A≤ymbw aq∂v

\m´pcmPyNcn{Xw aebmfkn\nabn¬

111

A≤ymbw aq∂v

\m´pcmPyNcn{Xw

aebmfkn\nabn¬

\m´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-bpw cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw Ncn{Xw a\- n-em-°nbm¬

am{Xsa tIc-f-N-cn-{X-]-T\w hy‡-am-hp-I-bp-≈q. C∂sØ tIc-f-Øns‚ cq]-

h-ev°-c-W-Øn-te°v LS-\m-]-c-amb kw`m-h\Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ \m´p-cm-Py-

߃ hln® ]¶v \n¿Æm-b-I-am-Wv. hntZ-in-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ

hepXpw sNdp-Xp-amb \nc-h[n \m´p-cm-Py-߃ ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

tIc-f-Øns‚ cmjv{SobcwKsØ GtIm-]-\-Øns‚ ]m-X-bn¬ \bn-°m≥ ]cym-

]vX-amb Hcp tI{μ-i-‡n-bpsS A`mhw {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ an°-

hcpw kzm¿∞cpw tkz—m-[n-]-Xn-Ifpw Bbn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂

Ab¬cm-Py-߃°v FXnsc sshtZ-inI ]n¥p-W-tbmsS ]S-sbm-cp°w \S-

Øm-\mWv ]ecpw Xøm-dm-b-Xv. F∂m¬ A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\v FXnsc A]q¿Δ-

sa-¶nepw sNdp-Øp-\n¬]p-Ifpw D≠m-bn-́ p-≠v.

\m´pcmPyNcn-{XsØ Ne-®n-{X-ß-fn¬ A\p-h¿Ø\w sNøm-\p≈ {ia-

߃ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn¬ Xptemw Ipd-hm-Wv. hnc-en¬ FÆm-hp∂ Nn{X-

߃ am{X-amWv CØ-c-Øn¬ ]pd-Øp-h-∂-Xv. Ah-bn¬\n∂v sXc-s™-SpØ

\mev Nn{X-߃ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂p. H∏w Ncn{Xw Ne-®n-{X-am-Ip-tºm-gp≈

LS-\m-]-c-hpw am[y-a-]-c-hpw Zriy-]-c-hp-am-bp≈ hyXn-bm-\-ßsf kq£va-ambn

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

thepغnZfh

113

thepغnZfh

thep-Ø-ºn-bpsS Pohn-X-tcJ

]pcmX\ XncphnXmwtIm v́ kwÿm\sØ CcWnb¬ {]`p°∑mcn¬

Gsd kº∂\mbncp∂p Xºns]cpam≥ tNmgIt∏m´°pdp∏v. henbhoSv,

amfnIaTw F∂v c≠v `h\߃ At±lØn\p≠mbncp∂p. ]n¬°meØv

Cu Xdhm´nse AwK߃ Xºn F∂t]cnemWv Adnbs∏´sX¶nepw Ipdp∏v

F∂mbncp∂p ÿm\t∏cv. henbhoSns‚ ImcWhcmb tIih≥XºnbpsS

ktlmZco]p{X\mWv thepغn. h≈nbΩ]n≈ X¶®nbpsSbpw

Ip©nambn‰n∏n≈bpsSbpw aI\mbn sIm√h¿jw sXm≈mbncØn

\m¬]Xmam≠v taSw 23 (1765 tabv 2) AØw \£{XØn¬ thepغn

P\n®p. tIih≥XºnbpsS AwKc£I\pw aW°c F∂ {]tZiØp≈

km[mcW \mb¿Ødhm´nse AwKhpw Bbncp∂p thepغnbpsS A—≥.

thepغnbpsS cq]sØ°pdn®v C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p. "AΩbpsS

{]Imiam\amb IÆpIƒ, A—s‚ AgIp≈ Cfw Idp∏p\ndhpw iniphn¬

AtX]Sn ]I¿∂ncn°p∂p. tNmgIt∏m´Ipdp∏ns‚ ]cºc°v

]cºcmKXambp≈ £m{XtXP v B inipapJØn¬ {]Imin®n

cp∂p.'1 thembp[≥ F∂mbncp∂p thepغn-bpsS \maw. kp{_“Wys‚

]cymbambXn\memWv ISpØ Cuizchnizmknbmb h≈nbΩ]n≈ B

\maw sXcs™SpØXv. "thembp[≥ hIbn¬s∏´ Be∏pg XShn¬

]m¿∏n®ncp∂ H≥]Xp ]pcpj≥amscbpw aq∂p kv{XoItfbpw sNt¶m´hgn

\mSpISØp∂Xn\v sNehmb]Ww22'2 F∂ k¿°m¿tcJbn¬\n∂pw

"A\pN≥ Ip©p]ncm´n Xºnbpw ]pcpj∑mcpw s]Æpßfpw Ip™pßfpw

114

]ccmPyØn¬ Hfn®p s]mbv°fbpIbm¬' F∂v 984¬ aXneIw tcJbnepw

]dbp∂p.CXn¬\n∂pw Gsd AwKßfp≈ IpSpw_amWv thenXºn

bptSsX∂v hy‡w

hnZym`ymk]cambn Hu∂XyØnseØm≥ At±lØn\p

km[n®ncp∂p. CcWnb¬ Ip©mZn]n≈ Bim\mbncp∂p thepغnbpsS

Kpcp. \mepsIm√sØ kmam\yhnZym`ymkØn\v tijw KWnXw,

tPymXnimkv{Xw, sshZyw, a{¥hmZw F∂o hnjbßfnepw Adnhp

t\Snbncp∂p. "Fs‚ PohnXØn¬ C{X_p≤nam\mb Hcp injys\ F\n°p

In´nbn´n√.'F∂mWv thepXºnsb°pdn®v Kpcp-\m-Y≥ hnebncpØnbXv.

]{¥≠phb p apX¬ Xe°pfØp Ifcnbn¬ Bbp[hnZy A`ykn®p. Hcp

apk¬am\n¬ \n∂pw lnμpÿm\nbpw Ad_n, t]¿jy≥ `mjIfpw

]Tn®ncp∂p. thepغn F∂ Ncn{X]pcpjs‚ hmMvabNn{Xw

PohNcn{XImc\mb F≥. _meIrjvW≥\mb¿ \¬Ip∂p≠v.

"almcmPm°∑mcpw Db¿∂ kwÿm\n tImtZymKÿ∑mcpw {]`pP\ßfpw

am{Xw D]tbmKn°mdp≈ icmbnbpw \neb¶nbpw AWn™v KqVambn Hcp

Achmƒ Acbn¬ XncpIn as‰mcp JUvKw (]Shmƒ)]pdØp ImWØ°

hÆw Xq°nbn´v A{Kw tatem´v sX√phf™n´p≈ ]mZpIßfpw [cn®v

]´p\qepw Ikhpw Ie¿Øn s\bvXn´p≈ ]Xn\mdpapgw hocmfn∏ v́ Xebn¬

sI´n thepغn IpXn°p∂IpXncbn¬ khmcnsNøm≥ XpSßnb B Imew

apX¬ P\߃ At±lsØ Hcp Akm[mcW bphtIkcnbmbn

h¿Æn®pt]m∂p.'3

tIhew ]sØm≥]Xp hb p {]mbap≈t∏mƒ thepغn sIm´mcw

hI hnetbdnb B`cWßfpsS tamjvSm°sf sXm≠nklnXw Npcpßnb

kabwsIm≠v cmPka£w FØn®p. Xe°pfØp thepغnsb

hoc]pcpj\mbn am‰nbXn¬ {][m\]¶p hln® Hcp kμ¿`hambn CXns\

115

IW°m°mw. Cu kw`hØn\ptijw sIm´mcw ]≠mc®paXe

thepغn°p e`n®p. thepغnbpsS AΩmh\mb tIih≥XºnbpsSbpw

A—≥ Ip©nambn‰n]n≈bpsSbpw acWw ASpØSpØv Bbncp∂p. X≥aqew

Ccp]Øn\memw hb n¬ Xºn°v IpSpw_Øns‚ ImcWh¿ ÿm\w

G¬t°≠n h∂p. XºnbpsS HutZymKnI NpaXeIƒ I¬°pfw sX°pw

aWvU]ØpwhmXp°¬ Imcy°mc\mbn´mWv Bcw`n®Xv. Cu kabØmWv

bqtdm]y∑mcpambn At±lw ]cnNbs∏´Xv. 973 Ip`w 6 (1798 s^{_phcn

17)\v Im¿ØnIXncp\mƒcmah¿Ω almcmPmhv ZnhwKX\mb tijw

_mecmah¿Ω knwlmk\mtcmlWw sNbvXp. AXn\ptijap≈ Imew

kw`h_lpeambncp∂p. "{_n´ojv B[n]XyØns\Xnsc Ahkm\ \nanjw

hsc ]nSn®p \n¬°p∂Xn\pw Cu cmPyØns‚ alØmb ]mcºcyØn\pw

A\ptbmPyamb coXnbn¬ Xs‚ A¥yw Is≠Øp∂Xn\pw At±lsØ

klmbn® ASn]XdmØ ss[cyØns\ \mw ]pIgvØnsb aXnbmhq.'4 F∂

kpμ-c-\m-Y-sk-∂ns‚ hne-bn-cp-ج {]k-‡-am-Wv.

_mecmah¿Ω almcmPmsh∂ \nebn¬ XnI™ hnPbambncp∂n√.

"B cmPmhpw At±lØns‚ an{Xßfpw Ft∏mgpw {_n´ojv

hncp≤]cn]mSnIfn¬ Xs∂ {i≤ tI{μoIcn®p t]m∂ncp∂p.' F∂v tIW¬

a¨t{Sm A`n{]mbs∏´ncp∂p. [¿ΩcmPbpsS Imetijw XncphnXmwIq¿

cmPyNcn{XØnse kp{][m\kw`hw thepغnbpsS Db¿®bpw

]X\hpamWv. _mecmah¿Ω Bbncp∂p C°meØv cmPmhv. Zp¿_e\mb

cmPmhmbncp∂p Ct±lw. A°meØv DXpthen, Pb¥≥ \ºqXncn XpSßn

\oNcmb cmPtkhI¿ cmP]£Øp≠mbncp∂p. [¿ΩcmPmhns‚

ImeØp≈ Znhm≥ tIih]n≈ Xs∂bmbncp∂p _mecmah¿ΩbpsS

ImesØbpw Znhm\mbnXpS¿∂Xv. Znhm\mbncp∂n´pw almcmPmhns\ t\cn´p

ImWm≥ t]mepw A\phmZw sImSp°msX, A\ymbambn XS¶enen´v

116

AtcmKZrVKm{X\mb tIih]n≈sb Pb¥≥\ºqXncn hnjw \¬In

C√mbva sNbvXXmbn A°meØv A`yqlw ]c∂ncp∂p. \oXnam\mb

thepغnsb Gsd {]tIm]nX\m°nb Hcpkw`hambncp∂p CXv.

Pb¥≥\ºqXncnbpsS A\pP≥ DXptheni¶c≥\ºqXncnsb

A[nIw sshImsX {][m\a{¥nbm°n. I≈°Ws°gpXp∂Xn¬ tIa\mb

i¶c\mcmbW≥sN´n, XSn°pØI°mc\mb amØqXcI≥ F∂nhcpw apJy

D]tZjvSm°fmbnamdnbtXmsS almcmPmhns‚ Aca\ AgnaXnbpsS

IqØcßmbn amdn. almcmPmhnt\mSv t\cn v́ ZpJ߃ Adnbn°phm\p≈

Ahkcwt]mepw a‰v cmPtkhI¿°v A\phZn®n√. CXv P\ßfpsS CSbn¬

{]Xntj[Øn\nSbm°n.

AcmPIXzØns‚ Imew

\ºqXncna{¥n`cWw P\ßfpw cmPmhpw XΩnep≈ AIew Iq´n.

A\ymbambn \nIpXn]ncnhpw \SØnbncp∂p. 974 CShØn¬ \n¿_‘n®p≈

\nIpXn]ncnhv {]m_eyØn¬ h∂p. "\nIpXn \¬Im≥ \nh¿Ønbns√∂p

]dbpItbm FXn¿°pItbm sNøp∂hsc tlaZWvU߃ G¬∏nt®m

s]mXp\ncØn¬sh®v Ah-tl-fnt®m F¥pXcØn¬ Bbmepw XpI hkq¬

sNøWw F∂mbncp∂p A∂sØ \n›bHmebnse D≈S°w'

Pb¥≥\ºqXncn thepغntbmSv Ccp]Xn\mbncw ]Ww \¬Im≥

Bhiys∏Sp∂p≠v. kao]Øp≈ {]amWnIfpambn IqSnbmtemNn®tijw

thepغn cmPmhns\ ImWm\mbn t]mIp∂p. F√mhnhcßfpw

[cn∏n°pIbpw cmPmhv DS≥ \ºqXncntbbpw Iq´mfnItfbpw

_‘\Ønem°m≥ I¬∏\ \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. \m´pIq´wIqSn

a{¥nbS°ap≈hsc \mSpISØm≥ Xocpam\n°p∂p.

117

thepغn cmP\n¿t±im\pkcWw apfIpaSn»oe k¿Δm[nImcy

°mc\mIp∂p. 975 Nnßw1˛mw XobXn amthen°csbØn A[nImcw

Gs‰Sp°p∂p. AtXmsS BhIp∏nse AgnaXnsb√mw Ahkm\n®p. hIp∏v

]p\kwLSn∏n°pIbpw I®hSw h¿≤n°pIbpw sNbvXp. \nKql\Xbpw

`{ZXbpw F∂\bw `cWImcyØn¬ AXymhiyamsW∂v thepغn

hmZn®ncp∂p. `cW\n¿hlW ImcyØnse bmsXm∂pw ]pdØdnbcpXv

F∂mbncp∂p Cu kn≤m¥Øns‚ Npcp°w. Pb¥≥\ºqXncnsbbpw

Iq´tcbpw \mSpISØn F¶nepw kzm¿∞cmb cmPtkhI¿ ]ns∂bpw ]ecpw

D≠mbncp∂p. Ahcn¬ {][m\n sIm´mcwk{ºXnIp©p\oe≥]n≈

Bbncp∂p kp∫ø≥, henbtasegpØv apØp∏n≈ F∂nhcpw

Iºn\n°m¿°v Nmc∏Wn sNøp∂hcmbncp∂p. 976 ao\w 13 \v thepغn

henbk¿hm[nImcy°mcmbn almcmPmhn¬ \n∂pw \o´phmßn.

{]£p_v[ambn Xo¿∂ncp∂ cmjv{Sobm¥co£Øn¬ kzcmPym`nam\w,

]ucpjw, XymKw F∂o KpW߃ \nd™ P\\mbI\mb thepغn,

a{¥n]ZØn¬ Db¿∂ ZnhkwapX¬ XncphnXmwIq¿ Ncn{XØn¬ kvacWob

A≤ymbhpw Bcw`n®p.

thepغnbpsS `cW]cnjvImc߃

thep -Ø-ºn -bpsS ImeØv hnhn[ ÿeßfn¬ \nch[n

]cnjvImc߃\SØn. Nß\mt»cn, Xetbme∏dºv, am™men

F∂nhnSßfn¬ N¥Iƒ ÿm]n®p. ^e`qbnjvSamb Xcnip`qanIƒ

I≠p]nSn®pk¿°mcn¬ \n∂p Irjn\SØn®p. HcpImeØv sIm≈°mcpsS

Xmhfambncp∂ ]mXncmaW¬ sh´nsØfn®p IrjnXpSßn. 977˛¬

ssk\nIm[nImcØns‚ B[n]Xyw tI{μoIcn®v Zfh]ZØn¬

FØnbtijw Be∏pgXpdapJw ]WnbpI, kwÿm\hym]Iambn

Is≠gpØp \S∏m°pI. F∂o c≠p ZuXy߃ Gs‰SpØp. "Be∏pg

118

]≠Iime∏Wnbpw sIm´mcw]Wnbpw I∏¬∏Wnbpw tXmSpsh´pw

XpSßpIsIm≠v' F∂v _mecmah¿ΩalmcmPmhv Xp√yw Nm¿Ønb Hcp

\o´p{]Jym]n°p∂p. as‰mcptcJbn¬ Cßns\ ]dbp∂p. "XÆo¿ap°w

{]h¿Ønbn¬ A¥n°mSn\p Ing°p]mXncmaWen¬ tXm∏pw

\nehpap≠m°n. _w•mhpw shbv]n®p.' CXn¬\ns∂√mw thepغnbpsS

`cW]cnjvImcßsf°pdn®v [mcW e`n°p∂p. XncphnXmwIqdn¬

imkv{Xobamb Hcp `q\bw BZyambn cq]h¬Icn®Xv thepغn

Bbncp∂p. thepغnsb°pdn®v Iº\n DtZymKÿcpsS hm°pIƒ

{it≤bamWv. ka¿∞\pw Du¿÷kze\pw F∂v Kh¿Æ¿P\d¬

sh√…n{]`p hntijn∏n°pIbpw ]¥ocmbncw cq]mhne]nSn∏p≈

HcptPmSnkph¿Æ IhNhpw ]´mw_cßfpw thepغn°v Ab®p

sImSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. ka¿∞\pw kpZrV\pamb Hcp a\pjy≥ F∂mWv

e≠\nse Iº\n UbdIvS¿am¿ thepغnsb hntijn∏n®Xv.

"B[p\nI tZiobXbpsS Bibwt]mepw cq]w sIm≠n´n√mØ

kabØmbncp∂p sshtZinI `cWsØ, Cw•ojvta¬t°mbvasb

XqsØdnbm≥ thepغn {]bXv\n®ncp∂Xv'5 F∂Xv {]m[m\yw

A¿ln°p∂p. "1801¬ sNºIcma≥]n≈ Zfhbmsb¶nepw dknU‚mbncp∂

tIW¬ sa°msfbpsS \n¿t±i{]Imcw thepغnsbØs∂ Zfhbmbn

\nban®p. F∂m¬ XncphnXmwIq¿ ]´mfØns‚ Aeh≥kv sh´n°pd®Xv

Akzmÿyßfp≠m°n. A∂v {_n´ojv ]´mfØns‚ klmbtØmsSbmWv

elf ASn®a¿ØnbXv. CXns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ 1805 ¬ CuÃnUym

Iº\nbpw XncphnXmwIqdpw XΩn¬ ]pXnb Hcp DSºSn H∏ph®p.6

DSºSn{]Imcw XncphnXmwIqdns‚ B`y¥cImcyßfn¬

CSs]Sm\p≈ A[nImcw Iº\n°m¿ t\SpIbpw Iº\n°p\¬tI≠

hm¿jnII∏w F¨]Xn\mbncw cq]bmbn Db¿ØpIbpw sNbvXp.

119

thepغnsb kw_‘n®nStØmfw Cu DSºSn \miØnte°mWv

\bn®Xv. Iº\nbpsS sNbvXnIsf FXn¿°pwtXmdpw Ah¿ I∏Øns‚

t]cp]d™v cmPmhns\ Dƒs∏sS \nc¥cw ieywsNbvXpsIm≠ncp∂p.

thepغnbpsS hm°pIsf sa°msf ]et∏mgpw FXn¿Øp.

"thepغnbpw tIW¬sa°msfbpw XΩnep≈ kulrZ_‘w

hjfmIm\p≈ ImcWw aX]camsW∂v Hc`n{]mbw \ne\n¬°p∂p.'7

P\hnImcsØ Atßb‰w Cf°nadn®psIm≠v 1809 P\phcnbn¬

Ip≠dbn¬sh®v thepغnZfh Hcphnfw_cw \SØn. Ncn{XØn¬

CSwt\Snb i‡amb hnfw_cw Bbncp∂p AXv. ]e`mKØpw

{_n´ojvtk\bpw XncphnXmwIq¿ ]´mfhpambn G‰pap´nsb¶nepw

{_n´ojvtk\ Pbwhcn®p. Ip≠dhnfw_csØ°pdn®v as‰mcp hnebncpج

Cßs\bmWv; "1809 ¬ thepغn elf \SØnF∂Xv icnXs∂. ]t£

AXv kw`hn®Xv At±lØns‚ hy‡n]camb ap≥hn[ntbm ]£]mXtam

sIm≠mbncp∂p.'8

{_n´ojpIm¿ B{IaWw BcphmsamgnbneqsS XncphnXmwIqdns\

tIμoIcn®ph∂t∏mƒ cmPmhv thepغnsb Zfhÿm\Øp\n∂v

am‰pIbpw DΩnWnغn°v Zfhÿm\w \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. {_n´ojv

]£tØmSv Nmbvhp≈ Bfmbncp∂p DΩnWnغn. Ahcpambn

BtemNn®v XncphnXmwIq¿ ]´mfsØ ]ncn®phn´p. "thepغnsb

]nSn°p∂Xn\v XncphnXmwIq¿ Kh¨sa‚ vklIcn°pIbpw At±lsØ

ImWn®p sImSp°∂h¿°v A≥]Xn\mbncw cq] ]mcntXmjnIw

{]Jym]n°pIbpw sNbvXp.' 9 Infnam\q¿ tImhneIØpsN∂v

Infnam\q¿tImbnغpcm\v Xs‚ hmƒ kΩm\n®tijw aÆSnt£{X

Øn¬ FØpIbpw AhnsSsh®v Xºn kzbw Pohs\mSp°pIbpw sNbvXp.

At±lØns‚ arXtZltØmSp t]mepw IcpWIm´m≥ {_n´ojv]´mfw

Iq´m°nbn√.

120

Iº\n]´mfØns‚ IcpØ\mbi{Xphns\ Poht\msS

e`n°mØXn¬ ISpØ \ncibp≠mbncp∂ Ah¿ At±lØns‚

arXtZltØmSpsNbvX {IqcXIsf PohNcn{XImc\mb F≥._meIrjvW≥

\mb¿ C{]Imcw ASbmfs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. "aÆSnbn¬ \n∂pw

Xncph\¥]pctØ°p sIm≠ph∂ B ihicocw, tPXm°fpsS Xocpam\w

A\pkcn®v sXcphpIƒ tXmdpw \·am°n Npa∂psIm≠p\S∂p. A\¥cw

\KcnbpsS hS°p]Sn™mdp≈ IÆ∑qe°p∂n¬ sIm≠pt]mbn, Nne

arK߃ No™fn™Xn\ptijw `£n°p∂ {]XoXnsb Dfhm°pamdv Hcp

Ccpºv N´Iq´nem°n {]Z¿in∏n®p. AXpI≠p \mKcnI¿ Gßn°c™p.

cmPysaßpw aqIXsIm≠p≈ Hcp Xax]Sew _m[n®p.'10 D≈q¿°p∂n¬

sImebmfnIfpsS ih߃ ad°p∂ coXnbnemWv thepغnbpsS

arXicocw Ipgn®paqSnbXv. "thepغnbpsS acWtijw ihicocsØ

]ckyambn Igphn¬ G‰n Ahtlfn® \S]Sn{IaØn¬ {_n´ojv

A[nImcnIfpsS ]¶p≈Xn\m¬ Kh¿Æ¿P\d¬ ˛ C≥ ˛ Iu¨kn¬

AKm[ambn tJZn°p∂p.'11 F∂v Fgp-Xnb tcJ-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

At±lØns\m∏ap≠mbncp∂hsc aÆSnbn¬ \n∂pw

_‘n®psIm≠pt]mbn sIm√sØ {_n´ojv ]S∏mfbØnse ]mdmhn¬

]m¿∏n®p.

thepغnZfh- ̨ Ne®n{XØnse Ncn{Xmwiw

1962 ˛¬ ]pdØndßnb Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\ Ne®n{XamWv

thepغnZfh. hniz\mYs‚ kwhn[m\Ønep≈ Cu Nn{XØns‚

Xnc°Y kw`mjWw PKXn F≥. sI BNmcnbptSXmW.v {][m\thj߃

ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv A∂sØ {][m\Xmc\ncbmWv. aebmfkn\nasb

kw_‘n®nStØmfw Adp]XpIƒ Ht´sd Ne®n{X߃ ]pdØph∂

121

ImeL´amWv. Chbn¬ \nch[n A\ph¿Ø\Ne®n{Xßfpw D≠mbn´p≠v.

Adp]XpIfn¬ tIcfØnse kmwkvImcnI cwKØp≠mb DW¿hv

kn\namcwKØpw Du¿÷w ]I¿∂p. Adp]XpIfn¬ ]pdØph∂ GXm≠v

ap∏Xv A\ph¿Ø\Nn{Xßfn¬ hnjbsshhn[yw sIm≠v {it≤bambXmWv

thepغnZfh F∂ Ne®n{Xw.

Ncn{Xw Fgp-X-s∏-́ Xpw A√m-Ø-Xpw D-≠v. Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS Pohn-

X-sØbpw I¿Ω-a-WvU-e-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p-≈- \n-c-h[n tcJ-Iƒ \-ΩpsS

Ncn-{X-Øn-ep-≠v. Ah hcpw Xe-ap-dbv°v ]I¿∂p-X∂ Ah-t_m-[-Øn\v -

tIm´whcmØ Xc-Øn-emWv thep-Ø-ºn-Z-fh F∂ Ne-®n{X A\p-h¿Ø\w

\n¿Δ-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. thep-Ø-ºn-bpsS I¿Ω-a-WvU-e-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏ v́

\ne-\n¬°p∂ an°-hcpw Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmbn hcp∂p. P-b-

¥≥\ºq-Xncn, k{ºXn, thepغnbpsS A\p-P≥ ]fl\m`≥ Xºn, amØq-

X-c-I≥, i¶-c-\m-cm-b-W≥, sa°msf, ssh°w ]fl\m`≥ ]n≈ F∂nh¿

Ne®n{XØnse kPoh km∂n≤yamWv.

thepغnbpsS Ncn{XØnse {it≤bamb ImeL´amWv

Pb¥≥\ºqXncn A[nImcØn¬ \ne\n∂ Imew. AgnaXnbpsSbpw

AcmPIXzØns‚bpw IqØcßmbncp∂p A∂sØ `cWcwKw. Pb-¥≥\-

ºq-Xncn a{¥n-bm-hp-Ibpw -tijw cmPy-t{Zm-l-]-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNbvXv

cmPm-hns‚ `c-W-Øn¬ Akw-Xr]vXn krjvSn°p-∂ \nch[n kmlNcy߃

D≠mbn´p≠v. Cu Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-Xsb Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ am‰w IqSmsX Bhnjv°-

cn-®ncn°p∂p. A\ym-b-ambn I∏w Iq´n-hm-ßp∂ CuÃn-¥ym-I-º-\n-bpsS Xocp-

am\w km[m-cW P\-ß-ƒ°v Gsd _p≤n-ap-́ v D≠m°p∂p. Pb-¥≥ \-ºq-

Xncn AS-ßp∂ cmP-tk-h-I¿ Iº-\nsb A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. thep-Ø-

ºn-bpsS i‡-amb CS-s]-S¬aqew km[m-cW P\-߃°v B-izm-k-amb

Ah-ÿ -D-≠m-°p-∂p-. kzm¿YX apJ-ap-{Z-bm-bp≈ Zfh Pb-¥≥\ºq-Xncn,

122

amØq-X-c-I≥ , i¶-c-\m-cm-b-W≥ sN´n F∂n-h-cpsS bYm¿∞-apJw cmPm-

hn\v ap∂n¬ hy‡-am-°n -Im-Wn°m\pw Ah¿°v X°-Xmb in£-\¬Im\pw

thep-Ø-ºn°v km[n®p. Cu kw -̀h-ß-sf-sb√mw X∑b-Ø-tØmsS Ne-®n-

{X-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ kwhn-[m-b-I\v Ign-™n-́ p-≠v.

thep-Ø-ºn-bpsS t]mcm-́ -ß-fn¬ At±-lsØ ]n≥Xp-W® IcpØ\mb

ssh°w- ]-fl-\m-̀ ]n-≈sb Ne-®n-{X-Im-c≥th≠ {]m[m\yw \¬In Ah-X-

cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. thep-Ø-ºnbpw ]men-b-Ø-®-\p-ambn _‘-s∏-́ p≈ Ncn{Xw

Gsd {]kn-≤-am-Wv. ]men-b-Ø-®\pw Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ IYm-]m-{X-am-bn IS-∂p-

h-cp-∂p-≠v. almcmPmhv _me-cm-a-h¿Ωsb Ne-®n-{X-Øn-¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-

°p-∂Xv cmPy-\-∑-°p-XIpw hn[-Øn¬ Dd-®-Xo-cp-am-\-߃ssI-s°m-≈m≥ Ign-

hn-√mØ cmPmhv F∂\ne-°mWv Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn kXy-hp-am-W-Xv. At±lw

CuÃn-¥ym-I-º-\n-tbmSv Aan-X-hn-t[bXzw Im´p∂ ]e cwK-ßfpw Ne-®n-{X-

Øn-¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v.

thep-Ø-ºn-bpsS {]`m-jWw km{am-Py-XzØns\-Xnsc t]mcm-Sm≥

km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-ßsf ]e-t∏mgpw DtØ-Pn-∏n-®n-́ p≠v. Ne-®n-{X-Ønepw

CXp-kw-_-‘-amb ]cm-a¿i-߃ ImWmw. DZ-b-Kn-cn, ]fl-\m-̀ ]pcw, \m©n-

\mSv XpS-ßn-b-ÿ-e-߃ Iog-S°n Iº-\n-]-´mfw A[n-Im-c-ap-d-∏n-°p-

tºmƒt]mepw thep-غn Dd®-a-\-t msS \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p-. Cu kabw

alm-cm-Pmhv Iº-\n-tbmSv k‘n-s°m-cp-ßp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. CØcw cmjv{So-

b-hn-j-b-ßsf hyXymkw hcp-ØmsX Zriy-̀ m-j-bn-te-°p-am-‰n-bn-́ p-≠v. thep-

غn Infn-am-\q¿ Xºp-cms\I≠v bm{X-]-d™v DS-hmƒ At±-l-Øn\p

ka¿∏n-®mWv aÆ-Sn-bn-te-°p-t]mIp-∂-Xv. Ne-®n-{X-Ønepw C{]-ImcwXs∂

Ah-X-cn -∏n -®n -cn -°p -∂p. A¥ycwKØns‚ Nn{XoIcWØnepw

Ncn{X{KŸßsf Ahew_n°p∂p. {_n´ojv A[nImcØn\v IogSßmsX

123

aÆSn t£{XØn¬ kzbw PohnXw Ahkm\n∏n°pIbmbncp∂p At±lw.

Ne®n{XØnepw CtXkao]\w kzoIcn®ncn°p∂p.

A\ph¿Ø\Ønse Ncn{X]cambam‰ßƒ

_mecmah¿Ω XncphnXmwIq¿ `cn°p∂ ImeL´w BWv Ne®n{X

]›mØew. Ne®n{Xam[yaØns‚ ]cnanXnIsf DƒsIm≠psIm≠v

A°me Øp≠mb F√m kw`hßsfbpw AtX]Sn kwhn[mbI≥

Dƒs∏SpØnbn´n√. F∂m¬ {][m\kw`hßsf Hgnhm°nbn´pan√.

ImeL´w hy‡am°m≥ NeNn{XØn¬ {]tXyIam¿§ßƒ

H∂pwXs∂bn√. {]Xy£s∏Sp∂ Ncn{X IYm]m{Xßsf ]cnKWn®psIm≠p

am{Xsa GXpImesØ kw`hßfmWv Bhnjv°cn°p∂Xv F∂v

a\knem°m≥ Ignbq. thepXºnZfhsb AhXcn∏n®p sIm≠mWv

NeNn{Xw Bcw`n°p∂Xv. thepغnbpw k{ºXnbpw XΩnep≈

kw`mjWamWv Ne®n{XØnse BZycwKw. NSpeamb, i‡amb

kw`mjWamWv CcphcpsS `mKØp\n∂pw D≠mIp∂Xv. Pb¥≥\ºqXncn

ZfhbpsS DØch\pkcn®v Ccp]Xn\mbncw cq] I∏whmßm\mbmWv

k{ºXnsbØnbXv F∂v kw`mjWØn¬ \n∂pw hy‡amIp∂p.

A\ymbambn \SØp∂ CØcw \nIpXn∏ncnhnt\mSv Hcn°epw

klIcn°ns√∂v thepغn hy‡am°p∂p. hm°pX¿°w HSphn¬

hmƒhoien¬ FØp∂p. k{ºXnsb sh´ms\mcpßp∂ Xºnsb AΩ

XSbp∂p. Pb¥≥ \ºqXncnsb ImWm≥ Xe°pfØp Xºn t\cn´p

hpcp∂p≠v F∂dnbn°m≥ k{ºXntbmSp ]dbp∂tXmsS H∂mw cwKw

Ahkm\n°p∂p. Ncn{XØn¬ \n∂v NnehyXymk߃ Cu `mKØp

hcpØnbn´p≠v. a{¥napJy\mb Pb¥≥ \ºqXncnbpsS \oXnsI´

124

`cWØn¬ thepغn Akzÿ\mbncp∂p. sIm´mcØn¬ sh®v Ah¿

XΩn¬ I≠pap´nbt∏mƒ Fgpt∂‰pt]mhpI F∂v ]d™mWv

thepغntbmSv a{¥n A\njvSw {]ISam°nbXv. Hcp {]amWnsbbmWv

Xm≥ Cd°n hn´sX∂v a\ nem°nb a{¥n thepغnsb sIm´mcØnte°v

hnfn∏n®v Ccp]Xn\mbncw ]Ww \n߃°p \n›bn®ncn°p∂p F∂p

]db∂p. CXptI´v bmsXmcpkt¶mNhpw IqSmsX "]Ww Xcmw, ho´n¬

sN∂v ]Wap≠m°ns°m≠v hcp∂Xn\v Hcp BgvNsØ Ah[n thWw

F∂v thepغn \btØmsS {]XnIcn®p F∂pw'12 BWv At±lØns‚

PohNcn{XØn¬ ]dbp∂Xv.

CØcw Ncn{Xmwißsf Hgnhm°n IcpØ\mb thepغnsb

AhXcn∏n°m\mWv kwhn[mbIs‚ {iaw. [¿ΩcmPmsh∂v ]pIƒs∏‰

Im¿ØnIXncp∂mƒ cmah¿ΩalmcmPmhns‚ ImetijamWv

_mecmah¿Ω A[nImcØn¬ h∂Xv. [¿ΩcmPmhns‚ ImesØ Znhm≥

tIih]n≈ Xs∂bmbncp∂p _mecmah¿ΩbpsS ImeØpw

{][m\a{¥nbmbncp∂Xv. \oXn]q¿Δambn {]h¿Øn®ncp∂ Znhm≥

tIih]n≈sb Pb¥≥\ºqXncn t{Zmln°pIbpw XS¶en¬

]m¿∏n°pIbpw HSphn¬ C√mXm°pIbpw sNbvXp. AXn\ptijw DXpthen

Pb¥≥\ºqXncnbpsS A\pP\mb i¶c≥\ºqXncn°v {][m\a{¥n

ÿm\w \¬IpIbmWp≠mbXv.

Ne®n{XØn¬ Pb¥≥\ºqXncn F∂ Hcp IYm]m{XsØ am{Xsa

AhXcn°p∂p≈p. bYm¿∞Øn¬ Pb¥≥i¶c≥ \ºqXncnbmWv

IYmkμ¿`Øn¬ IS∂phtc≠Xv. DXpthen Pb¥≥i¶c≥ \ºqXncn

F∂t]cv sNdpXm°n Pb¥≥\ºqXncn F∂v hnfn-®p-t]m∂p. Pb¥≥

\ºqXncn, Pb¥≥i¶c≥\ºqXncn F∂o c≠v IYm]m{X߃ Ncn{XØn¬

D≠v. a{¥nbpsS Zp¿`cWØn\v FXnsc hºn® {]t£m`w kwLSn∏n®

125

thepغnsb klmbn® Aø∏≥sNºIcma≥]n≈ Fs∂mcp

cmPtkhI≥ D≠mbncp∂p. Nndbn≥Iogp apX¬ sXt°m´p≈ P\ßsf

{]t£m`Øn¬ \bn®Xv At±l ambncp∂p. F∂m¬ Cßs\ Hcp

IYm]m{XsØ Ne®n{XØn¬ ]cma¿in®p ImWp∂n√.

{][m\a{¥n Bbncp∂ Pb¥≥i¶c≥\ºqXncnsbbpw Iq´tcbpw

in£n°m≥ cmPmhv I¬∏\]pds∏Sph®tijw Zfhÿm\w IrjvW≥

sNºIcma\p \¬Ip∂p≠v. almcmPmhns‚ \n¿t±im\pkcWw thepغn

BZyw apfIpaSn»oe k¿Δm[nImcy°mc≥ BhpIbpw 975 Nnßw 1˛mw XobXn

amthen°csbØn A[nImcw Gs‰Sp°pIbpw sNøp∂XmWv Ncn{Xw.

F∂m¬ Ne®n{XØn¬ IrjvW≥sNºIcma≥ Zfhÿm\tØ°v hcp∂

`mKw ]cma¿in°p∂n√. sIm√h¿jw 974(1799)¬ BWv Pb¥≥i¶c≥

\ºqXncn \n¿_‘nX Icw]ncnhv \S∏m°nbXv.CtXkabw thepغnbpw

Iº\n ∏´mfhpambn ISpØ i{XpX°fmbn BWv Ne®n{XØn¬

AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv. bYm¿YNcn{XØn¬ thepغn BZyImeßfn¬

Iº\nbpambn kulrZw ]pe¿Ønbncp∂pXmbn ImWm≥ km[n°pw. 1805¬

D≠mb DSºSn°v tijamWv {_n´ojpImcpambn thepغn Iem]w

Bcw`n°p∂Xv.

"1805 ¬ XncphnXmwIq¿ CwKvfojv CuÃn¥ym Iº\nbpambn DSºSn

D≠m°p∂Xn¬ At±lw {][m\]¶phln®ncp∂p. Cu Icm¿

cq]wsIm≈p∂Xphsc Cw•ojv Iº\nbpambpw XncphnXmwIqdn¬ AhcpsS

dknU‚mbncp∂ sa°msfbpambpw thepغn kulrZØnembncp∂p.'13

CXns\ ka¿Yn°p∂ as‰mcp kw`hap≠v. k{ºXn Ip©p\oe≥]n≈bpsS

t\XrXzØnep≈ Nne cmPytkhI¿ thepغnbpsS hf¿®bn¬

Akqb]q≠v At±lsØ XI¿°p∂Xn\mbn cmPmhnt\mSv tamis∏´

coXnbn¬ ]eImcyßfpw ]d™ptIƒ∏n®p. cmPmhns\Xnsc P\ßsf

126

kwLSn∏n°m≥ bmsXmcpaSnbpans√∂p [cn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. CXptI v́

`b∂ cmPmhv thepغnsb h[n°p∂Xn\v B⁄\¬Ip∂p. hm¿Ø

Be∏pg It®cnbn¬sh®v thepغn AdnbpIbpw DS≥

Xncph\¥]pctØ°v ]pds∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. Xs‚ Xesh´m≥ almcmPmhv

DØchnd°nbncn°pI bmsW∂v Xncn®dn™ thepXºn Cuhnhcw

sdknU‚ v tIW¬ sa°msfsb Adnbn®p. IØp e`n®bpS≥ sa°msf

thepغnsbt∏mse ka¿Y\mb a{¥nsb h[n°m≥ Xocpam\n®Xn¬

tJZw tcJs∏SpØns°m≠v HcpIØv cmPmhn\v FgpXn. B IØv e`n®

DS≥ thepغnsb h[n°m\p≈ Xocpam\w cmPmhv ]n≥hen®p. Cukw`hw

sa°msfbpw thepغpbpw XΩnep≠mbncp∂ kulrZØn\v sXfnhmWv.

"1801 ¬ sNºIcma≥]n≈ Zfhbmsb¶nepw, dknU‚mbncp∂ tIW¬

sa°mfbpsS \n¿t±i{]Imcw thepغnXs∂ Zfhbmbn \nban°s∏´p'14

976 ao\w 13\mWv thepغn henbk¿Δm[nImcy°mc≥ BbXv. AXn\p

ap≥]v ]mdime ]Zva\m`]n≈ Cuÿm\w hln®ncp∂p. hfsctamis∏´

{]h¿ØnIƒ sNøm≥ bmsXmcpaSnbpw C√mØ hy‡nbmbncp∂p At±lw.

A[nIw sshImsX thepغnbpsS t\XrØn¬ ]mdime]Zva\m`]n≈sb

_‘\Øn¬ ]m¿∏n°pbp≠mbn. P\t{Zml{]h¿ØnIƒ sNbvXpIq´nb

]∑\m`]n≈ Ne®n{XØn¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂n√.

cmPyt{ZmlØn\v XS¶en¬ ]m¿∏n®ncp∂h¿ thepغntbmSv

A\pIqeambn \n∂ncp∂ ssk\ysØ i{Xp°fm°n elfbv°v Hcp°p∂

kμ¿`w D≠mbn´p≠v. ssk\yØn\p \¬In hcp∂ bp≤Ime ]Sn∏Ww

\n¿Øem°m≥ thepغn Xocpam\n®p. kmºØnIambn \√Ime

ambXn\m¬ ]Sn∏Ww \n¿ØnbXv {]iv\߃°v CSbm°n√mbncp∂p.

F∂m¬ XShpIm¿ thepغns°Xnscbp≈ Bbp[ambn Cu

127

Xocpam\sØ am‰nsbSpØp. CXv elf°v hgnsbmcp°n. "sh≈°mcpsS

]Ssb ]pe¿Øm≥ Zfhm \m´pImtcmSp Im´p∂ ISpwssI' F∂v

ssk\yØns‚ CSbn¬\n∂v ap{ZmhmIyw Db¿∂v h∂ncp∂p.

thepغnbpsS t]mcm´Ncn{XØn¬ Gsd{it≤bamWv Cukw`hw.

F∂m¬ CØcØnsemcp Ncn{Xho£Ww Ne®n{XØnen√.

thepغnbpsS acWsØ°pdn®v hyXykvXA`n{]mb߃

\ne\n¬°p∂p≠v. Iº\n∏´mfw Xncbp∂Xdn™v "thepغnbpw

A\pP\mb ]∑\m`≥Xºnbpw aÆSnbn¬ Hcp t]m‰nbpsS ho´n¬ A`bw

{]m]n°pIbpw i{Xp°ƒ ASpsØØnb hnhcadn™v BfllXy

sNbvXXmbpw Nne Ncn{XImc∑m¿ ]dbp∂p.'15 F∂m¬ thepغnbpsS

PohNcn{X{KŸØn¬, A\pPs‚ klmbtØmsS thepغn

acn®XmbmWv AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂Xv. "tPyjvTs\ hockz¿Kw {]m]n∏n®

£m{Xhocyw sNmcnbp∂ A\pP≥ ]∑\m`≥ Xºn, c‡w C‰phogp∂

JUvKtØmSptØmSp IqSn AcnIn¬ \n∂ncp∂p.

Acbn¬ XncpInbncp∂ IØn sIm≠v kzbw IpØn AXn\ptijw

{_n´ojv ]´mfw FØp∂Xdn™v Xs‚ B∑mhns\ tamNn∏n°m≥

A\pPt\mSv Bhiys∏SpIbmWv thepغn.'16 a\t msSbs√¶nepw

A\pP≥ tPyjvTs‚ hm°ns\ A\pkcn °p∂p. CØcØnemWv

Ncn{XØn¬ ZfhbpsS A¥yw Nn{XoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv. ]∑\m`≥Xºnsb

IqSmsX Imbkwememhv, sN√whI Imcy°m¿, Ip©mXn®∏n≈, km[\w

FgpØp amthen°c sIm®pi¶c∏n≈ F∂nhcpw thepغnbpsS

Ahkm\izmkw hsc At±lØns\m∏w D≠mbncp∂p. Ne®n{XØn¬

A\pP\mb ]∑\m`≥XºnbpsS km∂n[yw am{Xsa D≈q.

F∂m¬ thepغn acn°p∂Xn\p ap≥]mbn aÆSn t£{XØn\v

128

kao]ap≈ Hcpt]m‰nbpsS KrlØn¬ A`bw{]m]n°pIbpw AhntS°v

Iº\n∏´mfw hcp∂Xdn™v t£{X\Sbn¬ Poh≥ _enb¿∏n®Xmbpw

Ncn{X{KŸßfn¬ ASbmfs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. F∂m¬ Ne®n{XØn¬

IpSpw_tØmSv bm{X]d™v aÆSnt£{XØnte°v FØn Xncp\Sbn¬

Bflm¿∏Ww sNøp∂XmbmWv AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂Xv. Ne®n{XØns‚

ssZ¿LyØn¬ {i≤n°pI F∂Xn\∏pdw t]m‰nbpsS `h\Øn¬ A`bw

{]m]n°pI F∂Xv acW`bap≈ hy‡nbmWv thepغn F∂ Hcp[z\n

D≠m°pw. AsXmgnhm°m\mWv kwhn[mbI≥ CØcØn¬ AhXcn∏n®n

cn°p∂Xv. thepغnbpw ]menbØ®\pambp≈ kulrZhpw Gsd

{it≤bamWv. Ne®n{XØn¬ ]menbØ®≥ IS∂phcp∂ps≠¶nepw

A{X{]m[m\yap≈ IYm]m{Xambn {]Xy£s∏Sp∂n√.

