.

., 't' ..

Sampling, Analysis and Data Evaluation of Precipitation at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, 1978- 80

Biological Station St. Andrews, N.B., EOG 2XO

August 1981

Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1023 . ~

of Canada Gouvernement du Canada and Oceans P~hes et Oceans

Canadian Technical Report of

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences l02l

August 1981

SAHPLING, ANALYSIS, AND DATA EVALUATION OF PRECIPITATION AT

ST. ANDREWS, BRUNSWICK, CANADA, 1978-80

by

D. B. Sergeant, V. Zitko, and L. E. Burridge

Fisheries and Environmental Sciences

Department of Fisheries and Oceans

Biological Station

St. Andrews, New Brunswick EOG 2XO

This is the one hundred and thirty-eighth Technical Report from

the Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B.

ii

Ninister of Supply and Services Canada l9Bl

Cn t • No. fs 'l7 -6/l 021 lSSN 0706-\l.\57

Correc[ citation for thi·-; publication:

D. ~., V. Zitko, and E. Burridge. !981. Salilpling, analysis, and data evalua at St. rews, ""w Brunswick, C-anada, !978-80. Can. Tee • Rep. Fish.

}pita­i +

iii

ABSTRACT

Sergeant, D. B., v. Zitko, and L. E. Burridge. 1981. Sampling, analysis, and data evaluation of precipita-tion at St. Andrews, New Brunsv;ick, Canada, 1978-80. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. !023, iii p.

Previous, short-duration studies in southeastern New Brunswick indicated that the precipitation is geometric mean 3. 84 in 1977 and • 61 in 1976). Few inorganics in the had been measured.

this study, conducted June-October 1978 and during July !979-July 1 , each precipitation event was sampled (total 123). ition to pH and volume, conductivity and the concentrations of Ca, ~~. Na, S04, NOz + N03, total P, l'.'H4, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, and Fe were determined during June-October 1978.

The geometric mean pH's were 4.45 and 4.23 in the 1978 and 1979-80 studies, respectively. Of the 123 samples taken during 1978-80, 26% had pH between 3.0-4.0, 43% between pH 4.0-4.5, 22% between pH 4.5-5 and 9% between pH 5.0-6.0, with one value greater than pH 5.6. The fall and winter values tended be higher than the spring and summer The concentrations of the major ions were low except for which was 22. mg/L in one The concentration Cu, ?:n, Cd, Mn, and Fe were 0. 3-11. 5.8-87.6, O.l-3.59, O.l-62.'i, 3-12.7, and 1.4-143.0 , respectively. The origin and air parcel trajectory for each !978 precipitation event showed a correlation between the direction of the trajecL'r and the acidity of the precipitation. Lower pH values were associated with events approaching from the south through southwest. Correlations among the precipitation characteristics are discussed.

July-August data for 1976-80 indicate no trend of pH values. All data for June 1978-July 1980 annual decrease of 0.18 pH units, but the correlation coefficient is only 260.

Key words: Acid rain, pH, major ions, heavy metals

Sergeant, D. B., V. Zitko, and L. E. Burridge. 1981. Sampling, analysis, and data evaluation of precipita-tion at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, 1978-80. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1023, iii+ o.

Des etudes de courte duree menees anterieurement dans le sud-est du les precipitations etaient acides (moyenne geometrique 3,84 en

iques avaient ete mise en evidence dans les precipitations. juin ii octobre 1978 et de 1979 a 1980, des echantillons ont ete precipitation 123 au du et du volume, a determi.ne la tions de Ca, Mg, /\a, K, Cl, NOJ, P tota:, Nll4, , Zn, f'..d, Pb,

Lors des etudes de res pee ti vemen t. Le pH

de !979-1 , la moyc>nne geometriqlle du 123 echantillons preleves entre et 1

et valeur depassant 1,6. valeurs de a

de l'ete. Les concentrations des ions faibles, a qui se chiffrait a 22,6 dans un echantillon. Les concentrations respectivement entre 0,3 et 5!; 5,8 et 87, 0,1 et 3,59; let 62,5; 0, <'xaminanc l'origine et la trajectoire des particules atmospheriques lors etnbll une correlation entre la direction la trajectoire l'acidite plus faibles de pH ont ete rattachees aux precipitations du sud par

tre les caracteristiques des precipitations sont examinees.

Le les

pour juillet-aoOt de !980

n'

ion , Zn, Cd, e t 12 , 7; e t l, 4 mg I L.

chaque precipitation de 1978, on la precipitation. Les

le sud-ouest

pour 0,18

du pH,

Pyro-

Some of bt:::cau:::;e

the '"'Che specific

Hied tlca t

for determina­major cations and

graphite tubes \<lere t.ksed~ depending on the Appropriate standards

in Table 5,

per to validate analyses

no analytical problems~

coulri not be validated

-l-

the precipitation received in this area of eastern Canada over

CONDUCTIV

tivity was D.easured in sample R8 vated level heavy zetals 5

(Le. observed sample"

indus­Holland, Sweden,

val 1es were higher (10-100 nthP.r

the' St. rr,ean value~

The valt1es for St.

(:1g)

and mean :1re for Hubbard Brook, rural areas (Table 13 •

Shiomi

14 indicate the ficantly different (Granat 1972). It is, the isolated Whitehorse value.

other ~)arameters, the ~1g

RB and are elevated~ and 7 mg/L, were not

literature examined.

