Sample Copy. Not For Distribution. - Book Publisher in India - … · lfgr nl xzgk dk lekos'k ys[kd...

Sample Copy. Not For Distribution.

i

Hkw-T;ksfr"k


ii

Publishing-in-support-of,

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING

RZ 94, Sector - 6, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110075 Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001

Website: www.educreation.in _____________________________________________

© Copyright, Author

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic,

mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying,

recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer.

ISBN: 978-81-923735-2-2

Price: ` 480.00

The aim of this book is not to criticize, insult, oppress and dominate any present/modern knowledge or studies or culture or believes. Any such issue arises is entirely a misunderstanding of one, who claiming so and either writer, writer or/and Educreation does not hold any responsibility and is not responsible for any such issues arises. The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the author and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of Educreation. Readers are requested to use their intelligence and knowledge while reading and understanding contents of this book. writer or/and Educreation does not hold any responsibility and is not responsible for any social, political, cultural, economic, commercial, national, international, educational or other problems or/and conflicts raised because of reading this book, using , implementing facts, formulas and other things given in this book, in any way or whatsoever.

Printed in India


iii

Hkw-T;ksfr"k fo'o esa çFke ckj T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa i`Foh xzg

lfgr nl xzgksa dk lekos'k

ys[kd

vkpk;Z&jTtu çlkn iVSy

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in


iv

L;ksuk i`Foh Hkoku`{kjk fuos'kfuA

;PNk u 'keZ lçFk%A

gs i`Foh] vki lq[k nsus okyh] ck/kk gjus okyh

vkSj mÙke okl nsus okyh gSa]

ge lHkh dks mÙke okl vkSj lq[k çnku djsaA

P


v

ys[kd dk ifjp;

vkpk;Z jTtu çlkn iVSy

ch- ,l- lh- ¼ck;ks½] ,e-,-¼vxzsath- lkfgR;½

T;ksfr"k eeZK mikf/k o xksYM esMsfyLV]

,D;qçs'kj] lqtksd] pkbuht o teZu

,D;q~çs'kj mipkjd o jSdh ekLVj

irk& foosdkuUn uxj ,e-vkbZ-th-&4]

lsaVªy Ldwy ds ihNs] neksg e-ç- ¼Hkkjr½

eks- 09300694736, 08109442751

bZ-esy & [email protected]

osclkbZV & www.bhoojyotish.com

www.bhoodharam.com

thou ifjp;

vkpk;Z jTtu çlkn iVSy dk tUe 15 flrEcj 1973

esa e-ç- neksg ftys ds ,d NksVs ls xzke dukjh esa gqvk

FkkA çkjafHkd f'k{kk xk¡oksa esa gh çkIr dh ,oe~ mPp f'k{kk

ch-,l lh-¼ck;ks½ o ,e-,- ¼vaxzsth½ neksg 'kgj çkIr dj

ftKk'kq] [kksth o lekt lsok dh çofÙk ds dkj.k 1997

esa tcyiqj e-ç ls ,D;qçsLkj o pqEcd mipkj çf'k{k.k

çkIr dj] neksg 'kgj esa ,D;qçsLkj o pqEcd mipkj lsok

çkjEHk dh] blh chp 1 fnlEcj 1998 dydÙkk esa

vk;ksftr varjjk"Vªh; oSdfYid mipkj lEesyu esa

vPNh lsokvksa ds fy, xksYM esMy ls lEekfur gq;sA

ekuo lsok o v/;;u Øe esa Hkkjr ds fofHkUu

'kgjksa esa vk;ksftr ,D;qçsLkj çf'k{k.k çkIr fd;s o

tkikuh mipkj i)fr jsdh esa ekLVjf'ki dh fMxzh çkIr


mailto:bZ-esy&%20%[email protected]

vi

dh ,oa pk;uht ,D;qçslj ds egRoiw.kZ fo"k; Vkbe

,D;qiapj ls çHkkfor gksus ds dkj.k vkSj mipkj ds

lkFk&lkFk ijHkkSfrd Kku esa :fp] fofHkUu ftKklkvksa

ds lek/kku ds fy,] Hkkjrh; çkphu T;ksfr"k fo"k; ij

xgu v/;;u çkjaHk fd;k ,oa de le; esa gh T;ksfr"k

fo"k; dh egRoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa ij v/;;u euu dj ys[k

fy[kuk çkjaHk fd;kA

vf[ky Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k laLFkk la?k fnYyh dh

ekfld if=dk ¶;wpj lekpkj dh vksj ls pkj ckj

T;ksfr"k eeZK mikf/k ls lEeku çkIr gqvkA fo"k; 1&

tUedq.Myh esa larku ;ksx] larku esa ck/kk vkSj mik;]

2&tUedq.Myh esa dSalj ;ksx] 3& tUedq.Myh esa

ekaxfyd nks"k ifj{k.k] ekaxfyd dq.Myh dk ekaxfyd o

vekaxfyd dq.Myh ls feyku dc o dSls laHko] 4&

tUedq.Myh esa tUedq.Myh esa fookg vkSj çse fookg

;ksx] fookg esa nsjh ds dkj.k vkSj mik;A

blds vfrfjä 1& tUedq.Myh esa cgqlaca/k o

cgqfookg ;ksx] 2& tUedq.Myh esa O;olk; ;k ukSdjh

;ksx vkSj 3& tUedq.Myh vkSj vk/kqfud esfMdy lkbZal

ds vk/kkj ij larku ;ksx tSls egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa ij

jk"Vªh; T;ksfr"k egklEesyuksa esa 'kks/ki= okpu ds

QyLo:i lEekfur gks pqds gSa] mä fo"k;ksa ij 'kks/k

ys[k T;ksfr"k fjLkpZ if=dk esa Ni pqds gSaA

flrEcj 2009 vf[ky Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k laLFkk

la?k fnYyh ls lEc)rk o ekU;rk çkIr dj neksg 'kgj

esa Lo;a dh laLFkk flf)fouk;d T;ksfr"k çf'k{k.k]

ijke'kZ o vuqLka/kku dsaæ çkjEHk dj yxkrkj N% o"kksaZ ls

T;ksfr"k Kku dk çpkj] çlkj vkSj yksxkas dh leL;kvksa

dk funku vkSj lek/kku dk;Z dj jgsa gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL=


vii

tSls egRoiw.kZ fo"k; ij v/;;u ,oa vuqla/kku tkjh gSA

blh Øe esa vHkh rd pkj iqLrdksa dk ys[ku dk;Z iw.kZ

gks pqdk gSA 1&Hkw&T;ksfr"k] 2&Hkw&T;ksfr"k Hkkx ,d]