Ne®n{XØnse Iev]nXmw-i-߃

Ncn{Xhpw I¬∏\bpw CgtN¿∂phcp∂ Ne-®n-{X-amWv thep-Ø-ºn-

Z -fh. Pb¥≥\ºqXncnbpsS Fgp∂≈Øv ImWn°p∂ cwKØv

At±lØn\v lmky]cnthjw \¬Inbncn°p∂p. s]m∂pXºpcms‚

]≈n∏√°n¬ Fgps∂≈p∂ \ºqXncnbpsS tNjvSIƒ Abmƒs°mcp

Pfs‚ `mhw \¬Ip∂p. cmPytØmSpw kz¥w P\ßtfmSpw

D≈Xpt]mseXs∂ kvt\lhpw ISabpw kz¥w IpSpw_tØmSpw

thepغn h®p]pe¿Øp∂p≠v. hoc]pcpj≥ F∂Xnep]cn hy‡n]cambn

At±lw hnPbambncp∂p F∂phcpØp∂Xn\mbn IpSpw_sØbpw Ne-®n-

{X-Øn¬ kPohambn AhXcn∏n°p∂p. A\pP\pw thepغnbpw AΩbpw

A\¥nchfpw H∂n°p∂ cwK߃ sshb‡nXamb hnjbßsf ssIImcyw

sNøp∂p. AΩmh≥ F∂ \nebn¬ A\n¥nchfpsS hnhmlsØ°pdn®pw

AXns‚ Hcp°ßsf °pdn®pw thepغn hmNme\mIp∂p. AXphgn

129

AΩmh\pw A\n¥nchfpambp≈ lrZb_‘w t{]£I¿°v

t_m≤yamIp∂p.

Pb¥≥i¶c≥\ºqXncnbpsS IYm]m{Xwt]mse amØqXcI≥,

i¶c\mcmbW≥ sN´n F∂o a{¥ntkhIscbpw hyXykvXambn

kwhn[mbI≥ AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. amØqXcIs‚ IYm]m{Xhpw

]et∏mgpw lmkymflIambmWv kwhn[mbI≥ AhXcn∏n®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.

sIm´mcØnse GI kv{Xokm∂n[yambn PKZw_nI(Aw_nImΩ)

IS∂phcp∂p≠v. apfIpaSn»oe k¿Δm[nImcy°mc\mbn NpaXetbs‰SpØ

thepغnbv°v ap∂nte°v Aw_nImΩ IS∂phcp∂p Aw_nImΩ [ocbpw

tZikvt\lnbpamsW∂v hy‡am°p∂psh¶nepw AhcpsS BZycwKØp

\n∂pXs∂ thepغntbmSp≈ Bcm[\ hy‡amIpw. amØqXcIs‚

kz`mhw hy‡am°p∂ cwK߃ Nn{XØn¬ k∂nthin∏n®n´p≠v. Pb¥≥

\ºqXncnbpsS ImXv c≠pw AdpØv Bcphmsamgn ISØnbXmbn

k{ºXn]dbp∂Xv tI v́ ""B ImsXhnsS ? AXn¬ hne]nSn∏p≈Xv h√Xpw

ImWptam F∂v t\m°mw'' F∂mWv XcIs‚ {]XnIcWw. C{X\mfpwXs‚

kwc£I\mbncp∂ a{¥n°v B]Øv ]nW™ L´Ønepw Fs¥¶nepw

t\Sm\mIptam F∂p Nn¥n°pIbmWv XcI≥.

\oXnt_m[w ssIapXembp≈ thepغn Hcn°¬t∏mepw

\nead∂p {]h¿Øn°n√ F∂p ka¿∞n°p∂ cwKßsf kwhn[mbI≥

bp‡nklambn AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. amtXh≥]n≈ a√≥]n≈ F∂

IYm]m{XsØ lmkycqt]W AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p F¶nepw

thepغnsb DZmØambnIm´phm≥ CØcw IYm]m{Xßsf

D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p. IW°n¬ I≈Øcw Im´n F∂ ]cmXn D∂bn®

amtXh≥]n≈sb thepغnZfh in£bv°p hn[n°p∂p. sNbvXsX‰v

130

Bh¿Øn°mXncn°m≥ {]XnbpsS hnc¬apdn®pam‰m\mWv in£

hn[n°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ thepغnbpsS AΩ Adn™psIm≠mWv Xm≥

sX‰p sNbvXsX∂v {]Xn s]mXpka£w Adnbn°p∂p. F∂m¬

AXptI´n´pw in£ C√mXm°mt\m, Cfhp sNømt\m thepغn

Iq´m°p∂n√.

thepغnbpsS ktlmZco]p{Xn koXme£vanbpw

t£{X]qPmcnbpambp≈ Km\cwKw Ah¿XΩnep≈ {]WbsØ t{]£Isc

Adnbn°p∂p. ssh°w ]fl\m`]n≈bpsS IS∂phchpw thepغn

bpambp≈ kw`mjWßfpw anIhm¿∂ coXnbn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

ssh°w ]fl\m`]n≈ F{XtØmfw ka¿∞\msW∂v CcphcpsSbpw

kw`mjWw {i≤n°p∂h¿°v hy‡amIpw. Iº\n Bhiys∏´ I∏ØpI

DS≥ \¬Im≥ km[n°ns√∂ hnhcw Iº\n Dt±ymKÿsc Adnbn°m≥

thepغnsb cmPmhv \ntbmKn°ptºmƒ Xºn BZyw hntbmPn°p∂p.

]n∂oSv XºntbmSv sa°mfsbs®∂p ImWm≥ cmPmhv B⁄m]n°p∂p.

Iº\n DtZymKÿs\ AhnsSsN∂v ImWm≥ thepغnsb

A\phZn°mØXv km{amPyXz`cWtØmSp≈ ISpØFXn¿∏pw

Bflm`nam\hpamWv. sa°msfbpsS ̀ h\w ImWn°p∂ an°kμ¿`ßfnepw

tkhIcpw IS∂p hcp∂p. ]o‰¿ F∂ tkhI\pw dt_° F∂ tkhnIbpw

sa°msfbv°v aZyw hnfºp∂Xpw, Blmcw ]mIw sNøp∂Xpw XpSßn

\nch[n {]h¿ØnIfneqsS t\cw t]m°pIƒ Cu IYm]m{X߃

AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

Ne®n{XKXnbpambn CØcw IYm]m{X߃°v {]ISamb _‘w

Btcm]n°m≥ Ignbns√¶nepw Iev]nXIYmwißsf Iq´ntN¿°m≥ Ch

A\nhmcyambn amdp∂ ImgvN Ne®n{XØn¬ ImWm≥ Ignbpw.

131

tZikvt\lnbmb Aw_nImΩ tZic£m¿∞w Iº\n DtZymKÿ\mb

sa°msfbpsS ap∂nte°p t]mIp∂p≠v. Iº\n Dt±ymKÿ¿°p ap∂n¬

\rØ®phSpIƒsh®v Ahsc B\μn∏n°pIbpw B cm{Xn AhnsS

XßpIbpw tkhIs\ aZyØn¬ ab°n Iº\n°mcpsS clky\o°ßsf

°pdn®v D≈ tcJIƒ FhnsSbmsW∂p a\ nem°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

AX\pkcn®v sa°msfbpsS InS∏papdnbn¬ {]thin®v AbmfpsS t]m°‰n¬

\n∂pw Xmt°m¬°q´w tamjvSn®v s]´nXpd∂v AXn¬ kq£n®ncp∂ tcJIƒ

FSpØpsIm≠v c£s∏Sp∂p. F∂m¬ CXn\nsS Aw_nImΩsb sa°msf

shSnshbv°p∂p. tXmfn¬ shSn Xd® Ah¿ at\mss[cyw hnSmsX

clkytcJIfpambn IpXnc∏pdØv Ibdn c£s∏´v thepغnbpsS

ap∂n¬ FØp∂p. AhnsS FØp∂tXmsS AhibmIp∂ Aw_nImΩsb

thepغn XmßnsbSp°pIbpw At±lØns‚ aSnbn¬ InS∂p

acn°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

acn°p∂Xn\p apºv sa°mfbpsS kao]Øp\n∂v FSpØ tcJIƒ

thepغnsb G¬∏n°p∂p. aqt∂m \mtem ko\pIfn¬ am{Xsa

IS∂phcp∂p≈p F¶nepw Ne®n{XØnse {it≤bÿm\w t\Sm≥ Cu

IYm]m{XØn\p Ignbp∂p≠v. thepغn Aw_nImΩbpsS tZlØp\n∂pw

C‰phogp∂ c‡w sXm v́ s\‰nbn¬ tKm]n°pdn hc®v {_n´ojv km{amPysØ

Ahkm\n∏n°psa∂v ZrV{]Xn⁄ sNøp∂ cwKap≠v. Iev]nXßsf¶nepw

Gsd lrZyamb cwKßfmWnh.

DZbKncn, ]fl\m`]pcw, \m©n\mSv XpSßnbpff F√m{]tZißfpw

Iº\n°m¿ IogS°n cmPka£tØ°v ]S\oßp∂ hm¿Øbdn™v `b∂

cmPmhv thepغn NXn®psh∂pw, Xs‚ F√mw \jvSamIm≥ XpSßp∂p

F∂p ]d™v £p`n-X\mIp∂p. F√m\jvSßfpw Xm≥aqew kw`hn®p F∂

cmPmhns‚ hm°ptI´v Iº\ns°Xnsc \S∂ kw`hßfpsSsb√mw

132

DØchmZnXzw kzbw Gs‰Sp°p∂p F∂ Hcp \o v́ thepغn cmPmhn\p

\¬Ip∂Xmbn kn\nabnep≠v. Iº\nbpambn ISpØ FXn¿∏v

\ne\n¬°ptºmƒ cmP]£Øp NpaØnb I∏w Nn√n°mipt]mepw Xcn√

F∂v ]d™psIm≠v sa°msfbpw thepغnbpw XΩn¬ FXn¿°p∂p.

sa°msfbpw thepغnbpambn Zzμzbp≤w \S°p∂p. HSphn¬ Xºnbn¬

\n∂pw sa°msf IpXnc∏pdØp Ibdn c£s∏Sp∂p.

Iº\nbpambpff bp≤Øns‚ F√m DØchmZnXzßfpw Gs‰SpØ

Xºn kz¥w KrlØn¬ FØpIbpw AΩsb ImWpIbpw sNøp∂

cwK߃ lrZbkv]¿inbmWv. bp≤w \n¿Ønb F∂n¬ C\n Hcp

NpaXebps≠∂pw AXnt∏mƒ \n¿hln°pIbmsW∂pw ]d™psIm≠v

ktlmZco]p{Xnsb Ahƒ°v Xmev]cyap≠mbncp∂ t£{X]qPmcnsb

sIm≠v hnhmlw Ign∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. CØcw cwK߃°v

Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\ Ne®n{XØn¬ henb{]m[m\yw C√. F∂m¬

Ne®n{XØns‚ BkzmZyXsb \ne\n¿Øm≥ CØcw cwK߃

klmbn°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

HSphn¬ thepغnbpw A\pP\pwIqSn aÆSnt£{XØnte°v

bm{Xbmhp∂p bm{Xbv°v ]pds∏Sp∂Xn\p apºv Xs‚ Aflan{Xamb

ssh°w ]fl\m`]nffsb IpSpw_Øns‚ apgph≥ DØchmZnXzhpw

G¬∏n°p∂p. thepغnZfhbpw A\pP≥ ]fl\m`≥ Xºnbpw

ktlmZco]p{Xnbpw AΩ hffnbΩ∏nff X¶®nbpw Hcpan®phcp∂

cwKamWXv. kwhn[mbIs‚ C—°\pkcn®v cq]s∏SpØnb {]kvXpXcwKw

thepغnZfhsb ImgN°mcnte°v Gsd ASp∏n°m≥ klmbn°p∂p.

PKZw_nI F∂IYm]m{Xw {]XnIcWtijnbp≈ kv{XocXv\ambn

tim`n°p∂p Ne®n{XØn¬. Aca\bn¬ k{ºXn IS∂phcp∂cwKap≠v.

BfdnbmsX Abmƒ°v apdn-°p-≈n-te°v IS∂phcm≥ PKZw_nI A\phmZw

133

\¬Ip∂sX∂v kw`mjWØn¬\n∂pw hy‡w. tamis∏´ coXnbn¬

kwkmcn°p∂ k{ºXnsb \ne°p\n¿Øm≥ Ah¿°p km[n°p∂p≠v.

kz¥w kwc£Wm¿Yw k{ºXnsb IcWØSn°pIbpw, IØnsIm≠p

sIm√mt\mßpIbpw sNøp∂p≠v. \mbnI F∂ hntijWØn¬

As√¶nepw PKZw_nI kn\n-abnse A\nhmcyXbmIp∂p. a\pjy¿°nSbn¬

\ne\n¬°p∂ Nne hnizmkßsf CXn¬ k∂nthin∏n®ncn°p∂p.

Iº\nbpambn bp≤Øn\p ]pds∏´m¬ HSphn¬ IqsS\n∂hcmcpw

D≠mhns√∂pw A\pP\mb Rm≥ am{Xta ImWqsh∂pw ]∑\m`≥Xºn

]dbp∂p. Cu kabw `nØnbnencp∂v ]√n Nne°p∂Xmbn Im´p∂p.

hfscsNdnb CØcw \nanØßfpw {]XoIßfpw hcm\ncn°p∂

kw`hßfnte°v shfn®w hoip∂p.

Infnam\q¿ Xºpcms\ I≠v bm{X]d™v DShmƒ At±lØn\p

ka¿∏n® tijamWv aÆSnbntebv°v aSßp∂Xv. A\pP\pambn Infnam\q¿

tImhneIØv FØp∂ thepغn IpSn°m\mbn sh≈w cmPmhnt\mSv

tNmZn°p∂p. IpSn°m≥sh®ncp∂ ]m¬Xs∂ At±lw Ah¿°p \¬In.

XpS¿∂v c£t\Sp∂Xn\mbn Xs‚ Ad°p≈n¬ Hfn°m≥ AhtcmSv

Bhiys∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. AXn\phgßmsX DShmƒ Xºpcm\p \¬In

IpSn®sh≈Øn\pw ]d™hm°n\pw \μn]d™psIm≠v At±lw

aSßp∂XmbmWv Ne®n{XØn¬. Ncn{XØn¬ \n∂pw hyXymkan√msX

bmsW¶nepw Cu cwKØns‚ AhXcWØn¬ cwKNmcpXbv°pw,

hnjbKuchØn\p th≠n BWv CucoXnbn¬ Nn{XoIcn®Xv.

F¥psIm≠mhmw thepغn Infnam\q¿Øºpcm\v Xs‚ DShmƒ ka¿∏n®v

aSßnbsX∂ Hcp tNmZyw Ncn{XØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂p. Ahkm\w hsc

cmPyØn\pw cmPmhn\pwth≠n \nesIm≠n´pw Xs‚ tkh\ßsf

IW°nseSp °msX \njvIcpWw X≈n°f™ XncphnXmwIq¿ almcmPmhv

_mecmah¿a tbmSp≈ \ni_vZamb {]Xntj[{]IS\amWv

134

Infnam\q¿Øºpcms\ ImWm≥ thepغnsb t{]cn∏n®Xv F∂

A\pam\Øn¬ FØp∂Xmhpw DNnXw.

kmt¶XnIX thepغnZfhbn¬

Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\w F∂ \nebn¬ {it≤bamb Nn{Xambncp∂p

thepغnZfh. Ne®n{XØns‚ kmt¶XnI taJe A{Xta¬

hnIkn°mØ ImeØv D≠mb Nn{XamWnXv. ªm°v B‚ v ssh‰v

kt¶XØnemWv Nn{Xw \n¿Ωn®ncn°p∂Xv. Idp∏pw shfp∏pw h¿ÆsØ

PohnXmhÿIfpsS h¿Æ hyXymkØn¬ I≠v BkzZn°p∂ Hcp

Xeapdbmbncp∂p 1960 IfnteXv. AXn\m¬ Ne®n{X BkzmZ\sØ CXv

{]XnIqeambn _m[n®ncp∂n√.

\ni_vZNn{XßfpsS ImeL´Øn¬\n∂pw Ne®n{Xw i_vZn®p

XpSßnbt∏mtg°pw "i_vZw' Hcp A\nhmcyLSIambn amdn. hyXykvX

ßfmb i_vZßfpsS k∂nthiw thepغnZfhbn¬ D≠v. aebmfkn\na

t\mhens‚bpw \mSIØns‚bpw hmNnIkz`mhw ]q¿Æambpw

Dt]£n°mXncp∂ Hcp ImeL´Ønse Nn{XamWnXv. \mSIØnse

kw`mjWßsf A\pkvacn∏n°pw hn[amWvv CXnse kw`mjW߃.

Iymad F∂ kmt¶XnI D]IcWØns‚ A`mhw \mSIØn¬ \nItØ≠Xv

kw`mjWamWv. F∂m¬ Ne®n{XØns‚ ÿnXn adn®mWv.

kw`mjWßfn¬ anXXzw BWv D≠mth≠Xv. thepغnZfhbn¬

D®ÿmbnbn¬ D≈ kw`mjWßfmWv IqSpXepw. i_vZk∂nthiw

ITn\amb aSp∏pfhm°p∂ Ahÿ Nnet∏msg¶nepw A\p`hs∏Smdp≠v.

Ne®n{Xmcw`Øn¬ Xs∂ kwL¿jw krjvSn°phm\pw CXnhrØLS\

cq]s∏SpØm\pw IYm]m{XßfpsS B¥cnIkz`mhw shfns∏SpØm\pw

\mSIobamb kw`mjWsØ D]tbmKn°p∂p.

135

tZikvt\lnbmb thepغnbpsS amXr\mSnt\mSp≈ aaX

shfnhm°p∂ \nch[n kw`mjW߃ Ne®n{XØn¬ D≠v.

""\°m∏n®bv°pth≠n F¥pw sNøm≥ aSn°mØ aSnb∑m¿ Fßs\tbm

C∂m´n¬ h∂p ]nd∂pt]mbn'', ""kqcy\kvXan°mØ km{amPyØns‚

A[n]∑mcmb tæOcmb \nßfpsS i]n°s∏´ icocsØ Xmßn

\n¿Øp∂Xv RßfpsS [¿Ω cmPyamWv.'' XpSßnb kw`mjW߃

thepغnbpsS BfltcmjsØbpw hocXzsØbpw {]ISam°p∂p.

Infnam\q¿ cmPmhn\v thepغn Xs‚ A¥y ImeL´Øn¬ DShmƒ

ka¿∏n°ptºmƒ Cßs\ {]Xo£n°p∂p. ""Hcp Imew hcpw

IpewIpØp∂h¿ XΩn¬ IgpØdpØp \in°pw A∂v AXni‡amb Hcp

]pXnb Xeapd hcpw Ah¿ P∑\mSns\ kzX{¥am°pw''.

\nehnep≈ kmaqlym hÿItfmSp≈ ISpØ hntbmPn∏pw

\msfsb°pdn®p≈ ]pØ≥ {]Xo£bpamWv At±lØns‚ hm°pIfneqsS

{]Xn^en°p∂Xv. Xe°pfØns‚ \nehnf°mWv thepغn F∂mWv

AΩ At±lsØ hntijn∏n°p∂Xv. kw`mjWßfpsS Xo{hXbv°v

A\pkcn®v ]›mØe i_vZßfpw k∂nthin∏n®ncn°p∂p.

i¶c\mcmbW≥sN´nbpsS `mjbn¬ Xangvssien Ie¿ØnbmWv

kw`mjWw \n¿Δln®ncn°p∂Xv. PKZw_nIbpsS kw`mjWßfpw

{it≤bamWv.

Ne®n{XØnse kwKoXw, bmZr—nI i_vZ߃, ku≠v C^IvSpIƒ

Chsb√mw Ne®n{XsØ kwthZ\£aam°p∂ LSIßfmWv. sa®s∏´

i_vZ kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS A`mhw Ne®n{XØn¬ ]e`mKØpw

{]ISamWv. F∂m¬ kμ¿Øn\\pkcn®p≈ i_vZßsf {IaoIcn°m≥

kwhn[mbI≥ {i≤n®n´p≠v. thepغnbpw k{ºXnbpambp≈

136

hmƒt]mcn¬ hmfpIƒ Dckp∂ i_vZw, {][m\hnhcßsf \m´pImsc

Adnbn°p∂Xn\mbn s]cpºdsIm´p∂ i_vZw, Ne®n{XØns‚

Ahkm\`mKØv Hcp \nanØw Ft∂mWw {]Xy£s∏Sp∂ "]√n

Nnebv°¬' , IpXnc°pfºSnIfpsS i_vZw, ]´mfØns‚ IS∂phchv,

Cw•ojv ]´mfw hcptºmsg√mw IS∂p hcp∂ A[nImcØns‚

]›mØekwKoXw, {_n´ojpImcpsS t]mcm´w Chsb√mw Ne®n{Xw

Cdßnb ImeL´sØ kmt¶XnIXbv°v A\pkcn®v \n¿Δ-ln-®ncn°p∂p.

Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\Nn{Xamb thepغnZfhbn¬ Km\cwKßsf

Dƒs∏Sp Ønbn´p≠v. Ne®n{Xw Bcw`n°p∂Xp Xs∂ hoc\mb Xe°pfØp

Xºnsb hmgvØp∂ Km\tØmsSbmWv. tijw Imev]\nI cwK߃°v

angnthIm\mbn \mev Km\cwKßsf Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. CXn¬

dknU‚ns‚ sIm´mcØn¬ Actßdp∂ PKZw_nIbpsS Km\cwKw am{Xsa

IYmKXnsb kzm[o\n°p∂p≈p. dknU‚ns‚ the°mc\pw the°mcnbpw

tN¿∂v A`n\bn°p∂ Km\cwKw tIhew t\cwt]m°n\p am{XamsW∂v

hnebncpØmw.

cwKkwhn[m\Øn¬ Ne®n{XImc≥ Gsd {i≤n®n´p≠v.

XncphnXmwIqdnse henb Hcp {]`pIpSpw_amWv thepغnbpsSXv.

XºnbpsS XdhmSn\p≈n¬ sh®p≈ cwK߃ ImWn°ptºmƒ

]›mØeØn¬ ]gbXdhmSns‚ amXrIIsf A\pkvacn∏n°pw hn[w

Iemkwhn[m\w sNbvXncn°p∂p. `nØnbn¬ Xq°nbn´ncn°p∂ hmfpw

]cnNbpw, ]WnsNøp∂ tkhI¿, Ae¶mcambn sh®ncn°p∂

\nehnf°pIƒ XpS-ßnbhsb√mw ]›mØeØn¬ IS∂phcp∂p.

Pb¥≥i¶c≥ \ºqXncnbpsS Fgps∂≈Øp thfbnepw cmPmhmb

_mecmah¿Ωsb ImWn°ptºmgpw ]√°v, Beh´w, sh¨Nmacw,

137

Xmes∏men, apØp°pS F∂nhbpsS km∂n≤yw {it≤bamWv.

\mSphmgnØØns‚bpw cmPy`cWImeØns‚bpw {]XoIßfmbn

\ne\n¬°p∂hbmWv {]kvXpX kqNI߃. t]mcm´Øns‚bpw,

hocXzØns‚bpw {]XoIambn IpXnc {]Xy£s∏Sp∂p. Km\cwK߃

an°hmdpw Htc ]›mØeØn¬ Nn{XoIcn®ncn°p∂p.

Nn{XßfneqsS \ap°p ]cnNnXamb thepغnbpsS

thjkwhn[m\amWv Ne®n{XØnepw AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂Xv. kv{XoIfpsS

thj߃ kmcnbpw ap≠pw t\cyXpamWv. dknU‚n\pw Iq´¿°pw ]m›mXy

ssienbnep≈ hkv{X߃ \¬Inbncn°p∂p. amSºnam¿, {]`p°∑m¿

XpSßnbh¿°v {]tXyI hkv{Xßfpw km[mcW°mcmb {]PIƒ°v H‰

ap≠pw, C…mw aX hn`mK߃°v sXm∏nbpw \¬Inbncn°p∂p.

Ncn{XØnse Xo{hamb Hcp ImeL´sØ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\m¬

kwL´\cwK߃ Bh¿Øn°p∂p. Iº\n ]´mfhpw XncphnXmwIq¿

]´mfhpw XΩnep≈ t]mcm´w XpS-ßnbhsb√mw `mhXo{hXtbmsS

AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. {_n´ojv A[nImcnIƒs°Xnsc s]mcpXm\mbn

P\ßtfmSp≈ thepغnbpsS Blzm\w {it≤bamWv. thepغnbpsS

apJw am{Xw kv{Io\n¬ ImWn°pIbpw AtXkabw ]e`mKØpw \S°p∂

t]mcm´Øns‚ Nn{X߃ ]›mØeØn¬ IS∂phcnIbpw sNøp∂ cwKw

Gsd {]m[m\yw A¿ln°p∂p.

Ne®n{XØn¬ NabØn\v hfsc {]m[m\yap≠v. ImgvN`wKn°pth≠n

bp≈ Hcp am¿§w F∂Xn\∏pdw A`nt\Xm°sf IYm]m{Xßfm°n

am‰p∂Xv NabØneqsSbmWv. "IYm]m{Xhpambn s]mcpØs∏Sp∂Xn\v

HmtcmcpØ¿°pw Bhiyamb cq]t`Zw hcpØp∂ {]{InbbmWv Nabw'.17

NabØns‚ kq£aamb {]tXyIXIsf FSpØpImWn°phm\pw Zriy`wKn

138

\¬Im\pw shfn®w klmbn°p∂p. ªm°v B‚ v ssh‰v Nn{Xw F∂\nebn¬

CXn¬ h¿Æ sshhn[y߃ krjvSn°m\mhn√. Ncn{XImeL´sØ

]p\cmhnjv°cn°p∂p F∂Xn\m¬ ]gbImesØ thjhnXm\ßfpw

Nabßfpw Ne®n{XØn¬ sIm≠phcm≥ {i≤n®n´p≠v. Ne®n{Xw IÆns‚

IebmbXn\m¬ AXns\ Xr]vXns∏SpØp∂Xn\mbn NabØn¬ Gsd

{i≤nt°≠Xmbp≠v. IYmImehpambn _‘n∏n®p≈ LSIs∏mcpØw

\ne\n¿Øn NabØns‚ ImcyØn¬ k¥penXmhÿ ]ment°≠XmWv.

Xt≈≠Xns\ X≈nbpw \ne\n¿tØ≠Xns\ \ne\n¿Ønbpw

{IaclnXambn InS°p∂ tjm´pIsf tbmPn∏n®v sIm≠pw Ne®n{XØn\v

A¿YhØmb cq]w \¬Ip∂ I¿ΩamWv Nn{Xk∂nthiw. IYbpsS

Hgp°n\v `wKw hcmØ coXnbnemWv FUn‰nMv \StØ≠Xv. F∂m¬

kμ¿t`mNnXambn´√msX Ne®n{XØns‚ XpS¿®sb {]XnIqeambn

_m[n°pw hn[ap≈ Nn{XkwtbmP\w Ne®n{XØn¬ Nne `mKØp≠v.

It®cnbnse KuchIcamb hnjb߃ N¿® sNøp∂ cwKØn\p tijw

thepغnbpsS A\¥nchfpw DÆn\ºqXncnbpw XΩnep≈ Km\cwKw

ImWn°p∂p. Ne®n{XØns‚ BkzmZ\sØ ̀ wKw hcpØp∂ XcØnemWv

{]kvXpX `mKw FUn‰p sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ Nn{XØns‚

A¥y`mKßsf√mw hfsc ̀ wKnbmbn Nn{XkwtbmP\w \n¿Δln®ncn°p∂p.

aoUnbw tjm´neqsS thepغnsb AhXcn∏n®psIm≠mWv Nn{Xw

Bcw`n®ncn°p∂Xv. Ne®n{XØnse hnImc\n¿`camb cwKßsf

AhXcn∏n°ptºmƒ thepغnbpsS apJw kao] ZriyØn¬

AhXcn∏n°p∂p. thepغnbpsS A¥yw anIthmsS AhXcn∏n°m≥

Iymad Ne\߃°p Ign™p. IebpsSbpw kmt¶XnIhnZybpsSbpw

139

Hcpan®p≈ {]h¿Ø\amWv Nn{Xkwtbm P\sØ km[yam°p∂Xv.

ImWn°p∂ Zriy߃°\pkcn®v i_vZsØ Iq´ntN¿°p∂Xn¬

Ne®n{XImc≥ {i≤n®n´p≠v. A`n\bØns‚ ImcyØn¬ Ne®n{Xw

\mSIØns‚]mTßsf ]n≥XpScp∂p. F∂m¬ kn\nabn¬ Ir{Xnaambn

\mSIobX D≠m°p∂Xv DNnXa√. `mhNe\ßfn¬ ]et∏mgpw

AXnsshImcnIX IS∂phcp∂p. izmkKXnbnse hyXnbm\ßfpw

IÆnaNnΩepw Ir{Xnaamb `mh Ne\ßfmbn t{]£I¿°p

A\p`hthZyamIp∂p

A\ph¿Ø\Ne®n{Xw F∂\nebn¬ thep-Ø-ºn-Z-fh

aebmfNe®n{XØnse A\ph¿Ø\ßfpsS \√ImesØ

{]Xn\n[oIcn °p∂ Nn{XamWv thepغnZfh. ]n∂oS v h∂

Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\ Nn{X߃°v t{]cWbmbXv Cu Nn{XamWv. 1964emWv

]pdØph∂Xv. \mSIw, kn\na F∂o c≠pZriyIeIfpsSbpw hyXymkßsf

]q¿Æambn Dƒs°m≈msXbmWv Ne®n{Xw krjvSn®ncn°p∂Xv.

bmYm¿∞yt_m[Øn\∏pdw AXn`mhpIXzØns‚ XeØnte°v

]ecwKßfpw amdp∂p≠v. Ne®n{Xw ]pdØndßnb Imew CØcw

t]mcmbvaIƒ°p≈ DØcamWv. Ncn{XhkvXp°sf Ie¿∏n√msX

AhXcn∏n°m≥ Ne®n{XImc\v km[n®n´p≠v.

NSpeamb kw`mjW߃ kn\n -abv°v angnthIp∂p. Hcp

Ncn{X]pcpjs‚ Kmw`ocyØn\pw tZikvt\lØn\pw tbmPn°p∂

coXnbnep≈ kw`mjWßfmWv thepغn F∂ IYm]m{XØn\v

\¬Inbncn°p∂Xv.sa°msfbpw thepغnbpw XΩnep≈ kw`mjW

Øn\nSbn¬ thepغn C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p. ""\n\s°ms°

140

aZysamgn®pXcm\mWv s]Æp߃. R߃°v ape∏m¬ Xcm\mWv

s]Æp߃''. kv{XoIsf A]am\n°p∂Xns\Xnsc ISpØin£

\S∏m°nbncp∂ `cWm[nImcnbmWv thepغnsb∂ Ncn{XkXysØ

Du´nbpd∏n°p∂ kw`mjWamWnXv. ""sh≈]nimNp°fpsS ssIsIm≠v

acn°m≥ F\n°mhn√. \ns‚ ssIsIm≠v Fs∂ h[n°p∂XmWp

NnXw'' F∂v Ahkm\\nanjØn¬ At±lw ]dbp∂p≠v. Iº\n°mcpsS

ssIsIm≠v acn°msX Xs‚ Xesh´nam‰m≥ ]eh´w A\pP\mb

]fl\m`≥XºntbmSv ]dbp∂ps≠¶nepw At±lw AXptIƒ°p∂n√.

""ktlm-Zckvt\l-Øns‚ BsI-ØpI A\p-k-c-W-bm-sW∂'' thep-Ø-ºn-

bpsShm°p-Iƒ A\p-P-s\ tPyjvTs‚ B{Klwkm[n°m≥- t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

tPyjvTs‚ A¥yw ImWm-\m-hmsX IÆ-\o¿ s]mgn-°p∂ A\p-P-

t\mSv thep-غn ]d-bp∂ Bizmk hm°p-Iƒ Gsd Nn¥-\o-b-am-Wv.-

""ta¬t∏m-́ p-b-cp∂ aoi Xmtgm v́ Hgp-Ip∂ IÆp-\o¿ Ch XΩn¬ s]mcp-Ø-

aqt≠m?'' IYmkμ¿`Øn¬ Cu kw-`m-jWw Gsd {it≤b-am-Wv. Ne-®n-

{Xm-cw -̀Øn¬ apdp-°m≥ CSn®p \¬In-s°m≠v thep-غn AΩ-tbmSv ]m°v

s]mSn-™n-́ pt≠m F∂v tNmZn-°p-∂p-≠v. AXn\p adp-]Sn AΩ C{]-Imcw

\¬Ip-∂p. ""]m°√ ]md-°-√p-t]mepw \ns‚ H‰ CSn°p NX-bpw''. thep-

Ø-ºn-sb-°p-dn®v ap≥[m-cWbn√mØ Hcm-fn\pw Cu kw`m-jWw At±-l-

tØ-°p-dn®v Hcp [mcW \¬Ipw. Ne-®n-{X-Ønse {][m-\{]Xn\mb-I≥ sa°m-

sf-bpsS BIm-chpw kw`m-j-W-ßfpw bp‡n ]q¿Δw Bhn-jv°-cn-®n-́ p-≠v.

tIc-f-N-cn{XØnse Kuc-h-ta-dnb hnjbw ssIImcyw sNbvX Ne-®n-

{X-amWv thep-غnZfh . Ne-®n{Xw P\-{]n-b-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn- Nn-e -X-{¥-

ßsf kwhn-[m-b-I≥ Bhn-jv°-cn-®n-́ p≠v. sa°msf kmbn-∏ns‚ tkh-I-

\mb a√≥ amtX-h≥, amtX-hs‚ ImapIn F∂n-h-cpsS IS-∂p-h-chpw kw`m-

j-W-ßfpw Ne-®n-{X-Ønse ]ncn-aq-dp°w Ipd-°p-∂p. ]m -́pI-sfbpw CØ-c-

141

Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. XnI™ Ncn{Xt_m[tØmsSbmWv

Ne®n{XØns‚ Xnc°Y\n¿hln®ncn°p∂Xv. Ncn{XhkvXpXIsf

ss\c¥cyw \jvSs∏SpØmsX i‡amb `mjbn¬ AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p.

IYm]m{XßpsS kz`mhsØ Xncn®dnbm≥ ]mIØn¬ Hmtcm

IYm]m{XßfpsSbpw kw`mjWw \n¿hln®n´p≠v. Ncn{XØns‚

hn]peoIcWØn\pw km{μoIcWØn\pw A\pkcn®v Xnc°Y

ssIsømXp° tØmsS ssIImcy sNbvXncn°p∂p.

Ne-®n{Xw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ hnj-b-Øn\v A-\p-k-cn-®p≈ i_vZ-k-

∂n-th-ihpw ]m›mØe kwKo-Xhpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. lmkyw

ssIImcyw sNøp-tºmƒ ]e-t∏mgpw tImam-fn-Ø-Øn-te°v t]mIp-∂p-s≠-

¶nepw bp≤hpw sshIm-cn-I-cw-K-ßfpw ssIsøm-Xp-°-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p-∂p-≠v. ªm°v B‚ v ssh‰v Nn{X-am-bmWv thep-غn ]pdØp h∂-Xv.

Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-Øn-eqsS \mw a\- n-em-°nb thep-Ø-ºn-Z-fh F∂

tZikvt\lnbpsS BIm-c-h-Sn-hn\pw, kz`m-h-co-Xn-I-sfbpw AtX-]-Sn- Bhn-

jv°-cn-°m≥ X° coXn-bn-ep≈ IYm-]m{X-amWv Ne-®n-{X-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. thep-

Ø-ºnsb°pdn®v i‡hpw hy‡-hp-am-b [mc-W- e-̀ n-°m≥ thep-Ø-ºn-bmbn

cwK-Øp-h∂ \Ss‚ (sIm-́ m-c-°c {io[-c≥\m-b¿) A`n-\bw klm-bn-®n-́ p-

ap≠v.

amam-¶w

143

amam-¶w

Ncn{Xw

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvImcnINcn{XØn¬ Hcp ImeØv Gsd {]m[m-

\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ BtLm-j-amWv amam-¶w. `mc-X-∏p-g-bp-sS-Xo-cØv Xncp-\m-hm-

b-bn¬ ]{¥-≠p-h¿j-Øn-¬ H-cn-°¬ \S-∂p-h-cm-dp-ff atlm-’-h-am-Wn-Xv.

amL-am-k-Ønse aIw \mfn-emWv amam-¶-a-tlm-’hw Bcw-̀ n-°p-∂-Xv. {]mNo-

\-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ amamIw F∂mWv cq]w. amam¶w F∂v Bcw-̀ n®p F∂-Xn\v

hy‡-amb [mc-W-bn-√. "tNc-cm-Pm-hns‚ A[y-£-X-bn-ep≈ aX-]-c-amb

Hcp NS-ßm-bn´mWv amam¶w Bcw-`n-®-sX∂v sF-Xnlyw ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw

cmjv{So-b-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈ hn]p-e-amb Hscm-Øp-tN-c-ens‚ Nn{X-amWv

]n¬°mekw`h-ßfpw ]cm-a¿i-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂-Xv'18 F∂v Ncn{XØn¬ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AtXkabw amam-¶-Øns‚ Dev]-Øn-sb-∏‰n Ncn-{X-Im-

c-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ GIm-̀ n-{]m-b-an-√.

s]cp-am-°-fpsS ̀ c-W-Im-eØv Ah-cpsS ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ NS-ßp-I-fmWv amam-¶-am-b-sX∂v hn-izm-k-ap-≠v. aIcw , Ipw`w amk-ß-

fnse Aamhmkn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ hcp∂ aI-Øn-\mWv s]cp-am-°-∑m-cpsS ÿm\m-

tcm-l-W-®-S-ßp-Iƒ. "]-{¥-≠p-h¿jw-hoXw Bh¿Øn-®p- \S-∂n-cp∂ s]cp-

amƒ`c-W-Øn¬ Xncp-\mhmaW¬∏p-d-Øv IqSm-dp≈ \m´p°q-́ -Øn-s‚bpw `c-

W-am-‰-Øn-s‚bpw Hm¿Ω-°m-bn- G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb NS-ßm-Imw'19 C-sX-∂v

thembp[≥ ]Wn-°-t»cn A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. _p≤s‚ P∑-Zn-\-Øn¬ \S-

Øp∂ BtLm-j-amWv amam¶w F∂pw A`n-{]m-bw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

"]qøw' _p≤s‚ P∑-\mfm-Wv. _p≤-aXw F∂ A¿∞n¬ am¿§w F∂p-{]-

tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. ]men-`m-j-bn¬ am¿§w am§w F∂m-bn. alm-am-t§m-’hw

amam-¶-ambn F∂mWv _p≤-a-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn amam-¶-sØ-°p-dn®v

144

]d-bp-∂-Xv. "_p≤-a-X-°m-cpsS am¿tKm¬k-h-hp-ambn amam-¶-Øn\v ASp-Ø-

_-‘-ap-s≠∂pw Ncn{XImc∑m¿ ]dbp∂p.'20 tNmf-∑m¿ Ipw`tIm-W-Øp-\-S-

Øn-bn-cp∂ kv\mt\m-’-h-amWv tNmf-{]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-b -ÿm-Wp-chn Xncp-\m-

hm-b-bn¬ Bcw-̀ n® amam¶w Fs∂mcp hymJym-\hpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

alm-I-iy-]≥ F∂ tbmKn _p≤-aXw kzoI-cn-®Xv ]q¿Æn-abpw ]pjy-

\-£-{Xhpw tN¿∂ Znh-k-am-Wv. AXns‚ Hm¿Ωbv°v _p≤-a-X-°m¿ XpS-

ßnb D’-h-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmWv amam¶w F∂pw A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. CXn-

t\mSv tN¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ as‰m-c-p A`n-{]mbw Atim-I-N-{I-h¿Øn _p≤-aXw

kzoI-cn-®Xv ]qbw \mfn-em-sW∂pw AXns‚ XpS¿®-bmWv amam-¶-w F-∂p-w

BWv. hyXy-ÿ-A-̀ n-{]m-bßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ ]qbw \£-{Xhpw amam-

¶-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂p- hy-‡-amIp-∂p. tNc-N-{I-h¿Ønsb

BZcn-°m\pw At±-l-tØmSv X߃°p≈ hnt[-bXzw {]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p-ambn

tIc-f-Ønse F√m-\m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw A[n-]-∑m¿ Xncp-\m-hm-b -a-W-∏p-dØv

BtLm-j-]q¿Δw HØp-tN-cp-∂-Xns‚ ]n≥Xp-S¿®-bmWv amam¶w F∂pw-

]dbs∏Sp∂p.

]c-ip-cm-a-I-Y-bp-ambn _‘-s∏ v́ amam-¶sØ°pdn®v as‰mcp sFXolyw

\ne-hn-ep-≠v. ]{¥-≠p-h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ F√m-h-cp-tSbpw km∂n-[y-Øn¬

]pXn-b- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cnsb \n›-bn-°m≥ ]c-ip-cm-a≥ D≠m-°nb G¿∏m-SmWv

amam-¶w- F-∂mWv ]c-ip-cm-a-\p-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnizmkw. amam¶w \S-Øp-

hm≥ h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-sbbpw AXn-\p-th≠ kwc-£Ww \¬Im≥ kmaq-

Xn-cn-sbbpw ]c-ip-cm-a≥ \n›-bn®p F∂Xpw CXn-\v A-\p-_-‘-ambn \ne-

\n¬°p∂ IY-bm-Wv.

"tIc-f-Øn¬ ]qbhpw shfp-Ø-hmhpw km[m-c-W-bmbn tbmPn-®p-h-

cnI I¿°n-S-I-Øn¬ hymgw \n¬°p-tºm-gm-Wv. Cu kabw amam-t¶m-’hw

145

Bcw-̀ n-°pw.21 'Ccp-]-Øn-sb v́ Znhkw \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ BtLm-j-am-Wv C-

sX∂pw ap∏-Xp-Zn-h-k-sØ-B-tLm-j-am-sW∂pwA`n-{]m-b-ap≠v.22 F¥m-bmepw

GXm≠v Hcpam-kw \o≠p \n¬°p∂ BtLm-j-am-Wn-sX∂v \nkwibw

]d-bmw. amam¶w \S-Øm-\p≈ A[n-Imc Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ncn-{X-]-

WvUn-X¿°n-S-bn¬ hyXy-kvX -A-̀ n-{]m-b-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. sh≈m-́ n-cn-bmWv BZy-

Im-eØp amam-¶-Øn¬ \ne-]mSv \n∂n-cp-∂-sX∂pw ]n∂oSv i‡-\mb kmaq-

Xncn amam -¶ -Ønse A≤y-£-ÿm\w ]nSn -s®-Sp -Ø-Xm -sW-∂pw -

A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂hcp≠v. ]√-h-̨ Nm-eq-Iy- In-S-a-’-c-ß-fp-ambn Cu a’-c-

Øn\v _‘-ap-≈-Xmbpw hmZap≠vv.

h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-bpsS ÿe-Øp-h-®mWv amam¶w \S-°p-∂-Xv. amam-

¶-Øns‚ c£m-]p-cp-j-\mbn \ne-]mSp \nev°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw h≈p-h-t°m-

\m-Xn-cn-°m-Wv. F∂m¬ "s]cp-amƒ Cu A-h-Imiw s]cp-º-S-∏n-\mWv \¬In-

b-sX∂pw AXmWv tImbn-e-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ - F∂ ]Zhn F∂pw Fkv.sI hk-

¥≥ ]d-bp-∂p.'23 s]cp-º-S∏v Cu A[nImcw h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn°v ssIam-

dp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. ht∂cn Nn{X-Iq-S-Øn¬h®v s]cp-º-S∏v Inco-S-[m-c-Ww- \-

S-Øn-h-∂m¬ \ne-]m-Sp-\n¬°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw Hgn-™p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-s∂mcp

hyh-ÿbpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Ah-km\s]cp-am-fmb ̀ mkv°-c-h¿Ω\n¬ \n∂v

h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn°v In´nb Ah-Im-i-am-Wn-sX∂pw ]cm-a¿iw D≠v. ]n∂o-

SmWv amam-¶-Øns‚ c£m-]p-cp-j-\mbn kmaq-Xncn ÿm\w G¬°p-∂-Xv.