" Andrews 1978 values compare best \•lith (1972) values for the coastal r11ral and

rural scenarios (Table 15). At the same

{l/l \.'' /

an order of magnitude lower .S. values, but Sable Island sea spray, contributing Na

-2-

CHLOR Ill~ ( CJ )

, other

~o corr~ction for sea salt contribt!tin•l to our data formed on some differences were

• Andrews lil) best Nith 1 5 (1972) continental

, witl1 the Brook data Likens and the ~-Y~-~oH*-Tenn. data of Coghill and 1974) ~ Based on these S01, data and the

Table 8, it~ appears that St.

CADHIUM (Cd)

(l

low.

States.

inn nt

same idity

inn be l727.H

locations (Table 19).

in the literature. we found

of S Carson,

' ' at. s

s both values ;;re

~t:W

Brunswick and ~ova Scotia locations, .'}t

value observed this

St .. Andrews are noticeably lower. The mea:-1

found was significantly previously Zitko and Carson

LEAD

The mean value for order magnitude as Brunswick locations, t imes !;'hit e horse va1 mean tration d

St. Andrews is the same

samples for other ~ew ts three

1973 cone en-.)

indica-increase in atmospheric ion~

Pb input must be due to long-range tr~nsport rainout.

areas receive higher Pb For example, at Pasedena, California, a Pb value of 663 pg/L was recorded in Holland daily and samples were the 200 range. one 62 .. 5 indicates an nrbdn or industrial

tn t:h0 prec pitatton nnd is similar to thP Nont<H1f', ~ .. H .. vHLles.. Tht~ hr•st mdtC'll ,ls fAr .1s

va 1 ues

-3-

to

COPPPK

i~ OliT area (Zitko and Carson, unpuhl~)~

32

XETEOROLOGY

I' - J

0' ~)

Ber

~ J. 7

+ 0~18

+ O~Ol2[Cl

+ 0.05[

ACKNOHLE DG:1ENTS

reg res­in rng/L).

, i\ES, for trajectories, Hessrs ..

for preparing the figures, . J. Hurley for typing the

editing the

REFERENCES

report intensive 976. Atmospheric

, Atmospheric Environment Ontario, 5T4.

l97E.. experimental watershed Annual report, 1976-77, p. 23. Dept. Resources, Forest Branch, Freder-ic ton~

~, H~ Wiebe, and R. S. Stevens~

Sor;;e measuremeltts of air quality and Joh;1,

4.

of

Water) Air,

unexploited

Water

Specific conductance and natural 339-343.

act i v:tt ion

-4-

Cogbill, 1_... G. E .. Likens~ 1974 .. Acid

!0; 133-1 37.

foresL, New Wate-r Resour, Res .. 4: l.llS-1126.

re ..

, and z. 1979. vicinity a base

metal smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada. Sci • !3: 15 3-1522.

Granat, L. 1972. On reL<tion between pH and the chemical composition in atmospheric precipitatimo. XXIV, 6: 550-560.

Grey, ~ and M. 1. ... Jensen~

sulfur in air polluti.ono iOOQ

1972. Bacteriogenic Science 177:

stripping Thesis~

Jacobson, S .. , L ..

of

• Heller, and at a site within

Atmospheric bulk precipitation Environ~ r:sn .. Rep.­

Waters Directorate, Quality

Environ .. Sci .. Tt"chnol.

-\c ij States.

Likens, 1975 preci.pi understanding of phenomenon~

Conf. on EBerging Environmental Precipitation, Held etc., ~~IS

York, Region II.

of A.c id

EPA,

lq

• L':

Olson, , R. Berry, and G. Pettit. 1976. The atmospheric environment service background air pollution monitoring network report for 1975. Internal Rep. ARQS 1-76, Atmos. Environ. Serv., Dow:1sview, Ontario, p. 40.

!977. Acid precipitation - impacts SNSF -

FA 2 26

Pack, D. J. Ferber, • L. K. Telegadas, J. K. Angell, W. Hac hta,. 197 8. He teorology

and L.

transport~ Atmos.

979. in bulk prec ipi­and

11: 78-91. Schlesinger, W. H., W. A. Reiners, and D. S.

Knopman. 1971+. Heavy metal concentrations and deposition in bulk precipitation in Hontane

New Environ. Pollut.

Scott, 978. The o cloud water and the production of sulfate~ Atmos. Environ,. 12: 917-921.

Sergeant, sulfate

Sha1.;, R. W. Canado..

B., and V. Zitko. 1978. pH and data of rainwater July to August 1977

Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B • • Serv. HS Rep. 1468, 6 p.

1979. Acid precipitation in Atlantic Environ. Sci. Technol. 13: 406-411.

K. i-1. Kuntz. !973. Great Lakes chemistry, Part !: Lake Ontario l . Great .,

Slanine1, • , G. Van Raaphorst, H. L. Zijp, A. J. Vermeulen, and C. A. Roet. 1979. An evalua­tion the chemical composition of precipita­tion sampled with identical collectors on a

Environ. Chem. 6: 67-8 •

Smith, F. B., and R. D. Hunt. !978. Heteorological aspects of the transport of pollution over long distances. Atmos. Environ. 12: 461-477 •

. , I. R. Campbell, L. ll. Tepper, Lingg. inurn the

and human heal tb. Environ. Health 8: 3-95.

Struempler, \1. 1976. Trace metals in rain and snow during !973 at Chadron, Nebraska. Atmos. Environ. 10: 33-37.

Wiltshire, J. F. 1979. The long-range transport of atmospheric acids: a sulfur budget for Nova Scotia. EPS-5-AR-79-8, • 114.

Wolaver, T. G. !972. The distribution natural and anthropogenic elem~nts and comJlCJunds in precipitation ac.ross Theory

ta models. P!l-24! , North

-5-

Wolff, G. T., P. J. Lioy, H. Golub, and • S. Hawkins. 1979. Acid precipitation in the New York metropolitan area: its relationship to meteorological factors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13: 209-212.