3&T;ksfr"k foKku ;k vU/kfo'okLk] 4& Hkw&/keZ ,oa

fo'oca/kqRo dk mn;] blh Øe esa] ;g iqLrd Hkw&T;ksfr"k

vkids le{k gSA

P


viii

fo"k;&lwph

Ø- fo"k; i`"B

ys[kd dk ifjp; v

i`Foh lwä xi

lR;e] f'koe~] lqanje viiii

lR; lnSo dM+ok gksrk gSA xv

Hkw&T;ksfr’k ¼Hkkx&1½

1- T;ksfr"k D;k gS \ 1

2- Ik¡pkax 3

3- u{k= 4

4- frfFk 9

5- ;ksx 12

6- dj.k 14

7- okj ;k fnu 17

8- tUedq.Myh D;k gS \ 18

9- yXu o Hkko 20

10- ckjg jkf'k;k¡ o lacaf/kr xq.k/keZ 24

11- çkphu T;ksfr"k ds lw= 32

12- uo xzg dkjd 32

13- tUedq.Myh esa eaxy nks"k 34

14- uoxzgksa xzgksa ls lacaf/kr xq.k/keZ 42

15- yXudqM.yh o ckjg Hkko 75

16- tUei=h ds ckjg Hkkoksa ds vuqlkj

lkekU; Qy 79

17- Qykns'k laca/kh fo'ks"k fu;e 131

18- foa'kkSÙkjh n'kkQy 160

19- T;ksfr"k ,oa uoxzg mik; 182

20- jRuksa ds çdkj 183

21- jRu /kkj.k fof/k 191


ix

22- uoxzgksa ls lacaf/kr nku 198

23- jaxksa ls djsa uoxzg larqyu 200

24- uoxzg mik; o yky fdrkc 203

Hkw&T;ksfr’k ¼Hkkx&2½

25- tUedq.Myh dk dSls v/;;u djsa 207

26- xzgksa ds ;ksx 212

27- u{k= eaMy]jkf'k eaMy o uoxzg iFk

fp= 227

28- T;ksfr"k esa lcls egRoiw.kZ ç'u 229

29- tUedq.Myh esa i`Foh xzg o ckjg Hkkoksa

dk fu#i.k 230

30- Hkw&T;ksfr"k tUedq.Myh xf.kr 235

31- Hkw&T;ksfr"k ,oa tUedq.Myh ds ckjg

Hkko 251

32- Hkw&T;ksfr"k o okLrq 290

33- iaprRo ,oa okLrq 303

34- v"Vfn'kkvksa ds vuqlkj okLrq lEer

fuekZ.k 318

35- inkFkZ o ÅtkZ 321

36- i`Foh xzg ij gh thou laHko 325

37- mRçsjd o ,atkbe fl)kUr 328

38- ekSle] _rq;sa] tyok;q ,oa T;ksfr"k 333

39- Hkw&T;ksfr"k] yXu o yXu dq.Myh 335

40- Hkw&T;ksfr"k ,oa uoxzg mik; 338

41- yky fdrkc T;ksfr"k 342

42- ek¡ dk çHkko lokZf/kd 347

43- Hkw&T;ksfr"k o eqgqrZ Kku 351

44- leku dk leku ds Åij çHkko 353

45- Hkw&T;ksfr"k vkSj ekulwu 355

46- Hkw&T;ksfr"k vkSj ekuo deZ çHkko 359

47- Hkw&T;ksfr"k o vkfnoklh yksx 362

48- çrhdkRed T;ksfr"k ,oa Hkw&T;ksfr"k 366

49- çkphu osnksa esa T;ksfr"k dk o.kZu 371


x

50- txr firk lw;Z nso ls çkFkZuk 374

51- ek¡ i`Foh ls çkFkZuk 375

52- u{k=ksa ls çkFkZuk 376

53- Hkwfe lwäe 378

54- Hkw&T;ksfr"k o iap rRo fl)kUr 402

55- Hkw&T;ksfr"k o deZ fl)kUr 405

56- tUe dq.Myh jgL; o Hkw&T;ksfr"k 409

57- lkr okj o Hkw ;k i`Foh okj 411

58- çkphu vk;qosZn o vkS"kf/k p;u fof/k 414

59- Hkw&T;ksfr"k dh vko'd;rk D;ksa \ 418

60- Hkw&T;ksfr"k ls D;k ykHk 423

61- ekuo thou pØ 424

62- ÅtkZ fl)kUr 426

63- fo'o i`Foh fnol 433

64- i`Foh fnol o gekjk Hkkjr 435

65- bZ'oj 438

66- i`Foh xzg dk lEeku o iwtk vko';d

gS\ 439

67- Hkw&T;ksfr"k ls D;k ykHk gksxk\ 442

68- Hkw&T;ksfr"k ,d leLr fo'o ls vkg~oku 444

69- milagkj 445

70- nLk xzg 'kkafr ea= 448

71- nLk xzg L=ksr 449


xi

i`Foh lwä

f'kyk Hkwfej'ek ikalq% lk Hkwfe% la/k`rk /k`rkA

rL;S fgj.;o{kls i`fFkO;k vdja ue%AA

ftl Hkwfe ds Åij /kwy f'kyk [kaM vkSj iRFkj gS] ftlds

Hkhrj Lo.kZ jRukfn vewY; [kfut inkFkZ gS] ml /kjrh

ek¡ dks ge ueu djrs gSA

;L;ka o`{kk okuLiR;k /kq~ozkfLr"BfUr fo'ogkA

i`fFkoha fo'o/kkla /k`rkePNkonkeflAA

ftl Hkwfe esa o`{k ouLifr vkSj yrk vkfn fLFkj jgrs gS]

tks o`{k&yrkfn vkS"kf/k:i esa lcdh lsok lEiUu djrh

gS] ,slh ouLifr/kkfj.kh] /keZ/kfj.kh vkSj loZikyud=ha

/kjrh ek¡ dh ge 'kh'k >qdkdj Lrqfr djrs gSA xzh'eLrs Hkwes ok"kkZf.k 'kj)seUr% f'kf'kjks olUr%A