\ne-]mSv \n¬°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw kmaq-Xncn ]nSn-s®-Sp-Ø-Xmbn ]d-b-p-∂p.

sIm√pw, sImebpw, ac-Ww-h-cn-°epw amam-¶-Øns‚ ̀ mK-am-sW∂ coXn-

bn-emWv {]kvXp-X-hn-h-cWw. AtXm-sSm∏w amam-¶hpw ssX∏q-bhpw XΩn-

ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn®pw ta¬∏d™ teJ\ØneqsS kqN\ e`n-°p-∂p-

≠v. amam¶w t]mse Xs∂ ssX∏q-bhpw Xncp-\m-hm-bn¬ BtLm-jn®p t]m∂n-

146

cp-∂p. "sIm√w 809, 821, 841, 845 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬ ssX∏qbw BtLm-jn-®n-

cp∂ tcJ-Iƒ e`n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]{¥-≠p-h¿jw IqSptºmƒ amam-¶-ssX-

∏q-bsØ hm¿jn-I-ssX-∏q-b-ß-fpsS IqSp-X¬ t{ijvThpw BtLm-j-]q¿Δ-

hp-amb BNm-c-ambn ImWm-a∂pw'24 A`n-{]m-b-ap≠v.

amam¶w F∂m-cw-̀ n®p F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb hnh-c-߃ H-∂pw-

Xs∂ e`n-®n-́ n-√. sh≈m-́ n-cnbpw kmaq-Xn-cn-bp-am-bp≈ InS-a-’-c-amWv amam-

¶-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bXv F∂ \nK-a\w IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬ Xs∂ amam-t¶m-

’-hm-cw`w F∂m-sW-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v IrXy-amb Adn-hv e-`n-°p-∂n-√. "F.Un

1101 ¬ BWv kmaq-Xncn sh≈m-́ n-cn-bp-ambn G‰p-ap-́ n-b-sX∂vNcn{XImc\mb

IrjvW-ø¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp-∂p.'25 "Xncp-am‘mwIp∂v t£{X-Ønse

Nmth¿Ød sh≈m-́ n-cn°v amam-¶-hp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-am-bn-I-

W-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.'26 -

tNc-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ Xntcm-[m-\-tØmsS amam-t¶m-’-h-Øn-¬

B[y£w- hln-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cn¬ {]am-Wn-bmb h≈p-

h-\m-́ -[n-]\v (h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn) ssIhcp-Ibpw CXn¬ Gdmƒ∏mSv Xo¿Øpw

Akw-Xr-]vX-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch¿ X-Ωn-ep≈ cmjv{So-b-am-’-cy-Øn\v

\ºq-Xn-cn-{Km-a-߃ XΩn-ep≈ Iqdp-a-’cw i‡n -]-I¿-∂p. DÆn-®n-cp-tXho-

N-cn-X-Øn-¬ ]∂n-bq¿, tNmIncw {Kma-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-cm-a¿i-߃ A∂sØ

kmaq-ln-Im-h-ÿ-bn-te°mWv shfn®w hoip-∂-Xv. amam-¶-Ønse A≤y-£-

ÿm\w h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-bpsS bi- p-b¿Øn. Ad-_n-IfpsS klm-b-

tØmsS kmaq-Xncn Xncp-\m-hmb ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw amam-¶-Øns‚ t\Xr-

ÿm\w t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

147

H∂p-In¬ kmaq-Xn-cnsb h[n-°pI As√-¶n¬ B {i-a-Øn¬ acn°pI

F∂ Xocp-am-\-hp-ambn F√m-am-am-¶-Øn\pw h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-°p-th≠n

Nmth-dp-Iƒ kmaq-Xn-cn-°p-ap-∂n¬ FØm-dp-≠v. "D’hw F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ

a’-c-Øns‚ Bth-i-ap-b¿Øp∂ Xe-Øn-te°v amam¶w amdp∂ ImgvN-bmWv

Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv.'27 "amam-¶-ssX-∏q-b-Øn-∂mƒ s\e-]m-Sp-\n-∂p-cp-fp-

∂-Xns‚ apsº h∂p acn® Nmsh¿ s]¿ A©v. B\ s]m∂-Wn-™-Zn-hkw

AkvX-an®v ]pe¿Imse h´-a-Æ-I-≠¿sa-s\m\pw Iq´-hpw-h∂p acn-®-

s]¿ ]{¥-≠v. \mƒ\m-en¬ hmI-bq-cn¬h∂p acn-®-s]¿ F v́. If-Øn¬ CSn-°-

cp-Wm-I-c-ta-t\m≥ Ccn-°p-s∂-S-Øp∂ ]nSn-®p-sI´n hmI-bq¿sIm-≠p-t]mbn

sIm∂ Nmsh¿ H∂v. aIØp∂mƒ IqSn-sØm-gp∂ Znhkw \ne-]m-Sp-s\-cØp

hmI-bq¿Xm-g-Øp-\n∂p ]nSn®v Agn-sbm-Sp-sI-́ n-bn v́ s\e-]mSv Ign™v Fgp-

s∂-≈n-b-Xns‚ tijw hmI-bq-c-Xm-g-Øn-d°n sh´n-°-f™ Nmsh¿s]¿ \mev.

BsI Nmsh¿s]¿ Aº-Øn-A-©v. ]pXn-b-ßm-Sn-bn¬ \n∂psIm≠p-h∂ shfn-

s®-Æ-sNm-X\ Cubn-cØn Hcp-\q‰n aqs∂-ap-°m¬. s\{¥-°mb ]Xn-\m-em-

bncw ]S¿°mb \mem-bn-cØn \m\q‰n ]Øv ]S¿]gw ]Xn-s\-Æm-bn-cw.'

hntZ-i-k-©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw amam-¶-sØ-°p-dn-®v Adn-

bm≥ I-gn-bp-∂p. ]{¥≠p sIm√-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ Xncp-\m-hmb aW¬∏p-dØv

s]cp-am-fn-s\ -sX-c-s™-Sp-°-W-sa∂v ]c-ip-cm-a-\n¿t±-i-ap-≠v. AXns‚ `mK-

ambn amam¶w BtLm-jn-°p∂p F∂ hnizmkhpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. ]{¥≠v

h¿j-Ønsemcn-°-ep≈ A[n-Im-c-ssI-am-‰-sØ-°p-dn®v _¿t_m-km, Ae-Ivkm-

≠¿ doUv ,{^m≥kn-k, lmanƒ´¨ F∂o k©m-cn-Iƒ ]e hnh-c-ßfpw

\¬Ip-∂p-≠v. "]{¥-≠p-sIm√Øn-sem-cn-°¬ kmaq-Xncn kzbw Igp-Ø-dpØv

acn-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ ]pXn-b- `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn°p hgn-am-dn-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp-∂p-sh∂v lmanƒ´-\pw,- sIm√w cmPmhv C{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xm-bn-

_¿t_m≥kbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p≠v.'28 1695 se amam-¶-Øn¬ N{μØn¬]-

148

Wn-°-cpsS A\-¥nch≥ kmaq-Xn-cnsb sh´p-Ibpw B sh´v Xq°whnf-

°n¬Ø´n e£yw ]ng-®psh∂pw lmanƒ´¨ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. I¿°n-

SI hymgw amL-am-k-Ønse ]pjy-\-£-{X-Øn-emWv BZysØ s]cp-amƒ

ÿm-\m-tcm-lWw sNbvX-Xv. Hmtcm ]{¥≠p-h¿jw IqSp-tºm-gmWv hymgw

I¿°n-S-I-Øn¬ hcn-I. Aßs\ HmtcmI¿°n-S-I-hym-ghpw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬

{]-[m-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. "]{¥≠v h¿jw-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ I¿°n-S-I-hym-g-Zn-\-Øn¬

]g-b-s]-cp-amƒ Hgn-bp-Ibpw ]pXn-b-s]-cp-amƒ Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-

t]m-∂p. Cu D’-h-amWv amL-alw Bb amam-¶w' F∂v t_mws_ Kh¿Æ¿

Bbn-cp∂ sPm\m-Z-≥ U¶¨ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

amam-¶-Øns‚ NS-ßp-Iƒ

amam-t¶m-’-h-Øns‚ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ BZy-tØXv Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-

Iƒ Ab-°p-I-bm-Wv. hmI-bq¿, Xr°m-hn¬ tImhn-e-I-ß-fpsS ]Wnbv°pw

Gd-\m-́ nfw Ipdp-\-ºn-bm-Xn-cn-bpsS tImhn-eIw ]Wn-°p-ambn Ducmfn-\m-b-

∑msc £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv IØp-I-f-b-°p-∂-Xv. Xncp-\m-hm-bn¬ FØn-

t®-tc-≠-h-sc- t\c-sØ-Xs∂ IØn-eqsS £Wn-°p-∂p. "Ing°pw]pd-Øp-

tem-I¿°pw hS°pw ]pd-Øp-tem-I¿°pw ]ø-\m-́ p-Imsc \mep-Iq-́ -Øn¬ P\-

Øn\pw \men-√-∏m-Sn¬ A\-¥n-c-h¿°pw hc-°-tem-I¿°pw' Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-

Iƒ Abbv-°p-∂p. amam-¶-Øn-\p≈ Hcp°-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn Ipsdbmfp-

Isf t\c-sØ-Xs∂ Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°m\pw G¿∏m-Sp-sN-øp-∂p. "amam-t¶m-’-

h-Øns‚ BZy-N-S-ßp-I-fn-sem-∂mb ]m≠n-bn-te-°p-≈- F-gpØv tNc ˛

]mWvUy-k-Jy-Øns‚ kqN-\-bm-hmw F∂v Ncn{X ]WvUn-X¿°v A`n-{]m-b-

ap≠v'29

Bfq¿I-Wn-bm≥ KWn-s®-Sp-°p∂ ip`ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ apf-sh-́ n-s°m-

≠p-h-cp∂p. tImhn-eIw ]Wn-Iƒ°v ImeSn tNcn-°¬\n∂pw ac-߃ ip`ap-

149

lq¿Ø-Øn¬ apdn-s®-Øn-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v sImSn-a-c-Øn\v Im¬\m-´¬ NS-

ßmWv. CtXmsS aWn-Ø-d-bpsS \n¿Ωm-Whpw Bcw-̀ n°pw. aWn-Ød F∂Xv

amam-¶-Im-eØv kmaq-Xncn Xma-kn-°p∂ hmI-bq-cnse B¬Ø-d-bn-ep-≠m-

°p∂ \ne-]m-Sp-X-d-bm-Wv. ]m≠n-sI-́ n-°epw tImhn-eIw ]Wnbpw [mcmfw

kmº-Øn-I-s®e-hv D≈ NS-ßm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v IW-°p-Iƒ sXfnhp

\¬Ip-∂p.

"ap∏Ønb©v ssIt°m´pw, FÆqdv sh≈-∏m-cbpw, c≠v apghpw

]Xn\©v ]S∂ssIt°m´pw ,c≠v N°p-]m-cbpw Ccp]Ønb©v Ccp-ºp-Xq-

°p-hn-f°pw ]Øv henb Xq-°p-hn-f°pw \nd-®p-sh∏pw \nd-]-dbpw ]Øn-cp-]-

Xvt]¿ Iq-Snb Nne NS-ßp-Ifpw Z£n-W-bp-amWv apf-sh-́ n- ]m-≠n-sI-́ m-\p≈

k∂m-l-߃'30. amam-¶-Øn\v AI-ºSnP\-ßsf sIm≠p-h-tc≠ Npa-Xe

aßm-́ -®\pw Xn\-b-t©cn Cf-b-Xn-\p-am-Wv. ]d-∏n-≈n-\m-b-I-\mWv hcp∂ Bfp-

Iƒ°v Xma-k-ku-Icyw Hcp-°n-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ̀ mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS he-Xp-I-c-bpsS

kwc-£Ww sIt´m≥ ]S-\m-b-I\pw CS-Xp-Ic hø-h-\m-́ p-\-ºn-Snbpw Gs‰-Sp-

°p-∂p. H∂mw Znhkw hø-h-\m-́ p-\-ºn-Sn, c≠mw Znhkw IS-∂-a-Æ-F-sf-b-h-

I-bn¬ sht≈mSn, aq∂mw-Zn-hkw s\Sn-bn-cn-∏nse aqØ GdmSn Xncp-ap-¬∏mSv

F∂n-ßs\ Hmtcm-Zn-h-khpw tImgn-t°m-Sp-\n∂v hmI-bq-cn-te-°p≈ kmaq-Xn-

cn-bpsS Fgp-s∂-≈n-∏n\v AI-ºSn tkhn-t°-≠-Xns\°pdn®v IrXy-ambn

hyhÿ sNbvXn-́ p-≠v.

aßm-´-®≥, Xn\-b-t©-cn-C-f-bXv, X¿sa-]-Wn-°¿, ]md-\ºn F∂o-a-

{¥n-amcpw, tImgn-t°mSv Xsset-®-t∂m¿, Nh°m´v Xsses®-t∂m¿ F∂o

]S-\m-b-I-∑mcpw Gd-\m´n ap∏-Xn-\m-bn-chpw t]mf-\m-́ p-]-Xn-\m-bn-chpw kmaq-

Xn-cn-bpsS c£bv°v D≠mhpw. amam-t¶m-’-h-Øns‚ Hcp-°-߃ \S-°p-

tºmƒXs∂ \mSns‚ \m\m-̀ m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Acnbpw a‰v hn -̀h-ßfpw Xncp-

150

\m-hmbv°v FØn-bn-cp-∂p. tXmWn-bn¬-F-Øp∂ Cu hn -̀h-߃°v Np¶w

]ncn-°m-dn-√. ]m -́°-W-°n¬ tN¿Øv Bbn-c-Øn-A-™q-dp-]d Acnbpw shSn-

a-cp∂pw D≠bpw sh≈-∏-\m-́ p-I-cbn¬- \n-∂p-am{Xw Xncp-\m-hmbv°v FØp-

∂p. sh≈]pfn-°ogv C´n-°p-a-c-ta-t\m\pw aXn-e-I-Øp-tIm-¥n-ta-t\m\pw IqSn

Xncp-\m-hm-bn-se-Øp∂ km[-\-ßsf sIm≠pt]m-Ip-∂-Xn\pw ssItØm-

°ns‚ acp-∂p-tbmKw Iq´p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn Bfp-Isf Is≠Øn ]Wn-sN-øn-∏n-

®n-cp∂p'31. sIm√ -h¿jw 858¬\S∂ amam-¶-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ tcJ-Iƒ

CXvhy‡-am-°p-∂p .

kmaqXn-cn-bpsS Xn´qcw e`n-®m-ep-S≥ At±-l-Øns‚ A[n-iXzw AwKo-

I-cn-®p-sIm≠v a‰p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ ASn-a-s°mSn sImSp-Ø-b-®p-Xp-Sßpw. F∂m¬

h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xncn am{Xw ASn-a-s°m-Sn°p ]Icw Nmth-‰p-]-S-bm-fn-Isf

Abbv°pw. ]pXp-a-\-∏-Wn-°-cmWv h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-bpsS Nmth-‰p-]-S-bpsS

]S-\m-b-I≥. Xncp-am-‘mw-Ip-∂n-e-Ω-bpsS \S-bv°¬sXm-gpXv ]pXp-a-\-b-Ω-

bpsS Dcp-f-hm-ßn-b-ti-j-amWv bm{X-Xn-cn-°p-I. \ne-]m-Sp-\n¬°p-tºmtgm cm{Xn-

bntem AI-ºSn C√m-Øt∏mtgm GXp-k-a-b-Øp-th-W-sa-¶nepw Nmth-dn\v

kmaq-Xn-cnsb B{I-an-°mw. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS i‡-am-b-tk-\-bv°p-ap∂n¬

Nmth¿]-S-bm-fn-Iƒ acn-®p hogpIbmWv ]Xnhv. CØcØn¬ acWw hcn°p∂

NmthdpIfpsS arXtZl߃ aWn°nWdn¬ CSpw. NmthdpIƒ acn® hnhcw

kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS ssk\n-I¿ tImtX-cn-°¬ sN∂v B¿Øp-hn-fn®p-{]-Jym-]n-

°pw. Cu kw`h-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv "sIm√p-∂-Xnepw aotX tImtX-cn-

°¬ B¿∏v' F∂ ]g-samgn cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv.

h≈p-h-\m-́ nse \mev \m-b¿ `h-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≈ -]p-cp-j-∑m-sc-bmWv

Nmth-dp-I-fm-bn- A-b-°p-∂-Xv. Ch¿ am-am-¶-®m-th¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1597

se Pkyq-́ v tc-J-bn¬ Nmth¿]-S-bm-fn-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ kml-kn-I-Xsb C{]-

151

Imcw ]cm-a¿in-®n-́ p-≠v. "Ah-km-\sØ amam-¶-Øn¬ ap∏Xv Nmth¿ -̀S-∑m¿

Bƒ°q-´-Øn¬ NmSn-hoWv, kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS AwK-c-£-I¿ Ahsc Xp≠p

Xp≠mbn apdn-®n-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc A\-h-[n-t∏sc Acn-™p-ho-gvØn.' amam-¶-Ønse

G‰hpw kw{`a-P-\-I-amb A¥-co-£-amWv Nmth-dp-I-fpsS hchv F∂v Cu

tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج hy‡-am-°p∂p.

amam-¶-Øn-s\-Øp∂ AXn-Yn-I-fpsS £-W-Øns‚ Npa-Xe sImSp-

ß-√q¿ X-ºp-cm-°-∑m¿°m-Wv. amam-¶-Im-eØv I®-h-S-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw \nIp-

Xn-]n-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw Xncp-a-\-t»cn \ºq-Xn-cn-bv°v D-≠v. Xncp-a-\-t»-cn-

\-ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS At]-£-am-\n-®mWv kmaq-Xncn Xncp-\m-hmb ]nSn®v amam-¶-

Øns‚ A[y-£-\m-bXv Fs∂mcp hnizmkw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-p. amam-t¶m-’-

h-Øn\v \ne-]m-Sp-\n¬°m≥ kmaq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn\v Fs¥-¶nepw _p≤n-ap-́ p-h-∂m¬

]Icw \ne-]m-Sp-\n¬°m-\p≈ Npa-Xe Nn‰q¿\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-\m-Wv. kmaq-Xncn

\ne-]m-Sp-\n¬°ptºmƒkm-aq-Xn-cn-bpsS he-Xp-h-i-Øp-\n-ev°p-∂Xv Nn‰q¿\-

ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sm-Wv. aIw \mfn¬ Gdmƒ∏m-Sn-s‚bpw Xncp-a-\-t»-cn-\-ºq-Xn-cn-bp-

sSbpw AI-º-Sn-tbmsS \S-Øp∂ t£{X-Z¿i-\-amWv Ah-km-\-N-Sßv. h≈p-

h-t°m-\m-Xncn c£m-[n-Im-cn-bmbn amam¶w Hcp-Im-eØv \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn A`n-

{]mbw D≠v. At±-l-Øn¬\n∂pw Cu Ah-Im-iw-]n-Sn-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ tImgn-

t°m-́ p-tIm-b-bmWv kmaq-Xn-cnsb klm-bn-®-Xv. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS kwc-£-I-

cn¬ G‰hpw {it≤b-\mWv tImgn-t°m-́ p-tImb. Xncp-am-‘mw-Ip∂v tZhn h≈p-

h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-bp-sS `c-tZ-h-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

h≈p-h-tIm-\m-Xncn amam¶w \S-Øp-tºmƒ aq∂p-Zn-h-ksØ BtLm-

jsa D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. A∂v \ne-]m-Sp-\n¬°p-∂Xv Xncp-am-‘mw-Ip∂v tZho-

t£-{X-Øn-s‚- sX-t°-\-S-bn-ep≈ Icn-¶¬Ø-d-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. kmaq-Xncn amam-

¶-Øns‚ c£-I-\m-b-tXmsS h≈p-h-tIm-\m-XncnbpsS ]g-b-\n-e-]m-Sp-Xd Nmth-

152

dns\ Bin¿h-Zn-°m-\p≈ ÿe-ambn amdn. h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xncnbpw kmaq-

Xncnbpam-bp-≈ -i-{XpX F∂m-cw-̀ n-®p-sht∂m, Ch-cpsS a’-chpw amam-¶-hp-

am-bp≈ _‘hpw F{X-tØmfw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dnt®m IrXy-amb \nK-a-\-

ßfn√.-sIm-√-h¿jw 737 se Xncp-h-¥-fn-tc-J-bn¬ Cßs\ ImWp-∂p. "shß-

\m´ Xºn-tbm-Sp(≈) Xncp-hn-≈-s°-S- B-I-sIm≠ ]pe- A-dn -bn®p

s]mIm™p'. "Gd-\m-́ p-I-scbpw sh≈-\m-́ p-I-scbpw IqsS ]pe Adn-bn-®p-

t]mb ]pØn-√-Ø\w ]qSn°p ]Ww c≠v.'32 F∂m¬ CXn-\p-ap-ºp-≠mb

tcJ-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kmaq-Xn-cnbpw sh≈-∏-\m-´p-ambn (h-≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn)

ASp∏w ImWn-°p∂ tcJ-Iƒ Is≠-Sp-Øn´p-≠v. CXn¬ \n∂pw 1558 \p apºv

kmaq-Xn-cnbpw, h≈p-h-tIm-\m-Xncnbpam-bp≈ AI¬® Gsd-°psd amdn-b-

Xmbn IW-°m-°mw.

F∂m¬ 1683 apX¬ e`n-®n-´p≈ amam-¶-tc-J-I-fn¬ Nmth-dns‚ hc-

hns\ kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp-∂p. apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n®

]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ h≈p-h-tIm-\m-Xncnbpw kmaq-Xncnbpw XΩn-ep≈ a’-c-

amWv amam-¶-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-Im-c-W-sa-¶n¬ 1558 \p apºv \ne-]mSp ]Zhn

kmaq-Xncn kz¥-am-°n-b-Xmbn Duln°-Ww. A√m-Ø-]£w 1558 \p tij-

amWv a’-chpw amam-¶-Øns‚ XpS-°-hpw F-∂p-h-cp-∂p. "F.Un 1610 h¿j-

Øn¬ amam¶w \S-∂-Xmbpw 1611 ¬ \S-∂-Xmbpw Ncn{XImc∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-́ p≠v.' 1695 \pw 1705 \pw CS°v ImS-t©cn a\-bv°se Hcp \ºq-Xncn

Fgp-Xnb amam-t¶m-≤m-cWw Infn-∏-m´n¬ amam-¶-sØ-°p-dn®pw AXp-\-S-Ønb

Nne kmaq-Xn-cn-am-sc-°p-dn®pw ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. 1683 ¬ \S∂ amam-¶-sØ-∏‰n

temK\pw 1695 se amam-¶-sØ-∏‰n lmanƒ´\pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-Im-Wp-∂p.

CXn-s\-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ {]mNo\ IrXn-I-fmWv N{I-hmIktμ-i (tImI

ktμiw)hpw Nt{μm-’-hhpw. I≠≥ta-t\m≥ ]m´v, cma-®-∏-Wn-°¿]m´v

F∂n-h- Nmth¿]m-́ p-I-fm-Wv. Chbpw amam-¶-sØ-°p-dn®v hnhn-c-߃ \¬Ip-

∂p. amam¶w Infn-∏m-́ nepw amam-¶sØ°pdn®v {]Xn-]m-Zyap≠v.

153

kmaq-Xn-cn-am¿

kmaq-Xn-cn-amcpsS hwi-]-c-º-c-, `c-W-Im-ew F∂nhsb∏‰n IrXy-amb

kqN-\-Iƒ e`n-®n-´n-√. "am\-th-Z≥, am\-hn-{I-a≥ hoc-cm-bn-c≥ XpSßnb

ÿm\-t∏-cp-Iƒ am-{Xsa kmaq-Xn-cn-am¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≈p. AXp-sIm≠v

Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw `c-W-Imew \n¿Æ-bn-°mt\m hwi-]-c-º-c-]q¿Øn-bm-

°mt\m Bhp-∂n-√. kmaq-Xncn hwi-ÿm-]-I-\mb am\-th-Zs‚ ImesØ

XpS¿∂v 1263 h¿j-߃ Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-\Iw sXmÆq-‰n-sb´p kmaq-

Xn-cn-am¿ ̀ c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbpw Nne-sc-¶nepw Ccp-]-Øn-b-©p-h¿j-Øn-

e-[nIw `cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbpw Icp-X-Ww.'33 F∂mWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS aXw.

F.Un 347 ¬ BWv kmaq-Xn-cn-hwiw ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv. F.Un. 1937 hsc \q‰n-

ap-∏-Øn-tbgv kmaq-Xncnam¿ `c-Ww-\-S-Øn-bn-́ p≠v . am\-th-Z≥, am\-hn-{I-a≥

F∂n-h-cmWv tImgn-t°m-S≥ {KŸ-h-cn-I-fn¬{]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ BZysØ kmap-

Xn-cn-am¿. sIm√w 733 ¬ s]m∂m\n Xr°m-hn¬ tImhn-e-I-Øp-sh®v Hcp

kmaq-Xn-cn-∏mSv Xos∏-́ p. F.Un 1560 ¬ BWv CXv \-S-∂-sX∂v IrjvW-ø¿

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

"F.Un Ccp-\q‰n ]Xn-\m-dp-ap-X¬ GXm≠v c≠-c-\q-‰m-t≠mfw tIcfw

`cn-®n-cp-∂Xv s]cp-am-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-t{X- tI-c-tfm-Xv]-Ønsb ASn-ÿm-

\-am°n ]d-bm-dp-≈-Xv'.34 HSp-hn-esØ s]cp-amƒ tNc-am≥s]-cp-am-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

At±-l-tØbpw Iq´n BsI Ccp-]-Øn-sbm-∂p-t]¿ s]cp-am-°-∑m-cm-bn. "tNc-

am≥s]-cp-amƒ ̀ cWmh-km\w \mSp-]-¶p-h-®-t∏mƒ ]q-¥p-d-°m-cmb am\n-®\pw

hn°n-c-h\pw Zm\w-\¬Inb {]tZ-i-am-Wv tIm-gn-t°m-sS∂pw Ch-cpsS ]n≥ap-

d -°m-cm-Wv s\-Sn -bn -cp -∏p -kz-cq -]-°m-cmb kmaq-Xn -cn -am -¿ F∂p-amWv

Ncn{XImc∑mcpsS hnebncpج'.35 kmaq-Xn-cn-am¿ Ah-cpsS ]q¿Δ-N-cn{Xw

{KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-kq-£n-°m-dp-≠v. 1810 ¬ {_n´o-j-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ, kmaq-Xn-

cn-tbmSv Ah-cpsS hwi-N-cn{Xw Fgp-Xn-tNm-Zn-®n-cp∂p. A∂sØ kmaq-Xncn

154

adp-]Sn \¬Ip-∂p-ap-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ tcJ-I-fn¬\n∂pw ac-W-s∏-́ -cm-Pm-°-

∑m-sc-°p-dn®v kqN-\-I-fp-≠v. 1442 ¬ A_vZpƒd-km-°mWv "kmaq-Xn-cn'-F∂v

BZyw {]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. \ºq-Xncn `cWw \ne-\n-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \nc-h-[n-

tIm-hn-e-I-ß-fpw Chn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tIm-hn-e-I-ß-fpsS \mSm-bn-cp∂p tImgn-

t°m-Sv. hmI-bq¿tIm-hn-e-I-amWv amam-¶-Øn\pw a‰v BtLm-j-߃°p-ambn

]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂-Xv. Acn-bn-t°m-Sp-tIm-hn-eIw, tIm´-°¬tIm-hn-eIw, I-

ev]-I-t®-cn-tIm-hn-eIw F∂n-h-sb°p-dn®v {KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ kqN-\-bp-≠v.

amam-¶-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I-{]-k‡n

tIc-f-Ønse D’-hm-tL-j-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ]g-°hpw {]mam-Wyhpw Ah-

Im-i-s∏-Sm-hp-∂Xv amam-¶-Øn-\mWv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Iem-kmw-kv°m-cn-I-cw-K-Øpw,

kmaq-ln-I-km-º-ØnI cwKØpw Imcy-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øm≥ Cu BtLm-

j-Øn\v Ign-™n-́ p-≠v. D’hw F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Hcp henb hym]m-c-ta-f-bm-bn-

cp∂p amam-¶w. hym]mc Bh-iy-߃°mbn \nc-h[n km[-\-߃ sIm≠p-h-cp-

∂-Xn-\p≈ kuIcyw ]cn-K-Wn-®mWv BtLm-j-߃ \Zo-Xo-cØv \S-Øn-b-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse Imem-h-ÿ-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠mWv

amam¶w BtLm-jn-°p-hm≥ amL-amkw Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. `mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS hnim-

e-amb Xocw BWv amam-¶-Øn\v `qan-I. h¿j-Imew Ign™v A¥-co£w sXfn-

™p-I-gn-bp-tºm-gmWv amam¶w Bcw-̀ n-°p-∂-Xv. sImbvØn-\p-tijw C√-ßfpw

h√-ßfpw [m\y-ß-sf-s°m≠v \nd™v, N°, amß, XpS-ßnb ^e-aq-em-Zn-Iƒ

kº-∂-ambn D≠m-Ip∂ Ime-am-Wn-Xv. Ch-sb√mw s]mXp-hn-]-Wn-I-fn¬ ÿm\w-

]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

kwKo-Xw, \rØw, Bbp-[m-̀ ym-kw, kmln-Xy-]-co-£-Iƒ, sImØp-]-

Wn, Nn{X-sa-gpØv XpSßn F√m Iem-cp-]-ß-fp-sSbpw {]I-S\w D≠m-bn-cn-

°pw. "aSn-»o-e-bpsS ̀ mcw Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw Npa-Sp-I-fpsS ̀ mcw IqSp-Ibpw sNbvXn-

155

cp∂ anI® Im¿jnI hyhkmb taf-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p amam¶w'36 tIc-f-Øn¬

Atßm-f-an-tßm-f-ap≈ hyh-km-bnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS hn]-W-\-ta-f-I-fpsS hn]p-

e-amb {]Z¿i\w ImWm≥ [mcmfw hntZio-b¿ FØn-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-fo-b-

cpsS Iem-]m-S-hhpw sFiz-cy-k-ar-≤nbpw Im¿jnI kar-≤nbpw F√mw {]Z¿in-

∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv amam-¶-th-f-bn-em-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ hnh-[-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ tIcfw

hcn® kº-∂-X-bpsS ]cn-t—-Z-am-bn-cp∂p Xncp-\m-hm-bn¬ sh®v \S-∂n-cp-∂-

Xv. Hcp Ime-L-́ -Øn¬ tIcfw t\Sn-bn-cp∂ Im¿jnIkº-∂-X-bpsS AS-bm-

f-߃ amam-¶-th-f-bn¬ ImWm-am-bn-cp-∂p.

amam¶w ˛ Ne-®n-{X-Ønse Ncn-{Xmwiw

1979 ¬ \thm-Zb A∏-®s‚ kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ ]pd-Øndßnb Ne-®n-{X-

amWv amam¶w. Pe-k-ar-≤-amb `mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS kpμ-c-ambNn{X-oIcWtØm-

sS-bmWv Ne-®n{Xw Bcw-̀ n-°p-∂Xv. ae-bm-fsØ ape-bq-́ p∂ AΩ F∂mWv

`mc-X-∏p-gsb kn\nabn¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]{¥-≠p-sIm-√-Øn-sem-cn-°¬

\S-°p∂ amam¶Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-›m-Ø-esØ°pdn®v Ne®n{Xmcw`Øn¬

hnhcWw \¬Ip∂p-≠v. Ne-®n-{X-sØ-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-c-W-e-`n-°p-hm≥

CXv t{]£-Isc klm-bn-°p-∂p. am\-hn-{I-a-a-lo-]-Xn-bpsS Fgp-∂-≈Øpw

amam-¶m-tLm-j-Øn-s\-Øp∂ \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS kzoI-c-W-®-S-ßp-Ifpw Ne-

®n-{X-Øn¬ Bhnjv°cn®ncn-°p-∂p. am-\-hn-{I-a≥ F∂Xv kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS

ÿm\-t∏cmWv. AXpsIm≠v GXv kmaqXncnbpsS ImeamWv Ne®n{XØn\v

B[mcw F∂v hy‡amIp∂n√. AXn-\m¬ Ime-K-W\ IrXy-ambn a\-kn-

em-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.

kmaq-Xn-cnsb h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw A[n-Imcw ]nSns®-Sp-

°m≥ Ad-_n-hym-]m-cn-Iƒ klm-bn-®ncp∂p. hyXykvXImeL´ßfnse kmaq-

Xncn ̀ c-W-Øn-se√mw ap…owkaq-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fpsS klm-bhpw kl-I-c-Whpw

e`n-®n-́ p-≠v. Ne-®n-{X-Ønepw ap…owkaq-Zm-bØns‚ km∂n[yw Ah-X-cn-∏n-

156

®n-cn°p∂p. kmaq-XncnbpsS a{¥n]p{Xn-bpsS D‰-kp-lr-Ømb kplvdbpw kmaq-

Xn-cn-bpsS hew-ssI-ømbn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ tImbbpsa√mw Ne-®n-{X-Ønse

ap…ow km∂n-≤y-w shfns∏SpØp∂p.

kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS £W-{]-Imcw At±-l-Øns‚ A[o-iXzw AwKo-I-cn-

®p-sIm≠v amam-¶-Øn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]e-\m-́ p-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw FØn-

t®-cp∂p. Ahsc kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn {]tXy-I-w B-fp-Isf kmaq-Xncn \ntbm-

Kn-°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ Cu N-S-ßp-Isf AtX]Sn Ah-X-cn-∏n-

®n-´p-≠v. sI´p-ImgvN, sN-≠-tafw, s\‰n-∏´wsI´nb B\-Iƒ, Be-h´w,

sh¨Nm-acw, Imh-Sn-bm´w, \rØw F∂n-h-tbm-Sv IqSnbp≈ amam-¶m-tLm-

jsØ BWv Ah-X-cn-∏n°p∂Xv. amam-¶m-tLm-jhpw ssX∏q-b-°m-h-Sn-bm-

´hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØbpw CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS a{¥-

n]Zw Ae-¶-cn-°p∂ XrØ-e-°¬Kp-cp-°ƒ, h≈-ph-t°m-\m-Xn-cn, N{¥-Øn¬

]Wn-°¿, F∂n-h-sc√mw Ne-®n-{X-Ønse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-ß-fm-Wv. Ncn-

{X-Ønepw Ch¿°v apJyÿm\w D-≠v.

amam¶w Ne-®n-{X-Ønse \mb-I-I-Ym-]m-{X-ambn cwK-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv N{¥-

Øn¬ ]Wn-°-cpsS A\-¥n-c-h≥ N¥pÆnbmWv. hntZ-io-b-cp-sS- Ip-dn-∏p-I-

fn¬\n∂v N{¥-Øn¬ ]Wn-°-cpsS A\-¥n-c-h≥ kmaq-Xn-cn-bp-ambn G‰p-ap-́ n-

b-Xmbn ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. -am-am-¶-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏´ Ncn{XØn¬ G‰hpw

{it≤bcmWv amam¶®mth-dp-Iƒ.- km-aq-Xn-cn-bpsS A[o-i-XzsØ AwKo-I-cn-

°msX Pohn-Xm-h-km\whsc h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-°p-th≠n sh´m\pw acn-

°m\pw Xøm-dmbn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Nmth-dp-Isf angn-thmsS Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. amam-¶-Øn-\p-t]m-Im≥ Bcp-≠v Iq-sS-h-cm≥ F∂ N{¥-

Øn¬ ]Wn-°-cpsS tNmZy-Øn\v ac-W-sØ -ap-∂n-¬°≠v Nmth-dm-bn-h-cm≥

R߃ X-øm-dmWv F∂v]-d™v Bth-iw-sIm-≈p∂ tbm≤m°sfbmWv Ne-

®n-{X-Øn¬ ImWm≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv. h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xncnbv°v th≠n Poh≥

157

_-en-b¿∏n-® [mcmfw Nmth-dp-Iƒ tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Øn-ep-≠v. "ASnsXmgpt∂≥

tZho apSn-sXm-gp-t∂≥' F∂-Km-\-Øn-eqsS Xncp-am-‘mw-Ip∂ne-Ω-bv°v am-

amt¶m’-h-Øn-ep≈ {]m[m\yhpw Nn{XØn¬ FSpØp-Im-´p-∂p-. h≈ph-

t°m-\m-Xn-cn-I-fpsS `c-tZ-h-X-bmWv Xncp-am-‘mw-Ip∂ne-Ω. tZhn-bpsS A\p-

{Klw hmßn-b-ti-j-amWv ama-¶-®m-th-dp-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C-h-sb√mw Ne-

®n-{X-Øn¬ AtX-]Sn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-. N¥p-Æn-bpsS AΩ ]g-b-Im-cy߃

Hm¿sØ-Sp-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ Ncn-{X-kw-̀ -hsØ Zriy-h-ev°-cn-®n-cn°p∂p. kmaq-

Xncn h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-bpsS A[o-\-X-bn-ep≈ Hmtcm {]tZ-iß-sfbpw

Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw kn\nabnep≠v.

kmaq-Xncn Xß-fpsS {]tZ-i-tØbv°v ]S-tbm´w \S-Øn-h-cp-∂psh∂pw

Xev°mew F√m-hcpw Chn-sS-\n∂p amdn-s°m-≈p-I F∂pw h≈p-h-t°m-\m-

Xncn hnfw-_cw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p.- A-X-\p-k-cn®v F√m-hcpw {]mW-c-£m¿∞w

HmSn-c-£-s∏-Sp∂ cwKhpw Ne-®n-{X-Øn-ep-≠v. A[n-Im-c-_-ew-sIm≠v i‡-

\mb kmaq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS Hmtcm-Im-e-L-́ -Øn-sebpw Iog-S-°-ens‚ Ncn-X-߃

Ncn-{X-Øns‚ `mK-amWv. c£-s]-t´m-Snb h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-bpsS Iq´sc

Is≠Øn Ah-cpsS hmk-ÿew Xobn-´p-\-in-∏n-°m\pw kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS

ssk\yw aSn-°p-∂n-√.

Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ Bcw-̀ Ønepw Ah-km-\-̀ m-K-Øpw amam-¶m-tLmjw

\S-°p-∂p≠v. BZy-am-am-¶-Øn-\p-tijw ]{¥-≠p-h¿jw-I-gn-™mWv c≠m-

asØ amam¶w \S-°p-∂-sX-∂v hy-‡-am-°p-∂p .tImhn-e-I-߃ ]Wn-bp-I,

apf- sN-Øn-sIm-Sp-°pI, \ne-]m-Sp-X-d -Hcp-°pI F∂n-h-sb√mw amam-¶-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ NS-ßp-I-fmWv. Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ CØcw NS-ßp-Isf Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p∂p≠v. N{¥-Øn¬ ]Wn-°-cpsS A\-¥n-c-h≥ kmaq-Xncnsb h[n°m≥

kao]whsc FØp-I-bpw- AhnsSsh®v NXn-bn¬s∏ v́ sht´‰v hogpIbpamWv,

Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬.

158

A\p-h¿Ø-\-Ønse Ncn-{X-]-c-amb am‰-߃

amam¶Øns‚ BtLm-j-®SßpIfneqsS-bmWv Ne-®n{Xw Bcw-̀ n-

°p-∂-Xv. Ne-®n-{X-Im-c≥ Ah-X-c-W-Øn¬ Iev]n-Xmwiw [mcm-f-ambn Dƒs°m-

≈n-®psIm≠v Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn´mWv Bhn-jv°-cn-®n-

cn-°p-∂Xv. \m´p-Imsc D]-{Z-hn® sh≈m-́ n-cn-bn¬\n∂pw c£-tXSnb P\-߃

Xncp-am-‘mw-Ip∂v `K-h-Xn-sb -[ym-\n°p∂p. tZhn \¬Inb D]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-

cn®v, kmaq-Xn-cn-∏mSv \S-Øp∂ amam-¶-th-e-bn¬ sN∂v ]S-sh-́ n-a-cn®v ]c-a-K-

Xn-t\SpIbpamWv NmthdpIƒ sNøp∂sX∂v kmaqXncn \ymbw Is≠Øp-

∂p≠v. Ne-®n-{X-Øn-¬ B-Zy¥w NXn°pw h©-\bv°pw Iq´p-\n¬°p∂ kmaq-

Xn-cnsbbmWv ImWm≥I-gn-bp-I. Iq-sS-\n-∂-hsc \njv°-cpWw Hgn-hm-°nb

\nc-h[n kμ¿`ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ NXn-b-\mb cmPmhv F∂-H‰

apJØn\∏pdw kmaq-Xn-cnsb as‰mcp ho£-W-Ønepw ImWm≥I-gn-bp-∂n-√.

B{K-ln-®-sX-√mw-ssI-°-em-°p∂ kmaq-Xncn [oc\pw, hoc\pw IqSn-

bm-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ Xc-an-√. Nmth-dp-I-fm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ BWp-߃ H∂p-In¬ kmaq-

Xn-cnsb B{I-an®v hnP-bn-®p-h-cn-I -A-s√-¶n¬ ac-Ww-h-cn-°pI. Cu c≠v

km[y-X-I-fm-Wp≈Xv. kmaq-Xn-cn°v kao]w Nmthdmbn h∂ N¥p-Æn°v

sh´p-sIm-≈p-Ibpw F∂m¬ Poh-t\msS a¶-bp-samØv t]mIp-Ibpw sNøp-

∂-Xmbn Ne®n{XØn¬ ImWn-°p-∂p. kmaq-Xn-cn-tbmSv t\cn-Sm-s\-Øp∂ Nmth-

dp-Iƒ acn-®p-ho-gp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS arX-tZ-l-߃ aWn-°n-W-dn¬ CSp-I-bp-

amWv ]Xn-hv. Ne-®n-{X-Øn\v ip`m¥yw hcp-Øm-\m-bmWv Ne-®n-{X-Im-c≥

C{]-Imcw \mb-Is\ ac-W-Øn\p hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m-™-sX-¶nepw Ncn-{X-tØmSv

tbmPn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Ign-bmØ kao-]-\-am-Wn-Xv. kmaq-Xn-cn-am¿ ac-W-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xn\v "Xos∏-SpI' F∂mWv ]d-bm-dp-≈Xv. Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ am\-hn-{I-a-a-lo-

]Xn Ah-km\w Xo]-¥w-h®v Bfl-l-Xy-sN-øpIbmWv. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS Bfl-

l-Xy-sb-°p-dn®v Ncn-{X-Øn¬ hni-Z-amb ]cm-a¿i-߃ H∂pw Xs∂bn√.