-6-

Table l. Geometric mean pH recorded at St. fu~drews and vicinity, 1975-80.

Geometric mean Study period pH Reference

Hay-l1ar. 975-76 4.18 Zitko & Car son, July-Aug. 1976 4. 61 Sergeant & Zitko July-Aug. 1977 3.84 June-Oct. 1978 4.45 This study July-Aug .. 1978 4.06 July-July 1979-80 4.23 July-Aug. 979 4. 32 June-Oct. 979 4.ll Fall 197 9 4.27 Hinter 1979-80 4.49 Spring 1980 4.15 Summer 1979-80 4.13

Table 2. Concentration ranges of ions in precipitation recorded at St. Andrews, June-October 1978.

Ion

Ca Ng K

Cl

Cu Zn Cd Pb Hn Fe

Range (mg/L)

<0.10 - 0.40 <0.10 - 0.80 <0. - 0.30 0. ' "•

40 - 3. 50 <1.00 -22.6 0.004- o. 98

<0.01 - l. 8 0.01-2.3

0.3- 51.0 5.8- 87.6 0.1- 3.59 o. 1- 62. 5 0.3- 12.7 1.4-143.

-7-

Table 3. 197 8 rainwater data.

measureda R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

Day d 174 179 180 182 185 192

Vulume precipitation 136 215 110 1000 255 510 pil-S t ~ Andrews (pH units) 3. 98 4.29 4. 51 4. 92 4. 94 3. 97 nH->ionc \-!.().B. (pH units) 3. 90 4.10 4.50 4.80 4.80 3. 90

ti v1ty-Honc ton (pS IE/ em) 67.0 39.0 32.0 9.7 16. 67 .o .lmdrews (pSIE/ em) 55.6 32.1 31.1 11.6 15. 57.1

.100 .200 .200 <.100 .100 < •

• 100 <.100 < • • 700 .400 .500 1.300 .600

Cl .700 .400 3.500 .800 2. 500 .900 6.20 l.OO 1.00 6.20

.015 .009 .004 (mg/L) .100 .650

0 32. 44. 3 l 87.6 59.3 55.7 31.5 23. 36.8

.30 .24 .38 .ll .33 2 .8 14.0 7.4 l.O 3.2 26.9

3.80 5.60 4. 90 1. 60 1. 5. 50 32.5 34. 1 30.3 109.0 8.0 71.0

2. 4.3 1.5 .0 5.6 8.9

R7 R8 R9 R10 Rl Rl2

199 205 209 214 217 239 prec ipi ta tion mL) 170 290 205 43 370 55 A.'1drews (pH units) 4.43 3. 57 3.84 3. .06 5.24

B. units) 4. 3. 3. 90 4. 5. tivity-Honcton (uS IE/ em) 23. l .0 !6.

Conductivity-St. A.rtdrews (pS IE/ em) 14.7 200. 71.4 142.9 18.5 Cs ..400

7.500 8.000 .300 .100 .15(1

l. .800 2.

22.60 6. 3.70 2.00 .020

) (mg/L) 1. 800 l. 000 .010 .400 2.300 .500 .065

7.3 25.5 18.0 16.9 26.7 58.6 44.9 22.1 3.59 .92 .60 .33 7.1 62.5 32.2 2 3.70 12. 5.00 2.

24 .0 80.5 .5 2. 5. 3.3 .8 5.0

----

-8-

J. . ) ------- -~~--------·-

Parameter measureda Rll Rl4 Rl5 Rl6 Rl7 Rl8

-------------------------------------

250 252 2S4 255 256 128

Andrews (pH units) 3.88 4.22 4.41 4.60 4.10 5.06 ton W.Q.B. (pH units) 4.10 4.10 4. 30 4. 50 4.CO 5.

Conduct i vit y-Honc ton (pS IP~/ em) 43.0 44.0 39.0 20.0 58.0 8.4 Condnc ti vity-St. Andrews Cps IE/ em) 45.5 53.4 35.0 21.9 58.6 11.3

.100 .200 .100 <.100 .100 <.100

.100 .120 .150 <.100 <.100 <.lOO

.200 .100 .100 .300 .200 .100

.200 1. 800 .800 .900 .500 • 500 • 500 3.000 .700 • 300 .BOO

4.40 4. 30 2.20 2.20 5.00 1.00 .O!Ob .006 .009 .001, .006

(mgiL) • 360b .600 .590 .020 .illO .070 .210 <.200 .080 .005 >.200

4 .. ) .9 1.7 3.0 5.0 18.5 13.9 9.4 12.6 5.8

.1il 3 .06 .12 .03

.4 17.7 18.4 16.7 3.4 2.20 3.40 • 50 2.80 l.

17.3 16.0 2!.7 !2.8 .4 iTti"i'l prec ipi tat ion 6.6 19.8 .0 36.0 12.8 8.0

-----

Rl9 R2l R22 R23 R24

275 278 279 280 289 297 precipitation (mL) 840 1000 49 1000 1000 315

units) 5.28 5.23 4. 87 5.03 5.09 4. 52 B. (pH units) 5. 10 .00 .oo .00 .00 .oo

15.0 .0 34.4 13.2 20.6 12.5 15.5 35.

.100

.200

.100 1. 600 2. 500 l. 30

.007

.070

.030 .5 14.9 • 5 .3 12.0 .o 42.0 .0 7.4 18.2 .03 .27 .00 .01 .16 .6 4.8 1.0 .1 !3.8 .so 3. 30 .30 .60 2.