_rqoLrs fofgrk gk;uhjgksjk=s i`fFkfo uks nqgkrkEk~AA

gs fo'kky ekr`Hkwes] vkiesa tks xehZ] o"kkZ] 'kjn] gseUr]

f'kf'kj vkSj olar ;s Ng _rq;s o"kZHkj esa gksrh gSa] mu

mu _rqvksa ds fnu&jkr lHkh rjg ls gekjs fy,

lq[kçn gksA

Hkwes ekrfuZ /ksfg ek Hkæ;k lqçfr"BreA

lafonkuk fnok dos fJ;ka ek /ksfg HkwR;kEk~AA

gs ekr`Hkwes] vki gesa dY;k.kdkjh çfr"Bk ls ;qä djsaA gs

dos] gs nsoh gesa ,s'o;Z vkSj foHkwfr esa çfrf"Br djrs gq,

LoxZ dh çkfIr djk;sA


xii

lR;ac`g–reqxza nh{kk riks czºzk ;K% i`fFoh /kkj;fUrA

lk uks HkwrL; HkO;L; iRU;q:a yksda i`fFkoh u% —.kksrqAA

lR;fu"Bk] foLrr] ;FkkFkZ cks/k] n{krk] {kk=rst]

ri'p;kZ] czgk~Kku vkSj R;kx&cfynku ;s Hkko vFkok

ekr`Hkwfe dk ikyu&iks"k.k vkSj laj{k.k djrs gSA

Hkwrdkyhu vkSj Hkfo"; esa gksus okys lHkh thoksa dk ikyu

djus okyh Hkwfe gesa foLr`r LFkku çnku djsA

;L;ka iwosZiwoZtuk fopfØjs ;L;kansok vlqjkuH;orZ;Uk~A

xoke'okuka o;l'p fo"Bk Hkxa opZ% i`fFkoh uks n/kkrqAA

gekjh ftl i`Foh esa çkphu _f"kvksa us vusd çdkj ds

ijkØeh deZ laiUu fd;s gSa] ftlesa nso leFkZd ohjksa us

vklqjh 'kfä;ksa ls /keZ&;q) fd;k gS] ftlHkwfe esa xk;]

?kksM+s vkSj i'kq&i{kh fo'ks"k :i ls vkJ; xzg.k djrs gSa]

,slh gekjh ekr`Hkwfe gekjs Kku&foKku] 'kks;Z] rsT+k] oh;Z

vkSj ,s'o;Z dh o`f) djus okyh gksA ;Lrs xU/k% iq:"ks"kq L=h"kq iqalq Hkxks :fp%A

;ks v'os"kq ohjs"kq ;ks e`xs'kwr gfLr"kqA

dU;k;ka opksZ ;n~ Hkwes rsukLek¡ vfi lal`t ek uks f}{kr

d'pu AA

gs ekr`Hkwes] ohj iq:"kksa] lk/kkj.k L=h iq:"kksa es vkSj gkFkh]

?kksM+s pkj iSjksa okys i'kqvksa esa tks rsT+kfLork gS rFkk

vfookfgr dU;kvksa esa vkidh tks xa/k o rsT+k gS] ogh

xa/k o rsT+k gekjs vanj Hkh lekfo"V gksA gels dksbZ bZ";kZ

djus okyk u gksA


xiii

lR;e~ f'koe~ lqanje~

lw;Z% firkegks O;k'kks of'k"Bksvf=%ijk'kjk%]

d';iks ukjnks xxksZ ejhfpeZuqvafxjk%!

ykse'k% ikSfy'k'pkSo P;ouks Hk`x%]

'kkSfudksv"Vkn'kk'pkSrs T;ksfr'kkL=% çoÙkjdk%!

lw;Z] firkeg] O;kl] of'k"B] v=h] ikjklj] ukjn] xxZ]

ejhfp] euq] vafxjk] ykse'k] iqfy'k] Poou] ;ou] Hk`xq] ,oa

'kkSud ;s vBkjg T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds çorZd cryk;s x,

gSA _f"k ikjk'kj th us mä vBkjg vkpk;ksaZ ds

vfrfjä iqyLR; uke ds vkpk;Z th dks Hkh çkphu

T;ksfr"k vkpk;ksaZ esa lfEefyr fd;k gSA

eSa vYicqf) ekuo mu lHkh mUuhLk çkphu

_f"kvksa dks ç.kke djrk gw¡A eSa ç.kke djrk gw¡] mu

lHkh vkpk;ksaZ o fo}kuksa dks ftudk uke T;ksfr"k ds

bfrgkl esa of.kZr ugha gSa ,oa eSa ç.kke djrk gw¡] orZeku

ds vkpk;ksaZ o T;ksfrf"k;ksa dks tks bl ifo= dk;Z ds

}kjk ekuo lsok esa lyXu gSaA

tks fopkj çHkq dh —ik o ek¡ i`Foh dh vlhe

n;k ls esjs efr"d esa dqN o"kksaZ iwoZ vk;k Fkk] vkt eSa

ml fo"k; dks leLr fo}kuksa ds le{k Hkstus dk ç;kl

dj jgk gw¡A ;g vHkh bl egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dk çkjafHkd