159

sslZ-cpsS B{I-a-W-Im-e-L-́ -Øn-Øn-emWv kmaq-Xncn Gsd sh√p-

hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-́ X.v sslZ¿ tImgn-t°mSpw, tImhn-e-I-ßfpw \in-∏n® kml-

N-cy-Øn¬t∏mepw kmaq-Xn-cn- Bfl-lXy sNbvX-Xmbn sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-

´n -√. kmaq -Xncn NXn - {] -tbmKw \SØn F∂v Btcm-]n -®p -sIm≠v

At±ltØmSp≈ hnt[bXzw CX-c-\m-´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p-

≠v. AtXmsS kmaq-Xncn {`m¥-amb Ah-ÿ-bn-¬ F-Øp-∂p-. bmYm¿Yy-

tØmSv tbmPn-°mØ cwK-ß-fmWv Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-̀ m-K-Øp≈Xv.

h≈p-h-\m-́ nse \mep- \m-b¿`h-\-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ ]pcp-j-∑m-sc-bmWv Nmth-

dp-I-fmbn Ab-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn N{¥-Øn¬]-Wn-°-cpsS

If-cn-bn¬ A`ym-k-{]-I-S\w \S-Øp-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂v Nmth-dp-I-fmbn hcm≥

Xmev]-cy-ap-≈-hsc £Wn-°p-Ibpw Bth-i-tØmsS bphm-°ƒ Nmth-dp-I-

fmbn t]mIm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂-Xm-bpw BWv Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬.

kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS B{in-X-cn¬ {]-[m-\n-bmbn \ne-\n-∂-h-cn¬ aßm-́ -®\pw

D≠v. IYm-¥y-Øn¬ ""aßm-́ -®s‚ hne \mw Adn-bp∂p'' F∂v kmaq-Xncn

Xn\-b-t©cn Cf-b-Xn-t\mSp ]d-bp-∂p≠v. F∂m¬ aßm-´-®≥ IYm-]m-{X-

ambn cwK-Øp-h-cp-∂n-√. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS hew-ssI-ømbn \n∂ aßm-́ -®≥ HSp-

hn¬ ]nW-ßn-∏n-cn-bp-Ibpw At±lw Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ tate-∏m-Sp-X-d-hmSv kmaq-

Xncn Xoh®p\in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu hnj-b-ß-sfm∂pw Ne-

®n-{X-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. sIm√w 1024¬ I√mbn ]pg-°-c-bn¬ kmaq-

Xn-cn°v AI-ºSn \n¬°p-∂-Xns\ sNm√n tImgn-t°mSv tImbbpw kmaq-Xn-cn-

bpsS Bƒ°mcpw XΩn¬ Ielw \S-∂-Xmbn tcJ-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

CØcw {]iv\-ß-sfm∂pw \S-∂-Xm-bn-Im-´msX sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bpsS t]cn¬

kmaq-Xncn tImbsb AI‰n \n¿Øp-∂-Xm-bmWv Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-

®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

160

Ne-®n-{X-Ønse Iev]n-Xmw-i-߃

Ncn{Xkn\na F∂Xns\°mƒ tIhew hmWnPykn\na am{XamWv

amam¶w. Iev]n-Xmw-i-߃ Gsdbp≈ Ne-®n-{X-amWnXv. Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ Gsd

{]m[m-\y-ap≈ IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmWv a¶bpw, kplvdbpw. a¶-bpsS ]nXm-hm-b-

Xn\-b-t©-cnbpw kplvdbpsS ]nXm-hm-b- tIm-bbpw kmaq-Xncn Ncn-{X-Ønse

{it≤-b-hy-‡n-I-fm-Wv. F∂m¬ a¶, kplvd F∂n-h¿ Iev]n-X- I-Ym-]m-{X-

ß-fm-Wv. N{¥-Øn¬]-Wn-°-cpsS A\-¥n-c-h-s\-°p-dn®v Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]cm-

a¿i-ap-≠v. kn\nabn¬ \mb-I-I-Ym-]m{Xw N¥pÆnbmWv. At±lw N{¥-

Øn¬]-Wn-°-cpsS A\-¥n-c-h-\mW.v kplr-Ømbn FØp∂ aqk, amWn-

s∏Æv F∂n-h¿ IYm-K-Xnsb Gsd kzm[o-\n-°p∂ IYm]m{XßfmWv.

amam¶Øns‚ N-cn-{X-{]m-[m-\ysØ°pdn®pw BtLm-jNSßpIsf

°pdn®pw AhXcn∏n°ptºmƒØs∂ N¥pÆn ̨ a¶ tI{μo-Ir-X-amb as‰mcp

IYbpw hnIkn°p∂p≠v. XrØ-e-bv°¬ Kp-cp-°-fpsS aI-\mb DÆnbpw

Xn\-b-t©-cnbpsS aIƒ a¶bpw AhcpsS _meyØn¬ t£{X-\-S-bn¬sh®v

ame-bn-Sp-Ibpw tamXncw amdp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-cwKw Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ {]bm-W-

sØ -kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p.- F∂m¬ DÆn-bpsS ]nXm-hns\ a¶-bpsS ]nXmhv sh´n-

ho-gvØp-∂p. AXp-I≠ph∂ DÆn Xs‚ A—s\ C√m-Xm-°n-b-h-tcmSv {]Xn-

Imcw sNøp-sa∂v i]-Yw-sN-øp-∂p-. CXn\ptijw th¿]n-cn-tb-≠n-h∂ Ch¿

]n∂oSv buh\ØnemWv I≠pap´p∂Xv. Ch-cpsS kamKahpw CW-°hpw

]nW-°hpsa√mw Imev]-\n-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ Ncn{Xmwiw

Xoscbn√. a¶bv°v hnhmlw Btem-Nn-°p∂ tIma-∏\pw Ne-®n-{X-Im-cs‚

krjvSn-bm-Wv.

hffp-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-°p-th≠n Nmth-dp-t]m-Im\mbn kz¥w B¨Ip-

™ns\ hf¿Øp-∂- AΩsb Ne®n{XØn¬ ImWmw. h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-

161

bpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ Xncp-am-‘mw-Ip∂v tZhn°p-ap-∂n¬ Ch¿ Ip™ns\

ka¿∏n-°p∂p≠v. h≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-tbm-Sp≈ k[m-c-W-°m-cpsS aa-Xbpw,

kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS A[n-\n-th-i-kz-̀ m-h-tØm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏pw {]I-S-am-°p∂ cwK-

am-Wn-Xv.Cßs\ \nch[n cw-K-߃ Nn{X-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p≠v. ""]n©p-

a-°-fpsS c‡ws]mSn®v F\n°v Cu \mSns‚ sNt¶m¬ th≠. AXnepw

t`Zw kmaq-Xn-cn°v ASn-a-s°mSn \¬Ip-∂-XmWv'' F∂p ]d-bp∂ cwK-߃

Xs∂ D-Zm-l-c-Ww.

Ime-߃°p-tijw kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ta-J-e-bn-te°v DÆnbpw

kply-Ømb aqkbpw IS-∂p-h-cp∂p. kml-kn-I cw-K-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Ahsc

AhXcn∏n°p∂Xvv. tIma-∏≥ F∂ IYm-]m-{XsØ Imf-bpsS B{I-a-W-

Øn¬\n∂v c£n®v F√m-h-cp-tSbpw ap∂n¬ hoc- \m-b-I-\m-bmWv N¥p-Æn-

{]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂-Xv. kmaq-Xn-cn-bn¬\n∂v ]mcn-tXm-jnIw G‰p-hm-ßp-∂Xpw

]n∂oSv BP-∑-i{Xp-hmWv ap∂n¬\n¬°p-∂-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn™ kmaq-Xncn

Ahsc ]nSn-®p-sI-́ m≥ ]d-bp-∂Xpw amfn-I-bpsS D∂-X-ß-fn¬\n∂v IpXn-c-

∏p-d-tØ°v NmSn N¥pÆn -c-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw F√mw \mb-Is‚ kml-kn-IX

hy‡-am-°p∂ cwK-ß-fm-Wv. H∏w Hcp P\{]nb Ne®n{XØns‚ tNcphIfpw

BIp∂p.

kXyØn\pw [¿ΩØn\pw Iq´mbn \nesIm-≈p∂ aqksb _‘\-

ÿ-\m-°p∂ cwKhpw Iev]n-X-am-Wv. NXn-bn-eqsS i{Xp-hns\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS as‰mcp X{¥-am-bn-cp∂p aqksb Ipcp-°m-\mbn

kpldsb \ntbmKn®Xv. XpS°Øn¬ i{Xp-°-fmbn I≠p-ap-́ p∂ aqkbpw

kpl-dbpw Xma-kn-bmsX ImapIo ˛ Imap-I-∑mcmbn amdp∂p. kmaq-Xn-cn-

bpsS tkhIcn¬ {][m\nbmb tImbsb XncnsI e`n-°m-\mWv sIm´m-c-c-

£-I≥ aqksb_‘\ÿ\m°p∂Xv. knwl-°q-´n¬ X≈nb aqkbpw

162

knwlhpambp≈ a¬∏n-Sp-Ø-ß-fp-sa√mwNcn{Xa√, tIhew P\{]nbXam{Xw

e£yan´ cwKßfmWv.

{XntIm-W-{]-W-b-Øn-te°pw IY k©-cn-°p-∂p. N¥p-Æn-bpsS

AΩbvs°m∏w ho´n¬Xma-kn-°p∂, A—-s‚-kp-lr-Øns‚ aIƒ amWn-s∏Æv

N¥p-Æn-tbm-Sp≈ {]Wbw a\- n¬ kq£n-°p-∂p-. {]W-b-]-cm-Pbw t\cn-

Sp∂ amWn-s∏Æv sh≈-Øn¬NmSn Bfl-lXy sNøp-∂p-. amWn-s∏-Æns‚

arX-tZlw XSn-bm-sW-∂p- I-cpXn AXn¬∏n-Sn-®mWv N¥pÆn Hcn°¬ sh≈-

Øn¬ \n∂pw Icbv°pIb-dp-∂-Xv. c£s∏ v́ -I-gn-bp-tºm-gmWv amWn-s∏-Æns‚

Ne-\-a‰ ico-c-amWv X\n°v c£bvs°Øn-b-sX∂v N¥pÆn Xncn®dnbp∂Xv.

h≈w adn-®v N-¥p-Æn-sbbpw aqk-sbbpw sIm√m≥ D≈ {i-aw kmaqXncnbpsS

`mKØp\n∂pw BWp≠mIp∂Xv. N¥pÆn ˛ a¶, aqk ˛ kpld A\p-cmKw

]ptcm-K-an-°p∂ ImgvN-bmWv ]n∂oSv kn\nabn¬. CXn-\p-th≠n \nc-h[n

cwK-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- t£-{X-Ønse D¬khw Ign™v aS-ßp∂

a¶sb ad-h¿°q´w B{I-an-°p-∂p. kwc-£-I\mb tIma-∏\pw ]cm-P-b-s∏-

Sp-∂n-SØv N¥pÆn a¶-bpsS c£-bvs°-Øp-∂p. a¶ Ducn-sb-dn-bp∂ ame- I-

≠mWv Ah¿ t]m-b-hgn N¥pÆn Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv. {]W-b-I-Ysb ]cn-t]m-

jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ne-®n-{X-Im-c≥ I¬∏n-®p-≠m-°nb cwK-ß-fm-Wn-h.

Nmth¿∏-S-bm-fn-I-fpsS Iq -́Øn¬ N¥pÆn FØm-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn kmaq-Xn-cnbpw

kwLhpw Is≠-Øp∂ am¿§-ßfpw ck-I-c -am -Wv.Chbvs°m∂pw

Ncn{Xhpambn bmsXmcp _‘hpw C√.

kmaqXncnbpsS \n¿t±im\pkcWw kpld emS-ssh-Zys‚ thj-Øn-

seØn N¥pÆnsb sIm√m≥ {ian°p∂p. ssIøn¬ Icp-Xnb hnj-]m-ºns\

N¥p-Æn-bpsS kao]w Xpd∂p hnSp-IbmWv sNøp∂Xv. F∂m¬ aqk-tbm-Sv

-sNbvX sX‰ns\°pdn®v ]n∂oSv Ahƒ Xpd∂p ]dbp∂p. kmaq-XncnbpsS

163

\ne-\n¬∏n-\mbn D]-tbm-K-∏-Sp-Øp∂ _meniamb CØcw X{¥-߃ kmaq-

Xn-cn-bpsS Ai-‡n-sbbpw ̀ b-sØ-bp-amWv Im´p-∂-Xv. ]p{X-hm¬k-ey-Øm¬

aIs\ Nmth-dmbn Ab-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cp∂ AΩ HSp-hn¬ N¥p-Æn-

bpsS ssIøn¬ DS-hmƒ \¬In h≈-ph-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-°p-th≠n Nmthdmbn

s]mbvs°m-≈m≥ A\phmZw sImSp°p∂p.[oc-\mb aIs‚ [oc-bmb AΩ-

sbbpw kn\n-a-bpsS Ah-km-\- `m-K-Øp-Im-Wmw. sht -́‰p-ho-W N¥p-Æn-bp-

ambn a¶ t]mIp∂ cwK-tØmsS Ne-®n{Xw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. Nmthdmbn

]pds∏´v sht´‰phoW Hcp tbm≤mhpw Poht\msS aSßnb Ncn{Xw

bYm¿∞Øn¬ C√. Ncn-{X-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hnI-kn-®p-h-∂ Hcp-{]-W-b-I-Y-

bpsS ip`m-¥yw-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv Cu cwKw.

Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ lmky-cw-K-߃ Gsd-bp-≠v. IY-bpsS Hgp-°ns\ XS-

 -s∏-Sp-ØmsX Iev]n-X-ß-fmb \nc-h-[n- k-μ¿`ß-fn¬ lmkyw IS-∂p-h-cp-

∂p-≠v. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS Imcy-tijn-bn-√mØ AwK-c-£-I¿, Ah-cpsS A¿∞-

iq-\y-amb {]h¿Øn-Iƒ, kv{Xohn-j-b-ß-fn-ep≈ _e-lo-\X, F∂n-h-sb√mw

lmky-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p∂p. a¶-bpsS apdn-bn¬°-b-dm≥ N¥p-Æn Ipc-

ßs\hn v́ hmXn-ens‚ sImfp-sØ-Sp-∏n-°p∂ cwKhpw, tImb-bpsS thj-Øn¬

N¥pÆn FØp-∂-Xp-sa√mw lmky-cw-K-ß-fmWv. Iev]n-X-ß-sf¶nepw Ne-

®n-{X-Øns‚ P\-{]n-b-Xbv°v Ch-sb√mw Gsd klm-bn-°p-∂p≠v. ]t£

Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\ Ne®n{Xw F∂ \nebn¬ Cu kn\nabv°v bmsXmcp

kw`mh\bpw \¬Im≥ Ignbp∂n√.

164

A\p-h¿Ø\Ne-®n{Xw F∂-\n-e-bn¬ amam¶w

cmP`cWw \ne\n∂ImeØv tIc-f-°-c-bn¬ BtLm-j-]q¿Δw

sIm≠mSpIbpw - C∂v Ncn-{X-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn- Xo-cp-Ibpw sNbvX BtLm-

j-amWv amam¶w. amam¶sØ ]›m-Ø-e-am°n \n¿Ωn® Nn{XØn¬ kmaq-

Xncn Ime-L-´sØ ]p\-cm-hn-jv°-cn-°p-I-bmWv. `qX-Im-esØ h¿Ø-am-\-

Im-e-Ønte°v Iq´n-s°m≠phcn-I-bmWv Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\ Ne-®n-{XØns‚

coXn-. kmaq-Xncn ̀ cW-Im-esØ t{]£-I-\p-ap-∂n¬ ]p\-cm-hn-jv°-cn-°p-tºmƒ

thj-Øn-epw ̀ mh-Ønepw kw`m-j-W-Ønepsa√mw {]tXyIw {i≤-sN-ep-tØ-

≠-Xm-bp-≠v. Cu LS-I-߃s°√mw Zyiy-`mj Na-bv°p-tºmƒ Ne-®n-{X-Im-

c≥ anXXzw ]men-°p-IbpwthWw. amam¶w F∂ Ne-®n{Xw Cu LS-I-ß-

sf√mw Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn ssIImcyw sNbvXn-́ p≠v. F∂m¬ XnI®pw I®-h-S-

em-t°msS krjvSn® Ne-®n-{X-amWnXv F∂Xpw ]cnKWn°Ww.

kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS `c-W-Im-eØv At±lw c£m-]p-cp-j-\mbn \ne-sIm≠v

tIc-f-°-c-bpsS BsI ]¶m-fnØw G‰p-hm-ßn- \-S-∂n-cp-∂ amam-¶m-tLm-jw

]›m-Ø-e-ambn \n¿Ωn-°p-I-hgn \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS Ncn-{Xm-\p-h¿Ø\w F∂

KW-Øn¬ Cu Nn{Xw Dƒs∏´p. Ncn-{Xm-\p-h¿Ø\ Ne-®n{Xw F∂ \ne-bn¬

amam-¶-Øn\v hn-Pbw ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ign-™n-́ n√. amam¶hpambn _‘s∏ v́

Ncn-{X-Øn¬ hy-XykvX A`n-{]m-b-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-. kwhn-[m-b-I≥ ]q¿Æ

kzmX¥yw A\p-̀ hn-®p-sIm≠v Iev]n-Xmw-isØ apJyIYm-X-¥p-hn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øn-bmWv Nn{Xw \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂v AI-∂-XpsImt≠m,

I¬∏nXIYb°v {]m[m-\y-ta-dn-b-Xp-sImt≠m Ne-®n{Xw ]cm-P-b-am-Ip-∂n-

√.F∂m¬ Ncn-{XsØ A\p-h¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ Ne-®n-{X-Im-c≥ kXy-

k-‘-X-Im-́ Ww. kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ CjvSm-\p-k-cWw Ncn-{Xmw-isØ Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øn-bm¬ aXn. Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb `mKsØ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Itfm ,

Bi-¶-Itfm D≠m-°-cp-Xv. Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ ]e-`m-KØpw CØcw {]iv\-߃

165

D≠mbn-́ p-≠v. Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-̀ m-KØv a¶, kmaq-Xn-cn-tbmSv ]cp-

j-ambn kwkm-cn-°p-∂ cwKwXs∂ DZmlcWw. Hcn-°¬t∏mepw Bbp[w

FSp-°mØ kmaq-Xncn Fßs\ [oc-\m-Ipw. F∂ a¶bpsS H‰ tNmZy-Øn-

eqsS kmaq -Xncn Ai-‡\pw `ocphpw BsW∂v kwhn[mbI≥

hymJym\n°p∂p..

bYm¿∞-kmaq-Xn-cn-bn¬ \n∂v Gsd AI∂ kmaq-Xncn-sb-bmWv Ne-

®n{Xw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kmaq-lnI ˛ cmjv{Sob hnj-b-ßfpw, hy‡n-]-

c-amb hnj-b-ßfpw CS-I-e¿∂p-h-cp∂ coXn-bmWv Ne-®n-{X-Øn\v.

IYmKXnbn¬ Ch ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-́ p-In-S-°p∂p. kmaq-Xncn, a{¥n-am¿,

`cWw, amam¶w , Nmth¿ B{I-aWw N{¥-Øn¬∏-Wn-°-cpsS i]Yw F∂o

hnj-b-߃ Hcp hiØv , N¥pÆn ˛ a¶ , aqk ˛ kpld , amWn-s∏Æv ˛

N¥pÆn F∂o Zzμz-߃ as‰m-cp-h-i-Øv. N¥pÆn bphm-hmbn FØp-∂-

tXmsS Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ \mb-I≥ P\n-°p-∂p. \mb-Is‚ hocy-Øn\pw kml-

kn-I-Xbpw kmaq-Xn-cn-bn¬ B-i-¶-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂p. \mb-I-s\ tIa\m-°p-

∂-Xn\pth≠n ]e-k-μ¿`ß-fnepw kml-kn-I-cw-K-ßfpw Bhn-jv°-cn-

®ncn°p∂p

{]Ir-Xn-̀ w-Knsb Bhnjv°cn®ncn°p∂ ]e-ko-\p-Ifpw Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬

k∂n-th-in-®ncn°p∂p. `mc-X-∏p-gbpw, ae-sh-≈-∏m-®nepw AXn¬s∏ v́ Bfpw

IpXn-c-Ifpw Hgp-Ip∂ cwK-ß-fpsa√mw at\m-l-c-ambn Bhn-jv°-cn-®n-cn-°p-

∂p. a¶, kpld, F∂n-h¿ ss[cyhpw, bp‡n-t_m-[-hp-ap≈ kv{XoI-fmWv .

Xs∂ B{I-an-°m≥ {ian® ad-h\v in£-\¬Im≥ Iq´m-°msX Abm-fpsS

i‡nsb Xs‚ i{Xp-hn-s\-Xnsc D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ a¶-bpsS A—s\

Ahƒ i‡-ambn tNmZyw sN-øp∂p. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS NXn-{]-tbm-K-sØbpw

A[m¿Ωn-I-{]-h¿Øn-I-sfbpw a¶ t\cn-́ p-Xs∂ FXn¿°p-∂p. kml-Ncyw

sIm≠v ]e-t∏mgpw A\o-Xn°v Iq´p-\n¬t°≠n h∂n-́ p≠v F¶n¬t∏mepw

BXy-¥n-I-ambn kpld \oXn-bp -tSbpw \∑-bp-tSbpw ]£-Øm-Wv

\nesIm≈p∂Xv. Nmth-dmbn ]pd-s∏-Sm≥ aI\v DS-hmƒ \¬Ip∂ N¥p-Æn-

166

bpsS AΩbpw, CjvS-s∏´ ]pcp-j\v ac-W-ti-jhpw c£IbmIp∂ amWn-

s∏Æpw Ne-®n-{X-Ønse i‡-amb kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-ß-fm-Wv. ]pcpj∑mcpsS

i‡nbmbpw bp≤cwKØpw kv{XoIƒ IcpØcmbn \nesIm≠ncp∂ Ncn{Xw

tIcfØn\p≠v. Cu cwK߃ Ahbntebv°mWv shfn®w hoip∂Xv.

kmaq-Xn-cns-bbpw amam-¶sb-Øbpw Ipdn®v t{]£-I\v [mc-W-

\¬Ip∂ Ne®n{XamWv amam¶w. F∂m¬ ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ncn-{Xm-h-t_m[w

t{]£-I\v \¬Im≥ CXn\v Ign™n´n√. hnj-b-kzo-I-c-W-Ønse ÿqe-

X-bmWv {][m-\-Im-cWw sImta-jy¬ Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ F√m-k-hn-ti-j-X-

Ifpw Dƒs°m-≠n-´p≈ Ne-®n-{X-amWv amam¶w. kμ¿`m-\p-k-cWw Km\-

ßfpw, ]-›m-Øe kwKo-Xhpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \mb-I≥ ̨ \mbnI,

{]Xn-\m-b-I≥, {]Wbw hnclw, kwL-´\w, HØp-tN-c¬ F∂n-ßs\ P\-

{]n-b-kn-\n-a-bpsS tNcp-h-Isf√mw Cu Nn{X-Øn-ep-≠v. kw`m-jWw anIhp

]pe¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ hnt\m-Zn-∏n-°¬ F∂ [¿ΩsØ \nd-

th‰m-≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿe-ß-fn¬ lmky-tØbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-

∂p. am\-hn-{I-a-a-lo-]-Xn-bpsS Ime-amWv Ne-®n-{X-Øn\p hnj-b-sa-¶nepw

Imew kv]jvS-a-√. am\-hn-{I-a≥ F∂Xv ÿm\-t∏cv am{X-am-Wv.

Ne®n{XØns‚ k©mcsØ IrXyambn \nb{¥n°p∂Xv

Xnc°YbmWv. IcpØp‰ Xnc°YbpsS A]cym]vXX Ne®n{XKXnsb

kmcambn _m[n®n´p≠v. {]tabkzoIcWhpw, IYm]m{Xßfpw ]et∏mgpw

s]mcpØs∏SmsX \ne\nev°p∂p. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ IYm]m{XhnPbw

\n¿Æbn°m≥ km[n°msXhcp∂p. kw`mjW߃ NSpehpw, lrZyhpw

Bbncp¶p.hnjbkzoIcWw sIm≠v \m´pcmPyßfpsS Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\w

F∂ KWØn¬ Dƒs∏SpØmsa¶nepw Ncn{XsØ ]n≥X≈n

I¬]nXmwiØn\v {]m[m\yw \¬InbmWv amam¶w kwhn[m\w

sNbvXncn°p∂Xv.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ

168

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ Pohn-X-tcJ.

hnI-k-\-Øns‚ ]pØ≥ amXr-I-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn®`c-Wm-[n-Imcn,

_lp-`m-jm-]-WvUn-X≥, I¿Wm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øns‚ ]cn-t]m-j-I≥ XpSßn

\nc-h[n hnti-j-W-߃°v A¿l-\mWv kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ. 1813 G{]n¬ 16 \v

(988 taSw 6\v) Nß-\m-t»cn cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-tIm-bn -Ø-ºp-cm-s‚bpw

dmWnBbneywXncp-\mƒ e£v-ao-̀ mbnXºp-cm-́ n-bp-sSbpw aq∂pa°fn¬ c≠m-

a-\m-bmWv kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ P\n-®-Xv. Hcp-h-b v ]q¿Øn-bm-b-t∏mƒ "]fl-\m-

`Zm-k≥' F∂v t]cn-´p. ]Xn-\mdmw hb- n¬ "lnc-Wy-K¿-Zm\w' \SØn

Ipe-ti-J-c-s∏-cp-amƒ F∂-t]-cp-IqSn kzoI-cn®v ]Sn-tb‰w \SØn. A[n-Im-c-

tas‰-SpØ tijw ]mc-º-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v "{io]-fl-\m`Zmk≥' h©n-]me Ipe-

ti-Jc Inco-S-]Xn as∂ kp¬Øm≥ alm-cmPm kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cma-h¿a

cma-cmP _l-Zq¿jm sj°m-PMv' F∂mbn t]cv.

]Xn-\mdmw hb- n¬ Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ ̀ c-W-̀ mcw Fs‰-

SpØ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ ]Xn-s\-́ p-h¿j-°mew cmPyw ̀ cn-®p. ap∏-Øn\mephb-

 p-h-sc-am-{Xsa Bbp- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-f-fp. Npcp-ßn-b-Im-e-L-́ -Øn-\p-f-fn¬ hn-

hn-[-cw-K-ß-fn¬ hnπh-I-c-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øm≥ At±-l-Øn\p km[n-®p.

1810 ¬ Ahn´wXncp-\mƒ _me-cm-a-h¿Ω-a-lm-cm-Pmhv A¥-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-

\p-tijw cmPym-h-Im-in-bmbn Hcp B¨k-¥-Xnbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. kzm`m-

hn-I-ambpw dmWoKuco-e-£vao-`mbn {]k-hn-°p∂ B¨k-¥-Xn AXn\p

tbmKy\m-bn-Xo-cpw. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ P\n-®-t∏mƒ "K¿ -̀{io-am≥' F∂ t]cn\v

A¿l-\m-°n-bXv Cu kml-N-cy-amWv.

169

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ amXm-hmb Kuco-e-£vao-̀ mbn, Im¿Øn-

I-Xn-cp-\mƒ alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ ImeØv 1789 ¬ tIme-Øp-\m-́ n¬ \n∂v Xncp-

hnXmwIq¿ cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-te°v ZsØ-Sp-°-s∏´ ̀ c-Wn-Xn-cp-\mƒ dmWn-bpsS

aqØ-]p-{Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ B¨X-e-ap-d -C-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Kuco-

e-£vao-̀ mbnغp-cm´n `cWw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. 1811 am¿®v amk-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p

Cu kw`hw. 1809¬ cpIvan-Wo-`m-bnbpw, 1813¬ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfpw 1814¬

D{XmSwXncp-\mƒ cmP-Ip-am-c\pw P\n-®p. AtX-h¿jw-Xs∂ Xºp-cm´n A¥-

cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Kuco-e-£vao-`mbnغp-cm´nbpsS AIm-e-hn-tbm-K-

sØXp-S¿∂v cmP-̀ c-Whpw aq∂v cmP-k-¥-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw kwc-£-Whpw Ah-

cpsS ktlm-Z-cn-bmb Kuco]m¿Δ-Xo-`m-bn-bn¬ h∂p tN¿∂p. ]Xn-aq∂mw

hb- n¬ BWv ]m¿Δ-Xo-̀ m-bn cmP`cWw Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xv.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ hf¿®-bpsS Hmtcm L -́Ønepw \n¿Æm-bIkzm[o-

\-am-bXv At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXmhv Nß-\m-t»cn cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω tImbn-Ø-ºp-

cm-\m-Wv. _lp-̀ m-jm-]-WvUn-X\mbn-Xo¿∂ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ _mey-Øn¬

Hmtcm-hn-j-bhpw ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ {]tXyIw A≤ym-]-Isc \ntbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfn\v Ggp-h-b v XnI-bp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ X©m-hq¿°m-c-

\mb tij]WvUn-X¿ kp∫-cm-bsc Cw•ojv]Tn∏n°phm≥ \ntbm-Kn-®p.

At±-l-Øns‚ ]T-\-Im-cy-ß-fpsS apgp-h≥ Npa-X-ebpw hln-°p-∂-Xn\v Aº-

e-∏p-g-cm-a-h¿Ω≥ F∂-bm-fp-w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. lcn-∏m-́ p- sIm-®p-]n-ff hmcy-cm-

bn-cp∂p kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ kwkvIr-X-Kp-cp. At±-l-Øns‚ Iognepff

kwkvIr-X-]-T\w `mhnbn¬ cN\Iƒ°v klm-b-I-am-bn-́ p-≠v.

Xncp-s\¬then sh¶n-Sm-N-e-A-ø¿, Xncp-s®-¥q¿ \mcm-b-W-I-hn-cm-b≥

F∂nh-cmWv kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns\ Xan-gv̀ m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw A`ykn-∏n-®-

Xv. kp∫-cm-a-̀ m-K-h-X¿ sXep¶v ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. kø-Zv\n-kmw-sam-bvXp, apl-

170

ko≥jm F∂n-h¿ t]¿jy≥`mjm]T-\-Øn¬ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns\ klm-bn-

®-Xmbn D≈q¿ tcJs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ic-a-\- kp-{_-“-Wy`m-K-h-X-cn¬ \n∂mWv

kwKo-Xw ]Tn°m≥ Bcw-̀ n-®-Xv.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ Iri-Km-{X-\pw HmP-kp-‰-ap-J-hp-am-sW∂v s]mXpsh

AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-́ n-cn°p-∂p. Infn-am-\q¿ hnZzm≥ Cfb-X-ºp-cm≥, Cc-bn-Ω≥Xºn

XpS-ßn-b-h¿ cNn® Ombm t«mI-ß-fn¬ kzmXn-bpsS cq]sØ h¿Æn-®n-́ p-

≠v. Be-¶m-cnI kz`m-h-ap-f-f-Xm-W-h. cm-P-̀ cWw Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xns‚ ASp-Ø-

h¿jw kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ hnhm-ln-X-\m-bn. h[p Xncp-h-́ m‰p ]m\-∏n-ff Bbn-

°p´n \mcm-b-Wn-]n-ff Bbn-cp-∂p. alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ amXr-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬s∏-́ -

XmWv Bbn-°p´n F∂pw cmPm-hns‚ B{K-l-{]-Imcw ZØp-ap-tJ\ Xncp-h-

´m‰v AΩ-ho-́ nse AwKXzw \¬In-b-tijw Ahsc ]cn-W-bn-®-Xm-sW∂pw

hyXy-kvX-A-̀ n-{]mbw \ne-hn-ep-≠v.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fn\v H∂n-e-[nIw `mcy-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]cm-a¿i-ap-

≠v. BZy-̀ m-cybn¬ P\n® aI≥ A\-¥-]-fl-\m-̀ ≥ inip-hm-bn-cn-s°-Øs∂

A¥-cn-®p. X©m-hq¿ AΩ-ho-́ n-te°v ZsØSpØv hnhmlw Ign® c≠vkv{Xo-

IƒIqSn kzmXn-bpsS Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn A`n-{]m-b-

ap≠v.'38 "]m\-∏n-ff Bbn-°p´n \mcm-b-Wn-∏nf-f-bpsS Ime-tijw Ip´n-I-fpsS

kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn ]m¬°p-f-ßc N°n-\-tßen F∂ -kv{Xosb ]mWn-{K-

lWw sNbvXp. IqSmsX At±lw kpμ-c-e£van F∂ \¿Ø-In-tbbpw {]nb-

X-a-bmbn kzoI-cn-®-Xm-bn- ]cma¿i-ap≠v.'39 -ap∏-Øn-\memw hb n¬ 1846 Unkw-

_¿ 25 \v (1022 [\p 12 \v) kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ \mSp-\oßn.

171

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ `c-W-Im-ew.

1813 BKÃv 29˛mw XobXn kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfn\v \mep-amkw {]mbapff-

t∏mƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pm-hmbn {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw 1829 ˛ G{]n¬

amk-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\v 16 hb v XnI-™-t∏mƒ alm-cm-Pm-hmbn ÿm\m-

tcm-lWw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmP-ÿm-\m-tcm-l-Whpambn _‘-s∏ v́ 1829

˛ G{]n¬ 21˛mw XobXn CuÃn-¥ym-I-º-\n-°p-th≠n {_n´o-jvd-kn-U‚ v Hcp

hn⁄m-]\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. AXnse Nne`mK-߃ Cß-s\-bmWv. "]≠m-c-

h-Ibn¬ \n∂pw HcpØ¿°pw Hcp hn[-Ønepw ISw apX-em-bXv sImSp-∏m-\n-

√m-sXbpw IpSn-bm-\-h-∑m¿ Dƒs∏´ Bfp-Iƒ ]≠m-c-h-Ibv°v Icw apX-em-

bXv H∂pw-Xs∂ sImSp-∏m-\n-√m-sXbpw kp`n-£-ambn-cn-°p∂ ka-bØv

cmPyhnNmcw ]fl-\m`skhn\n h©n[¿Ωh¿≤n\n cmP-cm-tP-izco dmWn-

]m¿Δ-Xo-̀ mbn alm-cmPm Ah¿Iƒ hi-Øn¬ G¬∏n-°p-∂p'40 F∂p {]kvXm-

hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

"AXn-\zÆw B a-lm-cmPm Ah¿Iƒ cmPy-hn-Nmcw G‰n-cn-°-s°≠v

Cu kwÿm-\-tØ°p alm-cm-Pm-hm-bn´pw A[n-]-Xn-bm-bn´pw kI-e-am\P\-

ßfpw Adn™v B alm-cmPmAh¿I-fpsS B⁄m-im-k\-Øn¬

Dƒs∏´p\S-∂p-sIm-f-fp-Ibpw thWw.' kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ `cWw Gs‰-Sp-°p-

tºmƒ tIW¬tamdn-k¨ Bbn-cp∂p dkn-U‚ v. `c-Wm-cw`Øn¬ Xs∂

Znhm≥\n-b-a-\sØ sNm√n-hy-XykvX A`n-{]m-b-߃ Ch¿°n-S-bn¬h-∂p.

Kpcp-hmb kp∫-cm-b¿°v Znhm≥]Zw sImSp-°m≥ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfn\v

Gsd-Xm-¬]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]m¿Δ-Xo-̀ m-bn-bpsS `c-W-Im-eØv Znhm-\mbn-

cp∂ sh¶n-́ -cm-bsc B ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw \o°n ]Icw Kpcp-hmb kp∫-cm-

bsc Znhm-\mbn \nb-an-°-W-sa∂ A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv Cf-b-Ω-b-S-°-ap-ff IpSpw-

_mw-K-߃°p tbmPn-°m-\m-bn√. AXn-\m¬ sh¶n-́ -cm-b¿ Xs∂-Zn-hm-\m-bn-

172

Xp-S¿∂p. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ A[n-Imcw Gs‰-SpØtij-ap-≠mb CØcw {]iv\-

߃ -]-Xn-s\-́ p-h¿j-°m-e-Øn-\n-S°v ]e-X-h-Wbpw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-́ p. At±-

l-Øns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv Ht -́sd-t∏¿ Znhm≥ÿm-\-tØ°v FØp-Ibpw ]e-

scbpw \o°w sNøp-Ibpw Nne¿ÿm-\sam-gn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-́ p-≠v. dkn-

U‚p-am-cp-am-bp-ff A`n-{]m-b-̀ n-∂-X-Ifpw `c-Wm-[n-Imcn F∂ \ne°v kzmXn-

Xn-cp-\m-fn\v Ht´sd t¢i-߃ hcp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-ƒ ÿm\w Gs‰-

SpØv Hcp-h¿jw XnI-bpw-apºv dkn-U‚ v tam-dn-k¨ ÿm\w-H-gn-™p,

AsXØp-S¿∂v sh¶n-́ -cm-b¿ Znhm≥]-Z-Øn¬ \n∂v amdp-I-bpw-sN-bvXp. H´pw

sshImsX alm-cm-Pmhv Kpcp-hmb kp∫-cm-bsc Znhm≥ÿm-\Øv Ah-tcm-

[n-®p. 1830 s^{_p-h-cn-bn-emWv Cu kw`hw \S-∂-Xv.

tamdn-k¨ dkn-U‚ vÿm\w cmPn-sh-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ kzmXn-

Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ `c-W-Øn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ \miØn-te°v t]mIp∂p F∂p-

Im-Wn®v CuÃn-¥ym-I-º\n A[n-Ir-X¿°v dnt∏m¿´-b-®p. -A-t\z-jn-°m-s\-

Ønb Dt±y-K-ÿ\v IØn¬ I-≠-co-Xn-bn-ep-ff {]iv\-ß-fp-ff-Xmbn tXm∂m-

Ø-Xn-\m¬- bmsXm-cp-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-√. alm-cm-Pmhv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-

Øn-\v ]p-d-Øp-\n∂v I≠≥ta-t\m≥ Fs∂mcp ka¿Y-\mb Dt±ym-K-ÿs‚

tkh\w {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn-bn-cp-∂p. Znhm≥t]-jvIm¿ ÿm\-am-bn-cp∂p

At±-l-Øn-\v. F∂m¬ F√m-h-cmepw kΩ-X-\mb I≠≥ta-t\m≥ Xs‚-

ÿm\w ssItø-dptam F∂ `bw Znhm≥kp-∫-cm-bsc Ae-´n-bn-cp-∂p.

I≠≥ta-t\mt\mSv FXn¿∏v ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ sIm®p-i-¶-c-∏n-ff F∂

as‰mcp Znhm≥t]-jvIm-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS kp∫-cm-b¿ I≠≥ta-t\ms\

\nc-¥cw th -́bm-Sn. A[nIw sshImsX I≠≥ta-t\m≥ tcmK-_m-[n-X-\m-bn-a-

c-W-s∏-´p. At±-l-Øn-s‚- a-c-Ww- a-lm-cm-Pm-hns\ Atß-b‰w Zp:Jn∏n-®p.

kp∫cmbcpsS s]cpam‰Zqjyw ]e Btcm-]-W-ßfpw Db-cm≥ CXv CS-bm-°n.

173

Atß-b‰w Kpcp-`‡n-a-\- n¬ kq£n-®n-cp∂ alm-cm-Pm-hn\v Znhm≥kp-∫-

cm-b-scbpw Znhm≥t]-jvIm¿ sIm®p-i-¶-c-∏n-ffsbbpw in£n-t°-≠n-h-∂p.

injy≥ Kpcp-hns\ in£n-°p-I- F∂ Ahÿ Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn kp∫-

cm-btcmSv cmPn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

tamdn-kWptijw dkn-U‚m-bn-h∂ Imkm-ta-Pdpw, sP. Fkv s{^-

kdpw alm-cm-Pm-hp-ambn kulrZw ]pe¿Øn-t∏m∂p. XpS¿∂v dkn-U‚mbn

h∂Xv Iym]v‰≥ U•-kmbn-cp-∂p. U•-kn\p alm-cm-Pm-hp-ambn A{X

\√_‘-ap-≠m-bn-√. Cu ka-bØv Znhm≥t]-jvImcmbn-cp∂ i¶-cm-bsc

XmXvIm-en-I-ambn Znhm≥ÿm-\-sØ°v \nb-an-®p. i¶-cm-b¿ U•-kpam-bn-

t®¿∂v ]e-X{¥ßfpw Bhn-jv°-cn-s®-¶nepw H∂pw ^ew I≠n-√. HSp-hn¬

Znhm≥]-Z-Øn¬\n∂v amtd-≠-km-l-Ncyw h∂-t∏mƒ i¶-cm-b¿ DtZym-Kw- cm-

Pn-h®pt]mhp-Ibpw ]g-b-Zn-hm-\m-bn-cp∂ sh¶n-́ -cm-bsc Znhm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v

alm-cm-Pmhv \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1839 ¬ BWv alm-cm-Pmhv C{]-Imcw

Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. dkn-U‚ v U•-kp-ambn tbmPn-°m≥I-gn-bm-Ø-Xn-\m¬

1839 am¿®n¬ sh¶n-́ -cm-b¿ cmPn ka¿∏n-®p. A[nIw sshImX kp∫-cm-b¿

ho≠pw Znhm-\m-bn-.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ `c-W-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-ambXv e v̂‰-\‚ v P\-d¬

hn√yw I√≥ dkn-U‚ v ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-Ø-ti-j-ap≈ Ime-L-́ -am-Wv. 1840

apX¬ 1860 hsc Ccp-]-Xp-h¿j-°mew I√≥ dkn-U‚ v ]Zhn hln-®p-t]m-

∂p.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-\p-]p-dsa sIm®n-bp-sSbpw dkn-U‚ v Npa-Xe I√-\mbn-

cp-∂p. I√\pw kzmXn-Xncp-\m-fn-\pw CS-bn¬ ISp-Ø-hn-tZzjw hf¿∂p-h-∂n-cp-

∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿Δo-knse Db¿∂ Dt±zm-K-ÿ-\m-bn- IrjvW-cm-b¿

Fs∂m-cmƒ h∂p. dkn-U‚mb I√-\p-ambn kulrZw ]pe¿Øn t]m-∂p.

Znhm≥ÿm-\-sØ-Øm≥ IrjvW-cm-b¿ GsdB{K-ln-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p-th≠n

174

sdkn-U-‚pambn HØp-tN¿∂v cmPmhn\pw Znhm-\mb kp∫-cm-b¿°p-sa-Xnsc

{]h¿Øn-®p-t]m-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Znhm≥ ]Z-Øn¬ XpS-cp-∂-Xv- A-

\p-Nn-X-am-sW∂v a\-kn-em-°nb kp∫-c-ø¿ 1842 PqWn¬ cmPn ka¿∏n-®p.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ `c-W-sØ-Ip-dn®v hfsc tami-am-b -co-Xn-bn¬ I√≥

CuÃn‚ym˛Iº-\n-°p-ap-ºmsI ]e-X-hW dnt∏m-´p-Iƒ ka¿∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

CuÃn‚ymIº-\n- kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fn\v FXn-cmbn Hcn-°¬t]mepw \ne-]mSv

ssIs°m-≠n√ F∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X

sIm≠mWv.

Znhm-\m-bn-cp∂ kp∫-cm-b¿ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ hn-́ p-t]m-I-W-sa∂v Iº\n

ta[mhn DØ-c-hn-́ p. X©m-hq-cn-te°v t]mb kp∫-cm-bsc Gsd-Xm-a-kn-bmsX

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv Xncn®p sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\v alm-cm-Pm-hn\v Ign™p Cu

km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Hgn-™p-In-S∂ Znhm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v dknU‚ v I√s‚

Xm¬]-cysØ Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ ]gb Znhm-\m-bn-cp-∂-

sh-¶n-´-cm-b¿°v ho≠pw Znhm≥]Zw \¬Im≥ alm-cm-Pmhv DØ-c-hn-d°n.

1843 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬ sdÕn-cm-b¿ (sh-¶n-®´cm-b¿) Znhm\mbn I√-s‚bpw

IrjvW-cm-b-cp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cmP-̀ -c-W-Øn¬ klm-bnI-fm-bp-ff

NnecpsS kzm¿Y-Xbpw alm-cm-Pm-hn\v Akz-ÿX-Ifp≠m°ns°m≠ncp∂p.

dkn-U‚ v IqSp-X-embn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ Imcy-ß-fn-se°v CS-s]-Sm≥ XpSßn.

I√s‚ {]h¿Øn-Iƒ {_n´o-jv `c-W-tØm-Sp-ff F√m-Aw-Ko-Im-

c߃°pw _lpam\߃°pw `wKwhcpØp∂ a´nemsW∂pIm´n Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-dnse Ah-ÿ-Isf hni-Z-am°ns°m≠v 1843¬ a{Zmkv Kh¿Æ-dm-bn-cp-

∂ -Szo-U¬{]-̀ p-hn\v kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ Hcp ktμiw Ab-®p. cmPm-hn\v F√m-

hn-[-]n≥Xp-W-bpw {]Jrm]n®p-sIm-≠p≈ kao-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p a{Zm-kvK-

h¨sa‚ns‚ `mKØp\n∂pw D≠m-bXv. A[nIwsshImsX IrjvW-cm-bsc

175

DtZzm-K-Øn¬\n∂pw ]ncn-®p-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. I√≥ alm-cm-Pm-hn-s\-Xnsc

]e-dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw Iº\n Dt±zm-K-ÿ¿°v Ab-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp -∂p.

Znhm≥sdÕn-cm-b-cpsS {]h¿Øn-Iƒ cmPm-hns\ Zp:JnX-\m-°n-s°m≠pancp∂p.

HSp-hn¬ Zn\m≥ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂v cmPn-h®v Hgn-™p-s]m-bvs°m-≈m≥ alm-cm-

Pmhv Adn-bn-®p. AXn-\ptijw Znhm≥t]-jv°m-cm-bn- \n-b-an®v, Znhms‚ Npa-

Xe \¬In-bXv A∏o¬t°m-S-Xn-bn¬ H∂mw PUvPn Bbn-cp∂ {io\n-hm-k-

cm-bsc Bbn-cp-∂p. sdkn-U‚ v I√\v Ct±-l-tØmSv tbmPn-∏n-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

CØ-c-Øn¬ `c-W-]-c-ambn Ht´sd {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ `c-

W-Im-Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ \thm-∞m-\-Øn\mbn {]h¿Øn® i‡-\m-b`c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn- kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fn\v Atß-b‰whsc AØ-c-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn°m\m-

bn-√. `c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-°m-dm-b- h¿j-ß-fn¬ -`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- F∂\ne-bn-

ep≈ F√m DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-sfbpw ad-∂p-sI≠v Bflo-b-Im-cr-ß-fn¬ hym]r-

X-\m-bn Ign-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p alm-cm-Pm-hv.

cmPm-hns‚ ̀ mK-Øp-\n-∂p≠mb CØcw hogvN-Iƒ cmPyØns‚ kmaq-

ln-Im-h-ÿsb {]Xn-Iq -e-ambn _m[n-®p. P\-ß-fpsS {]iv\-ßsf

tIƒ°mt\m ]cn-l-cn-°mt\m cmPm-hn\v Ign-bm-sX-bm-bn. {]P-Iƒ°pth≠n

hn\n-tbm-Kn-t°≠ kºØpapgp-h≥ Bflo-b-Im-cy-߃°mbn Nne-h-gn-®p.