5. l 10.4 9.3 2.6 9.0 14.3 26.0 1.2 26.8 58.4 8.

aindicates that the sample volume was depleted before analysis could be performed for this parameter. Samples R20-24 were not sent to HID for analysis.

high NOx and NH4 values; reason unknown.

bottle nutrients showed Total Pat 005 mg/L as only compound greater detection limit.

dRelntive to December 11, 1977.

9-Ju St. And

Volume precipitation

, N •• prec

Day no.a (~T>) pH

ZS/07 /79 558 790 Ol 9 578 530 02/08/7 579 820

580 90 584 335 • 12 590 100 • 59 591 1090 4.84 592 330 4. 597 Overflow 4. 50 598 83 5.88 605 340 3.74 607 570 4. 53 612 450 4.36 6i5 Over flow 5.03 619 277 4.

3.95 632 Overflow 68 637 202 640 Overflow 77 642 4. 70 64 7 4.55 649 930 4.33 653 330 656 10 3.83 663 667 Overflow 45 668 575 674 Overflow 676 68 677 168 682 Over flow

242 684 .37 689 270 3. 690 660 3. 695 115 3. 696 750 .42 706 567 4. 58 709 78 4.

43 713 126 4.24 7!6 788 • 53 717 118 4.91 744 42 3.79 751 247 4.06 753 271 779 73 7 786 550 790 72 796 210

-·---- ----------

ive December 3 '

977.

extremely acidic precipitation.

ion collection.

ll/03/80 14/03/80 !7/03/80c 18/03/80 19/03/80 2 3

30/04/80 Ol/05/80 05/05/80c 08/05/80 09/05/80

02 03/06/80 04/06/80 05/06/80

21/06/80 23/06/80c 2 7/06/80 30/06/80

09/07/80 l4/07/80c 18/07/80 21/07/80 22/07/80 23/07/80

Volume prec ipi tat ion

Day no .a (mm)

120 4. 1080

804 850 807 960 5.26 808 108') 5. 809 817 230 4.23

i 270 829 832 722 4. 58 835 260 836 51 837 322 838 650

319

845 849 74 850 1070 ~ c 58 852 181 .08 856 595 859 120

255 867 870 478 884 203 885 74 886 950 887 36 888

890 898 975 903 ~52

905 75 909 78

2 405 5 5 9

921 926 1030 9~~ L/ 65 933 635 934 935

937

____ , ______

-10-

Table 5. Graphite furnace analysis conditions for determination of heavy metals in rainwater.

Atomization Drying temperature Charring temperature temperature

Element °C and time (s) °C and time (s) •c and time (s)

Mn 175 5 900 20 2550 8 Cu 170 20 600 10 2700 6 Fe 180 20 900 10 2700 6 Zn 180 20 '300 20 2500 6 Cd 170 20 300 25 2100 6 Pb 120 12 650 10 2200 6

Table 6. Quality control data on NBS Standard Reference Material 1643 (Trace Elements in water) which was run ·nth precipitation samples.

Element

Cd Cu Fe Pb Mn Zn

Concentration ng/g NBS

8 + 16 + 75 + 20 + 29 + l 65 +

Concentration ng/g determined on NBS standard

7. 16.6 77.0 19.3 27.9

11 0. 1 ( 68. oa)

azero intercept of linearly regressed Zn curve was at 42.0 ng/g. Substracting 42.0 ng/g from the determined value yields the 68.0 ng/g

for the standard and is proximate to the certified value.

Table 7. Comparison of 1979-80 monthly pH's at St. Andrews, Saint John, and Acadia Forestry Experimental Station, N.B.

Composite pH Acadia Arithmetic mean Composite Forestry Experimental

>!onth pH St. Andrews pH Saint John a Station

August 197 9 4.4 4.2 September i 979 4.5 4.3 Oc tohe>r 979 4.4 .2 November !979 4.1 4.2 4.3

1979 4 .. 4 5.5 .4 1980 I .,

4.L 6.9 4.5 February 1980 4.4 5. 1 4.8 March 1980 4.6 6. 1 4.6 April !980 4.2 5.8 4.3 May 1980 4.0 4.3 4.0 June 1980 4.1 4.5 4.2

aFrom CANSAP data sheets.

pH comparison data.

;d. Noord Holland

' Rr .. hJiz Expt .. Forest S jOdngen, S1..;ed en Truro, N.S ..

Brook, Island, N.S.

Brook, .. H .. Ithaca, N.Y. Aurora, N .. Y~ Northeastern U.S. N-Y~ Metropolitan area Sydney, Australia Sweden, Station 23 Pl Belgium, Station 526 France, Station 703

Yonkers, K~Y~

Saint John, N.B. Saint John, N.B. Saint John, N.B. Sable Island, N.S. Halifax Coastal, N.S.

Rural, S. Shelburne, N.S. Halifax Urban, N.S. Sydney Urban, N.S. O.S.A. Lake (La Cloche Htns.)

.s Lake (La Cloche Htns.)

.K. (7 non-urban sites) Saint John, N.B.

ik, N.S .. land, N.S.

Hhitehorse 1

Yukon St. Andrews, N.B. St. rews, N.B. St. Andrews, N. B. Nashwaak, St. Andrews, N.B.

