Water Pollution Control and management in the Bohai Ring Megalopolis
SALTWATER INTRUSION STUDY IN BOHAI COASTAL ZONE...Owing to the concentration of human habitation,...
Transcript of SALTWATER INTRUSION STUDY IN BOHAI COASTAL ZONE...Owing to the concentration of human habitation,...
SALTWATER INTRUSION STUDYSALTWATER INTRUSION STUDYIN BOHAI COASTAL ZONE
Hongwei LiuHongwei Liu
Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey
ContentsContents
d i1. Introduction
2. Physical backgroundy g
3. Legal and institutional framework
4 Problem descriptions4. Problem descriptions
5. Research questions and objectives
6. Data availability
7 Training needs and capacity development7. Training needs and capacity development
8. Expectations from the project
1 Introduction Study area1. Introduction Study area
SWI in China
• DistributionDistribution
• The Earliest Site:
Dalian City
• Most Serious Site:• Most Serious Site:
Laizhou Bay Area
• Study Area:
L i h B ALaizhou Bay Area
1. Introduction
• Social and economicsThe study area covers almost
5000 km2 in Shandong province,
eastern Chinaeastern China .
Population: 2 million.
GDP: 80 billion RMB
(about 10 billion EURO).
Agriculture:
( d h )(crops‐cotton, maize and wheat).
Industry: marine chemistry, machinery manufacture and ytextile.
Irrigation: groundwater and surface water Location mapsurface water. Location map
1 Introduction1. Introduction• (Ground)Water resources development and managementmanagement
Water resources development:
- Mean annual amount of water resources: 744.4 million m3.Mean annual amount of water resources: 744.4 million m3.
- Available amount of surface water resources: 212.3 million m3.
- Amount of groundwater exploitation: 532.1 million m3.
P ti f diff t- Proportion of different purpose:
Irrigation
Irrigation amount: 87%
Industry and drinking amount: 13 %
Irrigation
Industry anddrinking
Irrigation in salt-water area: surface water.Irrigation in salt water area: surface water.Irrigation in fresh-water area: groundwater (majority) and surface water (minority).
1 Introduction1. Introduction
•(Ground)Water resources development and(Ground)Water resources development and
• management
Management measures :
- Increase the sources of water (Precipitation, guest-water), water i (A i lt i d t d i ki ) R ti lresources saving (Agriculture, industry, drinking) , Rational
exploitation of groundwater.
- Project of water retaining dam in the river.j g
- Artificial recharge and setting up a freshwater barrier ,make full use of the fresh water from Yinhuangjiqing channel.
P j t f d d d i t i i d t t SWI- Project of underground dam in estuaries in order to prevent SWI.
- Utilization of brackish water .
1 Introduction1. Introduction• Problems and challenges- Amount of water resources could not meet the demand of economicAmount of water resources could not meet the demand of economic
development.
- Saltwater intrusion occurred because of overexploitation.
S lt t i t i h d i fl d i lt i d t d d i ki- Saltwater intrusion had influenced agriculture, industry and drinking.
• Previous and on‐going projects and researchesH d l i l d h d h i l t di ( XUE 1998 N ji- Hydrogeological and hydrogeochemiscal studies.( XUE,1998a. Nanjing University)
- The simulation of hydrodynamic field under exploited condition with MODFLOW. (Shandong province.2006a .SECTION)
- Monitoring and simulation of seawater intrusion in typical coastal area. (CIGEM ,CGS. 2011-2013a)(CIGEM ,CGS. 2011 2013a)
- The geological environment investigation and assessment in the Bohai Economic Zone .(CGS. 2012-2014a)
G l i l i t i ti ti d t i L i h B- Geological environment investigation and assessment in Laizhou Bay area.( CGS.2013-2015a)
2 Physical background2. Physical background
• geomorphologyHigher in south and lower in north,
Ground elevation
South:
North:
30m
5m
l
Average slope : 0.47‰.
Alluviual → Diluvial → Marine sediments
• geologyIt contains a series of Cretaceous to Recent sediments that overlie the Palaeozoic basement
LEGEND : 1.Low mountain;2.Hills;3.Intermountainous plain ( IV1-Denudation plain;IV2-Alluvial and diluvialplain);4.Inclined piedmont alluvial and diluvial plain;5.Micro-inclined plain(VI1-Alluvial and diluvial plain by yellowriver;VI2-Alluvial and marine plain;VI3-Marine plain);6.Marine and diluvial plain of deltas ; 7.Boundary ofgeomorphology;8.Boundary of secondary geomorphology;9.Sandy soil of Quaternary ;10.Sandy clay of Quaternary;11.Clay of Quaternary;12.Loess of Quaternary;13.Granite;14.Boundary of lithology;15.Rivers;16.Faluts;
basement.
