Sample Copy. Not For Distribution · 2018-04-17 · National Map Policy 77 10.3 Remote Sensing Data...

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G I S Principles & Practices


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Printed in India


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Some Notes

G.S. Kumar

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in


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Contents

Chapter Topic Page

Introductory Remarks xiii

Prologue xv

1. Introduction 1

1.1 GeoSpatial Technology 1

1.2 GIS Everywhere 1

1.3 Content 2

1.4 Scope 3

1.5 Policies 4

2. GIS in India 5

2.1 GeoMap Society (GEMS) 5

2.2 GIS India 6

2.3 Other GIS Journals 7

2.4 Aerial Photogrammetry 7

2.5 Policy environment in geospatial domain –

Maj Gen Dr R Siva Kumar (Retd)

9

2.5.1 Maps 9

2.5.2 Survey of India

2.5.3 Digital Technologies 10

2.5.4 The Great Trigonometric Survey

(GTS)

11

2.5.5 Map Restrictions 12

2.5.6 Ideal geospatial policy

environment


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3. Spatial Data Capture 15

3.1 Integration 15

3.2 Indian Satellite RS 15

3.3 Data Base Issues 16

3.4 RS Data Capture Techniques 17

3.4.1 General 17

3.4.2 Radio Detection And Ranging

(R A D A R)

18

3.4.3 Terrestrial Laser Scanner

4. Cost, Accuracy and Planning Aspects 24

4.1 Map Accuracy 24

4.2 Control points 25

4.3 Cost Aspects 26

4.4 Policies & Technology 27

5. Maps; Map Projections, Datums & Coordinate Systems

29

5.1 Ancient background 29

5.2 Survey of India 29

5.3 Horizontal Datums 30

5.4 Vertical Datums 30

5.5 Map Projections 32

5.5.1 Examples of Conic Projections 35

5.6 Symbols 35

5.7 Thematic maps 35

5.8 Engineering maps 36

5.9 Cadastral (more in chapter 8 ) 36

5.10 Digital Maps 36

5.11 NORTH 36

5.12 Survey of India maps 37

5.13 U T M 38

5.13.1 Overlapping grids 39

5.13.2 UTM zones of India 40


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5.14 NMP map numbering 41

5.15 Features of NMP 42

5.16 G S T Policy 42

6. NAVSTAR – GPS & Other Systems 44

6.1 NAVSTAR 44

6.2 Handheld GPS receivers 45

6.3 Navigational Systems 46

6.4 The Indian Regional Navigation

Satellite System (IRNSS)

46

6.5 Differential Global Positioning

System (DGPS)

47

6.6 Augmented reality (AR)

6.7 Concluding note

49

50

7. Field Surveys 51

7.1 Principles 51

7.2 Levelling observations 51

7.3Traditional land survey methods 53

7.4 Current field survey methods 53

7.4.1 Total Station survey 53

7.4.2 GPS Survey

7.4.3 Lase Ranger

7.4.4 LiDAR

7.4.5 3D scanning Example

54

54

54

55

7.5 Concluding remarks 55

8. Cadastral Surveys 57

8.1 Introduction 57

8.2 Goa Experiment 57

8.3 Madhya Pradesh Experiment 58

8.4 Angul-Nalco project in Orissa 59

8.5 Resurvey project in Andhra Pradesh/ ILIS, Nizamabad

59

8.6 A new approach in Telangana 60

8.7 Issues 60


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8.8 Registration & Title 61

8.8.1 Australia 62

8.8.2 Revenue department records kept changing

63

8.8.3 Project G-Triangulation –

Gurugram

63

8.9 UK Example 65

8.10 Land titles 67

8.11 Establishing System to Register

Title of Lands

67

8.12 Author‘s note 69

9. Digital Photogrammetry 70

9.1 Some Points 70

9.2 Aerial Photograph 70

9.3 Data Capture through

photogrammetry

72

9.3.1 Digital Photogrammetry common to all platforms

72

9.3.2 Ground Control Points (GCP‘s) 73

9.4 LIDAR survey of Godavari 74

10. Issues 76

10.1 National Map Policy – 2005 76

10.1.1 Some relevant extracts 76

10.1.2 Two Series of Maps 76

10.1.3 National Topographical Data Base

(NTDB)

77

10.1.4 Applicability of Previous

Instructions

77

10.1.5 Contents of OSM 77

10.2 Guidelines For Implementing

National Map Policy

77

10.3 Remote Sensing Data Policy 78

10.3.1 License 78

10.3.2 Permission 78


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10.3.3 Government‘s right

10.3.4 Rights on foreign satellite

imagery of India

78

78

10.4 Violation of National Map Policy 79

10.5 Some Views (Extracts)

10.5.1 License raj S D Baveja 79

10.5.2 Incomplete NK Agrawal 81

10.5.3 Dampening K V Ravindran 82

10.5.4 A misnomer Pramod K Singh 83

10.6 One Nation – One GST Policy 87

10.6.1 Divide and Rule Policy 87

10.6.2 Nizamabad project 88

11. G I S 90

11.1 Evolution of GIS 90

11.2 GIS Definitions 70

11.3 Open Source GIS 90

11.4 Q GIS 94

11.5 Vector and raster data in GIS 95

11.6 Symbology 98

11.7 Attribute data 99

11.8 GIS Layers 99

11.9 Some Advantages – Summarised 101

11.10 Traditional – 2D, 3D and 4D 101

11.11 Scope in GIS 101

11.12 Remarks 102

11.12.1 Lack of coordination in GIS 102

11.12.2 Digital map data 103

11.12.3 Google maps 103

11.12.4 N S D I 103

12. GIS Applications 105

12.1 Land use of a colony 105

12.2 Water Cess Dues of a Colony 106


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12.3 Garbage points of a colony 106