:i gSA vr% esjh bZ'oj o ek¡ i`Foh ls fouez çkFkZuk gS]

fd esjs Åij —ik n`f"V cuk;sa j[ksa] rkfd esjh ys[kuh

vuojr pyrh jgsaA

gs ijaczã ijekRek] vki ds }kjk jfpr leLr

ç—fr vkSj vkids }kjk lapkfyr czãkaMh; çfØ;k ds


xiv

xw<+ jgL; vki gh tkurs gS] eSa rks ek= vkidh çfØ;k

dk d.k ek= Hkkx gw¡A gs ijaczã ijekRek] Hkw&T;ksfr"k

fo"k; ys[ku dk mís'; çkphu vkSj vk/kqfud T;ksfr"k

fl)kUrksa dk [kaMu ;k vkykspuk djuk o Lo;a dh vga

larq"Vh djuk] fdlh Hkh çdkj dk dksbZ mns'; ugha gS]

oju Hkw&T;ksfr"k fo"k; dk mís'; çkphu T;ksfr"k

ijkfoKku dks rdZ laxr] oSKkfud u;k o etcwr vk/kkj

çnku djuk gSA

tSlk dh lHkh tkurs gS fd] vk/kqfud T;ksfr"k

fl)kUrksa esa vU/kfo'okLk] #f<+okn] voSKkfud fl)kUrkas

ds dkj.k T;ksfr"k tSlk egRoiw.kZ o mi;ksxh Kku ,d

rjQ xrZ esa tk jgk gS] rks nwljh vksj T;ksfr"k dh vksV

esa vf/kdka'k T;ksfr"kh turk dks xqejkg djrs gSA

ifjorZu ç—fr dk fl)kUr gSA vr% lHkh Kku o

foKku ds {ks= esa ns'k] dky] le; o ifjfLFkrh ds

vuqlkj ifjorZu vo'; gksrs gS] ysfdu T;ksfr"k fo"k; esa

ifjorZu ;k vuqla/kku rks nwj dh ckr] gekjs çkphu

_f"k;ksa dh /kjksgj dks Hkkjrh; yksx thfor j[kusa esa

vlQy fl) gks jgs gSA

vr% T;ksfr"k Kku ds iru dks jksddj] çkphu

o vk/kqfud T;ksfr"k fl)kUrksa] fu;eksa esa lq{ekfrlw{e

v/;;u dj] vk/kqfud foKku ds fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij

mfpr] iw.kZ o lgh Kku rS;kj djuk gS] tks lR;e~]

f'koEk~] lqUnje~ fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gks ,oa ekuo

lekt ds lkFk&lkFk lHkh thoks] ouLifrvksa ds

lkFk&lkFk leLr ç—fr dks mi;ksxh fl) gksA

& vkpk;Z jTtu çlkn iVSy


xv

lR; lnSo dM+ok gksrk gSA

ekuo lekt esa tc dksbZ ijEijk jhrh fjokt ;k

fl)kUr yxkrkj iqjkus le; çpfyr gksrk gS] ysfdu

dksbZ cqf)thoh mlesa lR;rk ykus ds fy, ;k okLrfod

lp mtkxj djus ds fy, ç;kl djrk gS rc] ekuo

lekt ds vopsru eu esa iqjkus fopkj lafpr gksus ds

dkj.k] u;s o lgh fopkj dks Lohdkjus esa fgpfdpkrk

gh ugha] cfYd fojks/k djus dk Hkh ç;kl djrk gSA

tSls& çkphu ekU;rk Fkh fd] czãkaM dk dsaæ i`Foh gS

,oa lw;Z lfgr leLr xzg i`Foh dk pDdj yxkrs gSA

ysfdu loZçFke oSKkfud ,fjLVkdZl us yxHkx

240&265 bZlk iwoZ ;g crkus dk ç;kl fd;k fd]

lkSjeaMy dk dsaæ lw;Z gS ,oa i`Foh lfgr leLr xzg

lw;Z dk pDdj yxkrs gSA fdUrq vkdZfeMht us bl

fl)kUr dks Hkze iw.kZ ekuk o lw;Z fLFkj fl)kUr dks

ekU;rk ugha feyus nhA blds vfrfjä felz T;ksfr"kh

fgikdZl 146&127 bZlk iwoZ tks fd] fldanfj;k esa

T;ksfr"k dk dk;Z djrs FksA ,fjLVkdZl us lw;Z fLFkj

fl)kUr dks ekU;rk ugha nh] cfYd fgikdZl ds vuqlkj

i`Foh lkSjeaMy dk gh ugha] cfYd lEiw.kZ czãkaM dk dsaæ

fcUnq gSA bl çdkj iFoh fLFkj fl)kUr yxHkx 1400

bZLoh rd vVy jgkA

blh Øe esa loZçFke dwifuZdl us ¼1472&1544½

vR;f/kd lkgl ds lkFk ,d u;k fl)kUr çfrikfnr

fd;k fd] lkSjeaMy dk eq[; fiaM lw;Z gS ,oa i`Foh

lfgr lHkh xzg lw;Z dk pDdj yxkrs gSA çFke ckj

fudksfydl dwijfudl ds lw;Z fLFkj fl)kUr dks

xsyhfy;ks o dsiyj }kjk leFkZu çkIr gqvkA


xvi

ysfdu ekuo lekt dh foMaouk fd] çfl)

oSKkfud xSyhfy;ks dks jkT; ikfjrksf"kd ds LFkku ij

jktnaM çkIr gqvkA blds vfrfjä Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"kh

vk;Z Hkê us crk;k fd] i`Foh Hkh ?kwerh gS] ysfdu

cjkgfefgj us i`Foh esa xfr fl)kUr dk [kaMu fd;kA

HkkLdkpk;Z f}rh; usa Hkh i`Foh esa xfr fl)kUr dks

vLohdkj fd;k] ysfdu [kxksy foKku ds yxkrkj

vuqla/kku ,oa ç;kl ds QyLo:i] var esa fo'o us

Lohdkj fd;k fd] gekjs lkSjeaMy dk eq[; fiaM lw;Z gS]