Quaternary sediments(thickness)
South:
North:
30-50m
300 400m
Geomorphological and Geological map
y Q y Q y y gy17.Alluvial-diluvial fan;18.Boundary of Bohai coastal zone;19.Boundary of study area.
(thickness) North: 300-400m
2 Physical background2. Physical backgroundMean annual precipitation 630 mm
A l i it tiAnnual precipitation
250
300
(mm)
50
100
150
200
Precipitation(
Monthly precipitation (2011a)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
Monthly precipitation (2011a)
2 Physical background2. Physical backgroundAverage annual temperature 12
12.5
13
13.5
re(℃
)
11
11.5
12
Temperatur
Annual temperature
10.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
15
20
25
30
re(℃)
-5
0
5
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Temperatur
Monthly temperature
(2011a)
-10
Month
2 Physical background2. Physical background
Average annual evaporation 1640 mmAverage annual evaporation 1640 mm
150
200
250
on(mm)
50
100
Evaporatio
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
Monthly evaporation (2011a)
Drought character:Mean annual precipitation(630mm)Average annual evaporation(1640mm) >
2 Physical background2. Physical background
Aquifers and aquitardsAquifers and aquitards
Hydrogeological cross‐sections
2 Physical background2. Physical background
Main riversMain riversWeihe river, Yuhe river, Bailanghe river and Mihe river.
Channel
Yinhuangjiqing channelYinhuangjiqing channel.
ReservoirsXiashan reservoir,Bailanghe reservoir.
Catchments map
3 Legal and institutional framework3. Legal and institutional framework
Water laws and regulations
-Water resources (surface water and groundwater) belong to state
Water laws and regulations
state.
-Unified management of water resources.
The state encourages organizations and individuals to-The state encourages organizations and individuals to develop and utilize water resources by law, and protect their legal rights and interests.
-License system of fetching water, charge system of water resources, and fines to overexploitation.
I l t t i t t i d- Implement water-saving system, water-saving reward.
- Protection, modification and utilization of water resources, fines to pollutionfines to pollution.
3 Legal and institutional framework3. Legal and institutional frameworkOrganizational set-up for (ground)water resources management.
Management scope on water resources are given by the government in China. The Ministry of Water Resources implements comprehensive management for water resources. Other Ministries and its’ subsidiary bodies implement classified survey and supervise on water resources. Ministries and functions on water management are as follows:
Organizational diagram
4 Problem descriptions4. Problem descriptionsGroundwater depletion
Overexploitation
FunnelsFunnels
SWI
Water level of shallow groundwater (m)Legend:1.Line of groundwater depth;2.Line of shallow groundwater level;
3.Boundary of mount and plain; 4.Rivers;
Map showing the cone of depression
y p ; ;
4 Problem descriptions4. Problem descriptions
Groundwater depletionp
Shallow groundwater level curveRelationship among groundwater level, exploitation and pricipitation
Groundwater level hydrograph showing decreasing trend.
4 Problem descriptions4. Problem descriptionsSaltwater intrusion
Owing to the concentration of human habitation, urbanization and agricultural activity, increasing demand for groundwater has caused a gradual increase in saltwater intrusion over recent years.
GUANGRAO,163.7
SHOUGUANG,137.8
ZHAOYUAN, 24
LONGKOU ,131.7
20
30
40
50
ion area
0*km
2)
te(
km2/a)
HANTING,100.5LAIZHOU,
380.6
0
10
Intrusi
(100
Intrusion ra
1976-1979
1980-1989
1989-1993
1993-2005
Y
Intrusion acreage
CHANGYI,136.5PINGDU, 82.9
SWI occurred in several monitoring wells in the coastal area of Shouguang,
Years Intrusion rate
Hanting and Laizhou city in 1976.
From 1970s to prophase of 1980s, the rate of intrusion was very slow.
Si th i th i t i b t d i th idSince the excessive pumpage, the intrusion became aggravated in the mid and late 1980s.
