Rosids (fabids part II), plant biogeography

Today’s lecture

•  Salicaceae •  Fagaceae •  Betulaceae

–  Class exercise

•  Biogeography –  Exam review

Soltis et al., 2011

Monocots'

ANITA'grade'

Magnoliids'

Ranunculaceae'

Caryophyllales'

Saxifragales'

Rosids'

Angiosperm phylogeny

Basal eudicots

Asterids Rosids

Eudicots (Tricolpates)

Angiosperm phylogeny

Rosids

Rosids

2 genera; 435 species as narrowly defined (sensu stricto) (Populus, Salix) Habit: Leaves:

Salicaceae s.s.

Woody trees or shrubs

Simple, alternate Salicoid teeth Deciduous

Salicaceae s.s.

2 genera; 435 species

Salix spp. Dioecious

Salicaceae s.s.

Symmetry: Perianth parts: Stamens: Pistils: Ovary position: Fruit type:

Radial

absent

2-4; male plants with catkins

1 compound pistil (2-4 carpels, many-seeded) female plants with catkins

Superior

Capsule, seeds hairy

Manos and Steele 1997

No nectaries

Unisexual flowers with reduced perianth Inferior ovary with 1 or 2 ovules per locule Indehiscent fruits

Fagales

Betulaceae

Fagaceae Monoecious

9 genera; 900 species Habit: Leaves:

Fagaceae

Woody trees or shrubs

Simple, alternate Lobed or entire Deciduous or evergreen

Fagaceae

Castanea spp.

Symmetry: Perianth parts: Stamens: Pistils: Ovary position: Fruit type:

Radial

Usually 6 tepals inconspicuous

4-40; staminate flowers in catkins

1 compound pistil (usually 3 carpels) pistillate flowers solitary

Inferior

Nut cupule (involucre)

Fagaceae

Fagaceae

6 genera, 157 species Habit: Leaves:

Betulaceae

Woody trees or shrubs

Simple, alternate Margins doubly serrate Deciduous

Betulaceae

Corylus spp.

Betulaceae

Symmetry: Perianth parts: Stamens: Pistils: Ovary position: Fruit type:

Radial

1-4 tepals, or none inconspicuous

4; staminate flowers in catkins

1 compound pistil (2 carpels); pistillate flowers in catkins

Inferior

achene, samara

The age of European exploration

Ortelius world map, 1564

Biogeography

Patterns of geographic variation in nature What are the processes which result in

these patterns?

Biotic assemblages vary according to climate and environment; Environmentally similar regions that are isolated from one another have distinct biotic assemblages (Buffon s Law)

Ecological Biogeography

Historical Biogeography

Biogeography

Maple Cherry Wattle

Rhododendron Dahlia

Iris

Protea Peony

Orchid

Washington state (USA), China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, France, Japan, South Africa, Canada

Class exercise – biogeography

Global plant diversity Biogeography

Short timescales, functional groups (communities), environmental constraints (niches)

How does the environment influence plant assemblages?

WA ecological biogeography

Ecological Biogeography

Spokane

Ellensburg Mt. Rainier

Steven s Pass

Snoqualmie Pass Tacoma

WA ecological biogeography

Alpine and subalpine: high elevation, short, cool growing season

Shrub-steppe: sagebrush, low rainfall

Temperate rainforest: epiphytes, >2m of rainfall per year

Montane and lowland forest: forest canopy, med-low elevation, med-long growing season

WA ecological biogeography

NOAA Satellite and Information service, 1961 - 1990 Mean annual precipitation

WA ecological biogeography

NOAA Satellite and Information service, 1961 - 1990 Minimum winter temperature

WA ecological biogeography

NOAA Satellite and Information service, 1961 - 1990 Maximum summer temperature

WA ecological biogeography

Shrub-steppe Lowland and montane forest

Alpine

Alpine Rainforest

Rainforest

WA ecological biogeography

Long timescales, taxonomic groups (clades), biogeographic events

How do patterns in geographic distributions arise?

Historical Biogeography

A B

C

A B C

A B

C

Dispersal

Vicariance

WA historical biogeography

Mesic coniferous forest of the Pacific Northwest Climax Tsuga heterophylla and Thuja plicata; cedar-hemlock zone Western slopes of the Cascades, narrow band on the east, northern Rockies to Clearwater Disjunction between same spp. In the Cascades (coast) and Rockies (inland)

WA historical biogeography

WA historical biogeography

Cascades

Rockies

Salix melanopsis

Pinus albicaulis

Sullivan lab, U Idaho

WA historical biogeography

Dispersal or vicariance?

Dispersal Rockies to Cascades via a northern route

Carstens et al, 2005

WA historical biogeography

Summary Patterns in the geographic distributions of different kinds of organisms; The processes behind those patterns: Ecological biogeography Historical biogeography

Proof illustration entitled Characteristic Mammals of a Canadian Forest for Wallace's book “The Geographical Distribution of Animals”, dated 1876. British Natural History Museum.

WA historical biogeography