tks dh fLFkj gS] ckfd vU; xzg lw;Z dk pDdj yxrs

gSA

vHkh rd nks fl)kUr ekus tkrs gSA çFke

fgfyvkslsafVªd fl)kUr Heliocentric Theory vFkkZr

gekjs lkSjeaMy dk eq[; fiaM lw;Z gS ,oa i`Foh lfgr

vU; xzg lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gSA nwljk fl)kUr

thvkslsafVªd geocentric Theory ftlesa ekuk tkrk fd]

i`Foh xzg lkSjeaMy dk gh ugha] cfYd leLr czãkaM dk

dsaæ gSA

T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa xf.kr o Qfyr esa thvkslsafVªd

fl)kUr ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd leLr u{k=ksa

jkf'k;ksa o uoxzgksa dk v/;;u i`Foh xzg ls fd;k tkrk

gSA bl çdkj pkgs lw;Z dks fLFkj ekus ;k i`Foh dks

T;ksfr"k ds xf.kr esa varj ugh vkrk gSA pw¡fd i`Foh

okLkh lw;Z o vU; xzgksa dk v/;;u iFoh ds Åij ls gh

djrs gSa] ftlls ,salk çrhr gksrk fd] Lo;a dk xzg

vFkkZr i`Foh xzg fLFkj çrhr gksrk gS ,oa ckdh xzg

xfreku çrhr gksrs gSaA

ysfdu bldk ;s vk'k; ;g ugha gS fd] leLr

u{k=ksa jkf'k;ksa o uoxzgksa dk v/;;u o o.kZu rks

T;ksfr"k esa fd;k tk;s] ysfdu ml xzg dks NksM+ fn;k


xvii

tk;s] ftl xzg ls v/;;u fd;k tk jgk gSA tSls]

dHkh&dHkh jsYos LVs'ku ij ge ftl Vªsu esa cSBs jgrs gS]

tc ogh Vsªu pyuk çkjaHk djrh o tSls gekjh –f"V

LVs'ku ij [kM+h nwljh Vsªu ij iM+rh gS] ml le; ,salk

çrhr gksrk gS fd] Lo;a dh VªSu LVs'ku ij #dh gqbZ gS

,oa lkeus okyh VªSu us pyuk çkjaHk dj fn;k gks]

ysfdu loky ;g gS fd] pkgs Lo;a dh Vªsu pyuk çkjaHk

djs ;k lkeus nksuksa ds e/; dh nwjh esa varj vkuk r;

gSA

ysfdu ;g fo"k; egRoiw.kZ gS fd] Vªsu

ftu&ftu jsyos LVs'ku ls xqtjsxh] ml LVs'ku dk

çHkko xqtjus okyh Vªsu o VªSu esa lokj ;kf=;ksa ij

vo'; gksxkA tSls& tyok;q] xehZ ;k BaM] çnw"k.k ;k

LoPNrk dk çHkko gksxk] ysfdu blls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ

rF; ;g gS fd] Vªsu dk Lo;a dk çHkko] Vªsu es ;k=k

dj jgs ;kf=;ksa ij gksxkA

tSls ,d Vªsu 'khr _rq esa mÙkj Hkkjr ls eqEcbZ

dks tk jgh gSA Vªsu tc mÙkj Hkkjr dh LVs'kukas ls

xqtjsxh] rc lkekU; o 'k;u;ku es cSBs ;kf=;ksa ds fy;s

BaM dk vuqHko gksxk] ysfdu okrkuqdwfyr esa cSBs ;kf=;ksa

dks 'khr dk vuqHko ugh gksxkA ;fn fnu esa ogh Vªsu

tc eqEcbZ igq¡psxh] rc lkekU; o 'k;u;ku okys

;kf=;ksa dks xehZ dk vuqHko gksxk ysfdu] okrkuqdwfyr

fMCcs ds ;kf=;ksa dks xehZ ;k B.M dk vuqHko ugh

gksxkA

;Fkk f'k[kk e;wjka.kka] ukxkuka e.k;ks ;FkkA

rn~ osnkax 'kkL=k.kka] T;ksfr"ka ew/kZfu fLFkrEk~AA

ftl çdkj e;wj ds Åij f'k[kk dk LFkku] ukx esa ef.k

dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gS] mlh çdkj osnksa o 'kkL=ksa esa


xviii

T;ksfr"k dk mPp LFkku gS] Bhd mlh çdkj Qfyr

T;ksfr"k esa leLr uoxzgksa] ckjg jkf'k;ksa o lÙkkbZl

u{k=ksa esa i`Foh xzg lcls egRoiw.kZ gSaA tSls fd] ,d

O;fä leLr i`Foh ds uD'ks dk fuekZ.k dj] uD'ks esa

lHkh egklkxjksa] }hiksa] lHkh ns'kksa dk o.kZu djus dk

ç;kl djsa] ysfdu Lo;a ds ns'k dks uD'ks esa o.kZu u

djsa] rc ;g fo'o dk v/;;u v/kwjk vFkkZr viw.kZ gh

ekuk tk;sxkA

blh çdkj Hkw&T;ksfr"k iqLrd esa çkphu T;ksfr"k

esa of.kZr lÙkkbZl u{k=] ckjg jkf"k;ksa] nLk xzgksa vFkkZr

çkphu uoxzg o i`Foh laiw.kZ T;ksfr"k fo"k; ij rdZ

lfgr o.kZu djus dk ç;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA

eSa vk'kk djrk gw¡ fd] lHkh ikBdksa dks

Hkw&T;ksfr"k iqLrd vo'; ilUn vk;sxh ,oa Kkuo/kZu

dk dk;Z djsxh---vki lHkh ds cgwewY; lq>ko] fopkj o

çfrfØ;k;sa lnSo lknj vkeaf=r gSA

vkidk

vkpk;Z& jTtu çlkn iVSy

neksg e-ç


xix


xx


xxi


xxii


xxiii


xxiv



1

T;ksfr"k D;k gS\

T;ksfr"ka osnkauke p{kq%

ekuo lekt esa fyf[kr lkfgR; dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ

gksrk gSA gekjs Hkkjr ns'k esa og lkfgR; tks ekuo ds

fy, mfpr ;k vuqfpr dk Kku djokrk gS ^^'kkL=**

dgykrs gSaA fofHkUu 'kkL=ksa esa osanks dk LFkku dk lcls

egRoiw.kZ gSa] ysfdu T;ksfr"k dks osnksa dk p{kq dgk tkrk

gSA

;Fkk f'k[kk e;wjk.kka ukxkuka e.k;ks ;FkkA

r} osnkax 'kkL=k.kka T;ksfr"ka ew/kZfu fLFkreAA

foQykU;U; 'kkL=kf.k fooknLrs"kq dsoyEk~A

çR;{ka T;ksfr"ka 'kkL=a pUækdksZ ;= lkf{k.kkSAA

ftl çdkj e;wj ds flj ij f'k[kk dk LFkku] ukx esa

ef.k dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gS] Bhd mlh çdkj lHkh osn o