12.4 Bank Customer spread 107

12.5 Demographic data of a particular income range

107

12.6 Area of influence of a Bank 108

12.7 GIS Mapping of crime data in

Hyderabad

109

12.8 Digital Map support for Navigation

map of Hyderabad

109

12.9 High accuracy House-hold Survey 110

12.10 DGPS based integrated survey 110

12.11 High accuracy heighting 110

12. 12 Blood supply by Drones 110

13. Khichdi 111

13.1 CARTOSAT-1 111

13.2 Surveying 112

13.3 Road network Information 112

13.4 3D Mapping 112

13.4.1 Generation of Cadastral Maps 113

13.5 U S G S 113

13.6 INSPIRE 114

13.7 India‘s National Map Policy:

HOPE vs HYPE

13.8 UK‘s Mapping Agency

114

116

13.9 British Raj tradition 116

13.10 Dangerous Policy 117

13.11 Land Surveyor/ GIS professional 117

13.12 Surveying with Drone 120

13.13 Dr P.Wong 121

14. Questions & Answers 123

Abbreviations (selected list) 126

Epilogue 127


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Introductory Remarks

Dr. DP Rao (Padmasri),

Former Director, NRSC

It is not easy to give introductory remarks for a book written by

a civil engineer by education, by a geologist/geomorphologist

by education. However, the surveying and mapping experience

of the author and use of maps and remote sensing data for preparation of thematic maps addressing needs of the nation,

during my four decades of experience, has tempted me to

accept the author‘s request to give a few remarks on the

contents of the book.

GIS principles and practices is an attempt to compile series

of professional lectures by the author in various educational

institutions and other forums. Motivated by the experience of

running a popular journal GIS India and training programs in GIS, the contents cover various issues that need to be

considered for a successful GIS in practice. Having worked

extensively with topographic maps, gained an insight into the

intricacies of maps, accuracy in maps, datums, map projections and differences with cadastral maps etc. helps in appreciating

spatial data integration issues using GIS. Some aspects of

importance of ground control points in arriving at required

accuracies are listed.

Navigation systems, field surveys, examples of cadastral surveys, particularly those involving digital photogrammetry

using aerial photos are highlighted, the reading of which

educates the reader for choosing appropriate method for a

given occasion.


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There is considerable discussion on Map Policy, the

changing policy over time and similarly on remote sensing data

costing and policy on availability. The concerns of user for obtaining maps, digitization of maps, availability of high

resolution data are highlighted. The status of National Spatial

Data Infrastructure and its functional problems are also

discussed.

Finally, GIS the core issue of the book and its practical

application are covered with considerable details on its

evolution and various stages of development leading to latest

4D GIS and open source GIS and web based GIS.

Spatial data like maps and satellite images and its variants

like GPS and Total Station Survey etc are essential for

preparing national, regional and local thematic maps for

development. With the availability of Indian Remote Sensing data, integration of various sets of spatial information in GIS

format is made easy as it can be manipulated to suit a

particular use. A very significant example is the concept of

Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) which

was executed as a national project by Dept.of Space. There are other equally important examples like Drinking Water Mission,

Wasteland Mapping for reclamation of wastelands and many

more.

The IMSD example is not only successful but proved critical to several regions dependent on ground water for agriculture

and related activities. It is heartening to see several NGOs

taking up rainwater conservation. The River Rejuvenation

Program successfully going on in some southern states, thanks to the initiative taken by Sri Sri Ravishankar (Art od Living

guru), is a good example of GIS in practical use. I am sure

several agencies including private companies are conducting

GIS mapping in several parts of the country. I am happy that

the author tried to bring this to light.

In the process one may find some topics repeatedly

covered and at times the reading may sound like a Khichidi. But

Kichidi has its own special taste. This book covering practical

aspects of integrating desperate spatial data and technologies will be useful to students as well as others with interest in GIS.

A must book for libraries and individuals with interest in GIS.

*****


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Prologue

This book is a collection/compilation of technological

information/notes on GIS, views and ideas mainly based on the author‘s professional experience. The objective is to share

specific knowledge of GIS that would help better understanding

of GIS applications which are growing rapidly. This book will

supplement the material in existing text books and internet on

the various aspects of GIS.