Date

1963-74 !973-75 Apr. 197 5 !965-66 1975 1970-71 1970-71 1970-71

1975-76 1975-76

1972-73 1974 Nov. 22/73 July 15/74 July 18-20/74 1975-77 1972-73 1972-73 1975-78 1972-73 1972-73 1972 1972-73 1972-73 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 ! 977-78 1975-76 1976

1978

-11-

pH

4.04-7.10 7 -6.8

4. 4.0-4.5

.28-6.55 4.03 3. 98 4.02 4.0-4.2 4.28 4.0-5.5 4. 66 4. 42 4.80 4. • 79-5. 4.05-4. 9

.1 (3.1.-4.9) 3.68-4.06 3.9-5.4 3.4-4. 33

.79 5. 5.1

• 55 4.3 5.2 3. 4.3 3.5-5.9 3. 9-6.1 4. 1-5.8

• 3-4. .o

5.8-7.2 4.22 4.61 3. 3.72-6. 4. 45 (3. 5-5.

aData from the European Atmospheric Chemistry Network.

bGeometric mean ..

Reference

Slanina et Lewis & Grant Likens i 975 Granat 978 Shaw 1979 Fisher et

9

Olson et al. 1976 Likens & Bormann 974 Likens & Bormann 1974 Likens & Bormann 1974 Overrein 1977 Wolff et al. 1979 Scott 1978 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat !972 Liljestrand Cogbill &

Anlauf et Anlauf et al Wiltshire 1979 Wiltshire 1979 14iltshire 1979 Wiltshire 1979 !Hltshire 1979 Hil tshire 1979 Beamish l 97 4 Beamish l 97 4 Cawse 1974 Anon. 1979 Anon. l Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. !979 Zitko & Carson, linpuhl. Sergeant & Zitko 1978 Sergeant & Zitko 978 Anon. l This study

9. tivity comparison data.

Location

2 Ki N Sweden, Station 23 Pl SW Belgium, Station 526 u .Frar,c(::, Station 703 Lz·t Yonkers, N .. Y ..

' Saint John, Saint John, Charlo, N .. B ..

Date

Summer 1970-76 1973-75

1974 Nov. 22/73 July 5/74

18-20/74 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1978

-12-

Conductivity (pmho or pSIE/cm)

54 28 12 45 37 19 47. 7(6.8-162)

42-70 53-210 37 32 22

126 17

.79

Reference

Kuntz Granat 1978 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Jacobson et al. l 976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anon. 1979 Anon. 197 9 Anon. 979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 This study

--------------------- --------------------------

comparison

Locat. ion

Basin Holland Coastal Rural, S. Coastal Urban, U.S. Continental Rural, U.S. Continental Urban, U.S. Hubbard Brook, N.H.

, Sweden Pasadena, California Sweden, Station 2 Ki N Sweden, Station 23 Pl SW Belgium, Station 526 u France, Station 703 L'l

u.s.

N.ll. N.

Charlo, Ke j imku j i k, S .. Sable Island, N.S. Whitehorse, Yukon Nashwaak, B .. St. Andrews, N.B.

Date

Summer 1970-76 1970-71 Daily

1964-1974 975

1976-1977

1972-1973 Nov. 22/73 July 5/74

18-20/74 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1973-76 1978

---~----------- -----

Concentration NH4 (mg/L)

0.61 62

1. 7-64.6 0.031-0.072 0.03-0.99 0.03-().13 o.o3-o.zo 0.22 0. 55 0.56 .005-0.87) 0.10 0.82 0.43 0.26 0.19-0.42 0.5-2.8 l.l-3.1 0.7-2.4 0.218 0.272 0.084 0.056 0.260 0.08

10 (0.005-2.3)

Reference

Kuntz 1978 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Wolaver l 972 Holaver 1972 Wolaver 1972 Wolaver 1972 Likens 1975 Granat Liljestrand & Morgan Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Cogbill & Likens 974 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. 976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anon. 979 Anon. l 979 Anon .. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon .. 1979 Anon. 1978 This study

Table

Erie Lake Ontario Basin Hubbard Brook, N.H. Sjoangen, Sweden Hubbard Brook, K.H.

Inland, N .. S .. Pasadena, California Sweden, Station 2 Ki N

comparison data.

Date

Summer 970-76 1970-71 1964-74 1973-75 1964-1966 1975 1976-1977

, Station 23 Pl SW , Station 526 u

France, Station 703 u~ N.Y.-N.H.-Tennessee, U.S. Yonkers, N .. Y$

1972-73 197 4 Nov. Saint N.B.

N.B. B.

Sahlc< fs Land, N .. S.

, Yukon , N. B.

St. Andrews,

Table Total

Location

Lake Erie

p

Basin

' N.B.

Kejimkujik, N.S. Sable Island, N.S. Hhitehorse, Yukon Nashwaak, N.B. St. Andrews, N.B.

comparison

Summer 1970-7

1977-78 1978 1976-/8 1977-78 1973-76 1978

data.

Date

970-76

1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1973-76 1978

-13-

• 53 L47 0. 99 0.0-3.0

2-l. 4.65 .68-1 7.

.31 1.98 2.23 1. 98 1.24-3.27 4.4(<1-44 .0)

8-2.7 2.4-3.6

7-12.3

• 242 0.201

226 -1.72

252 (.::O.Ol-1.

Total p

0.060 0.139

-. 175 0 5 (0. 004-0.

Reference

Kuntz 1978 Shiomi & Kuntz 973 Likens 1975 Granat !978 Fisher et al. 968 Olson et al. 1976 Liljestrand & Morgan 1978 Granat 1972 Granat !972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Cogbill & Likens 1974 Jacobson et al. 1976 Anlauf et al .. 1976 Anlauf et al. 976

et al. 976 l

Anon . 197 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. !979

1979 This study

Reference

!978 Shiomi & Kuncz 973 Anon. !979 Anon. i 979 Anon. 1979 Anon. !979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1978 This study

13,. ison data.