'kkL=ksa esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dks cgqr egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk

gSA D;ksafd lHkh 'kkL=ksa esa ek= fyf[kr gksus ds dkj.k

rdZ&fordZ gksrk gS tks fd] fookn mRiUu djrk] çR;{k

çek.k ugha feyrk gSA ek= T;ksfr"k 'kkL= gh çR;{k o

Li"V gS] ftldk çR;{k çek.k lw;Z o pUæ tks fd] gesa

fn[kkbZ gh ugha nsrs cfYd] muls fudyus okyh fofHkUu

ÅtkZvksa] rki] çdk'k] 'khr ls lHkh ifjfpr gSaA

P


Hkw&T;ksfr"k

2

T;ksfr"ka lw;kZfnxzgk.kka cks/kda 'kkL=a

T;ksfr"k'kkL= og 'kkL= ftldh enn ls lw;Z] pUæ]

eaxy] cq/k] c`gLifr] 'kqØ] 'kfu vkfn xzgksa rkjksa o rkjk

lewgksa vFkkZr u{k=ksa tSls v'ouh] Hkj.kh] —frdk] jksg.kh]

e`xf”kjk] vkækZ] iquoZlq] iq"; v”ys"kk] e?kk] iwokZQkYxquh]

mÙkjkQkYxquh] gLr] fp=k] Lokrh] fo'kk[kk] vuqjk/kk]

T;s"Bk] ewy] iwokZ"kkM+k] mÙkjk"kkM+k] Jo.k] /kfu"Bk

'krfHk"kk] iwokZHkkækin] mÙkjkHkkæin] jsorh] ckjg jkf'k;k¡

tSls& es"k] o`"k] feFkqu] ddZ] flag] dU;k] rqyk] o`f'pd]

/kuq] edj] dqaHk o ehu jkf'k;ksa dh x.kuk o mu lHkh

dk xzgksa] u{k=ksa o jkf'k;ksa dk i`Foh o iFoh okfLk;ksa o

vU; thoksa ij 'kqHkk'kqHk çHkko dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk

gSA

P



3

iapk¡x

frfFk okfj'p u{k=ka ;ksx dj.keso pA

,rs"kk ;= foKkua iapk¡x rfUuxn~;rsAA

iapk¡x vFkkZr ik¡p vax] frfFk] okj] fnu] u{k=] ;ksx o

dj.k] vFkkZr ftlesa le; dh x.kuk ds ik¡p vax] frfFk]

okj] u{k=] ;ksx] dj.k vkfn dk nSfud fooj.k mYys[k

fd;s tkrs gaS] ^^iapk¡x** dgykrk gSA

iapk¡x esa ik¡p vaxkas ds vfrfjä vusd çdkj dh

tkudkfj;k¡ tSls& ozr] R;kSgkj] fofHkUu çdkj ds eqgqrZ]

xzg fLFkfr] xzgksa dk jkf'k ifjorZu] xzgksa dk oØh] ekxhZ]

[kxzkl o vU; nSfud thou mi;ksxh laca/kh vU;

fooj.k miyC/k jgrs gSaA Hkkjrh; yxHkx lHkh iapk¡x

fuj;.k i)fr ij vk/kkfjr jgrs gaS] tcfd ik'pkR;

ns'kksa esa lk;u i)fr dks egRo nsrs gSaA

P


Hkw&T;ksfr"k

4

u{k=

HkpØ tks fd] 360 va'k dk gksrk gS] og HkpØ 27 Hkkxksa

esa cVk jgrk gS vFkkZr ,d Hkkx 13 va'k 20 dyk dk

gksrk gSA ;g ,d Hkkx ^^u{k=** dgykrk gS ,oa u{k=ksa

dh la[;k lÙkkbZl gksrh gaSA tSls& v'ouh] Hkj.kh] —

frdk] jksg.kh] e`xf'kjk] vkæk] iquoZlq] iq";] e?kk]

iwokZQkYxquh] mÙkjk QkYxquh] gLr] fp=k] Lokrh] fo'kk[kk]

