
Exposure-Dose Response Paradigm
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Use of PBPK models
78k
77k 83c79k
76k
83c
82m
82m
81m
81m
80r75k
75k
83c
RESPONSEAPPLIED DOSE
BBDR MODELPBPK MODEL
Chemical Disposition (bodies effect on the chemical)
Information to Develop the PBPK Model • Target site (s) (organ, tissue, cell).• Chemical specific ADME rates.• Species specific parameter values (tissue
volumes, blood flow rates.• Which internal dose metric to use (based on
mode of action).
0.1
1
Biological Response (chemical’s effect on the body)
Information to Develop BBDR Model• Target site.• Adverse effect (what constitutes a significant
deviation from normal).• Mode of Action (i.e., key events leading to an
effect). • Best measure of effect (s).
INTERNAL DOSE AT TARGET (e.g., TISSUE, ORGAN)
0.1
1
Slide adopted from Kenyon et al, EPA
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MeS
O
S
N
O
Important structural features
Chemistry
Structural Biology
Linking biology/chemistry with other data
•Auruus•WOMBAT•GVKBio•DrugEBIlity (soon to be public)
Tox end PtQSAR
Target specificQSAR
X-ray/NMR Homology
Information
Biology Assays
Activity, e.g, pos/neg
Text/Data Mining
Exposure
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• Good/bad Chemical Features• Mechanism / mode of action• QSAR predictions
How Chemical is bound to Tox target Pathway Analysis
Chemical / Biological similarity
Linking biology/chemistry with other data
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GENETGENOMPROTEOMBIOINFORMATMEDINFORMATCHEMOGENOMCHEMOINFORMATPROTEOCHEMOMETR-
“-ics” – an old Latin suffix that means “way too much / organised knowledge”
-ICS
One of the challenges in 21st Century is how we convert this information rich –ICS technologies, to knowledge
Question AnswerProcess
Information
MethodsIn-slicoIn-vitroExpert Opinon
Knowledge
Information Rich “-ICS” approaches
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Need for Intelligent Information Harvesting
Integrated Information
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Safety
Integrated approach
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in-vivo Decides
in-vitro Guides
in-silico Designs
ADMET in 21st Century (where would like to be)
20th Century
Decides
21st Century
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● “Welcome in-silicoids to the ‘real world, real time zone’; get this right and do it now, and we’ll make you the President.”
And Finally - our challenge(Dennis Smith (Pfizer), DDT, 7, 2002, 1080-1081)
● “Hello…. I am from Insilico, take me to your President”
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Acknowledgements
“Part of Unilever’s ongoing effort to develop novel ways of delivering consumer safety”
● Andy White● Andrew Garrow● Michael Hughes● Yeyejide Adeleye● Matt Dent● Paul Carmichael● Jin Li● Carl Westmoreland● And other members of Unilever, SEAC