Locacion

Basin

Coas~Rl Rura!, C.S.

Sweden, Station 23 PI SW Belgium, Stat 526 u France~ Station 703 L~

s.

~ .. s.

Date

1970-76 1970-71 Monthly

1963-1974 1973-1975 1976-!977

!972-1973 1972-73

1977-78

1976-78 1977-78 1978

-1

Ca (mg/L)

3.43 5.04 1.04-6.5 0.06-0.32 0.10-0. 7l 0.26-2.47 0.60-4.02

16 0. 52 0.19 -1.7) 0. 64 0.84 l. 32 0.68 0.20-0.83 0.13-4. 6a 0.46 0.37 0.09 0.69 0. 97 0.137 (LO.l0-0.40)

Reference

Kuntz 1978 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Wolaver 197 2 \.;olaver 1972 Wolaver 97 2 Wolaver 1972 Likens 197 5 Granat 1978 Liljestrand & Morgan 1978 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Cogbill & Likens 1974 Cawse 1974

Anon. 979 Anon. 979 Anon. !979 Anon. 1979 This study

range, we dropped out their top value contamination problem.

49. as possibly being in error,

ison data.

Locc:it ion

Pasadena, CBlifornia Sweden, Station 2 Ki N

23 Pl SW

Charlo, Ke jimkujik, S~

Sable Island, S. Whitehorse,

• Andrews,

Date Mg (mg/L)

Summer 1970-76 57 i 82

1963-!971; 0.04 1973-1975 0.17 1976-1977

1972-1973 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1978

0 • 80 ( 0 • 004 -0 • 7) 0. 12 0. 36 0.36 0.39 0.03-0.13 O.lil 0.06 0.03 1.84 0.12 0. 21 5 ("'- 0. 10-8. 0)

Reference

Kuntz 978 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Likens 1975 Granat !978 Liljestrand & Xorgan 1978 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 972 Cogbill & Likens 974 Anon. Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 979 This study

Holland Coastal

Basin

Orban) Rural, .S. Urban, .S.

Brook, , Svmden

Pasadena, California S-weden, Station 2 Ki N Sweden, Station 23 Pl SW

, Station 526 u France, Station 703

.H.-Tenn., .s.

sites)

Charlo" N.,B ... Kejimkujik, N.S.

Island, N. , Yukon

St. Andrews,

data,.

Date

Daily Monthly

1963-74 1973 -75 1976-77

1972-73

972-73 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1978

Table 16. K Comparison data.

Lake t .. rie

' Continental Urban, Brook, N.H.

SjOangen, Sweden Pasadena~ California Sweden, Statton 2 Ki

, Station , Sta

idelberg, Germany John, N.B.

Charlo, N.B. Kejimkujik, N.S* Sable Island, .s.

tehorse, Yukon St. Andrews, N.B.

s. s.

Date

Summer 1970-76 1970-7 l

1963-74 ] 973-75 1976-77

1972-73 197 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1978

-15-

2.69 51-30.5

L 9-16.2 .5-2.43

0. 2 35

0. 58 (0. 02-8. 97 30

• 96 0. 97

.92 05-0. 76

.4-1.8)

( mg/L)

12 37

09-0.29 0.07

2 0.08 (0.007-l. 84)

.09

Reference

Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Slanina et al. 1979 llolaver l 972 llolaver 972 l~olaver 972 I.Jolaver 972 Likens 1975 Granat Liljestrand Granat i 972 Granat 1972

Horgan 1978

Granat 1972 Granat 972 Cogbill Likens 1974 Bogen Cawse Anon,. Anon. Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 This study

Reference

Kuntz 1978 Shiomi &

Granat Liljestrand Granat l Granat 972 Granat !972 Granat 972

Bogen Anon. 1979 .Anone ! 979

Anon ... 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 979 This study

----·

1973

& Morgan 197 8

1974

Ta blC> l 7. comparison data.

Location

Lake Erie L2k2 Ontario Basin Holland

s.

' s.

Conti~ental Rural, C.S. Continental Urban, U~S.

Hubbard Brook~ X~H. SjOangen, Sweden Pasadena, California

Yonkers, K .. Y,

N .. S .. Whitehorse, Yukon St. Andrews, B.

Date

Summer 1970-76 1970-71 Daily Monthly

1965-7 4 1973-75 1976-77

!972-73 1971; July 15/74 July 18-20/74 l97l 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1978

-16-

Cl (mg/L)

l.ll 1.60

.2-73.8 4.3-!2.4 0.9-4.39 0.05-2.38 0. 16-l. 08 0.18-2.36 0.47 0. 6L

.03 (0.04-l .33)

.39 3.48

• 9~ • 13

0.15-0.47 l.2 (<:.l-7) O.l-1.8

l-4. 0 1.5 1.2

9 0.3

27.8 0. 59 l. 2'l

Reference

Kuntz l 97 8 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Slanina et al. l 97 9 Wolaver 972 Wolaver 1972 Wolaver 1972 Wolaver 197 2 Likens 1975 Granat 1978 Liljestrand & Morgan 1978 Granat 972 Granat 1972 Granat 972 Granat !972 Cogbill & Likens Jacobson et al. !976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. !976 Bogen 1974 Anon. 979 Anon. Anon. l 9 Anon. !979 Anon. !979 This study

-17-

Table !8. S04 comparison data.

Location

Lake Erie Lake Ontario Basin Holland Coastal Rural, U.S. Coastal Urban, U#S~

Continental Rural, u.s. Continental Urban, U.S. Hubbard Brook, N.H. Sjoangen, Sweden Shelburne, N.S. Hubbard Brook, N.H. Sable Island, N.S. Pasadena, California Sweden, Station 2 Ki Sweden, Station 23 P 1 SW

, Station 526 France, Station 703 L~

.Y.-N.H.-Tenn., S. Yonkers, N.Y. Saint John, K.B. Saint John, N.B .. Saint John, N.B. Sable Island, N.S.