vuqjk/kk] T;s"Bk] ewy] iwokZ"kkM+k] mÙkjk"kkM+k] Jo.k] /kfu"Bk

'krfHk"kk] iwokZHkkækin] mÙkjkHkkæin] jsorhA

çR;sd u{k= iqu% 4 Hkkxks esa cVk jgrk gS] ftUgsa u{k=

ds pj.k dgrs gSaA

Ø

- u{k= nsork xzg jkf'k esa fLFkfr

1 v'ouh v'ouh

dqekj dsrq

00 va'k ls 13-20 va'k

es"k

2 Hkj.kh dky 'kqØ 13-20&26-40 va'k rd

es"k

3 —frdk vfXu lw;Z 26-40 ls 30 rd es"k

& 00-ls 10-23 o"k

4 jksg.kh czãk pUæ 10&23-20 o`"k

5 e`xf'kjk paæek eax

y

23%20 o`’k & 6%40

feFkqu

6 vknkZ #æ jkgq 06-40&20 feFkqu

7 iquoZlq vfnrh xq# 20feFkqu & 03-20 ddZ

8 iq"; c`gLifr 'kfu 03%20&16%20 ddZ

9 v'ys"kk liZ cq/k 16%40 ddZ & 00 flag



5

1

0 e?kk firj dsrq 00&13-20 flag

1

1 iwokZQkYxquh Hkx 'kqØ 13-20 ls 26-40

1

2 mÙkjkQkYxquh v;Zek lw;Z

26-40 flag & 10

dU;k

1

3 gLr lw;Z pUæ 10ls 23-20 dU;k

1

4 fp=k fo'odekZ

eax

y

23-20 dU;k & 6-40

rqyk

1

5 Lokfr iou jkgq 6-40&20 rqyk

1

6 fo'kk[kk 'kqØkfXu xq#

20 rqyk & 3-20

o`f'pd

1

7 vuqjk/kk fe= 'kfu 3-20&16-40 o`f'pd

1

8 T;s"Bk baæ cq/k

16-40 o`f'pd ls 00

/kuq

1

9 ewy uS_fr dsrq 00&13-20 /kuq

2

0 iwoZ’kkM+k ty 'kqØ 13-20&26-40 /kuq

2

1 mÙkjk’kkM+k fo'onso lw;Z 26-40 /kuq & 10 edj

2

2 Jo.k fo".kq pUæ 10&23-20 edj

2

3 /kfu"Bk olq

eax

y

23-20edj & 6-40

dqEHk

2

4 “krfHk’kk o:.k jkgw 06%40&20 dqaHk

2

5 iwokZHkknzkin vtSdikn xq: 20 dqaHk & 03%20 ehu

2

6 mŸkjkHkknzin vfgcqZ/k “kfu 03%20&16%40 ehu

2

7 jsorh Ikw’kk cq/k 16%40&30 ehu


Hkw&T;ksfr"k

6

u{k=ksa ds çdkj

/kzqo laKd - mÙkjk QkYxquh] mÙkjk"kkM+k] mÙkjk Hkkæin]

jksg.kh ,oa jfookj /kzqo laKd gksrs gSa vFkkZr bu u{k=ksa esa

fLFkjdeZ tSls& x`gkjEHk] cht cksuk] xzgkfnd 'kkafr]

cxhpk yxkuk vkfn dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA blds vfrfjä

e`nq u{k= esa fd;s tkus okys dk;Z Hkh dj ldrs gSA

pj laKd - Lokrh] iquoZlq] Jo.k] /kfu"Bk] 'krfHk"kk]

u{k= vkSj lkseokj ;s pj ^^u{k=** dgykrs gSaA buesa

;k=k djuk] Qqyokjh yxkuk vkfn dk;Z 'kqHk ekus tkrs

gaSA blds vfrfjä y?kqlaKd esa fd;s tkus okys dk;Z Hkh

dj ldrs gaSA

mxz laKd - iwokZ"kkM+k] iwokZHkkækin] iwokZQkYxquh] Hkj.kh]

e?kk ,oa eaxyokj mxz ç—fr ds ekus tkrs gSA vr% bu

u{k=ksa esa vfXu dk;Z] 'kL= cukuk] yM+us tkuk ,oa

nk#.k laKd esa fd;s tkus okys dk;Z Hkh dj ldrs gSA

feJ laKd - fo'kk[kk] —frdk vkSj cq/kokj ^^feJlaKd**

gksrs gS vFkkZr vPNs o cqjs dk;Z nksuksa ds fy, lkekU;r%

Bhd ekus tkrs gSA

y?kq laKd - gLr] vf'ouh] iq"; vkSj xq#okj ;s y?kq

laKd ekus tkrs gaSA bu u{k=ksa esa nqdku yxkuk] 'kkL=

v/;;u] vkHkw"k.k cuokuk] f'kYi] dyk lh[kuk vkfn

dk;Z 'kqHk ekus tkrs gSA

e`nq laKd - e`xf'kjk] jsorh] vuqjk/kk] vkSj 'kqØokj ;s

e`nq vkSj eS= laKd gSaA bu u{k=ksa esa xgus cuokuk ;k



7

/kkj.k djuk] xhr xkuk ;k lh[kuk] oL= /kkj.k djuk

vkfn dk;Z 'kqHk gksrs gaSA

rh{.k vkSj laKd - ewy] T;s"Bk vkæk o v'ys"kk vkSj

'kfuokj ;s rh{.k vkSj nk#.k laKd gksus ds dkj.k bu

u{k=ksa esa mxz o Hk;adj dk;Z tSls gfFk;kj ls vkØe.k]

;q)] dyg ,oa vU; mxz dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA

m/oZeq[k laKd - vknkZ iq";] Jo.k] /kfu"Bk] rhuksa mÙkjk

jksg.kh vkSj 'krfHk"kk ^^m/oZeq[k laKd** dgykrs gS vFkkZr

bu u{k=ksa esa edku cuokuk] fdyk cuokuk 'kqHk gksrk

gSA

v/kkseq[k laKd - ewy v'ys"kk fo'kk[kk] —frdk]

iwokZQkYxquh] iwokZ"kk<+k] iwokZHkkækin] Hkj.kh o e?kk]

v/kkseq[k laKd gksus ds dkj.k dqvka] cksjcsy o uhao

[kksnuk 'kqHk ekuk tkrk gSA

fr;ZaMeq[k laKd - vuqjk/kk] gLr] fp=k] Lokfr] iquoZlq]