F√m A¿∞-Ønepw Acm-P-I-Xz-Øns‚ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. `c-W-hpw

IpSpw-_hpw F√m-ap-t]-£n®v Cuiz-c-\n¬ A`bw {]m]n®alm-cm-Pmhv HSphn¬

IrjvW-cm-bsc ho≠pw Znhm≥t]jv°m-cmbn \nb-an-®p. 1846Unkw-_-dn-emWv

Cu \nb-a\w \S-∂-Xv. "alm-cmPv Rm≥ Aß-bpsS ASn-a-bmWv Ft∂ c£n-

°tW F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v IrjvW-cm-b¿ alm-cm-Pm-hn\v kao]w FØn-

b-Xmbn ]d-bp∂p.'41 kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ ac-W-tØmSv ASpØ-Zn-\-ß-fn-em-

Wn-ßs\ kw -̀hn-®-Xv.

176

hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬Øs∂ cmP-̀ cWw Gs‰-SpØ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚

G‰hpw {]I-S-am-b-KpWw \n›-b-Zm¿Uyambn-cp-∂p. Iº\n Dt±m-K-ÿ-cp-ambn

tbmPn®pw hntbm-Pn®pw t]mb-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn-se-√mw -kz-¥-am-b-Xo-cp-am-\-ßsf

ASn-b-d-sh-bv°m≥ At±lw Xøm-dm-bn-√. bp‡n-]-c-am-b-Xo-cp-am-\-ßsf-Sp-°m-

\p-ff kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ Ignhv {]iw-k-\o-b-am-Wv. D]-tZ-i-ßsf Hcp ]cn-

[n-hsc am{Xta At±lw C„-s∏-́ n-cp-∂p-f-fp. Imcy-߃ BtcmSpw sh´n-Øp-

d∂p ]d-bm≥ At±lw aSn-Im-Wn-®n-√. AØcw Hcp kw`hw Ncn-{X-Øn¬

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-ƒ ̀ c-W-®pa-Xe Gs‰-SpØ ka-bØv a{Zmkv

Kh¿W¿ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ kμ¿in-°m-s\-Øn. Cu kabw At±-lsØ A`n-

ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠sX{]-Im-c-am-sW∂Xn-t\-°p-dn®v kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ A—≥

D]-tZ-in-®p. D]-tZ-iw tI -́tijw At±lw C{]-Imcw A—t\mSp tNmZn-®p,

"A—≥ ]Tn-∏n-°mØ Fs¥-¶nepw Imcyw Kh¿W¿ tNmZn-®m¬ A—≥ AXp-

]-Tn-∏n-®n-®n´n√ F∂p-]-d-™m¬ aXn-bt√m'.42 A]-Iz-amb hm°p-Iƒ F∂-

Xn-t\-°mƒ {]mb-Øn¬ Ihn™ bp‡n-Nn-¥bpw ImgvN-∏m-Snse hyXn-cn-‡-

X-bp-amWv Cu adptNmZy-ØneqsS [z\n-°p-∂-Xv.

Iem-Im-c-\mbpw, `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bpw -{]-tim-̀ n® kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚

PohnXw apgp-h≥ ]e-Im-c-W-߃sIm≠pw {]-Xnk‘nIƒ\n-d-™-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ P\-\-tijw H-cp-h¿j-°mesa amXrhm¬kerw A\p-

`hn-°m≥ Ign-™p-≈p. 1814 sk]vXw-_-dn¬ dmWn-e-£van-̀ m-bn-a-cn-®p. 1837¬

ktlm-Z-co-]p-{X-\mb \mep-h-b-kp-Im-c≥ acn®p. AtX-h¿jw-Xs∂ ktlm-

Z-cnbpw acn-®p. 1844 ]nXmhv cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm-\pw- a-cn-®p. kzmXn-

Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚ k¥X-k-l-Nm-cn- B-bn-cp∂ hnZzm≥tIm-bn-Ø-\-ºp-cm≥ kzmXn-

bp-sS-k-Z- nse {][m-\IemIm-c-\m-b- h-Sn-th-ep-F∂n-h¿ 1845¬ \ncymXcmbn.

{]nb-P-\-ß-fpsS hntbmKw kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-s\ Atß-b‰w Xf¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

"kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-\v At±-l-Øns‚ ac-Wk-abw IrXy-ambn ap≥Iq´n Adn-

177

bm-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw, I-S-Ø-\m-́ p-A-∏p-Ø-ºp-cm≥ cNn®PmX-I-Øn¬ \n∂p-

e-̀ n® Cu Adnhv At±-l-sØ GsdXf¿Øn-sb∂pw43 hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-cm-P-

h¿a {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. a\- ns\ Xf¿Øp∂ CØcwNn¥-I-fmhmw Hcp]s£

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-s\ C{X-h-enb tZh-Zm-k-\m-°n-b-Xv.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚ `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-߃

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-ƒ alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ `c-WImew Xncp-hnXmwIqdns‚

kph¿Æ-Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. `c-W-]-c-ambn Ht´sd]cn-jv°m-c-߃ hcp-Øp-hm≥

At±-l-Øn\p Ign™p. ]Xn-s\-´p-h¿jw kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-ƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿

`cn-®p. AXn¬ BZysØ -]-{¥-≠v h¿jw Xncp-hnXmwIqdn¬ Akqbm-h-l-

amb am‰ßƒ hcp-Øm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p. -]e {]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-

ß-fm¬ Ah-km\whsc amXr-Im-]-c-amb `cWw ImgvN-sh-bv°m≥ At±-l-

Øn\p IgnbmsXt]mbn F∂Xv \n¿`m-Ky-I-c-am-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Bhn-jv-

°-cn® hnI-k-\-߃ Hcn-°epw hnkva-cn-°m-\m-hp-∂-X-√.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]q¿W-am-b-A¿∞Øn¬ XncphnXmw-Iq-dns‚ Xe-ÿm-

\-am-bXv kzmXn-bpsS Ime-Øm-Wv. Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-\mƒ cm-a-h¿ΩalmcmPm-

hns‚ ImeØv Xncp-hnXmwIqdns‚ Xe-ÿm\w ]fl-\m-`]p-c-Øp-\n∂p Xncp-

h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ°v am‰n-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ lPq¿It®-cn-t]m-ep≈ {][m-\-

s∏-´-Im-cym-e-b߃ sIm√-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬

FØn-b-tXmsS {][m-\- Im-cym-e-b-ß-sf√mw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ°v am‰n-.

P\-ß-fpsS {]iv\-ß-fnepw `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fnepw {]tXyI {i≤-]-Xn-∏n-°p-

hm≥ CXp-aqew cmPm-hn\p Ign-™p. \oXn\ymb-h-Ip∏v At±lw ]p\kwL-

Sn-∏n-®p.

A∏o¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ, Pn√m-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ, ap≥kn-̂ vtIm-S-Xn-Iƒ F∂o

aq∂p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ \oXn-\ymb kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p. CuÃn-

178

¥ym-I-º-\n-bpsS `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øns‚ amXr-I-bn¬ aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-

Ifpw t]meokv hIp∏pw At±-lw-]-cn-jv°-cn-®p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn\v kz¥-ambn

Hcp \nbakwlnX t{ImUo-I-cn-°m≥ At±lw B{K-ln-®p. CXp-\-S-∏m-°p-

∂-Xn-\mbn 1835 ¬ Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ k¿Δo-kn-te°v C´n-cm-b-®≥I-≠-∏≥ F∂-

bmsf Znhm≥t]-jv°m-cmbn \nb-an-®p. a{Zmkv Kh-s◊‚n-s‚-Io-gn¬ Xl-

ko¬Zm-cmbn {]h¿Øn-®p-t]m-∂n-cp∂ BfmWv C´n-cm-b-®≥. Ct±-l-Øns‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Hcp IΩ-‰n-IqSnbmtem-Nn®v Hcp \nb-a-kw-lnX Fgp-Xn-bp-

≠m°pIbpw1836 ¬ AXv hnfw-_cw sNbvXp{]tbm-K-Øn¬h-cp-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

1834 ¬ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv Cw•o-jvkvIqƒ ÿm]n®p.

Cw•ojv hnZym-̀ ymkw Bcw-̀ n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mK¿tIm-hn-en¬ Hcp- kz-

Im-cy-kvIqƒ \-S-Øn-s°m≠n-cp∂ sP. tdm_Svkns‚ Npa-X-e-bn-emWv Cw•o-

jvkvIqfns‚ {]h¿Ø\w \S-∂-Xv. 1836 ¬ AXv cmPmkv {^o kvIq-fm-bn-am-

dn. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ t\∏n-b¿ ImgvN-_w-•m-hn\pw hm\-\n-co-£-W-tI-{μ-

Øn\pw arK-im-e°pw cq]w sImSp-ØXv kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfmWv. A]q¿Δ C\-

Øn¬s∏´ ]£n-I-sfbpw arK-ß-sfbpw tiJ-cn-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v Xm¬]-

cy-ap≠mbncp-∂p. Cu Xm¬]-cyamWv ImgvN-_w-•mhv F∂ Bi-bØn\p

cq]w \¬In-b-Xv. Ag-tI-dnb B\-Isf ]e-bn-S-Øp-\n∂pw hmßn-kq-£n-®n-

cp-∂p. tPymXn-im-kv{X-Øn¬ sNdp∏w apXse X¬∏-c-\m-bn-cp∂ kzmXn-Xn-cp-

\mƒ 1837 ¬ BWv \£-{X-\n-co-£-W-tI{μw ÿm]n-®-Xv. 1839 ¬ At±lw

Xncp-h-\-¥]p-cØv Kh¨sa‚ v {] v ÿm]n®p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ Ncn{XØn-

em-Zy-ambn sIm√-h¿jw 1015 se (F. Un. 1839 ˛ 1840) ]©mwKw Cw•ojpw

ae-bm-fhpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Xøm-dm°n {]kn-≤-s∏-SpØn. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw ]ªn-

°v sse{_-dn°v [\-k-lmbw \¬Ip-Ibpw AXns\ \ho-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

179

Ip‰-hm-fn-I-fmb kv{XoIfpsS Xe apWvU\w sNbvXv \mSpIS-ØpI,

hy`n-Nm-cn-Iƒ F∂v ap-{Z-Ip-Øs∏´h¿ Xnf-°p-∂ -s\-øn¬ ssIXm-gvØn Xß-

fpsS \nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn-°pI XpS-ßnb A]cnjvIrX in£mcoXnIƒ

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ \n¿Ø-em-°n. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ Xm¬]-cy-{]-Imcw sIm´m-

c-{K-Ÿ-∏p-c-bn¬ tiJ-cn® Aaq-ey-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ]I¿∏p-I-fpsS tiJ-c-amWv

C∂v tIcfk¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bpsS Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ lkvX-en-Jn-X-{K-

Ÿ-im-e-bmbn ]cn-W-an-®-Xv. Xncp-hnXmwIqdnse ]´m-f-°m-cpsS thj-hn-Xm-\-

Øn¬ ]cn-jv°mcwhcp-Øn ssk\ysØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

CXns‚ `mK-ambn IpXn-cm-ebw tXmhm-f-Xm-eq-°n¬\n∂pw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-

tØ-°v am-‰n.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ ̀ c-W-Im-e-ØmWv ]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zy-Nn-In-’m-k-{º-

Zmbw Xncp-hnXmwIqdn¬ Bhn¿`hn-®-Xv. P\-߃°pw Cu kuIcyw e`n-°p-

∂-Xn-\mbn Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv Hcp Atem-∏Xn Bip-]{Xn ÿm]n-®p. At±-

l-Øns‚ Ime-Øp-≠mb F≥Pn\n-b-dnwKv hIp-∏ns‚ Iogn¬ \nc-h[n tdmUp-

Iƒ, ]me-߃, Xpc-¶-߃, sI´n-S-߃, AW-sI-́ p-Iƒ F∂nh \n¿Ωn-®p.

e^v‰-\‚ vtlm-gvkn-en-sbbmWv F≥Pn\n-b-dnwKv ta[m-hn-bmbn \nb-an-®-Xv.

tImX-bm¿ AW-s°´,v Ic-a-\-bm-dns‚ apI-fn¬ \n¿Ωn-®-I-√p-]mew F∂nh

At±lw cq]-I-ev]-\-sN-bvX-Xm-Wv. Irjnsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn

sXßpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ^e-hr-£-ß-fpsS \nIpXn \men-sem-∂mbn Npcp°n.

1836 ¬ 165 hym]m-c-h-kvXp-°-fpsS Xocph Cf-hp-sN-bvXn-cp-∂p. Im¿jn-I-cw-

KØv {it≤-b-amb t\´w-ssI-h-cn-°m≥ Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒ klm-bn-®p. Xncp-h-\-

¥-]pcw tIm´-°-IØv kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ ÿm]n® I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬

tI{μw {it≤-b-am-Wv. 1837emWv hm\-\n-co-£-W-tI{μw Bcw-̀ n-®Xv 1836 ¬

Xncp-hnXmwIqdnseSpØ It\jpamcn (sk≥k-kv) At±-l-Øns‚ {][m-\-

t\-́ -ß-fn¬ H∂m-Wv.

180

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ F∂ kwKo-X-{]-Xn`

kwKo-X-⁄-cnse N{I-h¿Ønbpw N{I-h¿Ønamcnse kwKo-X-⁄-

\pam-bn-cp∂p kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ. kwKo-X-tem-IsØ At±-l-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-

Iƒ Xpe\w sNøm\m-hm-Ø-XmWv. "]pWy-t«m-I\pw kI-e-I-em-h-√-̀ \p-am-

bn-cp∂p B Xºp-cm≥, tIc-f-Ønse kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw Ch-bpsS A`n-

hr-≤n-°p-th≠n kl-{k-ap-J-ambn A\p-jvTn-®n-́ p≈ tkh-\-Øns‚ amlmflyw

hmNm-a-tKm-N-c-am-°p-∂p.'44 F∂ {]kvXm-h\ Gsd {it≤-b-am-Wv. `c-Wm-[n-

]-≥ Bbn-cn-s°-Øs∂ Iem-cw-K-ß-fnepw Atßb‰w {i≤-]-Xn-∏n-°m≥

Ign™p F∂-XmWv a‰p- ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬\n∂pw kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns\ hyXy-

kvX-\m-°p-∂Xv. I¿Æm-S-I-kw-KoX IrXn-Ifpw, lnμp-ÿm\n IrXn-Ifpw

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cNn-®n-́ p≠v. B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv I¿Æm-S-I-kw-KoXaWvU-e-

Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn\v FÆ-s∏-́ -ÿm\w t\Sn-s°m-Sp-ØXv kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfmWv.

hnhn-[-tZ-ißfn¬ \n∂p≈ kwKo-X-hn-Zzm-∑m-cpsS km∂n[yw kzmXn-

Xn-cp-\mfns‚ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ kwKo-X-]-cn-t]mjWØn\p hgn-sbm-cp°n. j-

SvIm-e-tKm-hn-μ-am-cm¿, ap-Øp-kzm-an-Zo-£n-X-cpsS injy-\mb hSn-th-ep, -ta-cp-

kzm-an,-£o-cm-_v[n-imkv{Xn-Iƒ, XymK-cm-P-in-£y-\mb I∂ø-̀ m-K-h-X¿, ]me-

°m-́ p-]-c-ta-izc`mK-h-X¿ F∂n-h-sc√mw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-k-Z- ns\ Ae-

¶-cn-® kwKo-X-{]-Xn-̀ I-fmWv. "Io¿Ø\w, h¿Æw, ]Zw, cmK-am-en-I, Xn√m-\,

Pmhfn, kzc-PXn, {[p]-Zv, Jymep, T∏m-`P≥, -t«mIw F∂n-ßs\ Z£n-

tW¥y≥ kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚bpw DØtc¥y≥ kwKo-X-Øn-s‚bpw F√m-hn-̀ m-

K-ß-fnepw s]Sp∂ Km\-߃ c-Nn-®n-́ p≈ Htc-sbmcp `mc-Xo-b≥ kzmXn-Xn-cp-

\mƒ alm-cm-Pm-hmWv'45 F∂v kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ Poh-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb

181

sI.Atim-I≥ -A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. "kwkvIrXw, ae-bmfw, lnμp-ÿm-\n,

sXep¶v F∂n-ßs\ ]Xn-\m-ev `m-j-I-fn-embn \m\q-tdmfw kwKo-X-Ir-Xn-

Iƒ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cNn-®n-́ p-≈-Xmbn hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.'46

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ Io¿Ø-\-ßsf \h-cm-{Xn-Io¿Ø-\-߃, L\-cm-

K-Io¿Ø-\-߃, a[y-a-Ime-Io¿Ø-\-߃, \h-c-Xv\-am-enI F∂n-ßs\ \mep-

`m-K-ambn Xncn-°m-dp-≠v. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv \h-cm{Xn aWvU-]-Øn¬ kc-kz-

Xo-]q-P-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v Be-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ Fgp-Xn-bp≠m-

°nb H≥]Xv Io¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv \h-cm-{Xn-Io¿Ø-\-߃. tZho-P-K-÷-\\o

......, ]mln-amw-{io-hm-Ko-izco ......, tZho-]m-ht\ ....., `mc-Xn-am-ah ......., P\-\n-

am-ah ..........., ktcm-cq-lm-k-\-Pmtb ......, P\-\n-]m-ln- ....., ]m-ln-P-\\n ........,

]mln-]¿h-X-\-μn\n ...... F∂o {Ia-Øn-emWv \h-cm-{Xn-Io¿Ø-\-߃ Be-

]n-°p-∂-Xv. \m´, Kuf, hcm-fn, Bc-̀ n, {io, tIZm-cw, coXn-Kuf, kmcw-K-, \m´

F∂o cmK-ß-fnemWv Io¿Ø-\-߃ cNn®ncn°p-∂Xv. kzcm£c-ß-fpsS

{]tbm-K-Øm¬ Ch Aew-IrX-am-Wv. a[y-a-Im-e-Io¿Ø\߃, \h-c-Xv\-am-

enI F∂Xv Io¿Ø\w, {ih-Ww, kvac-Ww, ]mZ-tk-h-\w, A¿®-\w, hμ\w,

Zmkyw, kJyw, Bfl-\n-th-Z-\w, F∂n-ßs\bpff H≥]Xv `‡n-am¿§-ßsf

ASn-ÿm-\am°n cNn®Km\-ß-fmWv.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ cNn®IyXn-I-fn¬ apJyw D’-h-{]-_-‘-am-Wv. ]fl-\m-

`Zm-k-\mb kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ `‡n-̀ mhw Xpfp-ºp∂ \nc-h-[n-Im-hy-߃ cNn-

®n-́ p-≠v. lnμp-ÿm-\n-Io¿Ø-\-߃, h¿W-߃, ]Z-߃, Xn√m-\-Iƒ, kzc-

P-Xn-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw kzmXn-bpsS kwKo-X-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. "tIc-f-

Øn¬ kwKo-X-Øn\pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw ]c-am-̀ n-hr-≤nsb P\n-∏n-®n-́ p≈ alm-

]p-cp-j≥am-cpsS Iq -́Øn¬ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ \maw AXyp-∂-X-ÿm-\Øv

182

GXp-Im-eØpw ]cn-tim-̀ n-°p∂ H∂m-bn-cn-°pw. Ahn-SpsØ amlm-fly-Øn\v

A{X-am{Xw aXn-bmIpw'47 F∂v hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω A-̀ n-{]m-b-s∏-́ n-cn-

°p-∂Xv {]k‡w.

F¨]-Xp-h¿jw Pohn® XymK-cm-P-kzm-an-Ifpw Adp-]-Xp-h¿jw Pohn®

apØp-kzm-an-Zo-£n-X-cpw Adp-]-Øn-\mep h¿jw Pohn-®n-cp∂ iyma-im-kv{Xn-

Ifpw kwKo-X-tem-IØv t\Sn-b-ÿm-\-Øn-s\m∏w ÿm\w ap∏-Øn-aq-∂p-

h¿jw am{Xw Pohn-®n-cp∂ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fn\pw t\Sm-\m-bn. "kwKo-X-⁄\pw

Kth-j-I-\p-amb Sn. e£va-W≥]n≈ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s\-]‰n Xøm-dm-°nb

{]_-‘-Øn¬ kzmXn-kw-Ko-X-sØ-]‰n ]d-™ hm°p-Iƒ kvac-Wo-b-amWv'.48

i‡-\m-b-̀ -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ ka¿∞-\mb Item-]m-k-

I\mIm\pw At±-l-Øn\p km[n-®p. "XymK-cm-P-IrXn-Iƒ `mh-Ønepw Zo£n-

X¿IrXn-Iƒ cmK-Ønepw iyma-im-kv{Xn-bpsS cN-\-Iƒ Xmf-Ønepw anI®p

\n¬°p-∂p F∂mWv hnZ-Kv[m-`n-{]m-bw. F∂m¬ Ch aq∂pw GI-{X-k-a-

\zbn-∏n-®-h-bmWv kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ IrXn-Iƒ'49 F∂ A`n-{]mbw {it≤-bw.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ kZ- nse {it≤-b-cmb hy‡n-Xz-ß-fmbncp∂p

X©m-hq¿ NXp-jvSbw F∂-dn-b-s∏-́ n-cp∂ s]m∂-ø, Nn∂-ø, inhm\μw, hSn-

thep F∂o-k-tlm-Z-c-߃. Ch-cn¬Øs∂ Gsd {it≤-b-≥ hSn-th-ep-hm-

Wv. kwKo-X-hn-Zzm≥, Km\-c-N-bn-Xmhv, \rØm-Nm-cy≥, F∂o \ne-I-fn-sems°

At±lw {]ikvXn-bm¿÷n-®n-́ p-≠v. ]m›m-Xy-amb hb-en≥- F∂ hmtZym-]-

I-cWw I¿Æm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-h-∂Xv hSn-th-ep-hm-Wv. Z£n-

tW¥y≥ \rØ-cq-]-߃s°m∏w DØ-tc¥y≥ \rØ-k{º-Zm-b-ß-sfbpw

kzmXn t{]m’m-ln-∏n®p. I\-I-am-e,- \o-cmƒ, -]n-®p`m-K-hX¿,- \m-K-c-Xv\w, -Xn-

cps®∂q¿ cma-\m-Y-am-WnIyw F∂n-hsc√mw kzmXnkZ- nse Iem-c-Xv\-߃

Bbn-cp-∂p.

183

C¥y≥ Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ Iƒ®-d¬ dn-te-j≥kns‚ B`n-apJy-Øn¬

{]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb `m-c-Xo-b-kw-Ko-Xw -F∂ {]mam-WnI{KŸ-Øn¬ XymK-

cm-P-kzm-an-Iƒ, -ap-Øp-kzm-an-Zo-£n-X¿, iyma-im-kv{Xn-Iƒ F∂n-hsc-°p-dn®v

{]Xn]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ Z£n-tW¥y≥ kwKo-X-sØ°pdn®v {]Xn-]m-

Zn°p∂ `mKØv C{]Imcw ImWp-∂p. Ah-cpsS ka-Im-en-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pmhv kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fpw A¬]w {]am-Wn-I-\m-sbm-cp

hmt§bImc-\m-bn-cp-∂p F∂ {]kvXm-h-\bpw \mep-h-cn-Ifpw am{Xsa Dƒs°m-

≈n-®n-́ p-≈q. I]n-e-hm-’ym-b-≥ cNn® C¥y≥Ivfm-kn-°¬ \rØw (Indian

Clssical Dance)-F-∂-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Hcn-SØpw kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ t]tcm,

At±-l-Øns‚ h¿Æßsftbm, -Xn-√m-\-I-sftbm Ipdn®v ]cm-a¿in-®n-´n√

F∂Xpw tJZI-cw Xs∂. tamln-\n-bm-́ -sØ ]cnjvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kzmXn-

Xn-cp-\m-ƒ hf-sc-tbsd kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-´p-≠v F∂ bmYm¿∞yw Ch¿

]cnKWn®n√.

apØp-kzm-an-Zo-£n-XcpsS ktlm-Z-c-]p-{X\pw {]i-kvX -hm-t§-b-Im-c-\p-

am-bn-cp∂ kp∫-cm-a-Zo-£n-X¿ 1904-˛ ¬ -sX-ep¶v `mj-bn¬ {]kn-≤oI-cn®

kwKo-X-k{º-Zmb {]Z¿i-\n-bn¬ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns\ hmt§b-Imc\m-bn hnti-

jn-∏n-®n´p≠v. aq∂p-IrXn-I-fpw CXn¬ {]kn-≤o-Icn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. apØø`mK-

h-Xcpw siΩm-¶pSn {io\n-hm-k-A-øcpwtN¿∂v- C-cp-∂q-tdmfw IrXn-Iƒ {]kn≤-

s∏-Sp-Øn. 1853-̨ ¬- "kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-ƒ s]m∂p-X-ºp-cm≥ I¬]n-®p-≠m-°nb IrXn-

Iƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp-IrXn ]pd-Øn-dßn. ]p∂-°¬ ho´n¬ IW°pIpam-

c≥ am¿Øm-WvU≥ F∂-bm-fmWv Cu IrXn-bpsS kºmZI≥. NnZw-_-c-hm-

[ym¿ ap∂q‰n-]-Xn-\mdv kzmXn-Io¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS kmlnXyw1916-̨ ¬ {]kn-≤o-I-

cn-®p. 1918-̨ ¬ cwK-\m-Y-ø¿ 125 IrXn-Iƒ{]kn-≤oIcn-®p. 1859-̨ ¬ {]kn-≤oIcn-

® "kwKo-X-k¿hm¿Y kmckw-{Klw'F∂ sXep-¶p-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ kzmXn-bpsS

Hcp Io¿Ø\w ImWmw.

184

1912-̨ ¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb ̀ K-h-ZvP\-]-≤Xn F∂ sXep¶p {KŸØn¬

51- Io¿Ø-\-߃ {]kn-≤oIcn-®p. kzmXn am[p-cn F∂t]-cn¬ tUm.-sI.-Hm-a-

\-°p´n kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ Ccp-]-Øn-c≠v kw-kvIrX-Io¿Ø-\-ßsf A\zbw,

A¿∞w F∂nh Dƒs∏-SpØn hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. cmP-Io¿Ø-\m\n F∂

t]cn¬ kzmXn-Xn-cp\mƒ IrXn-I-fpsS sXep¶p en]n-bn-ep-≈- H-cp -I-sø-gp-Øp-

{]Xn Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. kpim-e-Z-£n-Wm-aq¿Øn-bm-Wv Cu- DZy-a-Øn-\p-]n-

∂n¬. kzmXn-bpsS 125 IrXn-Isf kzc-in¬]-tØm-Sp-IqSn _mem-arXw F∂

t]cn¬ Fkv.-cw-K-\m-Y≥ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. sI. kmw_in-h-imkv{Xn

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ kwKo-X-IrXn-Iƒ kam-l-cn-®Xv 1932-̨ ¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw

lkvXen-Jn-X-{K-Ÿ-ime {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. 1859-¬ sXep-¶p -̀ m-j-bn¬ D≠m-

b kwKoX-k¿hm¿∞-km-c-kw-{K-lw F∂ {KŸØn¬ kzmXn-Io¿Ø-\-߃

]cm-a¿in-°-p∂p≠v.

kwkvIrXw, sXep-¶v, ae-bmfw F∂o `mjI-fn-embn Ccp-]-Øn-b-

t©mfw h¿Æ-߃ e`n-®n-́ p-≈-Xmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ kzmXn-Xn-cp-

\mfn-t‚-Xmbn 23 h¿Æ-߃ am{Xta e`n-®n-́ p≈p F∂pw {]kn-≤amb kc-

kn-P-\m- (-\m-́ -cm-Kw-̨ -B-Zn-Xm-fw) F∂ h¿Æw- ]m-e-°m-́ p ]cta-iz-c-̀ m-K-h-X-

cp-tS-Xm-sW-∂pw sXfn™p-≈-Xm-sW∂v tUm.-sh-¶n-S-kp-{_-a-Wy-ø¿ A`n-{]m-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. a-lm-cmPm {io kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ IrXn-Iƒ F∂- kamlmc-Øns‚

c≠mwhmey-Øn¬ apØ-øm-`m-K-h-X¿ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ ]mh-\-kp-KpW

(B\μss -̀c-hn-cm-Kw˛ BZnXmfw) F∂-h¿Æw kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns\-t∏m-sem-

cp kwKoX-km-ln-Xy-a¿Ω⁄≥ Hcn-°-epw-h-cp-Øm-\n-S-bn-√mØ sX‰p-Iƒ

DƒsIm-≈p-∂-Xmbpw sh¶n-S-kp-{_-aWy-ø¿ {]-kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. kwKoX-tØm-

sSm-∏w- \rØsØbpw-t{]m-’m-ln-∏n® kzmXn-Xn-cp-∂m-ƒ `c-X-\m-Sy-Øn-\pw

tamln\n-bm-́ -Øn-\p-ambn Adp-]-Ø-t©m-fw- ]Z߃ cNn®p.

185

ap∏-Øn-sb-t´mfw Km\-߃ kzmXn-Xn-cp-∂m-fns‚ lnμp-ÿm\n cN-\-

I-fmbn e`n-®n-́ p-≠v. hnjvWp-kvXp-Xn-]-c-ß-fmb IrXn-Ifpw Ch-bn-ep-≠v. Xncp-

h-\-¥-]p-cØv kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-ƒ kwKo-X-k-̀ -bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ tUm. C.

hniz-\m-Y-ø-cpsS Bap-J-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn DØ-tc-¥y≥ kwKo-X⁄cmb

]WvUn‰vcØ≥P-¶m¿, s{]m -̂k¿ PnKn≥tU F∂n-h¿ Xøm-dm-°nb kzc-

inev]-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b kzmXn-Xn-cp\mfns‚ lnμp-ÿm-\n-Io¿Ø\-߃ {]kn-

≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v.

kwKo-X-IrXn-I-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-t°≠ i_vZm-e-¶mcßsf°pdn®v {]Xn-

]m-Zn-°p∂ kzmXn-Xn-cp\mfns‚ KZy-{]-_-‘-amWv apl\ {]mkm-¥y-{]m-k-

hy-h-ÿ. ae-bmfw, kwkvIyXw `mj-I-fn¬ Cu{KŸw e`n-®n-́ p-≠v. kzmXn-

Xn-cp∂mfns‚ ssIb-£-c-ß-fn¬Øs∂-bp-≈- a-e-bm-f-en-]n-bnse {KŸw Xncp-

h-\-¥-]p-csØ sIm´m-cw-{K-Ÿ-∏p-c-bn¬ \n∂pw, kwkvIyX-cq]w X©m-hq-

cn¬ \n∂pam-Wv Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-≈- {KŸw D≈q-cns‚

apJ-hp-c-tbmSpIqSn 1939-˛se kmln-Xy-]-cn-jØv ss{Xam-kn-I-bn¬ {]kn-

≤oIcn®p. -a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bnse BZysØ KtZym-]-\ym-k-am-Wn-sX∂v D≈q¿

{]kvXm-hn-®n-cn°p-∂p. tUm. sh¶n-S-kp-{∫-“-Wy-ø-cp-sS- hym-Jym-\-tØmsS

1946-˛¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿h-I-em-imemlkvX-en-JnX{KŸm-e-b-am-Wv Cu

{KŸØns‚ kwkvIrX-cq]w {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bX.v kzmXn-bpsS kwKo-X-

Io¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]i-kvXn-bn¬ At±-l-Øn-s‚ CXc-km-ln-Xy-kw-̀ m-h-\-Iƒ

A{X-tbsd {i≤n-°-s∏-Sm-sX -t]m-IpIbmWp-≠m-b-Xv. `‡naRvPcn, kym\-

μq-c-]p-c-h¿W\ {]_-‘w,- {io-]Xva-\m-̀ i-X-Iw, IptN-tem-]m-Jym-\w, APm-

an-tfm-]-Jym-\w, D’h-{]-_‘w F∂o Imhy-߃ At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-´p-

≠v. ]Øp-`m-K-ß-fn-embn Bbn-c-Øn-H-∂pt«mI-ß-ƒ DƒsIm-≈p∂ _rl-

ØmbkvtXm{X-Ir-Xn-bmWv `‡n-a-RvPcn.

186

{]ta-b-Ønepw {]Xn-]m-Z-\-Ønepw ta¬]p-Øq¿ ` -́Xn-cn-bpsS \mcm-b-

Wo-b-Øn\p Xpeyw \n¬°p-∂-IrXnbmWv `‡n-a-RvPcn F∂v D≈q¿, hS-

°pw-Iq-¿cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, alm-a-tlm-]m-[ymb KW-]Xn imkv{Xn-Iƒ, iqc-\m-

Sp-Ip-™≥]n≈, tUm.sh¶nS-kp-{_-a-Wy-ø¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ hyXykvX

kμ¿`ß-fn-embn hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. GsX-¶nepw ]pXpa {]Z¿in-∏n-°msX

\mcm-b-Wo-b-Ønse Bibw `‡n-a-RvPcnbn¬ ]I¿Øp∂ kμ¿`߃

Ipd-hm-Wv. "Nne aRvPco ]Zy-ßfn¬ `‡n-̀ mhw kam-\-amb- \mcmb-Wob

]Zy-ß-tf-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv F∂v hS°pwIq¿cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω- ]-cm-a¿in-®n-cn-

°p -∂p.'50 F.Nn∂-kzm -an -ap -X -en -bm -¿ (Oriental Music in European

National(1892),)- Iym-]v‰≥ tU F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-I-fnepw (Musical and Musical

instrument of Southern India (1891)) kzmXnIo¿Ø\w ]cm-a¿in-®n-́ p-≠v.

{]Io¿Ø-\-߃s°-∂-t]m-se-Xs∂ A]-hm-Z-߃°pw ]m{Xo-̀ hn-®n-

´p≠v kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfns‚ kwKo-X-kw-̀ m-h-\-Iƒ. kzmXnXncp-\mƒ Io¿Ø-\-

ßfn¬ ]-Z-k-∂n-th-i-ku-μcy-an-√msX `mh-a-lXzw Z¿in-°m-\m-hn-s√∂Xp

apX¬ kzmXn-bp-tS-Xv F∂ t]cn¬ {]Nmc-Ønepffh At±-l-Øn-t‚-X-s√-

∂p-h-sc-bp-≈ Btcm]-W߃ Db¿∂p h∂n-́ p-≠v. "kzmXnXncp-\mƒ cNn-®p

-F-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Io¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw Xss©-\m¬h¿ F∂p {]kn≤cmb

s]m∂-ø, Nn∂-ø, inhm-\μw, hSn-thep F∂o- ktlmZc-ß-fpsS krjvSn-bm-

sW∂pw kzmXnXncp-\mƒ tIhew ]cn-̀ m-j-I≥ am{X-am-Wv'52 F-∂p-ap≈ {]N-

cWw Xan-gv\m-́ n-se Hcp-hm-cn-I-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p h∂p.

X©m-hq¿ kztZ-in-bmb sshIWn-I≥ sI.-]n.-in-hm-\-μ\pw ktlm-Z-

c≥ In -́∏-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p teJ-I¿. X©m-hq¿Im¿°p-]p-dta {]ikvX hoW-hn-

Zzm-\mb Fkv _me-N-μ¿, Ihn hb-em¿ cma-h¿a-F-∂n-hcpw kzmXnXncp-

\mfnse kwKo-X-˛km-lnXy {]Xn-`sb AwKo-Icn-°m≥ Iq´m-°n-bncp∂n-√.

1975-̨ HIvtSm-_¿ 20-̨ mw XobXn Nß-\m-ticn F≥. Fkv. Fkv. lnμp tImtf-

187

Pn¬ sNbvX {]kw-K-Øn¬ jSvIm-e-tKm-hn-μ-am-cm-cmWv kzmXnIo¿Ø-\-߃

cNn-®-sX-∂v- hbem¿ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s∏-́ ncp-∂p. ]e Ime-L-́ -ß-fnepw ]e-̀ m-K-

Øp-\n∂pw Db¿∂ph∂ A]-hm-Z-ßsf \njv{]`am-°m≥ {]m]vX-amb kw`m-

h-\-I-fmWv kzmXnXncp-\mƒ Npcpßn-b-Im-ew-sIm≠v kwKo-X-̨ -km-lnXytemI-

Øn\p kΩm-\n-®Xv F∂Xv GsXm-cp-a-e-bm-fn°pw A`n-am-\n-°m-hp-∂- Im-cy-

amWv.

kzmXnXncp\mƒ ˛ Ne®n{XØnse Ncn{Xmwiw

se\n≥cmtP{μs‚ kwhn[m\Øn¬ 1987˛¬ ]pdØndßnb

Ne®n{XamWv kzmXnXncp\mƒ. almcmPmhns‚ PohnXw ]›mØeam°n

Hcp°nb Cu Nn{Xw aebmf kn\nabnse \m´pcmPyßfpsS Ncn{Xm\p

h¿Ø\Øn\v Hcp apX¬°q´mWv. Nn{XØns‚ Xnc°Y {iohcmlw

_meIrjvW\pw se\n≥ cmtP-{μ\pw tN¿∂v \n¿hln®ncn°p∂p. I∂S

kn\nabnse A\¥\mKv F∂\S≥ kzmXnXncp\mfmbn A`n\bn°p∂p.

kmlnXyhpambpff Ne®n{X_‘w XmcXtay\ Ipd™ph∂

ImeL´amWv 1980 Iƒ. ]pcpjm¿∞w (1986), NnZw_cw (1986), cpIvanWn

(1988) XpSßnb {it≤bA\ph¿Ø\Nn{Xßfp≠msb¶nepw

Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\Nn{X߃ D≠mbn´n√. B \nebn¬ kzmXnXncp∂mƒ B

ImeL´Ønendßnb Nn{Xßfn¬ Gsd hyXykvXamWv F∂v

hnebncpØmw.

I®hSkm[yXbnte°v Ne®n{X{]h¿ØI¿ {i≤]Xn®

ImeL´Øn¬ A\ph¿Ø\Nn{X߃ A[nIhpw hmWnPy]camb

e£ytØmsSb√ ]pdØph∂ncp∂Xv. IemaqeytØmsS AhXcn∏n°pI

F∂Xv e£yambncps∂¶nepw kzoImcyXbv°pw P\{]nbXbv°pw

th≠tNcphIƒ CØcw Nn{Xßfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØmXncp∂n√. Ncn{XsØ

188

Nn{XØn¬ AhXcn∏n°ptºmƒ \nch[n {]iv\߃ t\cntS≠Xmbn

hcp∂p. ImeL´sØbpw ImeL´ßfnse kw`hhnImkßsfbpw

t{]£Icnte°v ]I¿∂m¬ am{Xsa Ne®n{XmkzmZ\w km[yamhpIbpffp.

80˛Ifn¬ kmt¶XnIambn Ne®n{XtaJe apt∂m´p t]mbncp∂p.

AXpsIm≠pXs∂ ZriyNmcpXtbmsS cwK߃ AhXcn∏n°m≥

Ne®n{XImc\v Ign™n´p≠v.

1813 Pqsse 29¬ \S°p∂ kw`hßtfmsSbmWv Ne®n{Xw

Bcw`n°p∂Xv. 1813 G{]n¬ 16˛mw XobXnbmWv kzmXnXncp\mƒ P\n°p∂Xv.

kzmXnXncp∂mfns‚ P\\w apX¬ Ne®n{XØn¬ BhnjvIcn°p∂p≠v.

A[nImcs°mSn ]mdn®v, ssk\yØns‚ AIºSntbmsS Iº\n`cWm[nImcn

bmb dknU‚ v sIm´mcØnte°v IS∂phcp∂p. dknU‚ns‚ ap∂nte°v

dmWnKucne£van`mbn ssI°p™pambn FØp∂p. cmPIpamcs‚ NpaXe

apgph\mbn CuÃn¥ymIº\n°v \¬Ip∂p F∂ cm⁄nbpsS {]Jym]\hpw

\S°p∂p. thepغnZfhbpsS Imetijw XncphnXmwIq¿ CuÃn¥ym

Iº\nbpsS A[oiXzsØ AwKoIcn®pt]mcp∂ Iogvhg°w Kucne£van

`mbnbpsS ImeØpw XpS¿∂pt]mcp∂p F∂v {]kvXpXcwK ØneqsS

hy‡amWv.

1829 G{]n¬ amkØnemWv kzmXnXncp\mƒ A[nImcw Gs‰Sp°p∂Xv.

]Xn\mdphb pam{Xw {]mbapff Iuamc°mc\mb kzmXnXncp\mƒ

cwKØphcp∂n√. ]Icw amXmhmbdmWnKucne£van`mbnbpsS acWtijw

CfbΩ ]m¿ΔXn`mbnbmWv cmPysØ \bn°p∂Xv. AhcpsS `cWØn\p

tijw kzmXnXncp\mƒ ÿm\ta¬°p∂p. Rm≥ XncphnXmwIq¿ `cWw

C∂papX¬ Gs‰SpØp \SØp∂p F∂ {]Jym]\hpw AXn\p]n∂mse

Ipsd h¿j߃°ptijw F∂ Adn-bn-t∏msS IuamcØn¬\n∂pw

bphmhmb almcmPmhns\bpamWv cwKØv AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv.

189

CuÃn¥ymIº\nbpsS A[n\nthikz`mhsØ Dƒs°mffm≥

kzmXnXncp\mfn\p ]et∏mgpw Ign™n√. kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ `cWImeØv

]e {]iv\߃°pw CØcw hntbmPn∏pIƒ CSbm°n´p≠v. Ne®n{XØnepw

kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ CØcw kao]\sØ hy‡am°p∂ ]e kμ¿`ßfpw

kw`mjWßfpw Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. cmPmhns‚ \S]SnIsf tNmZyw sNbvXv

dknU‚ v IØbbv°pIbpw Znhm≥ AXv cmPkZ n¬ hmbn°pIbpw

sNøp∂ cwKhpap≠v. Iem]cnt]mjWØn\pw ]cnjvImcØn\pambn

[\hn\ntbmKw sNøp∂ kzmXnXncp∂mfns‚ {]h¿Ønbn¬ Iº\n°v henb

DXvIWvT D≠v F∂pImWn°p∂ IØnse ]cma¿iamWv Znhm≥

hmbn°p∂Xv. cmPyØns‚ Ct∏mgsØ AhÿImWn®v dnt∏m¿ v́ \¬Im≥

IØneqsS Bhiys∏Sp∂p. F∂m¬ IØnse DffS°w Adn™alm-cm-

Pmhv £p`nX\mhpIbpw Fs‚ A[n-Imcw ASn-b-d-h-bv°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°n-

s√∂v Xd-∏n®v ]d-bpIbpw sNøp-∂-Xmbn Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-

°p-∂p. Ncn{X-tØmSv Atß-b‰w \oXn-]p-e¿Øp∂ kao-]-\-am-Wn-Xv.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-\mb IrjvW-cm-b-cpsS Znhm≥]-Z-Øn-\m-

bp-ff {iahpw AXns‚-t]-cn¬ dkn-U‚ v I√-\p-am-bp≈ FXn¿∏pw Ne-®n-{X-

Øn¬ Bhn-jv°-cn-®n´p-≠v. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbpw Item-]m-k-I-\p-amb kzmXn-

Xn-cp-\mƒ sIm´m-cw-h-I- kz-Øp-°ƒ Iem-]-cn-t]m-j-WØn\pw IemImc∑msc

kt¥mjn∏n°p∂Xn\pw BZcn°p∂Xn\pambn D]tbmKn®ncp∂p.

kzmXnbpsS Zm\ioew Gsd {]kn≤amWv. AtXkabw cmPykºØv

Zp¿hn\ntbmKw \SØn F∂pw kzmXnsb°pdn®v ]cmXn Db¿∂n´p≠v.

kzmXnk∂n[nbn¬ FØnt®¿∂ jSvImetKmhnμamcmsc ]mcntXmjnIw

\¬In BZcn°p∂XneqsSbpw ssakqdn¬ \n∂pw h∂ \μXa\v 75 ]Whpw

e£vaW\v 350 ]Whpw \¬Im\pff cmPmhns‚ DØchneqsSbpw

almcmPmhns‚ Zm\ioesØbpw Iem]cnt]mjWsØbpw Ne®n{XImc≥

190

AhXcn∏n°p∂p≠. v Htckabw Zm\ioes\∂pw [q¿Øs\∂pw

t]cpkºmZn® kzmXnXncp\mfns\°pdn®v At±lØns‚ ]Xv\n ]dbp∂

hm°pIƒ [z\ymflIamWv; ""arKime ]WnXcmPmhv F∂v hnZzm≥am¿

]pIgvØpw, a\pjy¿°v sN‰∏pc, arK߃°v amfnI...''

kzmXnXncp\mƒ cmPmhns‚ PohnX ImesØ°pdn®pw

`cWImesØ°pdn®pw ]dbptºmƒ am‰n\n¿Øs∏Sm\mhmØ Nne

\maßfp≠v. CcbnΩ≥ Xºn, X©mhq¿ \m¬h¿kwLw,

jSvImetKmhnμamcm¿, ]ctaizc`mKhX¿, kp∫cmb¿ F∂nhsc√mw

NeNn{XØn¬ IYm]m{Xßfmbn IS∂phcp∂p≠v. kzmXnXncp\mƒ

kZ nse \¿ØInbmb X©mhq¿Imcn kpK‘h√nbpw Ne®n{XØnse

kPohkm∂n≤yamWv. kwKoXcN\bnepw Bem]\Ønepw \rØmkzmZ\

Ønepw ]cnt]mjWØnepw kZmhym]cn°p∂ kzmXnXncp\mfns\bmWv

Ne®n{XØn¬ ImWm≥ Ignbp∂Xv. `S≥amcpsS hnfw_cØneqsS

kzmXnXncp\mƒ sNbvX `cW]cnjvImcßsfbpw t\´ßsfbpw Ipdn®v

t{]£I¿°v [mcW \¬Ip∂p≠v. \£{X_w•mhv, A®pIqSw, ]pXp°nb

\nbahyhÿIƒ, Cw•ojvkvIqƒ, Bip]{Xn, Img vN_w•mhv

F∂nhsb°pdns®√mw Ne®n{XØn¬ ]e`mKØpw ]cma¿in°p∂p≠v.