OSA

, N.S. Cloche Mtn.)

(La Cloche Mtn.) Saint John, N.B. Charlo, N.B. Kejimkujik, N.S. Sable Island, N.S. Whitehorse, Yukon St. Andrews, N.B. St. Andrews, N.B. St. Andrews, N.B. St. A."'1drews, N.B.

Date

Summer 1970-76 1970-71 Daily

1964-74 1973-75 Apr. 975-1964-66 1975 1976-77

1972-73 1974 Nov. 22/73 uncorr. July 15/74 July 18-20/79 1975-76 1972-77 1972 1972-73 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 May 1975-~lar. 76 1976 1977 1978

so 4 (mg/L) Reference

Kuntz 1978 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Wolaver 1972 Holaver 972 Wolaver 1972 Wolaver 1972 Likens 1975 Granat 1978 Shaw 1979 Fisher et al. 1968 Olson et al. 1976 Liljestrand & Morgan 1978 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Cogbill & Likens 1974 Jacobson et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. 197 6 Anlauf et al. 1976 Wiltshire 1979 Wiltshire 1979 Beam ish 197 4 Beamish 1974 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 979 Zitko & Carson, unpubl. Anon. 977 Sergeant & Zitko 1978 This study

-18-

Table 19. 504 deposition rates at several locations (wet precipitation only).

Location 504 deposition

g/ha/mo

St. Andrews, N.B. Canadian Haritimes

(Nay 1977 -Har. 97tl) Labrador/east Newfoundland Maniwaki, Que. Europe Sable Island, N.S. (1975-77) Shelburne, N.S.

(Apr. 1975-Apr. 1978) Halifax coastal, N.S. 1972-73 Halifax urban, N.S. 1972-73

1728

2200-3200 1800 2000

1000-5000 1900

2756 2725 6408

Table 20. Cd comparison data (N.D. - non-detectable).

Location

Chicago (South side), Ill. Gary-(East Interchange)Ind. LaPorte, Indiana Lake Erie Lake Ontario Basin

OSA Lake, LaCloc he Htns. Montane, N .. H .. Chadron, Nebraska U.K. (all sites) Saint John, N.B. Charlo, N.B.

s.

/u1drews,

Date

June 28/68 June 26/68 June 26/68 Summer 1970-76 1970-71 Monthly 1972-73 1971 1973 1972-73 1977-78 1977-78

Cd (mg/L)

193.2 43.0 24.6 1.0 L

7-11.0 .c.O.

0.1-2. 3 0.26

<0.3-43 2 2

8 2 0.57

Reference

This study

Shaw (1979)

Wiltshire (1979)

Reference

Harrison 1970 Harrison 1970 Harrison 1970 Kuntz 1978 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Beamish 197 4 Schlesinger et al. 1974 Struempler 1976 Cawse 1974 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 979 Anon. 979 Anon. 979

St. &~drews, N.B.

1976-78 1977-78 1970-71 1978 0.164 (N.D.-3.59)

Zitko & Carson, unpubl. This study

21 ~ Pb data.

----------------------------------------------------------------

Chicago, Illinois Gary, Indian a LaPorte} Indiana

""d""'"'<>, Cal OSA Lake (LaCloche Mtn.) OSA :.;;ke (1,aCloche Mtn.)

Sable Whitehorse) Yukon

cews, N.B. • Andrews,

June 26/68 June 26/68 June 26/68 Summer 970-76 1970-7 Daily

1976-77 1972 1972-73 i 971

1978 1976-78 1977-78 1970-7

2,, "-• Cu comparison data.

Location

Illinois iana

, Indian a

Holland OSA Lake (LaCloche 1-ltn.)

(LaCloche Mtn.) Nebraska in S,. sites)

Kejimkt1jik, N.S. Sable Island, N.S~

se, Yukon Andrews,

St. Andrews, N.B.

Date

Summer 1970-76 1970-71 ~1onthly

197 2 !972-73

1966-67 1972-73

7-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 197 1970-7

Concentration )lg/L

45.3 24.5 20.9

20.0 28-235 52-200

(3. 7-663 23. 25.0 4-67.7

"-4.3

.7-l

5 2 2. 77 6. 59 (O.l-62.

entration _,ug/L

5.0 9.

.5

3 2 5

12

2-52

5. 87 ( 0. 3-51 •

Harrison Harrison 1970 Harrison Kuntz Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina al. 979 Slanina et al. 979 Liljestrand Morgan 1978 Beamish l Beamish 1974 Schlesinger et al. l q:o4

Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Zitko & Car This study

Re fe

Beamish Beamish Struempler

'

970

unpubl.,

! 973 l 979

Lazarus et al. 970 Cawse Anon~

Anon. Anon. !979 Anon .. 1979 Anon. !979 Zi tk.o , unpuhl.,

s

23. comparison data.

Location

Erie Ontario

Holland Pc.sadena.}

Date

Summer 1970-76 1 "!70-7 1 Monthly 1976-77

1972-73

1972-73 7-78

1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78

24 comparison data.

25. comparison data.

Location

Erie Lake Ontario Holland GSA Lake, LaCloche t1tns.

Lake, LaCloche M.tns. Chadron, Nebraska 32 Stns. in S.

sites) John, N.

Charlo, N .... Kr:- Hmk11·Hk ~--·...; -·····-...~- .. }

Sable Island, N.S.