Generant process of SWIGenerant process of SWI
H d t P P th
Brine layer Ancient riverwayExploitation
Headstream Power Paths
SWI
4 Problem descriptions4. Problem descriptionsSaltwater intrusion
The survey results in 2011a
4 Problem descriptions
North
4. Problem descriptions
North
Cl-
Cl SO 2
TD
S
Cl-·SO42-
HCO3-·Cl-
HCO3-
South
4 Problem descriptions4. Problem descriptionsThe salt‐fresh water interfaces
Interface moving2002a-2005aFaster:
Interface moving
inland 2005a-2007aLower:
ChangyiCity:Exploitation
Present locationChangyi
about 28km--sea
City:
Distance:
5 Research questions and objectives5. Research questions and objectives
• Research questions for saltwater intrusionResearch questions for saltwater intrusion
(a).Boundary of saltwater intrusion, and multilayered
(b). Relationship between river‐water and groundwater,
monitoring of SWI.
( ) p g ,and monitoring of (ground)water level.
( ) l l l ff h h d d(c). Environmental geological effects which were induced by human activities and climate changing.
(d). Relationship between vegetation ( crops, irrigation mode ) and groundwater & saline land improvement.g p
5 Research questions and objectives5. Research questions and objectives
Obj i f l i i d• Objectives for saltwater intrusion study
(a) Refined hydrogeological studies in SWI area(a). Refined hydrogeological studies in SWI area.
(b) E i l d i l i i f d(b). Economical and practical monitoring for groundwater.
(c). Forecast model suitable for study area.
(d). Prevention and control technology of SWI.
6 Data availability6. Data availability• Data for mapping saltwater intrusion
l ifi i d d li i f if– Classification and delineation of aquifers
Single‐layer to multi‐layers structure.
– Number and distribution of groundwater level and qualityNumber and distribution of groundwater level and quality monitoring wells in each aquifer.
5 shallow monitoring wells, 1 multi‐layered monitoring well.
– Sampling for groundwater salinity study
2 times/a (profile).
Time series of salinity increase– Time series of salinity increase
2001‐now (discontinuous), 2012‐2015(continuous)
– Contour map of salinityContour map of salinity
2005a, 2011a
6 Data availability6. Data availability• Data for mapping saltwater intrusion
f l– Sources of saltwater
Modern seawater and ancient seawater (brine).
– Fresh/salt water interfaces (determined by geophysical surveysFresh/salt water interfaces (determined by geophysical surveys, water samples, and monitoring data)
Geophysical surveys: 2011a(3 profiles), 2013‐2015 (more)
– Impacts of saltwater intrusion
Agriculture: reduction of yield, useless of irrigation wells.
Industry: cost increase decline of production qualityIndustry: cost increase, decline of production quality.
Health: health risk.
– Modeling of saltwater intrusionModeling of saltwater intrusion
Prediction simulation of hydrodynamic field in local area (2006a).
Lack of modeling of SWI for regional area.
7. Training needs and capacity development
• Number of experts and experiencesNumber of experts and experiences6 experts for SWI √
• Required training courses• Required training courses
Modeling. Advanced monitoring methods?
• Set‐up of groundwater monitoring networks
Profile monitoring: CTD diver, water samples √g p
Training need
• Instruments for groundwater monitoringInstruments for groundwater monitoringCTD diver √ Water quality multi‐probes (HYDROLAB) √
Training needg
7. Training needs and capacity development
S f f d d li• Software for groundwater modelingMODFLOW √ Other prevalent or applied software?
• Construction of groundwater modelsTraining need
• Measures for mitigating groundwater problemsTraining need
• Groundwater management and governanceTraining need (Pay more attention to methods of technology)g ( y gy)
8 Expectations from the project8. Expectations from the project• How should project seminars and workshops be organized?
• What assistances are required from the project?q p jAdvanced methods and theory.
• What results are expected from the project?What results are expected from the project?Improve the study level for the study area, and finish comparative
research with cooperative countries.
• What do you want to learn from other countries?Working experiences. Working thoughts. g p g g
• What experiences do you want to share with other countries?countries?
Geophysical survey. Monitoring system.
Thank you for yourThank you for your attention!attention!
Mr. Ma Zhen
• 25 employees in the department• 2 professors 5 PHDs 11 masters• 4 research groups: water cycle evolution & water
resources assessment, SWI & hydrochemistry, land subsidence & geohazard, Quaternary geology
Geophysical survey
Proposal of SWI monitoringProposal of SWI monitoring
Remote sensing Air
Geophysical exploration
Physiognomy
Geophysical exploration
Vegetation
SWI Monitorsystem
PhysiognomySurface
RiversSoil
Under-ground
Ph i l h i tg
Physical chemistryof water in well
Instrument in well
Period: 2-3 times/a for three years