Ncn{X]camb [mcmfw AdnhpIƒ ImWnIƒ°p e`n°m≥ CØcw cwK߃

klmbn°p∂p≠v. I¿ÆmSI kwKoXØn\p ]pdsa lnμpÿm\n

kwKoXØnepw kzmXnXncp\mfn\pff Adnhpw AhKmlhpw hy‡am°p∂

\nch[n cwK߃ Ne®n{XØnep≠v.

Xncph\¥]pcØv FÆs∏´ \nch[n kmaqlnI ˛ kmwkvImcnI

ÿm]\߃ kzmXnXncp\mƒ ÿm]n®p. At±lØns‚ alØmb

t\´amWnXv . A{XtØmfw {it≤bamb ImcyamWv A°meØv

191

\ne\n∂ncp∂ A\mNmcßsfbpw A‘hnizmkßsfbpw At±lw

\n¿Øem°nbXpw. tamjWw XpSßnb Ip‰IrXy߃ sNbvXhsc

Xnf®FÆbn¬ ssIap°n \SØp∂ Ip‰hnNmcW "ipNo{μwssIap°v',

Zp¿\S∏pImcnIsf∂p ap{ZIpØp∂ kv{XoIsf XeapWvU\w

sNbvXp\mSpISØpI {]mIrX in£m\S]SnIƒ XpS-ßn-bh kzmXnXncp\mƒ

I¿i\ambn \ntcm[n®p. Ncn{XØnse Gsd {it≤bßfmb Cu

hkvXp°ƒ°v DNnXamb {]m[m\yw \¬In Zriy`mjyw \¬Im≥

Ne®n{XImc\v Ign™n´p≠v. \m´p{]amWnam¿°v in£hn[n°m\pff

AhImiw d±psNbvXp. tIm¿´v am\ph¬ Xømdm°m\pff NpaXe

I≠≥tat\m\v \¬Ins°m≠pff DØchv almcmPmhv ]pds∏Sphn°pIbpw

sNbvXp. Ncn{Xhpw Ne®n{Xhpw tbmPn®pt]mIp∂ `mKßfmWnh.

kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ Kpcphmb kp∫cmb¿ 1830 s^{_phcnbnemWv

Znhm\mbXv. Ne®n{XØn¬ kp∫cmbcmWv Znhm≥ÿm\ØpffXv. dknU‚ v

I√\pambpff almcmPhns‚ BibkwL´\w Ne®n{XØn¬

IS∂phcp∂p≠v. 1840 apX¬ 1860 hscbmWv I√≥ dknU‚ v ]Zhn

Ae¶cn®ncp∂Xv. ]fl\m`Zmk\mb almcmPmhns\ ]e kμ¿`ßfnepw

Ne®n{XØn¬ ImWm≥ Ignbp∂p≠v. \hcm{XnZn\Øn¬ Be]n°p∂Xn

\mbn H≥]XvIo¿Ø\ßsf Nn´s∏SpØn kzmXnXncp\mƒ ap√aqSv

`mKhX¿amsc G¬∏n°p∂Xpw kn\nabnep≠v. hoWhmb\bn¬ Gsd

{]mKXv`yw sXfnbn® CfbΩsb Ne®n{XØnepw AtX]SnXs∂

AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

A\p-h¿Ø-\-Ønse Ncn-{X-]-c-amb am‰ßƒ

kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ hy‡nPohnX]cma¿iw Ne®n{XØnep≠v.

Xncph´m‰p]m\∏nff Bbn°p´n \mcmbWn∏nffbmbncp∂p kzmXnXncp

192

∂mfns‚`mcy. kpK‘h√n F∂ \¿ØIn kzmXnkZ nse kPohkm∂n[y

ambncp∂p. Cu \¿ØInbpw kzmXnbpambn _‘s∏ v́ ]e A]hmZßfpw

{]NmcØnep≠v. \mcmbWn∏nffbv°p ]pdsa X©mhq¿ AΩho´nte°v

ZsØSpØv hnhmlw Ign® c≠v kv{XoIƒIƒ IqSn kzmXnbpsS

ZmºXyPohnXØn¬ D≠mbncp∂p.AXnsemcmfmWv kpK‘h√n F∂

ImapInbmbn ]cs° hymJym\n°s∏´Xv. \rØw AhXcn∏n°ms\Øn

sIm´mcw \¿Ønbmbn ÿm\Ib‰w e`n®v cmPmhns‚ a\ pIh¿∂ ImapIn

am{XambmWv kpK‘h√nsb Ne®n{XØn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv.

cmPmhv cNn® Hcp ]Zw Nn´s∏SpØm≥ sIm´mcØnse IemImc≥

\´ph≥ hSnthephns\ G¬∏n°p∂p. hSnthep ]Zw Nn´s∏SpØp∂p.

]ZØns\m∏w c≠v \¿ØInam¿ \rØw sNøms\Øp∂p. Cu

\rØcwKØneqsSbmWv kpK‘h√n Ne®n{XØn¬ IS∂phcp∂Xv.

kpK‘h√nbpsS \rØØn¬ BIrjvS\mb cmPmhns‚ ap∂n¬ hSnthep

kpK‘h√ntbbpwIq´n FØp∂p. bm{X]d™v aSßnb kpK‘h√nsb

cmPmhv sIm´mcw \¿ØIn ÿm\w \¬In AhnsSØs∂ \n¿ØpIbmWv

sNøp∂Xv. AXn\ptijw GXm≠v F´v cwK߃ kpK‘h√nbpw

cmPmhpambn´p≠v. AXn¬ an° cwKßfnepw kpK‘h√nbpsS \rØØn¬

BIrjvS\mbn F√mwad∂v Ah¿°v ASnas∏Sp∂ almcmPmhns\bmWv

Ne®n{XØn¬ ImWm≥ IgnbpI.

Znhm\mb kp∫cmbcmWv Ne®n{XØnse as‰mcp {][m\ IYm]m{Xw.

Ip‰ßsfm∂pw Nq≠n°mWn°m\n√mØ \√ ]cnthjamWv kp∫cmb¿°v

Nn{XØn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ Ncn{Xw Aßs\b√.

tIm¿ v́am\ph¬ Xømdm°m\mbn almcmPmhv \nban® I≠≥tat\m≥ F∂

ka¿∞\mb DtZymKÿs\ Znhm≥ kp∫cmb¿ Atßb‰w am\knIambn

193

_p≤nap´n®ncp∂p. Xs‚ Znhm≥ ]Zw I≠≥tat\m≥ X´nsbSp°ptam F∂

`bamWv At±lsØs°m≠v C{]Imcw sNøn®Xv. Hcp]mSv am\knI

_p≤nap´pIƒ t\cntS≠nh∂ I≠≥tat\m≥ hfscthKw acWs∏SpIbpw

sNbvXp.

I≠≥tat\mt\mSv Znhm≥ kp∫cmb¿ sNbvX{]h¿ØnIsf°pdn®v

almcmPmhv a\ nem°pIbpw Ip‰°mcmbhsc in£n°pIbpw sNbvXp.

Kpcp\mY\mb kp∫cmbtcmSv kzbw cmPnka¿∏n®v s]mbvs°mffm≥ cmPmhv

Bhiys∏SpIbpw At±lw A\pkcn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Kpcphn\v

in£\¬Im\pff injys‚ am\knI_p≤nap´mWv kzmXnbpsS Cu

Xncpam\Øn\p ]n∂n¬. `cWØnencn°ptºmƒ Xs∂ kp∫cmb¿

kzmXnXncp\mfns\ Akzÿ\m°p∂ ]e {]h¿ØnIfpw sNbvXn´p≠v.

F∂m¬ Ne®n{XØn¬ CØcw ]cma¿ißsfm∂pw Xs∂bn√.

kzmXnXncp\mƒ dknU‚pambn ImWmt\m kwkmcn°mt\m

Iq´m°mØ kmlNcyØn¬ CfbΩ dknU‚ns\ ImWm≥ XømdmhpIbpw

B kabw ap∂n¬ h∂ Znhmt\mSv cmPmhns\ hgnsX‰n°p∂Xv

AbmfmsW∂pw dmWn`cn® kabw D]tZi߃ \¬Im≥ \√

Znhm∑mcp≠mbncp∂p F∂v Ip‰s∏SpØpIbpw sNøp∂p. CXptI´v

hnjÆ\mb Znhm≥, Xs∂ ]ncn™pt]mIm≥ A\phZn°Wsa∂v

cmPmhnt\mSv At]£nIbpw cmPmhv AXv A\phZn°pIbpwsNøp∂p. Znhm\v

amkw IrXyXpI \¬Im≥ sU]yq´nt`jv°mtcmSv G¿∏mSp sNøpIbpw

sNøp∂p F∂mWv Ne®n{XØnse BJym\w.

Kh¿WdpsS IØ\pkcn®v kp∫cmb¿ XncphnXmwIq¿

hn´pt]mIp∂Xmbn Nn{XØn¬ ImWn°p∂p. bYm¿∞Øn¬ CØcØn¬

\o°whcptºmƒ cmPmhv Xs∂ AXv XSbp∂p≠v. kzmXnXncp\mfns‚

194

BZy`mcybn¬ P\n® aI≥ A\¥]fl\m`≥ iniphmbncns°Øs∂

A¥cn®Xmbn ]cma¿in®pImWp∂p≠v. kzmXnbpsS acWw hsc

Nn{XoIcn®ncn°p∂ Ne®n{XØn¬ CØcsamcp ]cma¿iw ImWp∂n√.

IrjvWcmb¿ F∂ DtZymKÿs\ Znhm≥ ÿm\tØ°v \nban°m≥

A∂sØ dknU‚mbncp∂ I√≥ B{Kln®ncp∂p. AXn\pth≠n I√\pw

IrjvWcmbcpw ]eXpw {]h¿Øn®ncp∂p.AtXkabw almcmPmhv

IrjvWcmbsc k¿hokn¬ \n∂pw ]ncn®phnSpIbmWv D≠mbXv.

kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ acWØn\p Ipd®p\mfpIƒ°vapºv (1846 Unkw_dn¬)

At±lw ho≠pw IrjvWcmbsc Znhm≥ t`jvIm¿ Bbn \nban®p.

alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ A\paXnbn√msX IrjvWcmbsc dknU‚ v I√≥

Znhm≥ ÿm\Øv \nban®Xmbn Ne®n{XØn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

kzmXnkZ n¬ FØnt®¿∂ jSvImetKmhnμamcmsc°pdn®v

Ne®n{XØn\nSbn¬ AhXcWap≠v. amcmcpsS kwKoXssh`hw

Xncn®dn™ XymKcmPkzmanIƒ At±lsØ ]pIgvØn "F¥tcm

alm\p`mhep' F∂ KoXw ]mSnbXmbn kn\nabn¬ ]cma¿in°p∂p.

CXns\°pdn®v hyXykvX A`n{]mb߃ \ne\n¬°p∂p. "temIØn¬

F{Xtbm almflm°fpt≠m, Ah¿s°√mw Fs‚ \akvImcw. Cu

almflm°ƒ Xm¥mßfpsS lrZbIaeØn¬ N¥hpw Im¥nbpapff

N{μs\ (N{μhZ\\mb ̀ Khms\) I≠n v́ ]cam\μw A\p`hn°p∂hcmWv

F∂mWv hcn-I-fpsSA¿∞w.' "amcmsc {]iwkn®psIm≠v XymKcmPkzmanIƒ

]mSn F∂v ]dbp∂Xv tIcfØn¬ am{Xw \ne\n¬°p∂ IYbmsW∂v'53

Ncn{XImc∑m¿ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p. amcmsc F∂√ Hcp hy‡nsbbpw

XymKcmPkzmanIƒ kvXpXn®p ]mSpIbn√. B tbmKnhcy\v Xs‚ kn≤nbpw

km[\bpw Cuizckm£mXvImc Øn\pff D]m[n am{Xambncp∂t√m

F∂mWv Kp]vX≥\mbcpsS ]£w.

195

Ne®n{XØnse Iev]nXmwi߃

Ne®n{XØn¬ tI{μIYm]m{Xamb kpK‘h√nbpw cmPmhpw

XΩnepff _‘sØs®m√n \mcmbWn]nffbpw almcmPmhpw XΩn¬

Ieln°pIbpw CfbΩtbmSv A\phmZw hmßn cmP]Xv\n]Zw Dt]£n®v

Cdßnt∏mhpIbpw sNøp∂ cwKw Ne®n{XØnep≠v. kzmXnXncp\mfns‚

hy‡nPohnXØn¬ Zpc¥ßƒ D≠mbn´ps≠¶nepw CØcØnsemcp

kw`hw \S∂Xn\v Ncn{XØn¬ bmsXmcp sXfnhpan√. ]fl\m`Zmk\mb

kzmXnbn¬ \n∂v Hcn°epw {]Xo£n°m\mhmØ hn[w kpK‘h√n F∂

kv{Xo°v his∏Sp∂ almcmPmhmWv Ne®n{XØn¬ IS∂phcp∂Xv.

""H‰bv°ncn°ptºmƒ Fs‚ Zp:Jw \n\t° am‰m\mIq.....'' XpSßnb

kw`mjW߃ CXn\v DZmlcWamWv.

XncphnXmwIqdns\ _m[n® {]IrXnt£m`Øns\√mw ImcWw

almcmPmhns‚ icnb√mØ {]hrØnIƒI≠v ssZhw tIm]n®XmsW∂v

Ip‰s∏SpØp∂p. kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ `cWImeØv {]IrXnt£m`w

D≠mhpIbpw \m©n\mSv XpSßn ]e {]tZißfpw shffØn\Snbn¬

BhpIbpw sNbvXncp∂p F∂Xv Ncn{XamWv. F∂m¬ AXn\v CØcsamcp

ImcWw HcnSØpw hnhcn®p ImWp∂n√. kzmXnXncp\mfpw kpK‘h√nbpw

XΩnepff cwKßfnse√mw Imev]\nIamb BJym\w IS∂phcp∂p≠v.

kpK‘h√nbpambpff t£{XZ¿i\hpw Ah¿°p \¬Inb amfnIbn¬

FØn IqSn°mgvN \SØp∂ cwKßfpsa√mw Iev]\IfmWv. cmPmhns‚

PohnXØn¬ {]iv\߃ krjvSn®v HSphn¬ F√m DØchmZnØØn¬ \n∂pw

Hgn™pamdn \mSphn´pt]mIp∂ kpK‘h√nsb kn\nabn¬ ImWmw. CXpw

km¶ev]nIamWv. 1856 ¬ Xncph\¥]pcØmWv kpK‘h√n acn°p∂Xv.

196

HcnSØpw ÿncambn \nesImffm≥ B{Kln°mØ

jSvImetKmhnμamcm¿°v cmPsIm´mcØn¬ Xmakn°p∂ ImeØv tcmKw

_m[n°p∂Xmbn kn\nabnep≠v. At±lsØ Bizkn∏n°p∂Xn\mbn

almcmPmhv t\cns´gp∂ffp∂ cwKßfpw Nn{XØn¬ ImWmw. amcm¿°v

sshZyklmbw FØn®psImSp°m≥ cmPmhv DØchns´¶nepw lrZbw

ka¿∏n®v `Khm\pth≠n ]mSpIbmWv amcm¿ sNøp∂Xv. "`P `Pam\k

lcna\hcZw...' F∂ Io¿Ø\sØ k∂nthin∏n°p∂ Xn\msb¶nepw

hfsc at\mlcamb cwKambn CXns\ AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p.

Iº\n DtZymKÿ\mb dknU‚ v I√\pw CuÃn¥yIº\ntbmSv

Iqdp]pe¿Øp∂ \m´nse Nne {]`p°≥amcpw Xo≥taibv°pNp‰pw

IqSnbncp∂v dknU‚ns‚ k¬°mcw kzoIcn°p∂ cwKØn\pw

B[nImcnIXbn√. Ne®n{XØn\v {]tXyIn®v bmsXmcp KpWhpw {]kvXpX

cwKw sIm≠n√. dknU‚ v I√\pw IrjvWdmhphpw IqSn kzmXnXncp\mfns‚

sIm´mcØnseØp∂ cwKap≠v. Ae¶mcØn\ph®ncn°p∂ Nph¿Nn{Xßfpw

]q°qSIfpsa√w dknU‚ v X´nsØdn∏n°p∂p. CuÃn¥ym Iº\nbpsS

A[nImcw cmPsIm´mcØn¬t∏mepw F{XtØmfaps≠∂Xn\v sXfn-hmWv

Cu cwKw. dknU‚ vI√\pambn s]mcpØs∏Sm≥ kzmXnXncp\mfn\p

Ign™ns√¶nepw a{Zmkv Kh¨sa‚pambn kzmXnXncp\mƒ \√_‘w

]pe¿Ønt∏m∂ncp∂p.

kmt¶XnIX ˛ kzmXnXncp\mfn¬

Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ymIº\nbpsS A[nImcs°mSnbmWv

shffnØncbn¬ BZyw {]Xy£s∏Sp∂Xv. Iº\n Dt±ymKÿ¿

IS∂phcp∂ Cu Zriyw temwMvtjm´nemWv Nn{XoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv.

Xmcs∏menabpsSbpw sN≠tafßfpsSbpw AIºSntbmsS IS∂phcp∂

197

CuÃn¥ymIº\n Dt±ymKÿsc ]n∂oS v aoUnbwtjm´n¬

AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. bphmhmb kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ IS∂phchpw aoUnbw

tjm´neqsSbmWv Nn{XoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv. kzmXnXncp\mfpw At±lØns‚

]Xv\n \mcmbWnbpambpff BZyIqSn°mgvN `wKnbmbn

AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. I¬aWvU]߃°nSbn¬ hoWhmbn®ncp∂

\mcmbWnbpsS aoUnbwtjm´pw ]n∂oSv t¢mkvtjm´neqsS AhcpsS apJhpw

sXfnbp∂p. {]IrXnbpsS at\mlmcnXIsf Ignbp∂{X `wKnbmbn

an°cwKßfnepw AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. ISepw Xncbpw ]md°q´ßfpw

aebpw amacßfpw \oemImihpw an°cwKßfpsSbpw ]›mØeØn¬

IS∂phcp∂p≠v. Ne®n{XØn\v Zriy]cambn ta∑ \¬Im≥ ChbpsS

Nn{XoIcWw klmbn®n´p≠v.

Ne®n{Xmcw`Øn¬ ssI°p™pambn (kzmXnXncp\mƒ)

{]Xy£s∏Sp∂ dmWnKucne£van`mbn Xºpcm´nbpsS Nn{Xw at\mlcamWv.

Hscm‰ {^bnan¬ am{Xw IS∂phcp∂ AΩalmdmWnbpsS km∂n[yw

IYmKXnsb Imcyambn kzm[n\n°p∂p. hfn®hn\ymkhpw Ne®n{XØnse

{it≤bLSIamWv. kab˛Imeßsf hy‡am°m≥ sse‰nMv kwhn[m\w

Ne®n{XØn¬ D]tbmKs∏SpØmdp≠v. F∂m¬ kzmXnXncp\mƒ

Ne®n{XØn¬ \s√mcp`mKhpw aßnb\oe, a™, Nph∏v XpS-ßnb

\ndßfnemWv AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂Xv. Nne kmlNcyßfn¬ Ne®n{XØn\v

CXv AgImsW¶nepw Nnet∏mƒ IYIfptSbpw Nn{XßfptSbpw

`mh]I¿®sb a\ nem°p∂Xn¬ {]XnIqeambn _m[n°p∂p.

ZriyßfpsS k∂nthiØn\pw angnhp≠v. kwKoX{]m[m\yapff

Ne®n{XambXn\m¬ an°cwKßfnepw Ch IS∂phcp∂p.

hy‡nPohnXØnse sshImcnI`mhßsf AhXcn∏n°ptºmƒ

A¿∞kwthZ\w kpKaam°m≥ ]mIØnemWv Nn{Xk∂nthiw.

198

A¿∞{KlWØn\v ¢njvSXhcmØhn[Øn¬ Cu taJesb ssIImcyw

sNbvXncn°p∂p. Np‰pw IØn®psh® \nehnf°n≥ {]`bn¬ t¢mkvtjm´n¬

IS∂phcp∂ kzmXnbpsSbpw, ]Xv\nbpsSbpw apJw at\mlcamb

tjm´pIfn¬ H∂mWv..

ImekqN\bv°mbn ]e kt¶Xßsfbpw Ne®n{XØn¬

AhXcn∏n°p∂p. ]Xn\mdmw hb nemWv kzmXn A[nImctas‰Sp°p∂Xv.

"Ipd®pIme߃ °ptijw 'Fs∂gpXnb {^bnw ImWn°pIbpw

AXn\ptijw bphmhmb kzmXn {]Xy£s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p. bphmhmb

tijapff kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ hy‡nPohnXhpw `cWcwKhpamWv

Ne®n{XØn\p B[mcw. Iebpw Adnhpw hnt\mZhpw tN¿∂XmWv kn\na.

`qX˛h¿Øam\Imeßsf°pdn®pff [mcW X∂psIm≠v t{]£Isc B

ImeL´Ønte°v Iq´ns°m≠pt]mIphm\mWv hnhcWßfpw kt¶Xßfpw

Ne®n{XØn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv. jSvIme tKmhnμamcm¿, CcbnΩ≥

Xºn F∂nh¿ IS∂phcptºmƒ hnhcWØneqsSbmWv hniZoIcn°p∂Xv.

IYm]m{XßfpsS thjhn[m\w, Ne®n{XØn¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂

a‰pLSI߃ F∂nhbnse√mw tIcfobXbpsSXmb Nn”߃

IS∂phcp∂p≠v. A∂sØ XncphnXmwIq¿ `cWm[nImcnIfpsSbpw

A°mesØ ZfhmamcS°apff a‰v Dt±ymKÿcpsSbpw thjhn[m\sØ

°pdn®v ]gb amXrIIfp≠v. Ahsb ]n≥XpS¿∂Xn\m¬ thjØneqsS

Ncn{XsØ ]p\:krjvSn°m≥ ]n∂Wnbn¬ {]h¿Øn®h¿°p km[n®p.

Ne®n{XØn¬ IYm]m{Xßfmbn hcp∂ dmWnKucne£van`mbn Xºpcm´n,

]m¿ΔXn`mbn Xºpcm´n, \mcmbWn XpSßnb IYm]m{X߃s°√mw

aebmfnØapff thjhpw Ae¶mcßfpw \¬Inbn´p≠v. CØcØn¬

AhXcn∏n°p∂Xp hgn ImgvN°m¿°pw hcpwXeapdbv°pw ]gb

199

ImeØnse, {]tXyIn®v cmP`cWImesØ kv{XoIƒ Cßs\bmWv

Fs∂mcp [mcW a\ n¬ Ddbv°p∂p. {_n´ojv A[nImcnIƒ

sIm´mcØnte°v IS∂phcptºmƒ Xmes∏menbpsSbpw hmZytafßfpsSbpw

AIºSntbmsSbmWv kzoIcn°p∂Xv. Xmes∏men, sN≠tafw, \mZkzcw

Chsb√mw XnI®pw tIcfob ]›mØeØnepffXmWv. cmPmhmbn

kzmXnXncp\mƒ \ne-sIm≈ptºmgpff hkv{X[mcWcoXnbpw {it≤bamWv.

kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ sIm´mcØn\pffn¬ Nn{XoIcn®ncn°p∂

tjm´pIfn¬ Im¬s∏´n, B`cWs∏´n XpSßnb ]gabpsSbpw

X\nabpsSXpamb hkvXp°ƒ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂p≠v. kzmXnXncp\mfns‚

IemPohnXØn¬ Gsd {]m[m\ytØmsS kvacnt°≠ X©mhq¿ \m¬h¿

kwLØns‚ IS∂phchv A°meØns‚ F√m {]XoXnbpw ImWnIfn¬

DW¿Øpwhn[amWv. thjw, XeapSn, Imfh≠nbnepff hchv F∂nhsb√mw

Xs∂ bYmXYambn AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. kzmXnXncp\mfns‚

kmlnXycN\bn¬ XqhemWv XqenIbmIp∂Xv. tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmPbpsS

ImeL´Øn¬ Iº\n DtZymKÿ¿ Xqh¬ ajnbn¬ ap°n FgpXptºmƒ

]g»nbpw At±lØns‚ klmbnIfpw Hmebpw \mcmbhpw BWv

D]tbmKn®ncp∂Xv. CØcw Imcy߃ kq£vaambn AhXcn∏n°p∂Xp

hgn Ne®n{Xw ImeØns\m∏w k©cn°p∂p F∂v hy‡w.

kwKoXØn\p {]m[m\yapff Ne®n{XamWnXv . I¿ÆmSI,

lnμpÿm\n kwKoXØns‚ km∂n[yw Ne®n{XØns‚ BkzmZyX

h¿≤n∏n°p∂p≠v. ssI°p™mbn AΩbpsS ssIIfnencn°p∂

kzmXnXncp\mfns\ ImWn°ptºmƒ CcbnΩ≥XºnbpsS "Hma\Øn¶ƒ

°nSmthm....' F∂Xmcm´p]m v́ tIƒ°p∂p. kzmXnbpsS _meyImekvacW

Isf AhXcn∏n°ptºmsg√mw Cu Xmcm´p]m´v ]›mØeØn¬

200

k∂nthin∏n®ncn°p∂p. "Km\hn`mKw I®hS®n{XßfpsS hnev]\bv°v

klmbw \¬Ip∂tXmsSm∏w kn\nasb∂ IYmcq]Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v

hneßpXSnIqSnbmWv' 54 F∂ \ne]mS v ChnsS tbmPn°p∂n√.

Item]mkI\mb cmPmhv F∂ \nebn¬ kzmXnXncp\mfns\

A\pkvacn°ptºmƒ kwKoXw A\nhmcyamWv. Ne®n{XKm\ambpw,

]›mØe kwKoXambpw IS∂phcp∂ kwKoXw kn\nasb IqSpX¬

angnhpffXm°p∂p.

kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ sshImcnI `mhßsf, {]tXyIn®pw

kwL¿j`cnXamb a\ ns\ {]Xn^en∏n°m\pw Xo{hambn

BhnjvIcn°m\pw Ne®n{XImc≥ kwKoXsØ ]camh[n D]tbmKs∏Sp

Ønbn´p≠v. im¥amb ISepw B¿Øncºp∂ Xncamebpw Ne®n{XØn¬

A¿∞kwthZ\Øn\pff am[yaßfmbn IS∂phcp∂p. AKm[amb

A¿∞ßsf P\n∏n°m\pw {]kcn∏n°m\pw Ne®n{XØnse {]XoI߃°v

Ignbpw. kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ am\knIhym]mcßsf Cu {]XoIßfneqsS

bmWv krjvSn°p∂Xv. i_vZØn\pw ChnsS apJy ÿm\ap≠v. ku≠v

C^IvSpIƒ kmam\yw \√ coXnbn¬ Ne®n{XØn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v.

kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ acWcwKhpw {]XnImflIambmWv AhXcn∏n®n

cn°p∂Xv. At±lw ]ffnbpdßp∂ apdnbnse Zo]w sas√ AWbp∂Xmbn

ImWn°p∂p. B Ccp´mWv acWsØ {]XoIhevIcn°p∂Xv. {]XoI߃

Ne®n{XØn\v KpWw sNøpw. F∂m¬ ChbpsS _mlpeyw Ne®n{XImcs‚

sIev]pIpdhmbn IW°mt°≠nhcpw F∂Xpw FSpØp ]dbWw.

Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\Ne®n{Xw F∂ \nebn¬ kzmXnXncp\mƒ

\m´pcmPyßfpsS Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\w F∂ \nebn¬

kzmXnXncp\mfns\ hnebncpØptºmƒ FØp∂ \nKa\߃

201

Cßs\bmWv. A\ph¿Ø\w Hcp kzX{¥krjvSnbmWv. kwhn[mbIs‚

kzmX{¥ysØ tNmZyw sNøm≥ t{]£I¿s°m, \ncq]I¿s°m

AhImian√. Ncn{Xw kn\nabm°ptºmƒ kzoIcn°p∂ IY\coXn

kwhn[mbIs‚ kzmX{¥yamWv. kzmXnXncp\mfns\ Xnc»oebn¬

]I¿Ønbt∏mƒ At±lØns‚ cmPykw`mh\Isf°mƒ hy‡n]camb

Zu¿_ey߃°v BWv kwhn[mbI≥ {]m[m\yw sImSpØXv. tIcfw I≠

\m´pcmPm°≥amcn¬ ]ptcmKa\]camb ImgvN∏mSpIƒ D≠mbncp∂

cmPmhmWv kzmXnXncp\mƒ. At±lw sNbvX kw`mh\Iƒ Ncn{XØn¬

{it≤bamWv.

\m´pcmPyßfpsS Ncn{Xhpambn _‘s∏´ A\ph¿Ø\Nn{X߃

FÆØn¬°pdhmbncp∂ Hcp ImeL´ØnemWv kzmXnXncp\mƒ ]pdØp

h∂Xv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Cu Nn{XØns‚ IS∂phchv aebmf

kn\namtemIØv {]Xo£bpw t{]m’ml\hpw P\n∏n®p. Ne®n{X]cambn

Gsdta∑Iƒ AhImis∏Smhp∂ Nn{XamWnXv. F∂m¬ ]e taJebnepw

\yq\-X-Ifpw kw`-hn-®n-´p≠v. _lp-apJ{]Xn`bmb kzmXnXncp\mfns‚

PohnXw kw`h_lpeamWv. cmPmhv, aI≥, tPyjvT≥, `¿Ømhv,

Item]mkI≥, kwKoX⁄≥, \rØ]cnt]mjI≥, kmlnXyImc≥,

_lp`mjm]WvUnX≥ F∂nßs\ \nch[n hntijWßfpff kzmXnbpsS

PohnXw Ne®n{Xam°pI F∂Xv {iaIcamb ZuXyamWv.

GXv ho£WtImWneqsS Ne®n{Xw krjvSn°Ww, GsX√mw

hnjbßsf Dƒs°mffn°Ww, Bsc√mw apJyIYm]m{Xßfmbn hcWw

F∂nhsb√mw Xocpam\n°pI efnXamb Imcya√. Ncn{XØn\v

Ne®n{X`mjyw \¬Ip∂Xn\m¬ Ncn{XØnse kXyhpw Ne®n{XØns‚

kuμ-cyhpw kwc-£n -t°≠n hcp∂p. Ne-®n - {X -Øns‚ Iymad,

]›mØecwK߃, thjhn[m\߃, ]›mØekwKoXw, {]XoI߃,

202

\ndhn\ymkw XpSßnb Imcyßfn¬ \yq\XIƒ ]dbm\n√. kwKo-X-Øns‚

kPoh km∂n[yw t{]£-I¿°v \hym\p-̀ hw \¬Ip-∂p≠v. "ama-h-kZmhc-

tZ....' F∂ -Io¿Ø\ØneqsS kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mfnse ]m´ns‚ km∂n[yw Bcw-

`n-°p∂p. Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ XpS°Øn¬ Hma-\-Øn-¶ƒ°n-Sm-thm...... F∂- Xm-

cm-́ p]m-́ ns‚ AIºSn-tbm-sS-bmWv AΩغp-cm´n ssIIp-™m-b kzmXn-

Xn-cp-\m-fns\ FSpØpsIm≠ph-cp-∂Xv.

\rØ-®p-h-Sp-Iƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xpƒs∏sS KoXhpw, ]Zhpw Io¿Ø-

\-ß-fp-ambn FXm≠v ]Xn-\m-seÆw Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ ]e cwK-Øpw

D]tbmKn°p∂p≠v. CXn¬ lnμp-ÿm\nbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. IS¬, Xnc F∂nh

Nn{XØns‚ ]›mØeambn ]e cwKØpw ImWmw. kzmXnXncp\mfns‚

am\knIkwL¿jßfpsS {]Xn^e\ambpw Ch {]Xy£s∏Sp∂p.

cmPmhns‚ \ni_vZX ]e kμ¿`ßfnepw [mcmfw A¿∞sØ ImWnIƒ°p

\¬Ip∂p. {lkzhpw F∂m¬ [z\ymflIhpamb kw`mjW߃

Ne®n{XØns‚ as‰mcp {]tXyIXbmWv. F∂m¬ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ F∂

A\p-h¿Ø\Ne-®n-{X-Øn-eqsS At±-l-sØ ]q¿Æ-ambn Dƒs°m-≠v Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ne-®n-{X-Im-c\v Ign-™n-́ n-√.

kzmXnXncp\mƒ ]e taJebnepw {]h¿Øn®n´p≠v.

`cWm[nImcnbmbpw kwKoX⁄\mbpw \rØmkzmZI\mbpw

Ihnbmbpsa√mw At±lw {]Xy£s∏Sp∂p s≠¶nepw Hcp taJebnepw

At±lsØ ]q¿WtXPt msS AhXcn∏n°m≥ Ign™n´n√. kpK‘h√n

F∂ \¿ØInbpsS IS∂phcthmsS cmPmhns\ as‰mcp ]cnthjØnemWv

ImWm≥ Ignbp∂Xv. as‰√mISaIfpw _‘ßfpw ad∂v kpK‘h√nbn¬

{`an®pt]mIp∂ almcmPmhns\ Ne®n{XØn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

\rØmkzmZ\Øn\∏pdw tamis∏´ XeØnte°v BkzmZ\w amdp∂p.

203

CØcw cwKßfneqsS kzmXnXncp\mƒ F∂ Ncn{X]pcpjs‚ alXzw

aßnt∏mIp∂p. kn\nabpsS apJy hogvNbpw AXpXs∂. Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\

Ne®n{X߃°v Xømdm°p∂ Xnc°Ybnepw Ncn{Xt_m[w

\ngent°≠Xp≠v. Ncn{XhnjbsØ Kuchambn N¿®sNøp∂ Hcp

Xnc°Yb√ Cu Nn{XØnt‚Xv . kwhn[mbIs‚ `mh\sb

hnIkn∏n°pIbmWv e£yw. kw`mjWw anXhpw [z\ymflIhpw BWv.

almcmPmhpw \mcmbWnbpambpff kzImcy\nanjßsf

I®hSkm[yX ap≥\n¿ØnØs∂ BhnjvIcn®ncn°p∂p. Ne®n{XØns‚

\ne\n¬∏n\pth≠n CØcØn¬ ]e hn´p-ho-gvN-I-fpw -sN-øm-dp-s≠nepw {][m-

\-s∏-́ Bib-߃°v Ft∏mgpw ap≥Xq°w \¬tI-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cc-

bn-Ω≥Xºn kzmXnkZ n¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂p≠v. F∂m¬ At±lØn\p

th≠{X {]m[m\yw e`n®n´n√. IYIfnbnse Nne IhnaWnIsf

Hgn®p\n¿Ønbm¬ aebmfØnse Km\I¿Øm°fn¬ Xºn°pXpey\mbn

Hcmfns√∂v Dd∏n®p]dbmw F∂v Kp]vX≥\mb¿ A`n{]mbs∏´n´p≠v.

kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ `cWImeØv At±lw t\cn´ {][m\ {]iv\w

dknU‚pambpff tN¿®bn√mbvabmWv. AXns\mcp {][m\ ImcWw

amdnamdn h∂ Znhm≥amcmWv. ]s£, kp∫cmb¿ F∂ Kpcp\mY≥ am{Xsa

Znhm\mbn Ne-®n{XØn¬ hcp∂p≈q.

Znhm≥ÿm\-tØm-Sp≈ ]e-cp-sSbpw NpaXetb¬°epw Nne

Znhm≥amcpsS kzm¿∞ Xm¬]cy߃ D≠m°nb {]iv\ßfpsam∂pw Xs∂

Ne®n{XØn\v hnjbamIp∂n√. kzmXn -Xn -cp -\m -fns‚ A\pP\pw

Ne®n{XØn¬ IS∂phcp∂n√. kmlnXyhpambpff _‘Øn\v cm-Pmhns\

Gsd klmbn® hnZzm≥ Infn-am-\q¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-sb-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in®v

ImWp-∂-tX-bn-√. DS-hmƒk-a¿∏n®v alm-cm-Pmhv ]fl-\m-̀ Zm-k-\mbn amdp∂

204

cwK-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ B cwKw Ipsd-°qSn angn-thmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬

hnImcXo{hamIpambncp∂p. cmPm-hns‚ A¥y-cw-K-tØ-°p-dn®pw CtX A`n-

{]mbamWv D≈Xv.

`cWImeØv kzmXnXncp\mƒ \S∏m°nb ]cnjv°mc߃ F√m

Xeapdbv°pw Hcpt]mse {]tbmP\{]ZamWv. CØcsamcp kmlNcyØn¬

i‡\mb `cWm[nImcn F∂ \nebn¬ kzmXnXncp\mfns\

AhXcn∏n°m≥ kwhn[mbI≥ ssha\kyw ImWn®ncn°p∂p F∂v

hnebncptØ≠nhcpw. kwhn[mbIs‚ cmjv{Sobw ap≥\n¿ØnbmWv At±lw

Ne®n{XmhnjvImcw \n¿hln®ncn°p∂Xv. cmPmhns\ GIm[n]Xnbpw

_q¿jzmkwkvImc {]Xn\n[nbpambn Nn{XoIcn°m\pff Xmev]cyw

CØcsamcp ho£WØn¬ \n∂mWv Db¿∂ph∂n´pffXv F∂v hy‡w.

`cWm[nImcnbmbn P\n®v, Pohn®p acn® hy‡nbmWv kzmXnXncp\mƒ.

Ipd®pImesØ `cWwsIm≠pXs∂ t{ijvT\mb `cWm[nImcn F∂v

hnJymX\mbn. ]t£, Ahkm\ImeL´Øn¬ At±lw hnjmZhm\m

bncp∂p. Cu hkvXpX Ncn{X{KŸßfn¬ tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p.

a\:imkv{X]camb Hcp A]{KY\w ChnsS A\nhmcyamIp∂p. kzmXn-Xn-cp-

∂m-fns‚ PohnXØnep≠mb Zpc¥ßƒ Xs∂bmWv At±lsØ

CØcØn¬ A¥¿apJ\m°nbXv. ̀ c-W-cw-KsØ {]iv\-ßfpw CXns\ {]Xn-

Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®p. iniphmbncns°Øs∂ AΩsb \jvSs∏´p. ]n∂oSv

ktlmZcn]p{X≥, ktlmZcn, A—≥, D‰kplrØmbncp∂ hnZzm≥tImbn

Xºpcm≥ F∂nhcpsSsb√mw acWw At±lØns‚ a\ ns\ Xf¿Øn.

Ime{IaØn¬ kz¥w I¿Øhyßsf Ku\n°msX XnI®pw

A¥¿apJ\mbnamdpI bmbncp∂p kzmXnXncp\mƒ. am\knI_p≤nap´pIsf

205

AXnPohn°m\pff kn≤uj[ambncp∂p At±lØn\v Ie.

AXpsIm≠pXs∂ k¶o¿Æamb {]iv\ßsf ]cnlcn°mt\m

A`napJoIcn°mt\m Iq´m°msX Ahbn¬ \ns∂mgn™pamdn,

kwKoXØnsem, kmlnXycN\bnsem A`bw {]m]n°m≥ t{]cn∏n®Xpw

Zp:Jmhÿ Xs∂. kz¥w acWsØ°pdn®v At±lØn\v ap≥kqN\

e`n®ncp∂p F∂pw Ncn{XImc≥am¿ ]dbp∂p≠v. Cu Adnhpw

kzmXnXncp\mfns\ am\knIambn Xf¿Ønbncn°mw. Chsb√mw

At±lsØ hymIpe\m°n. hy‡nPohnXØn\mWv, {]tXyIn®v am\knI

Zu¿_eyØn\v {]m[m\yw \¬InbmWv Ne®n{Xw kzmXnsb

AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂Xv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ `cWm[nImcnb√, hy‡n F∂

\nebnemWv Ncn{XsØ Ne®n{Xam°nbn´pffXv. Aßs\ am{Xw

hnebncpØnbm¬ Cu A\ph¿Ø\Nn{Xw \ncq]Isc Xr]vXns∏SpØpw.

tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmP

207

tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmP

]g»ncmP-bpsS Pohn-X-tcJ

tIcfNcn{XØnse hoc]pcpj∑mcn¬ \Sp\mbI\mWv tIcfh¿Ω

]g»ncmP. {_n´ojv B[n]XyØns\Xnsc k‘nbn√mØ t]mcm´w \SØnb

[oc\mb cmPykvt\ln. hS°≥taJebnse {_n´ojv B[n]XytØmSv

acWwhsc i‡ambn ]Ss]mcpXnb Ncn{X]pcpj\mWv At±lw.

]g»nbnse ]Sn™msd tImhneIØv CfbcmPmhmbncp∂p tIcfh¿Ω.

]g»nt°mhneIØv ebn® amfnIØmgØv tImhneIsØ AwKsa∂

\nebn¬ "]g»ncmP' F∂ t]cn¬ At±lw Adnbs∏´p. Iº\ntcJIfn¬

NnebnSØv "ss]®n' F∂pw NnebnSßfn¬ "sImt´y´v' cmPm' F∂pw

At±lsØ hntijn∏n®ncn°p∂p.1753˛¬ tIm´bw cmPhwiØn¬ P\n®p.

Ct∏mƒ IÆqcnep≈ IpØp]dºnse tIm´bw Bbncp∂p Bÿm\w.

]pcfnaebn¬ tIm´sI´n Xmakn®Xn\m¬ ]pcfoizc∑m¿ F∂pw Cu

cmPhwiØnse cmPm°∑m¿ Adnbs∏´ncp∂p. 1766˛¬ tIm´bwcmPyØns‚

`cWw ssakq¿ ]nSns®SpØp. CXns\Xnsc \m´pcmP∑mcpw tZihmknIfpw

kacw \SØn. Cu kacØn\v ]n≥Xp-W-bmbn CuÃn¥ym Iº\nbpw

cwKsØØn. ]Xnaq∂phb p {]mbambncp∂p A∂v ]g»nbv°v.

]g»ncmPbpsS hy‡nPohnsØ°pdn®v IqSp -X¬ AdnhpIƒ

H∂pwXs∂ e`n®n´n√. t_mws_ Kh¿W¿ Bbncp∂ tPm\mY≥ U¶≥

HcnSØv ]g»nbpsS hmMvabNn{Xw \¬Ip∂p≠v. "XeapSn \o´pIbpw Hcp

Ipdnb Xg® XmSnsh°pIbpw sNbvXn´pff Hcp sNdnb a\pjy\mWv cmPmhv.

Nnet∏mƒ Hcp Nph∂sXm∏n shbv°pIbpw ]Xnhp≠v. ssNX\yw

208

Xpfpºp∂XmWv apJ`mhw. ]t£ th≠{X hnthIan√mØXpw. RßfpsS

IqSn°mgvN Kuchtadnb hnjbw N¿®sNøphm\mbncp∂p. At±lØn\v

lnμpÿm\n AdnbmØXn\m¬ ]cn`mjI\mbn \nban® `WvUmcntbmSv

kwkmcn°ptºmƒ H∂ne[nIw {]mhiyw s]m´n®ncn°pIbp≠mbn.'55

i{Xp]£Øp \n¬°p∂ Bfns‚ A`n - {]mbw F∂\nebn¬

]g»nsb°pdn®pff hnebncpØen¬ ]£]mXkz`mhw D≠mIpw.