T;s"Bk] jsorh] exf'kjk vkSj vf'ouh bu u{k=ksa esa

ca/kokuk] ;k=k vkSj pØ] jFk bR;kfn cuokuk 'kqHk gksrk

gSA

iapd laKd -/kfu"Bk] 'krfHk"kk iwokZHkkæin] mÙkjkHkkæin] jsorhA

nX/k laKd - jfookj dks Hkj.kh] lkseokj dks fp=k]

eaxyokj dks mÙkjk"kkM+k] cq/kokj dks /kfu"Bk] c`gLifr

okj dks mÙkjk QkYxquh] 'kqØokj dks T;s"Bk] 'kfuokj dks

jsorh dks nX/k laKd gSA


Hkw&T;ksfr"k

8

ekl'kwU; laKd - pS= esa jksg.kh vkSj vf'ouh] oS'kk[k esa

fp=k vkSj Lokfr] T;s"B esa mÙkjk"kkM+k vkSj iq';] vk"kk<+

esa iwokZQkYxquh vkSj /kfu"Bk] Jko.k esa mÙkjk"kkM+k vkSj

Jo.k] Hkkæin esa 'krfHk"kk vkSj jsorh] vf'ou esa

iwokZHkkæin] dkfrZd esa —frdk vkSj e?kk] ekxZ'kh"kZ esa

fp=k vkSj fo'kk[kk] ikS"k esa vknkZ] vf'ouh o gLr] ek?k

esa Jo.k o ewy] QkYxqu esa Hkj.kha o T;s"Bk ekl 'kwU;

u{k= gSA

P



9

frfFk

Hkkjr esa pUæ ekl dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA çR;sd pUæ

ekl esa nks i{k 'kqDy i{k o —".k i{k gksrs gS ,oa i{k esa

15 frfFk;k¡ gksrh gSaA vekoL;k ds fnu lw;Z o pUæ

fcYkdqy 0va'k ij gksrs vFkkZr fcYkdqy djhc gksrs gaSA

vekoL;k ds ckn tSls gh lw;Z ls pUæ 12 va'k vkxs

tkrk gS] rc 'kqDy i{k dh çFkek frfFk gksrh gaSA blh

Øe 12&12 va'k pUæek c<+rk tkrk ,oa lw;Z ls pUæ

180 va'k gksus ij iwf.kZek gksrh gS ,oa iqu% lw;Z ds lkFk

gksus ij vekoL;k gks tkrh gSA

çfrink ds nsork vfXu] f}rh;k ds czãk] r`rh;k

ds xkSjh] prqFkhZ ds x.ks'k] iapeh ds 'ks"kukx] "k"Bh ds

dkfrZds;] lIreh ds lw;Z] v"Veh ds f'ko] uoeh ds nqxkZ]

n'keh ds dky] ,dkn'kh ds fo'onso] }kn'kh ds fo".kq]

=;ksn'kh ds dke] prqnZ'kh ds f'ko] iwf.kZek ds pUæek]

vekoL;k ds firj nsork gksrs gSA

frfFk 24 ?kaVs esa dHkh Hkh cny ldrh gS oSls

iapk¡xksa esa çR;sd frfFk dk lekfIr dky fn;k jgrk gS]

ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS] iwoZ frfFk dh lekfIr ,oa vkxs dh

frfFk dh 'kq#vkrA

mn;k frfFk - T;ksfr"k ds eqgqrZ Hkkx esa frfFk dk vf/kd

egRo gS] ysfdu frFkh 24 ?kaVs esa dHkh Hkh cny ldrh

gSA blfy;s çkphu T;ksfr"kh;ksa ds fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj

lw;ksZn; dky ds le; dh frfFk iwjs fnu ekuh tkrh gSA

lw;ksZn; ds le; dh frfFk vFkkZr ^^mn;k frfFk**

dgykrh gSA


Hkw&T;ksfr"k

10

{k; frFkh - og frfFk tks lw;ksZn; ds ckn çkjaHk gksrh

gS ,oa vxys lw;ksZn; ds iwoZ lekIr gks tkrh gS] ^^{k;

frfFk** dgykrh gSA p¡wfd ;g frfFk lw;ksZn; ds le;

ugha gksrhA vr% bl frfFk dks ugha ekuk tkrk gSA

o`f) frfFk - og frfFk tks lw;ksZn; ds iwoZ çkjaHk gksrh gS

,oa vxys lw;ksZn; ds ckn rd jgrh gS] pw¡fd ;g frfFk

nks lw;ksZn; dky esa jgrhA vr% bldks nks fnu ekuk

tkrk blfy;s ;g frfFk ^^o`f) frfFk** dgykrh gSA

1] 6] 11 uUnk frfFk;k¡] 2] 7] 12 Hkæk frfFk;k¡] t;k] 4]

9] 14 fjäk] 5] 10] 15 iw.kkZ frfFk dgykrh gSA

fl)k frfFk;k¡ - eaxyokj dks 3] 8] 13 cq/kokj dks 2] 7]

12] c`gLifr okj dks 5] 10] 15] 'kqØokj dks 1] 6] 11]

,oa 'kfuokj dks 4] 9] 14 frfFk;k¡ ^^fl)k frfFk;k¡**

dgykrh gS vFkkZr lkFk esa frfFk o okj gks] ml fnu

fd;k dk;Z fl) ;k iw.kZ gksrk gSA

ekl 'kwU; frfFk;k¡ - pS= ekl esa nksuksa i{kksa dh v"Veh

vkSj uoeha] oS'kk[k esa nksuks a i{kksa dh }kn”kh] T;s"B ekl

esa —".ki{k dh prqn'khZ o 'kqDyi{k dh =;ksn'kh] vk"kk<+

esa —".k i{k dh "k"Bh vkSj 'kqDy i{k dh lIreh] Jko.k

ekl esa nksuksa i{kksa dh f}rh;k o rrh;k] Hkkæ ekl esa

nksuksa i{kksa dh çfrink o f}rh;k] vf'ou esa nksuksa i{kkas

dh n'keha o ,dkn'kh] dkfrZd esa —".k i{k dh iapeha o

'kqDy i{k dh prqnZ'kh] ekxZ'kh"kZ ;k vxgu esa nksuksa i{kkas

dh lIreha o v"Veha] ikS"k esa nksuksa i{kksa dh prqFkhZ o

iapeha] ek?k esa —".k i{k dh iapeha o 'kqDy i{k dh "k"Bh

,oa QkYxqu ekl esa —".k i{k dh prqFkhZ vkSj 'kqDy i{k

dh rrh;k ^^ekl 'kwU; frfFk;k¡** dgykrh gSa vFkkZr ekl

'kwU; frfFk;ksa esa fd;s dk;Z lQy ugha gksrs gSaA



11

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