Date

Summer 1970-76 1970-71 Monthly 1972

2-7 3 1973 1966-67

972-73 1977-78 1977-78

1976-78 7-7R

J

-20-

Concentration

2.0 34.0 10.33-7.2 20.1 (1.4-128.5) 15.0 30.0

130-1 1750

63-2700 21 15

7 47

4 45

'·

Concentration Zn

62.0 80.0

103-730 25.0 39.0 10.0

107 18-380 10 10

9 9 7 35.6

Reference

Kuntz l Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Liljestrand & Horgan 1978 Beamish 974 Beamish 1974 Sorenson et al. 1974 Bogen 1974 Cawse 1974 Anon. 979 Anon. l 97 9 Anon. 1979 Anon~ 979 Anon. 1979

Reference

Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al, 1979 Beamish 197 4 Beamish 197 4 Struempler 1976 Lazarus et al, 1970 Cawse Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979

-21-

Table 26. Comparison heavy metal deposition rates at several locations.

Deposition in g/ha/mo St. Andrews N.B.

Zitko & Carson Heavy metal 1978 study 197la

Zn 16.5 31.0 35. Fe 9.2 3.9 128. ?h 3.4 2.3 8.6 Cu 3.0 5 .. 6 1.6

1 .. 2 7. Cd 0.5

aunoublished. bcaiculated from Pilegaard (1979) for 7 km from steelworks. cstruempler (1976).

Chadron, Nebraska, USAc

3.3

.6 • 5

0.1

dcalculated from Franzin et al. (1979) assuming distance of 4-5 km from smelter.

Flin Flon, Manitoba,

1176 161 33.4 89.2

7 .1 3.6

Table 27. Tabulation of correlation coefficients calculated during examination of 1978 rainwater data.

Dependent variable

pH pH pH pH pH pH

pH pH pH NO Cl pH

pH

pH pH pH pH

Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity

Pb Pb

Cu Cu Pb

Independent variable(s)

Ca

so '

Cl Ca Mg Na K

NJX, Na, K

Mg, Na'

NOX N:"-11.

Ca '

Ca,

Correlation coefficient

0.99731 0.88957 0. 66045 0.79176 0. 60302

pH, volume prec ipi ta tion 0.73925 pH, mm prec ipi ta tion o. 73561

Fe Mn Pb 0.95973 Zn 0.47310 Pin 0.88356 Fe o. 71329 Fe 0.73493 Fe 0.58625 Zn • 73544

Fe, M.n 0.88857

Quebec

Gulf of SLlawrence

in llrunswiek and

·. ~----____l ____ l~-~--J.._ ________ l ___ _L_ .. __ L_ --~--~

550 750

nH of precipitation verstlS time (relative to December 31, 1977) for the 1978-80 sampling periods - trend line is sho'..m.

950

2 00 ,-----------,.----------------- - .... ___ .... _

170 195 220 245 270 295 Time (Days)

-22-

100

E 75 E

c 0

.. ~50

Fig .. time sampling

25,----

195

195

220 245 T1me iDoys)

220 245

{Days

270

270

2 9 5

versuti 1978

295

Fig~ 5. concentration versus time relative to December 31, 1977) for the 1978 sampling period -trend line is show~.

X

0

z

2 r----.. --

QLJ-L-L-LJ-L-~~~_L.

170 195 220 245 Time (Days)

270 295

z:

December trend ltne

(Do y s)

concentration versus time (relative to 1977) for the l97B sampling period -

Fig. 8. Cu concentration versus time (relative to December 31, 1977) for the 1978 sampling period -trenci line is shown.

T

' {Days)

time to sampling period -

-23-

25

195 220 T1me

245 270 295

Fig. 10. Pb concentration versus time (relative to December 31, 1977) for the 1978 sampling period -

line is shown.

Fig. ll. Mn concentration versus time (relative to December 31, 1977) for the 1978 sampling period -trend line is shown.

i 50 ,------------------- ------·-·------- --·----

Time

Cd concentration versus time (relative to , 1977) the 1978 sampling period -is shown ..

1978 1978

October 27, 1978

-2.4-

Fig. 14. with the prior to

N

+A +

- . + + + + +

Correlation of various parameters air parcel trajectory computed for the precipitation event;

E

measured 2-3 d

+ indicates a value higher than a set criterion for the parameter investigated and hypothesis proposed and therefore agreement with the hypothesis;

-indicates a value contrary to the hypothesis. For example, the hypothesis for pH is that storms approaching from the south through west quadrant should be of low pH (~4.2) and those from the northwest through east quadrant should be of high pH (>4.5). See text for discussion of values between pH 4.2 and 4.5.

Criterion for S04, conductivity, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cd were 2.5 mg/L, 15 pS/em, lO, 10, 2, 10, 25, and 0.2 pg/L, respectively.

Appendix 18vel, tlon event Service of

tories 85G Mb prior to

the Atmospheric Environment canada, Atlantic Region,

A- 1 .AHy, B- 4 J\.-i}, c- 11 1978 0- 16 1978 E- 24 F- 28

parcel trajectories the 850 Mb 1978, for 2-3 prior to the precipita­computed by the Atmospheric Environment

Environment canada, Atlantic

-25-

, cipitation event, Environment Region,

computed by of EnvirJ>nmen t f;anada, c

,~-

C- 6 Oct.,H178 D - 7 Oct., 1978 E- 'l60cL,1978 f- 24 Oct., 1978

Air trajectories at the 850Mb tober l , for 2-3 d prior to the precipi-

event, computed by the Atmospheric Environ­ment Service of Environment Canada, Atlantic Region.

-26-