AºØnc≠mw hb n¬ At±lw hocarXyphcn®p. At±lØns‚

[ocXbv°pw C—mi‡nbv°pw ap∂n¬ {_n´ojv ̀ cWm[nImcnIƒ ASnbdhv

]dtb≠ ]e kμ¿`ßfpw D≠mbn. tIcfØns‚ hS°≥ {]tZißfnse

sNdpØp\n¬∏v {]ÿm\Øn\v i‡ambIcpØp \¬InbXv

tIcfh¿ΩbmWv. {_o´njv CuÃn¥ymIº\n tIcfØnse sNdnb

{]tZißfnse√mw A[nImcapd∏n® kμ¿`Øn¬ B {]tZißfnse

cmPm°∑msc√mw km{amPyXz i‡nIƒ°v IogSßn. ]g»n Iº\n°p

ap∂n¬ IogSßmsX i‡\mbn apt∂dn.

]g»nhnπhØns‚ kmaqlnI]›mØew

B[p\nIC¥ymNcn{XØnse G‰hpw henbkw`hw ChnsS \S∂

tImf\nh¬°cWhpw AtX Ncn{Xi‡nIfpb¿Ønb tZiobXbpw

XpS¿∂p t\Snb tZiobkzmX{¥yhpambncp∂p. bqtdm∏v tI{μnXambn

hf¿∂ph∂ hmWnPyapXemfnØØns‚ i‡amb {]XoIhpw

ssk\nIi‡nbpff cmjv{SobLSIhp ambncp∂p CuÃn¥ymIº\n.

Z£ntW¥ybn¬ CuÃn¥ymIº\n°v t\cntS≠n h∂ G‰hpw henb

i‡nIƒ sslZcmenbpw Sn∏pkp¬Øm\pambncp∂p.

209

1799˛ ¬ Sn∏pkp¬Øms\ h[n®psIm≠mWv CuÃn¥ymIº\n

AhcpsS B[n]Xyw Z£ntW¥ybn¬ Dd∏n®Xv. CØcØn¬ cmjv{Sob

B[n]XyØn\v FXnsc C¥ybpsS ]e`mKØp\n∂pw \nch[n

P\Iobkac߃ Db¿∂p h∂ncp∂p. Ahbn¬ {it≤bamWv tIcfh¿Ω

]g»ncmP \bn® kac߃. ]{¥≠ph¿jtØmfw CuÃn¥ym

Iº\nbpambn ]g»n [ocambn t]mcmSn. i{Xp]£Øn\v I\ØXncn®SnIƒ

\¬InbmWv ]g»nbpw Iq´cpw t]mcmSnbXv. km{amPyØns\Xncmbn

Z£ntW¥ybn¬ \S∂ G‰hpw {it≤bamb t]mcm´amWv ]g»nkac߃.

ASn®a¿Ø¬ \bØneqsS am{XamWv Iº\n°v hnPbn°m≥ km[n®Xv.

]g»nhnπhØns‚ tIcfob]›mØew

PmXobamb th¿XncnhpIfpw P\vanta[mhnXzhpw i‡ambn

\ne\n∂ncp∂ ]Xns\´mw\q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yL´w ae_mdn¬

]eXcØnepapff cmjv{Sob a’c߃°pw CSbm°n. \mSphmgnIfpsS

sNdpXpw hepXpamb cmjv{Sob{]iv\ßfpw hntZii‡nIƒ°v AhcpsS

thcpd∏n°m\pff {iaßfpw F√mw Cu ImeL´Ønse {]tXyIXbmWv.

B`y¥c{]iv\߃ hS°≥ {]tZißfn¬ `cWsØ IqSpX¬

inYneam°nbncp∂p. kmaqXncnbpsSbpw tImeØncnbpsSbpw `cWhpw

C°meØv \ne\n∂ncp∂p. Ipdp{º\mSv, tIm´bw, IÆq¿, \oteizcw

F∂nhsb√mw C°meØv kzX{¥\mSpIfmbncp∂p. t]m¿´pKokpImcpsS

H∂c\q‰m≠p ImesØ B{IaWhpw A[n\nthihpw ]n∂oSv tIcfØns‚

kmaqlyNcn{XØn¬ am‰ßƒ D≠m°n.

U®pIm¿, {^©pIm¿, CwKojpIm¿ XpSßnbhcpsS IS∂phchpw

IogS°epw ae_mdns‚ kmaqlnI cmjv{SobmhÿIfn¬ Imcyamb

am‰ßƒ hcpØn. XßfpsS A[nImcm¿Ønbpw Xmev]cyßfpw

210

hn]peoIcn°p∂Xn\mbn \mSphmgnIƒ hntZii‡nIsf Iq´p]nSn°p∂

kmlNcyw D≠mbn´p≠v. tImf\ni‡nIƒ°v AhcpsS B[n]Xyw

Dd∏n°m≥ \mSphmgnIfpsS \b߃ ]et∏mgpw ImcWambn.

`cWcwKØpw Dev]mZ\cwKØpw \ne\n∂ncp∂ ^yqU¬kz`mhw

ae_mdns‚ kmºØnI ÿnXnsb {]XnIqeambn _m[n®p. icnbmb

`q\nIpXnhyhÿbpsS A`mhhpw Dev]mZ\w h¿≤n∏n®v hntZinhn]WnIƒ

hgn IqSpX¬ \mWy߃ kºmZn°m\pff kwcw`ßfpsS C√mbvabpw

ChnSpsØ kmºØnIÿnXnsb XI¿Øp. kwLSnXambn \ne

sIm≠ncp∂ Hcp ssk\nI i‡n ae_mdn\v D≠mbncp∂n√. Bhiyw

hcptºmƒ am{Xw HØpIqSp∂ coXnbmbncp∂p A∂v. I¿jI¿ ]SbmfnIfpw

Im¿jntIm]IcW߃ Bbp[ßfpw Bbncp∂p. B[p\nIamb

D]IcWßfpsS Ipdhpaqew Zp¿_eambncp∂p ssk\nIi‡n.

{_m“W¿, \mb¿, IΩmf¿, Xob¿, sNdpa¿ F∂nßs\

hn`n∂ßfmb PmXnIƒ ae_mdn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂p. ^yqU¬ _‘߃

ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ hn`P\ambncp∂p \nehnep≠mbncp∂Xv.

ASnasXmgnemfnIƒ Dev]mZ\cwKsØ G‰hpw henb i‡nbmbn

\nesIm≠p. kmaqly]camb am‰ßƒ°v hgnHcp°nbXv bqtdm]y≥

_‘ßfpw _Z\q¿, ssakq¿ XpSßnb i‡nIfpsS A{IaWßfpw BWv.

ae_mdns‚ kmaqlnImhÿbn¬ i‡amb coXnbn¬ kzm[o\wsNepØm≥

C°q´¿°v Ign™ncp∂p. Cu ]›mØeØnemWv km{amPyXzi‡n°ƒ

s°Xnsc ]g»nkwLSn∏n® kacØns‚ {]k‡n hnebncptØ≠Xv.

ae_mdn¬ BZyambn cmjv{Sob˛kmaqlnI˛kmºØnI Ne\߃°v

t\XrXzw \¬InbXv ssakq¿ `cWambncp∂p. sslZcmen ssakqcn¬

A[nImcØn¬ h∂tijw Z£ntW¥y H´msI Nne kmaqlnI am‰ßƒ

211

D≠mbn. ssakq¿ `cWØn\v FXncmb kwL´\߃ h¿jßtfmfw

ae_mdnepw \ne\n∂p. tIm´bw cmPysØ P\ßfpw ]pXnb

`cWIqSØns\Xnsc Iem]Ønte¿s∏´p. tIm´bØns‚ `cW®paXe

G‰ncp∂ ssakq¿ {]Xn\n[n sjbvJvBensb ]pdØm°pIbmbncp∂p

tIm´bsØ P\ßfpsS Bhiyw.

Nnd°¬, ISØ\mSv, tIm´bw F∂o {]tZißfnse cmPÿm\w

\jvSs∏´ cmP°∑m¿ H∂n®v H∂n¬°qSpX¬ XhW sslZcmens°Xncmbn

s]mcpXm≥ CuÃn¥ymIº\nbpambn tN¿∂v kJyap≠m°n. F∂m¬

sslZcpambn Xpd∂t]mcm´Øn\p apXncm≥ Iº\n Xømd√mØXn\m¬

cmPm°∑mcpsS At]£ Ah¿ \nckn®p. \ne\n¬∏n\pw kzm¿∞

em`Øn\pw th≠n F¥pw sNøm≥ aSn°mØ CuÃn¥ymIº\n°v

A[nIImew sslZcmenbpambn tN¿∂p t]mIm\mbn√. a{Zmkv

{]knU≥knbnse Nne kw`h߃ sslZcmenbpw Iº\nbpambn

hntbmPn°m≥ CSbm°n. {ItaW CXv, Ah¿ XΩnepff bp≤Øn\v

ImcWambn. Cu kmlNcyØn≥ Iº\n ae_mdnse cmP°∑mtcmSv

klmbw A`y¿∞n®p.

Cßs\ Hcp kmaqlnImhÿ \ne\n∂ncp∂ kmlNcyØnemWv

tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmPmhv ae_mdns‚ kmaqlnI ˛ cmjv{Sobm¥co£

Ønte°v IS∂phcp∂Xv. Cu ImeL´Øn¬ ]g»nbpsS tImhneIßfnse

an° AwKßfpw t]mcm´sØ `b∂v Xncph\¥]pcØv A`bw {]m]n®p

F∂m¬ Cu kabw tIcfh¿Ω i{Xphns\Xnsc t]mcmSpIbmbncp∂p.

"i{Xphns‚ i{Xp an{Xw' F∂ \bØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ ssakq¿]Ssb

XpcØp∂Xn\mbn ]g»ncmP Iº\nbpambn kulrZØnemb

kmlNcyßfp≠v. tIm´bsØ kzX{¥am°pI F∂ Dt±iyambncp∂p Cu

212

kulrZØn\p ]n∂n¬. Iº\nbpw ssakqdpambn \nch[n t]mcm´ßfpw

kam[m\N¿®Ifpw \nc¥cw \S∂p. aq∂mw Bwt•m ˛ ssakq¿

bp≤Øn\ptijw ae_mdn¬ Iº\n Hcp h≥cmjv{Sob i‡nbmbnamdn.

"]ckv]cw Ieln°p∂ i‡nIƒ°nSbn¬ ]cºcmKXamb

AhImißfpw kºZv hnXcWcoXnbpw kwc£n°phm\mWv ]g»n

{ian®Xv. AXn\m¬ tZiobX bpsS alØmb am\ZWvUßsfs°m≠v

Cu ImeL´sØbpw AXns‚ sNbvXnIsfbpw hnebncpØp∂Xn¬ henb

{]tbmP\ap≠mhn√'56 F∂ hnebncpج {]k‡amWv. tIcfh¿Ω

]g»ncmPbpsS {][m\ kaccwKambncp∂p Ip‰ymSn. tIm´bØp\n∂pw

Sn∏phns‚ ssk\ysØ ]pdØm°p∂Xn¬ ]g»n {]tXyI ]¶phln®ncp∂p.

ssakq¿ B[n]XyØn¬ \n∂pw tamNnXambt∏mgpw tIm´bw

P\tbmKya√mØ tZiambncp∂p. tIm´bsØ ]gb Ahÿbnte°v

sIm≠phcm≥ ]g»n Gsd {ian®p. \jvSs∏´`qkzØp°ƒ Gs‰SpØv

Irjn\SØm\pw AXnte°mbn At±lØns‚ sNehn¬ hnØpw [m\yhpw

\¬Im\pff ]cn]mSnbpw Bkq{XWw sNøs∏´p .

1792 am¿®n¬ \S∂ Icm¿ aq∂mw Bwt•m ˛ ssakq¿ bp≤Øns‚

A¥yw Ipdn®p. Cu Icmd\pkcn®v ae_m¿ {]tZiw Iº\nbpsS

B[n]XyØn≥ Iognembn. hS°≥ cmPyßfnse cmPm°∑mscs°m≠v

Iº\nbpsS B[n]Xyw kΩXn∏n°p∂ hn[Ønepff Hcp Icm¿

Xømdm°m≥ Iº\n Dt±ymKÿ¿ Xocpam\n®p. ]g»ncmPmhv AXnt\mSv

hntbmPn®p. kmlNcyßfpsS kΩ¿±Øm¬ HSphn¬ At±lØn\p

hgtß≠n h∂p. tIm´bØns‚ \nIpXn Iq´p∂Xv kw_‘n®pw

CuÃn¥ymIº\nbpambn ]g»n s]mcpXn \n∂p. "hS°≥ cmPm°∑mcn¬

sh®v ]m´nem°phm≥ hnjaapff, bp‡nbn√mbva G‰hpa[nIw ImWn°p∂

cmPmhv ]g»ntIcf h¿ΩbmsW∂v'57 hntZinIƒ tcJs∏SpØnbncp∂p.

213

tIm´bØns‚ `cWhpw \nIpXn ]ncnhpw Gs‰SpØpsIm≠v ]g»n

hb\mSn\p aosXbpff B[n]Xyw Dd∏n°phm≥ {ian®ncp∂p. HcphiØv

Iº\n°m¿ i{Xp°fmbn \n∂t∏mƒ, At±lØns‚ amXpe≥ Xs∂

]g»n°v i{Xphmbn \nesIm≠ncp∂p. kz¥w Xmev]cyw kwc£n°m\pw

hn]pes∏SpØm\papff HSpßmØ hy{KX Ipdp{º\m´p cmPmhn\v

kz¥ambncp∂p. "kzm¿∞em`Øn\p th≠n At±lw Xs‚ Bflm`nam\w

t]mepw ASnas∏SpØpIbp≠mbn. kzm¿∞tamlnbmb hoch¿Ωbpambn

IΩoj≥ \SØnb IcmdpIfmWv ae_mdnse Iem]ßfpsS Bcw`w

Ipdn®sX∂v'58 ]n¬°meØv ae_m¿ IfIvSdpw Ncn{XImc\pamb

hneywtemK≥ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p.

]g»n ˛ {_n´ojv t]mcm´Øns‚ ImcW߃

]g»ncmP, {_n´ojpImcpambn {]t£m`߃ XpSßm≥ ]e

ImcWßfpw D≠mbn. H∂mw ]g»nhnπhw, c≠mw ]g»nhnπhw F∂nßs\

]g»nt∏mcm´sØ c≠v ImeL´ambn Xncn°mdp≠v. ]g»nbpw IΩoj\pambn

1792 ¬ Hcph¿jtØ°pff Icm¿ HIvtSm_dn¬ ]q¿Ønbm°n. Icm¿

A\pkcn®v IXncq¿, ]g»n, Ip‰ymSn, Xmact»cn XpSßnb{]tZißfpsS

A[nImcnIƒ Iºn\n°m¿ Bbncp∂p AhnSpsØ IpcpapfIv Iº\nbv°v

th≠nam{Xw tiJcn°p∂XmsW∂v Icmdn¬ hyhÿ sNbvXncp∂p.

`q\nIpXnbmbn Ccp]Xn\mbncw cq]bpw, Dev]mZ\Øns‚ t\¿]IpXn

\nIpXnbmbn \¬Imsa∂pw ]g»n Iº\ntbmSv kΩXn®ncp∂p. Ipdp{º\m´p

cmPmhmb hoch¿Ωbv°v Iº\n ]g»nbpambn \SØnb Icm¿ CjvSs∏´n√.

tIm´bØns‚ A[nImcn Xm\msW∂v hmZn°pIbpw Xlkn¬Zm¿

]gbho´n¬ N¥phns\ kzm[o\n®psIm≠v ]g»n G¿s∏SpØnb ]ncnhv

\ncp’mls∏SpØpIbpw sNbvXp. 1793 am¿®n¬ ae_mdnse tPmbn‚ v

214

IΩojs‚ {]knU‚mb U¶\pambn ]øq¿ae, ]ø\mSv, Ipdp{º\mSv

XpSßnb Xmeq°pIƒ°v Sn∏phns‚ PaXs∂ ]ncnhp\¬IWsa∂ Hcp

Icm¿ hoch¿Ω H∏n´p. In´mhp∂nSØp \ns∂√mw \nIpXn Atßb‰w

]ncn°pI F∂ X{¥ambncp∂p Iº\n°v. Xs‚ `cWImcyØn¬ Iº\n

CSs]Sp∂Xv ]g»n I¿i\ambn FXn¿Øp

Iº\nbpambn \nc¥cw BibkwL´\߃ D≠mbn. 1793 ¬ Iº\n

hoch¿Ωbpambn Icm¿ ]pXp°n. ]g»nsb tIm´bw `cWØn¬

\ns∂mgnhm°nb Icm¿ Bbncp∂p CXv. tIm´bØns‚ `cWØn¬ \n∂pw

]q¿Wambn amdn\n¬°m≥ ]g»n Xømdmbn√. Aßs\ kwL¿j߃

D≠mbns°mt≠bncp∂p. t]mcm´ßfpw A\pcRvP\hpw Bh¿Øn®p.

ItÆmØv tiJc≥, cmadmhp, ssItXcn Aºp, tiJchmcy¿,

Ffºemb Ip™≥, ssItXcn IΩmc≥, ssItXcn FΩ≥, Ffºeme

Ip™≥, ta\tImc≥ F∂nhsc√mw ]g»nt]mcm´ßfn¬ At±lØns‚

kl{]h¿ØI¿ Bbncp∂p.. ]g»nbp≤Øns‚ Xo{hXsb∏‰n e v̂. tPm¨

Cw•nkns‚ hm°pIƒ {it≤bamWv. "\mb¿ {]amWnamcpw Cu cmPyØnse

I¿jIcpw ]g»ncmPmhns‚ Xmev]cy߃ kwc£n°phm\mbn, Abmƒ°p

cmPyw e`n°phm\mbn, Bbp[saSp°pIbmWv, Hcp henb ssk\yw DSs\

klmbØn\p hcp∂ns√¶n¬ \ΩpsS \njvImk\hpw A{XhnZqca√.

Ipdp{º\mSv cmPmhns‚ Bƒ°msc√mw Xs∂ ÿewhn´ncn°p∂p.

acn®hcpsSbpw apdnth‰hcpsSbpw Bbp[ßsf√mwXs∂ \jvSs∏´ncn

°p∂p. Fs‚ tZlØpff DSphkv{Xwam{Xw _m°nbp≠v. Hcp

sNcn∏pt]mepan√. InS°phms\mcp InS°bpw'.59 FSt®\ Iq¶\pw

A\pbmbnIfpamWv Cu t]mcm´Øn¬ ]s¶SpØXv.

215

Ipdp{º\mSns‚ AhImin F∂ \nebn¬ hoch¿Ωbv°v A[nImcw

H∂pwXs∂bn√. bYm¿∞ AhImin Xm\msW∂v ]g»n Iº\nsb

Adnbn®p. F∂m¬ kam[m\w ]p:\ÿm]n°m\mbn hoch¿ΩbpsS

A\¥nch\mb chnh¿Ωbv°v `cWw \¬Ip∂Xn¬ hntbmPn∏ns√∂pw

At±lw Iº\nsb Adnbn®p. AtXkabw ]g»n tIm´bØp\n∂pw

Ipd®pImetØ°v amdn\n¬°Wsa∂ Iº\nbpsS Bhiyw At±lw

Xffn°f™p. "C°gn™ \meph¿jtØmfw bmsXmcmfpsS PohnXw

XpS¿®bmb bp≤w sNøepw Iº\nbpsS ̀ cWsØ FXn¿°epw AXn\m¬

\nba߃ `RvPn°epw Bh¿Øn®psIm≠v Ip‰ßƒ sNøepw

am{Xambncp∂pthm AØcw Hcmfn¬\n∂pw kam[m\hpw kzÿXbpw

{]Xo£n°pI hø... At±lsØ hnPbwhcn°phm≥ hnSpIbmsW¶n¬

AØcw {]h¿Ø\Øn¬\n∂p e`n°p∂ hnPbsØ∏‰nbpff {]Xo£Iƒ

a‰pcmPm°∑mcn¬ °qSn hfcpIbpw Cu {]hniybpsS kam[m\w ]q¿Wambn

\in°pIbpw sNøpw'60 F∂v hn¬°n≥k¨ F∂ Iº\n DtZymKÿ≥

Iº\ntcJbn¬ ]g»nsb°pdn®v tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. ]g»nbpsS

t]mcm´hocyw F{XtØmfsa∂v Ah¿ Xncn®dn™ncp∂p F∂v Cu

hnebncpج hy‡am°p∂p.

Iº\n DtZymKÿ\mbn ae_m¿ IΩoj\nse tPm¨kvao 1799 ¬

tIm´bØv FØn. At±lw tIm´bsØ aqØcmPmhpambn kmaqlnIm¥

co£w N¿®sNøpIbpw ssItXcn Aºphns‚`cWcwKsØ CSs]SepIsf

°pdn®v hntbmPnt∏msS kvaotbmSv kwkmcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]g»nbpsS

i‡\mb t]mcmfnbmbncp∂p ssItXcnAºp. At±lw Hcn°¬ Bbp[

[mcnbmbn tPm¨kvaosb kμ¿in®t∏mƒ B kμ¿`sØ°pdn®v kvao

Cßs\ tcJs∏SpØn ImWp∂p. "Aºp ]cam[nImcnbpw _lpam\s∏´

Iºn\nbpsS {]Xn\n[nbmb Xm≥ AbmfpsS kma¥\pw am{Xambn

tXm∂nt∏mbn.'61

216

t]mcm´w ]g»n i‡ambn XpScp∂ kmlNcyØn¬ klmbØn\mbn

At±lw \m´p{]amWnIƒ°v IØpIƒ FgpXnbncp∂p. IqSpX¬

P\]¶mfnØØn\p th≠nbmbncp∂p CXv. ]cºcmKXamb Hcp

kaqlØn¬ sFIyw \ne\n¿Øp∂Xv {][m\ambpw cmjv{Sobhnizmk

{]amWßtf°mƒ [m¿ΩnIhnizmkØns‚ ASnÿm\Ønembncn°pw

AhnsS Xo{hamb coXnbn¬ tZiobt_m[hpw sshImcnIXbpw i‡ambn

hfcWsa∂pan√. ]g»ncmP klmba`y¿∞n®psIm≠v BbneyØv

\ºym¿s°gpXnb IØnse Nne `mK߃ ChnsSt®¿°p∂p. "s]cpamfpw

`KhXnbpw hkn°p∂ ]cnip≤amb aWØ\bn¬ bqtdm]y≥am¿

i‡∑mcmbn cp∂n´pff Imcyw \nßfdn™ncn°pw. ItÆmØpw

aWØ\bnepw Ah¿ ÿm]n®n´pff a‰p t]mÃpIfnepw Ht∂mct≠mh´w

shSnshbv]pIƒ \S∂ncp∂p. CXv `KhXn°pw s]cpamƒ°pw

FXncmbn´pam{Xw \S∂n´pffXn\m¬ Rm≥ Iº\ns°Xncmbn

{]h¿Øn°phm≥ Xocpam\n®ncn°p∂p.'63

]g»nkacsØ ASn®a¿Øp∂Xmbn Iº\n ]pXnb DtZymKÿsc

\nban°pIbpw Ah¿ ]e\nbaßfpw kaccoXnIfpw \S∏m°pIbpw

sNbvXncp∂p. Iº\n DtZymKÿ\mb a¢ntbmUv 1802 P\phcn 30˛ \p

\ncmbp[oIcWw \S∏nem°n. CXn\papºpw ]eXhW a‰p ̀ cWm[nImcnIƒ

\ncmbp[oIcW \bw \S∏m°n bncp∂p. ]g»nsbbpw Iq´scbpw

]nSn®psImSp°p∂h¿°v X°Xmb {]Xn^ew \¬IWsa∂ hyhÿbpw

Iº\nbpsS `mKØp\n∂pw D≠mbn. Hmtcm {]tZitØbpw

\nhmknIsfØs∂ AhnSpsØ Iem]w XSbp∂Xn\mbn _m_¿ hyhÿ

sNbvXp. CØcØn¬ hyXykvX kacX{¥ßƒ Iº\nbpsS ̀ mKØp\n∂pw

D≠mbn. A¥nahnPbw Iº\n°mbncps∂¶nepw ]g»n∏StbmSv ]cmPbs∏ v́

]n∑mdnb \nch[n Ahkc߃ Iº\n°p≠mbn F∂Xv \nkvX¿°amWv.

217

]g»n A¥y\nanjØn¬t∏mepw Im´nb hy‡nXzsØbpw Xt‚SsØbpw

Ipdn®v _m_¿ Cßs\ tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. "acWØns‚

\nanjØn¬t∏mepw Akm[mcWamb B hy‡nXzw G‰hpw

A¥ p‰hn[w B⁄mcq]Øn¬ IWmcta\ht\mSv "ASpØphccpXv

Fs∂ Aip≤am°cpXv' F∂p ]d™ncp∂p.'63

P\]¶mfnØw sIm≠pw ImessZ¿LywsIm≠pw {it≤bambncp∂p

]g»n\bn®ncn°p∂ bp≤w. B[p\nI bp≤kma{KnIfpambn i{Xp]£Øp

\nesIm≠ Iº\n]´mftØmSv FXn¿Øp\n¬°m≥ Ign™Xpw P\ßfpsS

]n¥pWsIm≠mWv. IpdnNy¿, ]Wnb¿, Ipdpa¿, I®hS°mcmb sN´nbm∑m¿,

Ku≠∑m¿, \m´p{]amWnIƒ, P∑nam¿, I¿jI¿, am∏nfam¿ F∂nßs\

kaqlØnse F√mhn`mKØn¬s∏´ P\ßfpw ]g»nkacØn¬

]s¶SpØncp∂p. ]g»nkacßfn¬ ]s¶SpØXv {][m\ambpw [m¿anI

hnizmkßfn¬ ASnbpd®p hnizkn®pt]m∂ncp∂ ]cºcmKX

kaqlßfmbncp∂p. ]cºcmKXkaqlØns‚ aqey߃ ASnÿm\am°n

b√msX ]pXnsbmcp kaqlØns‚ ]pXnb aqey߃°pth≠nbpff Hcp

kacØn\v km[yXbp≠mbncp∂n√. Imeßfmbn \ne\n∂pt]mcp∂

hnizmkßsf kwc£n°p∂Xn\pw \mSphmgnØ i‡ntbmSpff

Afh‰`‡nbpw hnizmkhpamWv Kncnh¿§°msc ]g»nXºpcms\m∏w \n∂v

t]mcmSm≥ t{]cnXam°nb LSIw. CuÃn¥ymIº\nbpsS IogS°en\pw

\nehnepff ̀ qhpSaIfpsSbpw I¿jIcpsSbpw aosXh®psI´nb \nIpXn°pw

FXncmbncp∂p ]g»nkwLSn∏n® kac߃.

"{_n´ojv B[n]XyØns\Xncmbn D≠mb ]g»nkacßfpw a‰p

kacßfpsa√mw ]p\:ÿm]\߃ BWv F∂v ImXen≥K^v

A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p.'64 tIm´bw tI{μoIrXambn Bcw`n® ]g»nkac߃

ae_mdns‚ ]e taJeIfnte°pw hym]n°pIbmbncp∂p. F∂m¬

218

FSpØp]dbm≥X° {]Xybimkv{Xhpw kwLSnXt\XrXzhpw

Ahbv°p≠mbncp∂n√ F∂Xv {it≤bamWv. t_mws_ {]knU≥kn

F´ph¿j°mew ae_m¿ `cn®p. ChcpsS Zp¿`cWw Ahkm\n°m≥

]g»nkac߃ ImcWambn.

[oc\mbt\Xmhv F∂Xnt\°mƒ i‡\mb `cWm[nImcnIqSn

Bbncp∂p ]g»n F∂Xn\v At±lØns‚ {]h¿ØnIƒ sXfnhp \¬Ip∂p.

Iem]ßfpsS XpS¿® Im¿jnItaJesb Xf¿Ønbncp∂p.1790

ImeL´Øn¬ Xet»cn ̂ mIvSdnbn¬ \n∂v ]Ww ISsaSpØv Irjn°m¿°v

"X°mhn' \¬Im\pff ]≤Xn ]g»ncmP \S∏m°n. I¿jI¿°v Irjn

sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\mbn Imf, hnØv F∂nh ISambn \¬Inbncp∂p. CØcw

{]h¿ØnIƒ ]g»nsb km[mcW°mcpsS CSbn¬ P\kΩX\m°n.

Ncn{XImc\mb sI. Fw. ]Wn°¿ ]g»nsb∏‰n C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p.

"hS°≥ {]tZißfnse sNdpØp \n¬∏p {]ÿm\ØneqsS Akmam\yamb

Ignhpw kz`mhamlmflyhpapff Hcp hy‡n apt∂m´ph∂p. AXmbncp∂p

tIm´bsØ tIcfh¿Ω. Xs‚ k¿hkzhpw P\ßfpsS kzmX{¥yØns‚

_en]oTØn¬ ka¿∏Ww sNbvXv A¥y\nanjw hsc hntZinIfpsS ap∂n¬

ap´pIpØmsX \n∂p t]mcmSnb tIcfknwlambncp∂p At±lw'.65

]g»n kac߃ C¥y≥ tZiobXbpsS hf¿®bn¬ kp{][m\

]¶phln®p. s]mXpi{Xphns\ C√mXm°p∂Xn\mbn Z£ntW¥ybnse a‰p

Iem]ImcnIfpambn _‘s∏ v́ {]h¿Øn°pIbpw C¥y≥ tZiobXbpsS

hnIk\sØ XzcnXs∏Sp Øm\pw AXphgn kzmX{¥yw Hcp

A\nhmcyXbmsW∂p t_m[ys∏SpØm\pw ]g»n kacØn\v

km[n®p. "B[p\nIcmjv{SobaoamwkbpsS XØzimkv{XØne[njvTnXamb

C¥y≥ tZiobXbpsS kºq¿Wamb cmjv{Sobcq]hpw B cq]sØ

219

ASnÿm\am°nbpff Hcp C¥y≥ kzmX{¥ykachpw ]g»nt]mcm´ßfpsS

L´Øn¬ Bhn¿`hn®ncp∂n√. AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ ]g»nhnπhw hcpØnb

kmaqlnIam‰sØ C¥yapgph≥ Dƒs°mffp∂ Hcp kzmX{¥ykacØns‚

`mKamtbm As√¶n¬ C¥yapgph≥ Dƒs°mffp∂ tZiobXbpsS

\thm∞m\amtbm hnebncpØpIhø'66 F∂ A`n{]mbw {]k‡amWv.

C¥yI≠ km{amPyXzi‡nIƒs°Xnscbpff t]mcm´ßfn¬

Xo{hambncp∂p ]g»n\bn® kac߃.

H∂mw ]g»nhnπhw

1793 \pw 1797 \pw CSbv°p\S∂ bp≤w H∂mw ]g»nhnπhambn

IW°m°p∂p. {_n´ojpImcpsS \nIpXn\btØmSpff FXn¿∏pw ]g»nsb

AhKWn®Xnepff Aa¿jhqw BWv ]g»nt]mcm´Øns‚

ASnÿm\ImcW߃. {_n´ojvImcpsS sX‰mb \nIpXn \bamWv ]g»n

hnπhØn\v XpS°an´Xv. Irjn°mcn¬ \n∂pw t\cn v́ \nIpXn ]ncn°p∂

coXnbmWv ssakq¿ `cWm[nImcnIƒ \SØnt∏m∂ncp∂Xv. {_o´ojpIm¿

B coXn am‰pIbpw AXmXp \mSpIfnse cmPm°∑mcn¬ \n∂v samØw

XpIIfmbn \nIpXn CuSm°m\p≈ Xocpam\w \S∏nem°pIbpw sNbvXp.

F√m h¿jhpw \evIp∂ ]m´w A©psIm√am°n ]pXp°n.

cmPm°∑mcpXs∂ \nIpXn ]ncn°p∂ coXntbmS v P\߃°v

i‡ambFXn¿∏v D≠mbn. I¿jIcpsS ÿnXn hfsc ]cpßenembn. Cu

L´Øn¬ hS°≥ {]tZisØ I¿jI¿s°m∏w ]g»n \nebpd∏n®p.

Sn∏phns\Xncmb bp≤ßfn¬ Cw•ojpImsc ]g»ncmPmhv

klmbn®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ Sn∏p ]n≥hmßnbt∏mƒ Iº\n DtZymKÿ¿

]g»nsb AhKWn°pIbpw At±lØns‚ AΩmh\mb Ipdp{º\m´v

cmPmhn\v 1793˛¬ tIm´bw {]tZiw ]m´Øn\v \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp.

220

amXrtZitØmSpw AhnSpsØ P\ßtfmSpw \nkzm¿∞ kvt\lap≠mbncp∂

]g»ntbmSv {_n´ojv Iº\n sNbvX {]h¿ØnIsf AhnSpsØ P\߃

FXn¿Øp. F∂m¬ Iº\nbpsS F√m \S]SnIƒ°pw Ipdp{º\m´p cmPmhv

]n¥pW \¬In. AΩmh\pw Iº\nbv°psaXncmbn ]g»n Xs‚ t]mcm´w

Bcw`n®p. ]g»nbpsS FXn¿∏v \ne\n¬°ptºmƒ Xs∂ Iº\n

DtZymKÿ¿ Ipdp{º\m´v cmPmhn\v ]m´w A©p h¿jtØ°v ]pXp°n

\¬In. {]t£m`Øns‚ i‡n h¿≤n°m≥ CXv ImcWambn. ]g»nsb

IogS°m\mbn ]e {iaßfpw {_n´ojv `cWm[nImcnIfpsS

`mKØp\n∂pap≠mbn. Hcp sN´nbpsS hoSv sIm≈bnS® c≠v am∏nfam¿°v

acWin£ hn[n®p F∂Xns‚ t]cn¬ sIme°p‰w NpaØn ]g»nsb

_‘\Ønem°phm≥ {iaw \S∂psh¶nepw ]cmPbs∏´p.

1795˛ G{]nen¬ e^v‰v\‚ v tKm¿Us‚ Iogn¬ {_n´ojv ]´mfw

]g»nbpsS sIm´mcw B{Ian®v At±lsØ IogS°m≥ {iaw \SØn.

]g»nsb ]nSnIn´nbns√¶nepw sIm´mcØnse hnes∏´ hkvXphIIƒ Ah¿

sIm≈bSn®p. AtXmsS ]g»nbpw Iq´cpw hb\mS≥ h\m¥cßfnte°v

]n≥hmßn. XpS¿∂v Hfnt∏mcn\v t\XrXzw \¬In. 1797 am¿®n¬ tIW¬

tUmhns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ sh≈∏´mfw t]cnbNpcw hsc FØn. am¿®v 9

apX¬ aq∂p Znhkw \S∂ XpS¿®bmb bp≤Øn¬ ]g»n∏S Pbn®p. {_n´ojv

ssk\yw ]n≥hmßn. CØcw t]mcm´Øn\ptijw IpdnNycpw,

\mb∑mcpaSßp∂ ]g»n∏SbpsS IcpØpI≠ {_n´ojv ssk\yw

]g»nbpambn A\pcRvP\Øns\mcpßn. ]g»n apt∂m´ph®

tZikvt\l]chpw bp‡n]chpamb Imcy߃ AwKoIcn°m≥

XømdmsW∂v {_n´ojpIm¿ Adnbn®p. XpS¿∂v HØpXo¿∏n\v ]g»n

Xømdmbn..

221

c≠mw]g»nhnπhw

1800˛¬ c≠mw ]g»n t]mcm´w Bcw`n°p∂p. 1799˛¬

{iocwK]´WØns‚ ]X\sØØpS¿∂v D≠mb DSºSnb\pkcn®v

Sn∏pkp¬Øm≥ Cw•ojpIm¿°v hn´psImSpØ hb\mSv tamNn∏n°m\p≈

{iaßfmbncp∂p Cu t]mcm´Øns‚ ASnÿm\w F∂v 1800 G{]n¬ 18˛\v

sh√…n tIW¬ km¿´\v FgpXnb IØn¬ {]Xn]mZn®p ImWp∂p. "]g»n

cmPmsb sNdpØp\n¬°pI F∂p≈XmWv \sΩ t\cnSp∂ G‰hpw hnjaw

]nSn® {]iv\w. At±lsØ tXm¬∏n®pIgn™m¬ F√mw im¥amIpw.

AtXmSpIqSn ae_mdns‚ \m\m`mKßfn¬ \n¿Ønbn´p≈ ]´mf°msc

]n≥hen°m≥ \ap°v Ignbpw. aWØ\bn¬ cmPmhns‚ i‡n h¿≤n∏n®p

sIm≠ncn°pIbmWv. AhnsS \n∂v ]´mfsØ ]n≥hen°m≥ \mw

\n¿_‘nXcmbn. C\n F¥p sNøsWsa∂p≈Xv Xocpam\n°s∏tS≠Xm

bn´mWncn°p∂Xv.'67

IpdnNycpsS t\Xmhmb Xebv°¬ N¥p, IÆhØpi¶c≥ \ºym¿,

ssItXcn Aºp\mb¿, Ipdn®nb¿, am∏nfam¿ F∂nhcpsS klmbtØmsS

]g»ncmPmhv {_n´ojvImtcmSv \nc¥cw bp≤w sNbvXp. 1802 HIvtSm_dn¬

{]t£m`ImcnIƒ FSt®\ Ip¶≥\mbcpsSbpw, Xebv°¬ N¥phns‚bpw

t\XrXzØn¬ ]\acw tIm´ ]nSns®SpØv AhnsSbp≠mbncp∂ 70 Cw•ojv

]´mf°msc h[n®p. ]g»n cmPmsb FXn¿°p∂Xn\mbn 1200

t]meokpImcpsS Hcp kwLsØ Iº\n DtZymKÿ¿ kwLSn∏n®p. Ch¿

"tIm¬°m¿' F∂ t]cn¬ Adnbs∏´p. 1804˛¬ Xet»cnbn¬

k_vIfIvSdmbn h∂ tXmakv lm¿th _m_dpsS t\XrXzØn¬ ]g»n

hnπhsØ ASn®a¿Ø\mbn {ia߃ XpSßn.

222

1804˛¬ sk]v‰w_¿ 6˛\v ]g»n Xmakn® IpSnen\v 60hmc AIsehsc

tIm¬°m¿ FØnt®¿∂p. Hcp IpdnNy≥ Aºb®v hnhcw

\¬InbXns\ØpS¿∂mWv ]g»n°v A∂v c£s∏Sm≥ Ign™Xv. ]g»nsb

a‰p≈hcn¬ \n∂v H‰s∏SpØphm≥ Iº\n DtZymKÿ¿ {ian®p. hb\m´nse

IpdnNy¿, Ipdpº¿, sN´nIƒ, Ku≠¿am¿ apXembhcpsS klmbkl

IcW߃ apSßmsX e`n°p∂XpsIm≠mWv ]g»ncmPmhn\v

{_n´ojvtk\bv°pap∂n¬ ]nSn®p\n¬°m≥ Ignbp∂sX∂v Xncn®dn™

_m_¿ cmPmhns‚ ]mfbØnte°mhiyamb `£Wkm[\ßfpw

Bbp[ßfpw a‰pw ssakqdn¬ \n∂v FØn®psImSp°p∂Xv XSbm≥

Xocpam\n®p. hb\m´nse \m\mh¿K°mcpsSbpw {]amWnamsc

tbmKØnte°v £Wn®phcpØn.

]g»nsb klmbn°p∂hsc√mw Cw•ojpImcpsS i{Xp°fmbncn°p

sa∂pw Ah¿°v ITn\amb `hnjyØpIƒ t\cntS≠n hcpsa∂pw

`ojWns∏SpØn. Poht\msStbm A√msXtbm ]g»nsbbpw

A\pN∑mscbpw ]nSnIqSm≥ klmbn°p∂h¿°v ]mcntXmjnI߃

hmKvZm\w sNbvXpsIm≠v 1804 Pq¨ 16 \v _m_¿ hnfw_cw ]pds∏Sphn®p.

"]g»ncmPmhns\ ]nSnIqSm≥ klmbn°p∂h¿°v 3000 ]tKmU, chnh¿Ω

1000, ]ffq¿ Ga≥ \mb¿ 1000, FSt®\ cbc∏≥ 300, Im¿thcnb Cfn°Æ≥

300, tbmKnapff a®m≥ 300, C´ns°mºs‰ tIf∏≥ \ºym¿ 300'68

F∂nßs\bmbncp∂p hmKvZm\w. _m_dpsS t\XrXzØnepff {_n´ojv

ssk\yhpambn IpdnNytbm≤mhv Xebv°¬N¥p G‰pap´n. bp≤Øn¬ N¥p

FXncmfnIsf ]cmPbs∏SpØn. F∂m¬ A¥yL´Øn¬ Bbp[w

ssIøn¬ \n∂v sXdn®pt]mIbm¬ Abmƒ ]nSn°s∏´p.

223

1805 \hw_¿ 30-̨ \v aq∂v ]Wnb∑m¿ ]g»ncmPmbpsS kt¶XsØ∏‰n

_m_¿°v hnhcw \¬In. A∂p cm{XnXs∂ _m_¿ ssk\yßfpambn

AhntS°v ]pds∏´p. ssakq¿ AXn¿Ønbn¬\n∂v H∂cIntemao‰¿ D≈n¬

amhnetØmSv F∂ AcphnbpsS kao]ØmWv ]g»nbpw Iq´cpw

Xmakn®ncp∂Xv. _m_dpw Iq´cpw ]pe¿s® AhnsS FØn. Iº\n ]´mfw

]g»nbpsS IpSn¬ hf™p. t]mcm´Øn \nSbn¬ sshctamXncw hngpßn

]g»n BfllXysNbvXp F∂pw ]g»n∏Sbpw tIm¬°mcpw XΩnep≈

G‰pap´en¬ At±lw shSntb‰p acn®p F∂pw A`n{]mb߃ \nehnep≠v.

"Akm[mcW\pw AXpey\pamb Hcp hninjvS hy‡nbmWv cmPmsh∂v'69

Sn.F®v. _m_¿ tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v.

1805 \hw_¿ 30˛mw XobXn kzmX{¥yØn\pth≠n ]g»n hocarXyp

hcn®p. tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmP hockz¿Kw {]m]n®tXmsS At±lØns‚

]Xv\nbmb ssItXcnam°sØbpw ]cnNmcnIamscbpw XShnem°n.

]g»ncmPbpsS arXtZlw am\¥hmSnbv°v sIm≠pt]mbn _lpaXnItfmsS

kwkvIcn®p. {_n´ojv]´mfØns‚ ]nSnbnemb ]g»nbpsS klmbnIƒ

]ffq¿cbc∏≥, ktlmZc≥ ]ffq¿ Ga≥ F∂nhsc \mSpISØn.

]g»nbpsS ]S\mbI∑mcmbncp∂ Ip¶≥ BfllXysNbvXp, IÆhØv

\ºymtcbpw, aIt\bpw {_n´ojpIm¿ Xq°ns°m∂p. {_n´ojv

A[nImcnIfpsS i‡\mb FXncmfnsb \in∏n®Xn\v _m_¿°v

CuÃn¥yIº\n 2500 ]tKmUv ]mcntXmjnIw \¬In acWØn\pt]mepw

ambv°m\mhmØ ZnhytXP mbn ]g»n F°mehpw P\a\ pIfn¬

Pohn°p∂p.

224

tIc-f-h¿Ω-]-g-»n-cmP ˛ Ne®n{XØnse Ncn{Xmwiw

]mWvUnXyhpw IhnXzhpw Iebpw t]mcm´hocyhpw Hcmfn¬

Hcpan°p∂ A]q¿hXbmWv ]g»ncmP. At±lØns\ tI{μIYm]m{Xam°n

2009 ¬ BWv "tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmP'F∂ Ne®n{Xw ]pdØph∂Xv.

Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\ Ne®n{XØns‚ KWØn¬ Dƒs∏SpØmhp∂ Cu

Nn{XØns‚kwhn[mbI≥ lcnlc\pw, Xnc°Y Fw.Sn. hmkptZh≥

\mbcpamWv. {_n´oj[nImcw i‡am°nbXn\v tijapff

kw`hhnImkßfmWv Ne®n{X]›mØew. 1796 ImeL´amWv

Ne®n{Xmcw`w. tIcfNcn{XØns‚ `mKamb CuÃn¥ymIº\nbpsS

Xet»cntIm´bpsS Nn{XoIcWamWv BZy`mKØv IS∂phcp∂Xv.

H∂mw]g»nhnπhØnsebpw c≠mw]g»nhnπhØnsebpw kw`h_lpe

amb GSpIfmWv Ne®n{XØnepƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv.