Author benefited from the following:

30 years of experience in Survey of India in Surveying &

Mapping 40 years of experience in delivering lectures ( and

interactions) on maps & GIS in schools, colleges and various

Institutions (like – NAARM, ESCI, WALAMTARI, CGG, etc )

25 years of publishing GIS India monthly journal started in 1992.

25 years of experience in private sector in organising GIS

training, events, guiding projects, participation in

conferences, Consultancy jobs. Last but not the least, association with committed

professionals.

The list is long if I consider my professional experience of

more than 55 years. Most recently, I was greatly benefited from my association with Dr. DP Rao (Padmasri), Dr.TH

Choudary (Padmasri), Dr. V.Raghav Swamy, Dr. Swarna Subba

Rao, Prof IV Murali Krishna, Maj Gen. Dr R.Siva Kunar,Mr. NK

Agrawal, Mr. KK Pappan, Brig JS Ahuja, Mr. P.Satyanarayana, Mr. VS Rao. Mr. MS Swamy. Mr. BN Rao...... many others, last

but not the least Mr. Rakesh Bhatnagar now in Hyderabad after

a long stay in USA, continuing his support for all our GIS

related activities right from 1990.

During 1990‘s, I got intensely involved with GIS. Brig

N.Dhal (retd Director, SoI ), late Prof Afzal Mohd ( Ex-Vice

chancellor Ambedker University).Mr. PVS Madhusudan Rao and

Dr B. Nagarajan influenced me a lot in shaping my ideas about

GIS.


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In my GIS journey so far, many from India and abroad

extended their valuable cooperation. An attempt has been

made in Chapter 2-GIS India, to cover the names and organisations. But this does not cover all.

At office, Mr.Naga Srinivas and Mr. B Srinivas have been

great support of strength. Sincerity of Office boy Suresh and

driver Arjun provided great comfort in fulfilling responsibilities.

And of course I include my son, Maj Shiva Kiran, a PhD in

GIS and a practising professional with special interest

/commitment to develop GIS applications and for his support in

this endeavour.

My son Maj (Dr.) Shiva Kiran has been in this field for the

last 20 years - Both of us living together, thinking together, discussing/arguing together, working together, planning

together..... most of the time about GIS. We firmly believe that

adoption of GIS will help the country to get rid of legacies which

breed corruption and inefficiency.

The author has experienced the evolution of photogrammetry from manual to digital, chain survey to Mobile

mapping, field surveys to image verification. This evolution in

the last three decades has been revolutionary. Generally, new

technology does not replace traditional technology completely. For example, air travel and bullock cart both are existing even

today. Surface taping is still in practice for measurement in


xvii

spite of Total Station. In case of photogrammetry, digital

photogrammerty has totally replaced conventional and manual

photogrammetry.

Content in this book may appear to be randomly distributed

and this could be because of the effort to include material of

practical importance wherever considered necessary.

Today, Map means Digital map. It is a combination of data from traditional map, Satellite Remote Sensing, GPS, Surveying

and other sources integrating into Geographical Information

System (GIS). Right from hiring a cab to engineering

applications, it is the Map combined with application SW that has become a part of our daily lives.

As the technology or system of GIS has been evolving,

experts and experienced professionals have been expressing

and sharing valuable informative opinions. Such views and opinions have been included appropriately in this work.

Attempt has been made to arrange the material in the form

of chapters, but it has become difficult to classify as

overlapping became unavoidable to maintain some level of

continuity.

I end this note believing that the material of this book will

be of use to everyone with an interest in GIS. Shortcomings/

deficiencies are bound to be there. The author will be thankful

for comments which can be emailed to: [email protected]

- G.S. Kumar



1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GeoSpatial Technology

Geographical Information System (GIS) over a period of about

four decades evolved necessitating use of new terms like – Geomatics, GeoInformation Technology, Spatial Information

technology, GeoSpatial Technology. This is a natural outcome

because GIS has embraced many disciplines and Technologies.

Most of the IT Companies have started GIS departments.

Terrestrial Laser Scanner is an example of surveying & Mapping for GIS data base

combining several technologies.

Maps, Total Station, Levelling, Land surveying, GIS, Remote

Sensing, Photogrammetry, Cartography, LiDAR, Laser, Drone

based surveys, etc are now integral part of Geospatial Technologies (GST). So, it has become necessary to use several

technologies and skills to provide working solutions for any

project big or small. Terrestrial Laser Scanner is an example of

surveying & Mapping for GIS data base combining several

technologies.

1.2 GIS Everywhere

Ordering food or hiring a cab or constructing road or dam, GIS

plays important role. Some examples:

1. Blood supply by Drones : The world’s first commercial drone

delivery service has launched in Rwanda

http://qz.com/809576/zipline-has-launched-the-worlds-

first-commercial-drone-delivery-service-to-supply-blood-in-

rwanda/ 2. GPS Based Surveying for Mapping of Canal Alignment in GIS

Environment - A Case Study of a Branch Canal of Alimineti

Madhava Reddy project, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh,


http://qz.com/809576/zipline-has-launched-the-worlds-first-commercial-drone-delivery-service-to-supply-blood-in-rwanda/



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