]g»ncmPmhns‚ AΩmh\pw Ipdp{º\m´pcmPmhpambncp∂

hoch¿Ω≥ CuÃn¥ymIº\n bpambn tN¿∂v ]g»nsb AhcpsS

\nb{¥WØn¬ sIm≠phcms\mcp ßp∂p. GXm\pw ko\pIfn¬ am{Xsa

IS∂phcp∂pffpsh¶nepw A[nImc tamlnbmb Hcp \m´pcmPmhmbmWv

hoch¿Ωs\ Ne®n{XØn¬ AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂Xv. Ipdp{º\m´p

cmPmbncp∂ At±lw Iº\n DtZymKÿ¿°v Abbv°p∂

IØn¬ tIm´bØpcmPmhv F∂v kzbw hntijn∏n°p∂p. B^okv

¢¿°mb IWmctat\m≥, Imcy߃ hyhÿbmIpwapºv tIm´bw

cmPmsh∂v Xpeyw sNømtam F∂v tNmZn°p∂p≠v. XnI™

A[nImctamlnbpw kzm¿∞\pamb cmPmhmbmWv Ne®n{XØn¬

Ipdp{º\m´v cmPmhv {]Xy£s∏Sp∂Xv. Ncn{XtØmSv tbmPn®pt]mcp∂

kao]\amWnXv.

225

Sn∏phns\ ]cmPbs∏SpØm≥ {_n´ojpImsc klmbn® ]g»nsb

Ah¿ AhKWn®p. IqSmsX tIm´bw {]tZiØns‚ `cWw hoch¿Ωbv°v

\¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. C°mcyw Ncn{XØn¬ ]cma¿in®p≠v. 1795 G{]nen¬

e^v‰\‚ v tKm¿Us‚ Iognepff {_n´ojv ]´mfw ]g»ncmPsb

At\zjn®phcpIbpw At±lsØ In´mXmIptºmƒ sIm´mcw sImffbSn®v

hne]nSn∏pff ]ehkvXp°fpw ISØpIbpw sNøp∂p. CØcØn¬

]g»ns°m´mcØn\pta¬ shff∏´mfw \SØp∂ B{IaWw Ne®n{XØn¬

BhnjvIcn®ncn°p∂p. BfpIfn¬ \n∂pw ]ncn® \nIpXn Nndbv°¬ cmPmhv

ASbv°mXncp∂Xpw XpS¿∂v Nndbv°ep≠mb {]iv\ßfpw kn\nabn¬

]cma¿in°p∂p.

ssItXcn Aºp, Xebv°¬ N¥p, FSt®\Ip¶≥ FΩ≥, IÆhØv

\ºym¿ XpSßn ]g»nbpambn _‘s∏´v Ncn{XØn¬ kvacWobßfmb

hoct]mcmfnIsf√mw Ne®n{XØn¬ {]m[m\ytØmsS IS∂phcp∂p.

]g»nbpsS Bbp[]mShw hy‡am°p∂ \nch[n cwK߃

Ne®n{XØnep≠v. ]g»nbpambn _‘s∏ v́ G‰hpw {it≤bamb hkvXpX

At±lw \SØnb Hfnt∏mcmWv. Hfnt∏mcns‚ coXnIsf°pdn®v ]g»n

IqsSbpffh¿°v hnhcWw \¬Ip∂ cwKßfpw AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p.

t]cnbNpcw hgn ]g»n\SØp∂ hym]mcw XS™psIm≠v Iºn\n∏´mfhpw

tIm¬°mcpw B hgnh∂v B{IaWw \SØp∂p.

Ncn{XmwisØ hkvXp\njvTambn AhXcn∏n°p∂ CØcw cwK߃

Ne®n{XØn¬ \nch[nbp≠v. ]g»n∏StbmS v G‰pap´n ]cmPbw

kΩXn°pIbpw CcpIq´¿°pw Xr]vXnIcamb coXnbn¬ k‘n sNøm≥

Iº\n DtZymKÿ¿ ]g»ntbmSv Bhiys∏Sp∂pap≠v. A[nI\mƒ

\ne\n¬°p∂ns√¶nepw CØcw Hcp k‘nsNø¬ \S°p∂p.

Ne®n{XØnepw Cu `mKw am‰w hcpØmsX Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p.

226

FSt®\Ip¶\pw ]g»ncmPmhpw DÆnaqØsb h∂pImWp∂ cwKßfpw

Nn{XØnep≠v. ChnsSbpw Ncn{XØns‚ ]p\cmhnjv°mcamWv \S°p∂Xv.

B]XvL´ßfn¬ ]g»nsb klmbn°m≥ Hcpßnbncn°p∂

DÆnaqØsbbpw Iq´scbpw Ne®n{XØn¬ ImWmw. ap…owkapZmbw

]g»ntbmSv kulm¿±]cambn \nesIm≠ncp∂p F∂ kXyw CØcw

cwK߃ hy‡am°p∂p. IÆhØv \ºymscbpw aIs\bpw

{_n´oj[nImcnIƒ Xq°ns°m√pIbmWv Ncn{XØnepw Ne®n{XØnepw.

FSt®\Ip¶s‚ BfllXybpw Ne®n{XØn¬ D≠v. t]mcm´w \S°p∂

an° ko\pIfnepw ag kPohkm∂n[yamWv. CXn\v Ncn{Xhpambn

hfsctbsd _‘ap≠v. {_n´ojpIm¿s°Xnsc Hfnt∏mcv kac߃ A[nIhpw

kwLSn∏n®Xv ag°meØmWv (Pq¨ ˛ Pqsse amk߃). ko\pIƒ°v

`wKntbIp∂Xnt\°mƒ CØcsamcp Ncn{XbmYm¿∞yw t_m[]q¿htam

A√mXtbm CXn\p]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn®ncn°p∂p.

t_ms_Kh¿W¿ tPm\mY≥ U¶≥ t\cn´ph∂v k‘nN¿®Iƒ

\SØn. HSphn¬ Nndbv°¬ cmPmhns‚ a[yÿXbn¬ kwL´\w

Ahkm\n∏n®p. 8000 cq] ASpØq¨ ]‰ns°m≠v kam[m\]cambn

klh¿ØnXzØn¬ Ignbmsa∂v ]g»ncmP kΩXn®p. Cu k‘n

Xm¬°menIambncp∂p. 1799¬ ho≠pw kwL´\ap≠mbn. B h¿jw

{iocwK]´WØpsh®p≠mb k‘n{]Imcw ae_mdn¬ Sn∏phn\p≠mbncp∂

ÿeßsf√mw {_n´ojpIm¿°v e`n®p. hb\mSv {_n´ojpIm¿°v

hn´psImSp°≥ ]g»n Xømdmbn√. {_n´ojpImcpambpff t]mcm´sØ ho≠pw

i‡ns∏SpØm≥ CXpImcWambn. Cu kw`h߃ Ncn{XØns‚

A\ph¿Ø\amWv.

227

]g»nt]mcm´sØ Gsd klmbn®ncp∂hcn¬ {][m\nbmWv

FΩ≥\mb¿. i‡amb IYm]m{Xambn Ct±lw Ne®n{XØn¬

IS∂phcp∂p≠v. ]g»n∏SbmfnIƒ°mbpff `£Wkm[\ßfpw

a‰mhiy߃°mbpff kmºØnIklmbhpw FΩ≥ \mbcmWv sNøp∂Xv.

Ncn{XtØmSv kXyk‘X ]pe¿Øp∂ IYm]m{XmhnjvImcamWv Ne-®n-

{X-Øn¬ \n¿hln®ncn°p∂Xv. Iº\nbpambn tN¿∂p\n¬°p∂XmWv F∂

tXm∂¬ Ahcn¬ krjvSn®psIm≠v ]g»nXºpcms\ klmbn°pIbmWv

FΩ≥ sNbvXsX∂v ]g»nkactcJIƒ F∂ {KŸØn¬ sI. sI.

F≥. Ipdp∏v kqNn∏n°p∂p≠v. CØcsamcp ]cma¿iw ssItXcnAºphns‚

hm°pIfneqsS hy‡amIp∂p.

]g»nkacßfn¬ am∏nfam¿ sNbvX klmb߃ Ncn{XØn¬

{it≤bamWv. ]\acw tIm´bpsS B{IaWkabØpw a‰p t]mcm´ßfnepw

ap…ow]SbmfnIƒ ]g»nbv°v klmbØns\Øp∂p. Ne®n{XØn¬

C°mcy߃ AhXcn∏n®n´p≠v. P\d¬ Ãph¿´ns‚ Iognepff t_mws_

ssk\yhpambn G‰pap´n kZmko¿ F∂ ÿeØph®v Sn∏pkp¬Øm≥ 1799

sabv 4\v hocarXyp hcn®p. Ne®n{XØn¬ Sn∏phns‚ t]mcm´sØ°pdn®pw

At±lØns‚ acWsØ°pdn®pw FΩ≥\mbcpsS hm°pIfneqsS

]cma¿in°p∂p. hb\m´n¬ Hfnt∏mcp\SØp∂ ]g»nsbtØSn

Iº\nssk\yw \oßptºmƒ shSnacp∂ps]´nbpw Ccpºp≠bpw a‰pw

hln®psIm≠v Iqen°msc IqsS Iq´nbncp∂p. F∂m¬ ]g»ntbmSv

A\p`mhap≠mbncp∂ Iqen°m¿ NpatSmSpIqSn hgnsX‰nb `mhØn¬

IS∂pIfbp∂p. Ne-®n-{X-Ønse Cu cwK-߃°v Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]n≥_--e-ap-≠v.

Xn≠na¬, aWØ\, am\tØcn F∂o {]tZi߃ Iº\n

B{Ian®hbn¬ {][m\amWv. Ahsb°pdn®pw Ne®n{XØn¬

{]Xn]mZn°p∂p. Ipdp{º\mSns‚ AhIminbmb hoch¿Ωbv°v

228

tIm´bØn\hImians√∂pw hoch¿ΩbpsS acpaI≥Xs∂bmb

chnh¿Ωbv°v `cWw \¬Ip∂Xnt\mSv kΩXamsW∂pw ImWn®psIm≠v

]g»n k‘n°pff Hcp \n_‘\ Nnd°¬ cmPmhns\ Adnbn®p

CXns\°pdn®pw Ne®n{Xw ]dbp∂p. {_n´ojpIm¿ ]g»n ASßp∂

Iem]ImcnIsf ASn®a¿Øp∂Xn\mbn \ncmbp[oIcWw \SØp∂p≠v.

Ne®n{XØnepw Cu kw`hsØ AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

A\p-h¿Ø-\-Ønse Ncn-{X-]-c-ambam‰ßƒ

Ncn{XØn¬ Imcyamb hyXymk߃ hcpØmsXbmWv tIcfh¿a

]g»ncmP \n¿Ωn®Xv. Xebv°¬ N¥phns‚ acWw \mSIobamb Nne

cwKßtfmSv tN¿ØmWv Ne®n{XØn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv. N¥p

\ncmbp[\mbn \n¬°ptºmƒ B{Ian®v _‘\ÿ\m°n ]ckyambn

Xq°nte‰pIbmWv. ]g»ncmPmhv shSntb‰p acn°p∂XmbmWv

Ne®n{XØn¬. Cu c≠v cwKßfpambn _‘s∏ v́ Nne A`n{]mb`n∂XIƒ

Db¿∂p h∂ncp∂p. 19/10/2009¬ IpdnNy hnIk\kanXn \SØnb

]{XktΩf\Øn¬ ]g»nbpsSbpw Xebv°¬ N¥phns‚bpw

acWcwKNn{XoIcWtØmSv Dff hntbmPn∏v {]ISam°p∂p≠v.

IpdnNy¿°nSbnse [oc\mb t\XmhmWv Xebv°¬ N¥p, Bcm[\

]pcpj\mWv ]g»ncmP. AhcpsS \mbI∑mcpsS \nμyamb acWsØ

Dƒs°mffm\pff ssha\kyamWv CØcw hnizmk߃°p ]n∂n¬.

CXns‚ kmwKXyw F{XtØmfw BWv F∂Xns\°pdn®v N¿®Iƒ

\S°Ww.

]g»nbpsS acWtijw At±lØns‚ ]Xv\nsbbpw

]cnNmcnIamscbpw _‘\Ønem°pIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. Ne®n{XØn¬

CØcsamcp ]cma¿iw ImWp∂tXbn√. ]g»nbpsS acWtijw Iº\n

229

Dt±ymKÿ¿ ]√°n¬ ]g»nbpsS arXtZlw sIm≠pt]mIp∂p. am°hpw

arXtZlØn\cnInencn°p∂p. CtXmsS Ne®n{Xw Ahkm\n°pIbmWv.

Ne®n{XØns‚ P\IobXbv°pw, hn]W\ km[yXbv°pw th≠n

Xmcaqeyapff \S∑msc tI{μIYm]m{Xambn sXcs™Sp°mdp≠v. \√

Dbchpw, XnI™ AImchSnhpw, apJtXP papff \mbI\mWv ]g»nbmbn

\ap°pap∂nseØp∂Xv. "Iº\n DtZymKÿ\mb hm´¿ Cuh¿ ]g»nsb

Ipdnba\pjy\mbmWv BIrXns∏SpØp∂Xv'70.

HcpImeØv {_n´ojvIm¿s°m∏w \n∂v Sn∏phns\ FXn¿Ø ]g»n

]n¬°meØv {_n´ojvImcpsS i{Xphmbn Xo¿∂p. B kmlNcyØn¬

Sn∏phpambn At±lw k‘nsNøp∂ kμ¿`ßsf Ncn{X{KŸßƒ

tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. CØcØn¬ Dff k‘nsNøens\°pdn®v

Ne®n{XØn¬ ]cma¿in°p∂n√. as‰mcp cmPysØ `cWm[nImcntbmSv

kz¥w cmPyØns‚ c£bv°v klmba`y¿∞n°pI F∂Xv ]g»nbpsS

\mbI]Zhnbv°v aßte¬°pw F∂pffXn\m¬ AXns\ a\:]q¿hw

Hgnhm°nbXmWv.

Ne®n{XØnse Iev]nXmwi߃

Ncn{XtØmSv Atßb‰w \oXn]pe¿Ønb Nn{XamWv tIcfh¿Ω

]g»ncmP. Ncn{Xw Ne®n{X `mjbnte°v amdptºmƒ Imev]\nIXbv°pw,

`mh\bv°pw ÿm\w D≠mIp∂p. Ne®n{XØns‚ kuμycymwisØ

\ne\n¿Øp∂Xn\mbn \nch[n cwKßsf Ne®n{XImc≥

Bhnjv°cn°p∂p. am°hpw ]g»nbpambn tN¿∂p≈ cwK߃ Gsdbpw

AhcpsS hy‡nPohnXw kw_‘n® hnjbßfmWv {]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv.

CØcw ko\pIfnse√mw Iev]nXmwi߃ Gsdbp≠v. Xebv°¬ N¥p

hnhmlw Ign°p∂ \oen, AhfpsS {_n´ojv ]´mfØns\Xnscbp≈ t]mcm´w,

230

N¥phpw \oenbpambp≈ hnhmlw, Abmsf _‘\ÿ\m°m≥

{_n´oj[nImcnIƒ aq∏\pambn tN¿∂v \SØp∂ NXn, F∂nhsb√mw

Ne®n{XImcs‚ I¬∏nX krjvSnIfmWv.

am°Øns\ Gsd {it≤bam°p∂ Hcp cwKap≠v. Ahsc ImWms\

Øp∂ ]g»nsb Iº\n∏´mfw hfbp∂p. \ncmbp[\mbn\n¬°p∂ ]g»n°v

sh≈w \¬Ims\∂ hymtP\ XfnIbn¬ NpcnI XncpIn am°w ]g»nbv°v

\¬Ip∂p≠v. bYmkabw Ah¿ bp‡n]q¿Δw {]h¿Øn®Xpaqew

sh≈∏´mfØn¬ \n∂pw ]g»n°v c£s∏Sm≥ km[n®p. Cu ko\neqsS

am°w F∂ IYm]m{Xw P\a\ pIfnte°v {]thin°p∂p. apf¥≠nse

kwKoXwtI v́ ]S»n∏Ssbmcp°nb hebn¬ Ipcpßnb Akn v IfIvS¿

_m_dpsSbpw, ]Xv\nbpsSbpw AhÿIƒ Atßb‰w bmYm¿∞ytØmsS

AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. FXncmfnIsf ssIsøØpw ZqcØv \ncmbp[cmbn

I≠n´pw AXnYn tZthm`h F∂ Z¿i\Ønepd®v, XnI™ BNmcy

acymZItfmsS k¬°cn®v XncnsI \m´nseØn°p∂p≠v. _m_dpsSbpw

Iº\n ]´mfØns‚bpw {IqcXI≠v Abmsf Dt]£n®pt]mcp∂

]Xv\nsbbpw Nn{XØn¬ ImWmw. F√m A¿∞Ønepw t{ijvT\mb

P\\mbI\mWv ]g»n F∂v t{]£I¿°v [mcW e`n°m≥ ]mI-Øn¬

\nch[n cwKßsf Nn{XØn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v.

kmt¶XnIX ˛ tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmPbn¬

kmt¶XnIamb \nch[n LSIßfpsS bp‡n]camb CgpInt®cemWv

Ne®n{XIebv°v kuμcyXew {]Zm\wsNøp∂Xv. Ne®n{XcwKw kmt¶Xn

Iambn hnIkn® ImeL´Øn¬ D≠mb Ne®n{XamWv tIcfh¿a ]g»ncmP.

\m´pcmPyßfpsS Ncn{Xw A\ph¿Øn®v Ne®n{Xambhbn¬ kmt¶XnI

ta∑ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ AhImis∏Smhp∂ Nn{Xhpw CXp Xs∂bmWv.

231

Ne®n{Xw ZriyßfneqsSbmWv BibkwthZ\w \n¿Δln°p∂Xv.

F∂m¬ Bi-b-ßsf ZriyßfneqsS Nn{XoIcn®XpsIm≠pam{Xw

Ne®n{XamIp∂n√..Nn{XoIcn® Zriyßsf bYm{Iaw kwtbmPn∏n°p

tºmgmWv AXv Ne®n{XØns‚ [¿Ωw \n¿Δln°m≥ ]mIØn¬

BIp∂Xv. Iymadbn¬ ]Xn™ Zriyßsf kuμcymflIambn

kwtbmPn∏n°m≥ ZriykwtbmPI\v Ign™n´p≠v. Ne®n{XKXn°v

IrXyamb Hgp°v e`n°m≥ CXv klmbn®n´p≠v. Ne®n{XØnse kp{][m\

LSIamWv Iymad. Aibßsf BkzmZIcntes°Øn°m≥ IymadbpsS

Ne\߃°p≈ Ignhv Gsd BWv. hnZqcZriy߃ BibØn\pw

a[yaZriy߃ hy‡n°pw, kao] Zriy߃ `mhØn\pw {]m[m\yw

\¬Ip∂p.kμ¿`m\pkcWw hyXykvXXeØn¬ tjm´pIsf

D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p. Ne®n{XØnse ]g»ncmPmbpsS IS∂phchv Xs∂

CXn\pZmlcWamWv. hnZqcXbn¬ \n∂pw aßnbcq]w {ItaW

ASpØphcnIbpw kao]Øv sImfpØnbncn°p∂ hnf°ns‚ Zo]vXnbn¬

\mbIs‚ apJw sXfn™pImWpIbpw sNøp∂p. Ncn{X]pcpjs‚

IS∂phchv aoUnbw tjm´neqsSbmWv AhXcn®ncn°p∂Xv.

FSt®\Ip¶\pw ]g»nbpambn Bbp[]cnioe\w \SØptºmƒ

t]mcm´hocyw Im´p∂Xn\mbn ]g»ncmPmbpsS IÆpIƒ t¢mkv tjm´n¬

ImWn°p∂p. Iº\nbpw ]g»n∏Sbpambp≈ t]mcm´Øn¬ temMvtjm´ns\

D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂ \nch[n kμ¿`ßfp≠v. Ahbn¬ G‰hpw

at\mlcambh ImSpw ImSns‚ ]›mØehpamWv. ImSns‚ h\yamb

kuμcysØ Iymadbn¬ AXnat\mlcambn ]I¿Ønbncn°p∂p.

IpdnNy∏S h≈n∏S¿∏pIfn¬ Xqßnbpw acßfpsS Nn√Iƒ°nSbnsemfn®pw

\SØp∂ Hfnt∏mcpIsf ]I¿Øp∂Xn\mbn IymadbpsS

hnhn[sSIv\n°pIƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØn. ImSpw achpw \oemImihpw

232

aeIfpw \o¿®mepIfpw ]etjm´pIfpsSbpw ]›mØeØn¬ hcp∂p≠v.

]g»n Iº\n ]´mfhpambn bp≤w sNøp∂ cwKØn¬ c≠p]´mf°mcpsS

]cnNbn¬ Nhn´n At±lw Dbcp∂ Zriyw Gsd at\mlcambn

AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p.

N¥phns\ Xq°nte‰p∂ kmlNcysØ Iymad Zriy`mjbneqsS

AhXcn∏n°p∂p. IdpØncp≠ Im¿taL߃ sh≈taL߃°p

apIfneqsS {]thin®v I\Øagbmbn]Xn°p∂p. km{amPyXzØns‚bpw,

A\oXnbpsSbpw ASbmfambn IdpØtaLßsf hmbns®Sp°mhp∂XmWv.

FSt®\Ip¶s‚ acWhpw Ne®n{XØnse {it≤bambtjm´pIfneqsSbmWv

AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂Xv. ]gbhoSs\ sIm∂tijw IØnbpw, apJhpw

IgpIp∂ Ip¶≥ sh≈Øn¬ ImWp∂ Nph∏p v \ndØnep≈

Ahy‡cq]ØnepsSbmWv X\n°pNp‰pw Iº\n]´mfw \nebpd∏n® hnhcw

Adnbp∂Xv. PemibØns‚ AeIƒ°nSbneqsS sXfnbp∂

Nph∂hkv{X[mcnIfmb sh≈∏´mfØns‚ cq]w AXnat\mlcamb

cwKamWv. AXn\ptijw Xebpb¿Øp∂ Ip¶s‚ apJw- kao-]-Zr-iy-ambn

sXfnbptºmƒ apJØv \ndtXm°pIƒ D∂whbv°p∂Xns‚ {]Imiw

an∂p∂p. A[n\nthiØn\p IogSßm≥ Iq´m°mØ hoc\mb t]mcmfnbpsS

`mhw Cu tjm´neqsS hy‡w. aÆns‚ AhIminIƒ Bsc∂v Fs‚

tNmcsIm≠v Ipdn®nSWw F∂ ]g»nhm°pIsf A\z¿∞am°pw hn[Øn¬

]g»n shSntb‰phogptºmƒ amdn¬\n∂pw c‡w ]p¬ØInSnbnte°v

HgpIp∂ cwKhpw {it≤bamWv.

]g»nbpsS acWtijw am°hpw Iq´cpw t]mcm´aÆntes°Øptºmƒ

hnZqcXbn¬ \n¬°p∂ sh≈IpXncsb am{XamWv ImWp∂Xv.

]g»ns°m∏w Ft∏mgpap≠mbncp∂ IpXncbpsS X\n®p≈ \n¬∏v

233

At±lØns‚ \jvSsØbmWv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. ZriyÿeIme ss\c¥cyw

kn\nabv° A\nhmcyamWv. Ne®n{XhnjvIcWØn¬ ÿeØn\v Gsd

{]m[m\yap≠v. {^bnan\p≈n¬ ImWn°p∂ ÿeØn\v Ne®n{XIY

bpambpw kw`hßfpambpw _‘ap≠m bncn°Ww. IrXyambn Bibw

cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn\mbn Ne®n{XImc≥ Hmtcm {^bnanepw t_m[]q¿Δw

]e LSIßsfbpw Dƒs∏SpØp∂p. ]g»n\bn°p∂ Hfnt∏mcns\

i‡am°n \ne\n¿ØnbXv ImSns‚ h\yXbpw `qanimkv{X]camb

ÿeØns‚ {]tXyIXbpamWv. hm°pIƒsIm≠v hnhcn°p∂Xnt\°mƒ

at\mlcambn Ahsb IymadbneqsS Bhnjv°cn°m≥ Ne®n{XØn\v

Ign™p.

tZi߃°pw `mjIƒ°pw AXoXamWv kwKoXw. kwKoXØn\v

Ne®n{XØn¬ {]m[m\yw D≠v. ZriytØmsSm∏w i_vZw Ne®n{XØn¬

hcptºmƒ AXn\v ]pXnb A¿∞Xeßfp≠mIp∂p. ]›mØekwKoXw

i_vZk∂nthiw F∂nhbm¬ {it≤bamWv tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmP.

km{amPyi‡nIƒ IS∂phcptºmƒ F√mw A[nImcØns‚bpw

A[n\nthiØns‚bpw i_vZw Ne®n{XØn¬ BhnjvIcn®ncn°p∂p.

\nch[nt]mcm´ßfpw Ne®n{XØn¬ D≠v. hmfpIƒ Iq´nbpckp∂ i_vZw

Ddbn¬ \n∂v hmfqcp∂ i_vZw, IpXnc°pfºSnIfpsS i_vZw F∂nh

bmYm¿Yy {]XoXn P\n∏n°p∂ hn[Øn¬ AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. ImSv

{^bnan¬ hcp∂ Ahkcßfnse√mw AhnSpsØ t\cnb i_vZßsft∏mepw

AhXcn∏n°phm≥ {i≤n®n´p≠v.

{]IrXni_vZßsf th≠nSßfnse√mw DNnXambn

k∂nthin∏n®ncn°p∂p. \oenbpw Xebv°¬ N¥phpw awKeyw Ign™v

t£{XZ¿i\Øn\mbn t]mIptºmƒ \mS≥]m´ns‚ a´nep≈ Hcp ]›mØe

kwKoXw Dbcp∂p≠v. Ne®n{XØns‚ NSpeamb KXnsb \nb{¥n°p∂

234

]›mØekwKoXw Ne®n{XsØ IqSpX¬ BkzmZyIcam°p∂p.

Km\ßsfbpw DNnXamb kmlNcyØn¬ AhXcn∏n®ncn °p∂p.

Ne®n{XImc\v Bibhy‡X°v D]tbmKn°mhp∂ kt¶XßfmWv

Ia‚dn, ssS‰n¬ F∂nh. tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmP XpSßp∂pXpXs∂

Ne®n{XØn¬ AhXcn ∏n®ncn°p∂p Ncn{Xkw`hßsf°pdn®v

kqN\\¬Ip∂ hnh-c-WtØmsSbmWv. ImeL´w hy‡am°p∂Xn\mbn

h¿jw FgpXnImWn°p∂pap≠v. \o≠Imew \ne\n∂ ]g»nkacØnse

GtXXp`mKßfmWv Ne®n{XØn\p hnjbambsX∂v CXneqsS hy‡ambn

a\ nem°mw.

aebmfnØØns‚ ]p\:krjvSn°embn ]e LSIßsfbpw

tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmPbn¬ ImWmw. IYm]m{XßfpsS thjwXs∂

DZmlcWamWv. ]g»n, am°w, FSt®\Ip¶≥, tIm¬°m¿,

]g»n]SbmfnIƒ XpSßnbhcpsS F√mw thjw bp‡nt_m[tØmsS

ssIImcyw sNbvXncn°p∂p. Xºpcm´nbpsS thjhpw ̀ mhhpw B`cWßfpw

Fßs\bmbncn°Wsa∂ Aht_m[w Ne®n{Xw \ap°v Xcp∂p. CXv

kXyambns°m≈Wsa∂n√. IpdnNy¿ AS°ap≈ Im´phmknIfmb

P\hn`mK߃ as‰mcpXcØn¬ thjhn[m\w sNbvXncn°p∂p.

F√mkuIcyßtfmSpw IqSnb tImhneI߃ A∂p≠mbncp∂n√

F∂XmWv hmkvXhw. B[p\nIcoXnbn¬ kuIcyßfp≈ tImhneI

ßfmWv Ne®n{XØn¬ IS∂phcp∂Xv. AtXkabw Hfnhn¬ Xmakn°p∂

ImeL´sØ AhXcn∏n°ptºmƒ ]p√pw apfbpwsIm≠p≈ IpSnepIfmWv

s{^bnan¬ sXfnbp∂Xv.

]g»nbpsS AΩmh\mb hoch¿Ωsb AhXcn∏n°ptºmƒ

tImfmºnbpw Npa∂v\n¬°p∂ klmbnbpw shddnebn¬ NpÆmºp tX®p

\¬Ip∂ tkhI\pw {^bnan¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂p. apdp°m≥ sN√w,

235

tImfmºn, F∂nhsb√mw BVyXzØns‚ ASbmfßfmsW∂p ImWmw.

]√°v a¨]m{X߃, XSnsIm≠p≈ hneßv, Hm´v ]m{X߃ Imfh≠n

F∂nhsb√mw Ne®n{XØn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. ]gbImeØns‚

]p\:krjvSn°p th≠nbmWv Chsb√mw Bhnjv°cn°p∂Xv. tIcfob¿

Hmebpw \mcmbhpw sIms≠gpXptºmƒ Iº\n Dt±ymKÿ¿ Xqhen¬

ajnap°n FgpXp∂p. `qXImesØ h¿Øam\ ImeØn¬ ]p\:

krjvSn°p∂Xn¬ kwhn[mbI≥ \s√mcp iXam\hpw hnPbn®n´p≠v.

\ndßfpsS hn\ymkhpw Ne®n{XØn¬ {i≤nt°≠XmWv. Nn{XØnse Gsd

BI¿jIhpw, `oIchpamb cwKßfn¬ H∂mWv ]\acw tIm´bpsS

B{IaWw. \oeshfn®ØnemWv Cu cwK߃ apgph≥ Nn{XoIcn®ncn

°p∂Xv. ]g»ncmPmhns‚ Ne®n{X Bcw`Ønep≈ IS∂phchpw

\ndhn\ymkw sIm≠v at\mlcambncn°p∂p.

{]IrXnsb Ft∂mWw {]IrXn {]Xn`mktØbpw at\mlcamb Zriy

˛ i_vZhn\ymktØmsS Ne®n{XØn¬ AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. Kuchtadnb

]e tjm´pIƒ°pw ag ]›mØeamWv. Iº\n∏´mfw ]g»nbpsS

HfnØmhfw B{Ian°pIbpw ssItXcn Aºp acWs∏SpIbpw sNøp∂

kmlNcyØn¬ ag i‡ambn IS∂phcp∂p. agbpsS Xmfw tjm´pIsf

IqSpX¬ kpμcam°p∂p. ]´mfw hcp∂ hnhcw ssItXcn Aºp

]g»nXºpcmt\mSv ]dbp∂ cwKØn¬ agbpsS i_vZsØ AXnPohn®p

sIm≠mWv Dds° hnfn®v Adnbn®ncn°p∂Xv. CuÃn¥ymIº\nbpsS

]mdn∏d°p∂ sImSnbmWv Ne®n{Xmcw`Øn¬ ImWp∂Xv. km{amPyXz

i‡nIfpsS A[nImc Nn”amWXv. ]\acw tIm´ ]g»n∏S XI¿Øp

Ifbptºmƒ AXns‚ ap∂n¬\n∂v IØnba¿∂v \news]mØp∂

Iº\nbpsS sImSn aoUnbw tjm´n¬ ImWn°p∂p. km{amPyXzi‡nIfpsS

]X\Øns‚ kqN\bmWnXv.

236

tZiobsFIyw ]p\:ÿm]n°p∂Xns\m∏w ]cºcmKXamb Nne

hnizmkßsf kwc£n°m\pw \ne\n¿Øm\pw ]g»nXºpcm≥

{ian®ncp∂p. AXn\v \nch[n cwK߃ Ne®n{XØn¬ ImWm≥ km[n°pw.

Iepjab kmlNcyßfnepw hnizmkØns‚ `mKamb BNmcßsf

\ne\n¿Øm≥ ]g»nbpw Iq´cpw {i≤n®ncp∂Xmbn ImWmw. Hfnt∏mcp

\SØp∂ kmlNcyßfn¬t∏mepw ]g»n kqcy\akv°mcw sNøp∂

cwK߃ D≠v. Ne®n{XØn¬ Bh¿Øn°p∂ cwKamWnXv. ]g»nXºpcms‚

t£{XZ¿i\hpw Bcm[\bpw At±lØnse ssZhhnizmksØ

{]ISam°p∂p. ImSpIfn¬ Hfn®pXmakn°p∂ kabØpw am°w

tZhnhn{Klhpw DShmfpw IqsSIq´p∂p≠v. N¥p, \oen F∂nhcpsS

t£{XZ¿i\hpw shfn®w hoip∂Xv `mcXobamb Nne hnizmkßfpsS

kzm[o\Øntebv°mWv. H∏w Ahsb kwc£nt°≠Xns‚ A\nhmcyX

bnte°pw.

IY]dbp∂Xn\∏pdw ZriyßfpsS s]menabv°v th≠nbmWv

kw`mjWsØ Ne®n{XØn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. IY]dbm≥

hnhn[am¿Kßfp≠v. IYm]m{X ßfpsS kw`mjWw AXnsemcp LSIamWv.

Ne®n{XØnse kw`mjWanXXzw {it≤bamWv. amXrtZitØmSp≈

`‡ymZc߃ shfnhm°p∂ \nch[n kw`mjW߃ D≠v. ""aÆns‚

AhIminIƒ Bsc∂v Fs‚ tNmcsIm≠v Idn®nSWw''. sh≈∏´mfØn\v

F√m klmbßfpw sNbvXpsImSp°p∂ IWmctat\m≥ ap∂n¬ hcptºƒ

""tæ—; ap∂n¬ \n∂v amdn\n¬°v''F∂mWv]g»n {]XnIcn°p∂Xv.

A±lØns‚ kw`mjWßfn¬ \nd™p\n¬°p∂Xv {_n´ojv

B[n]XytØmSp≈ ISpØ FXn¿∏pw amXr\mSns‚ tamN\Øn\mbp≈

A`nhmRvPbpamWv.

237

Ncn{Xkw`hßfnte°v kqN\\¬Im≥ ]mIØn¬ \nch[n

kw`mjW߃ Ne®n{XØn¬ Dƒt®¿∂ncn°p∂. ""ssakq¿∏S \mSv

B{Ian®t∏mƒ Hcp cmPIpamc≥ am{Xw ChnsS \n∂p. \nßfn∂v \mSv

`cn°p∂Xv AXpsIm≠mWv F∂v ad°≠''. IÆhØv\ºym¿ Iº\n

Dt±ymKÿtcmSv ]dbp∂XmWv Cu hm°pIƒ AXn¬\n∂pw ssakq¿∏Ssb

A{Ian°m≥ ]g»n {_n´ojvImsc klmbn®p F∂ kqN\ e`n°p∂p.

""\mSpkzX{¥amhWw \m´mNc߃ \ne\n¬°Ww AXn\pth≠nbmWv

ssakqdns\Xnsc Iº\nbpambn tN¿∂v bp≤w sNbvXXv'' F∂v

at‰mcpkμ¿`Øn¬ ]g»n ]dbp∂p≠v. Sn∏phns‚ ]Stbm´w Ign™v

Xcnimbn InS∂ \mSns\ DW¿Øm\mbn hnØpw hIbpw \¬InbXv

Xºpcm\msW∂v ssItXcnAºp Adn-bn-°p∂p. t]mcmfn F∂Xnt\°mƒ

Hcp P\t\Xmhv F∂ \nebn¬ ]g»nbpsS {]h¿ØnIƒ

t{]£Icn¬FØn°m≥ CØcw kw`mjW߃ klmbn°p∂p.

sItXcnbn¬ am°Øns\ \n¿Øn ]g»n Hfnt∏mcn\mbn t]mIptºmƒ

AhtcmSv C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p≠v. ""{_n´ojpIm¿ kv{XoIsf H∂pw sNøn√,

t]Snt°≠Xn√''. A[nImcØn\mbn F¥pw sNøp∂hcmsW¶nepw Ah¿°v

A¥ p≠v F∂v ]g»nbpsS hm°pIfneqsS t{]£I¿ Xncn®dnbp∂p. ]g»n

Xºpcm≥ \bn® t]mcm´ßfn¬ kPohambn \ne\n∂Xn¬ A[nIhpw

BZnhmkn hn`mKßfmWv. IpdnNy¿ XpSßnb hn`mK߃ Ne®n{XØn¬

{]m[m\ytØmsS IS∂phcp∂p. F∂m¬ ip≤aebmfØnemWv AhcpsS

kw`mjW߃. F√m-Ø-c-Øn-ep≈ t{]£-I¿°pw Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-

´mWv Ipdn-Ny-cpsS CS-bnse {]mtZ-in-I-`m-jsb Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-

ØmXncp-∂-Xv.

238

A\p-h¿Ø\Ne-®n{Xw F∂ \nebn¬ tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmP

km{amPyXz i‡nItfmSp≈ FXn¿∏mWv an° Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\

kn\naIfpw apt∂m´phbv°p∂ Bibw. Ncn{Xt_m[w s]mXpth Ipd™

Hcp XeapdbmWn∂p≈Xv. km[mcW°mcpsS kwthZ\Xeßsf thKØn¬

{]tNmZn∏n°m\p≈ A`qX]q¿Δamb IcpØv Ne®n{XØn\p≠v.

AØcØnep≈ Ne®n{X km[yX Ncn{Xt_m[w t{]£IcnseØn

°m\mbn D]tbmKs∏SptØ≠Xp≠v. 2009˛¬ ]pdØph∂ tIcfh¿Ω

]g»ncmP F∂ Nn{Xw B A¿∞Øn¬ {]k‡hpamWv. \m´pcmPyßfpsS

Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\hpambn _‘s∏´ hncenseÆmhp∂ Nn{Xßsf

aebmfØn¬ \n¿Ωn°s∏´n´p≈p. AXn`mhpIXzw XmcXtay\

Ne®n{XØn¬ IpdhmsW¶nepw Ne®n{XØnse I¬∏nXßfmb

]e`mKßfpw Dƒt®¿Øncn°p∂Xns‚ ]n∂n¬ {]Xy£amtbm,

A√msXtbm D≈ I®hS km[yXImWmw. DZmlcWØn\v am°Øns‚

IS∂phchv, am°apƒs∏Sp∂ Km\cwK߃, Xebv°¬ N¥phpw \oenbpw

tN¿∂p≈ cwK߃ F∂nhbnse√mw CØcw hn]Wnkm[yXIfp≠v.

Xo{hamb Hcp BibsØ P\kmam\yØnseØn°m≥ GsXmcp

kwhn[mbI≥ {ian°ptºmgpw Ne®n{XØnt‚Xmb Nne hn´phogvNIƒ

Abmƒ°v ]men°s∏tS≠Xmbn hcp∂p. ChnsSbpw AXpXs∂bmWv

kw`hn°p∂Xv. ]g»nbpsS hy‡nPohnXØnte°p≈ Ne®n{XImcs‚

{]bmWw AXmWv hy‡am°p∂Xv. "Hcp FgpØpImcs‚ `mh\

]g»ncmPbpsS IpSpw_m¥co£ Ønse PohnX \nanjßfnte°v

sIm≠phcphm≥ Ignbpw. B coXnbn¬ am{Xta FgpØpImcs‚ kzmX{¥yw

Rms\SpØn´p≈q'71 F∂v Xnc°Ym IrØmb Fw.Sn. hmktZh≥\mb¿

]dbp∂p.

239

Hcn°¬ krjvSn®Xns\tbm kw`hn®Xns\tbm ]p\xkrjvSn°pI

bmWv A\ph¿ØI≥ sNøp∂Xv. CØcw krjvSn \n¿hln°ptºmƒ

A\ph¿ØI\v AbmfpsS auenIamb kw`mh\Isf Bhnjv°cn°m≥

IgnbWw. kmt¶XnI Iebmb Ne®n{XØn¬ Iymad, ]›mØew,

]›mØekwKoXw, IYm]m{XßfpsS thjhn[m\߃ F∂nhbnse√mw

auenIXbpw bp‡n{ZXbpw D≠mhWw. 1700˛1800 Ifnse hnjbsØ

Zriyh¬°cn°ptºmƒ ]pXnb\q‰m≠ns‚ Nab°p´pIƒ Hcn°epw

tbmPn°n√. Ne®n{XØns‚ ]cmPbØn\pXs∂ AXv ImcWamtb°mw.

kn\nabn¬ kmt¶XnIamb hi߃ ]ecmWv ssIImcyw sNøp∂sX¶nepw

Ahsb btYmNnXw sXcs™SpØv Bhnjv°cnt°≠Xv kwhn[mbI\mWv.

tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmPbn¬ bp≤cwK߃ \nch[nbp≠v. hmfpIƒ Dckp∂

i_vZhpw, IpXncIpfºSnIfpsSbpw, _q´pIfpsSbpw i_vZ߃ \nc¥cambn

IS∂phcp∂p. aebmf kn\na kmt¶XnIambn Gsd Db¿∂p F∂v

\ap°`nam\n°m≥ ]mIØn¬ CØcw i_vZßsf bmYm¿∞y{]XoXn

tXm∂pwhn[w AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. ]›mØe kwKoXhpw {it≤bamWv.

\nßsf ImWm≥ Ignhp≈hcm°pI F∂XmWv Fs‚ ZuXyw F∂v Un.

Uªnbp {Kn^nØv ]dbp∂p. t{]£Isc ImWm≥ {]m]vXcm°sW¶n¬

Ne®n{Xw bmYm¿∞yt_m[w krjvSn°p∂XmhWw.

Ncn{Xt_m[w Gsd°psd \¬Im\pw AXnep]cn ]g»n F∂ Ncn{X

]pcpjs\ a\ nem°m\pw Cu Nn{Xw Gsd°psd hgnsbmcp°nbn´p≠v.

Imew amdp∂Xns\ Hm¿Ωs∏SpØpI F∂ hy‡n]cambn henb ZuXyw

Dƒs°mt≈≠hcmWv IemImc∑m¿ {]tXyIn®v Ne®n{XImc∑m¿. ImcWw

kn\na ]pXnb ImeØns‚ IebmWv. AØcØn¬ Hcp ZuXyw hfsc

`wKnbmbn tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmP F∂ Nn{XØneqsS Ne®n{XImc≥

\n¿hln®n´p≠v. "]g»ntbmSv A∂m´pIm¿°p≠mbncp∂ ]cnKW\bpw

240

BZchpw Bcm[\bpsS koatbmfw FØnbncp∂p. At±lØns‚

acWØn¬t∏mepw B at\m`mhw am™pt]mIp∂X√. ]g»ns°Xnsc

]S\bn® _m_dpsS hm°pIfmWnXv.'72 {_n´ojv B[n]XysØ C√mbva

sNøm≥ Ign™ns√¶nepw At±lØns‚ t]mcm´hocyw aebmf aÆn¬

hcpw Xeapdbv°v Bthiw sNmcn™p \n¬°p∂p. Imew ambv°mØ

i‡\mb t]mcmfnbmbn ]g»n \nesIm≈p∂p.

Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ønbmb CØcw kn\naIƒ°v F√m hn`mK°mcn

tebv°pw Ncn{XsØ {]kcWw sNøm\p≈ Ignhp≠v. AXn\v Ncn{X

]pcpjs‚ cq]LS\tbmS v kmZriyans√¶nepw Xmckm∂n≤yw

klmbamhpIbpw sNøp∂p. Xnc°YbpsS IcpØv Ne®n{XØns‚

hnPbØn\v ImcWamIpw F∂Xn\v DZmlcWamWv Cu Nn{Xw.

Ne®n{XØns‚ {]bmWØn\v A\pIqeambmWv Xnc°Y

\n¿hln®ncn°p∂Xv. IYm]m{XßfpsS `mhsshhn[yßfpw Ne\ßfpw

kn\nabpsS s]mXp`mhhpw h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn¬ Xnc°Y kp{][m\

]¶phln®ncn°p∂p. "Im´pPmXn°mcmbn am{Xw AhXcn∏n°mdp≈

BZnhmknIsf _p≤nbpw hnthIhpw t]mcm´hocyhpap≈ a\pjycmbn

AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. Xnc°Ym IrØns‚ a\pjykvt\l]camb kmaqly

t_m[Øn\pw Ncn{XtØmSv ]pe¿Ønb kXyk‘Xbv°pw sXfnhmWv

Cu kao]\w. Ne®n{XØn¬ {it≤bIYm]m{Xßfmbn Ch¿

IS∂phcp∂p.'73

Iº\nbpambn \nc¥cw t]mcmSn acn® ]g»nsb {_n´ojpIm¿ F√m

BZhpItfmSpw IqSnbmWv kwkvIcn°p∂Xv. Ncn{X]camb CØcw

hkvXpXIsf Kuchambpw kXyk‘ambpw Ne®n{XØn¬ A\ph¿Ø\w

sNbvXncn°p∂p. A¥ycwKØns‚ Nn{XoIcWØn¬ hneywtemKs‚

ae_m¿ am\zhense tcJs∏SpØepIƒ Xnc°YmIrØns\

241

klmbn®n´ps≠∂v hy‡w. ]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠nse tIcfhpw ChnSpsØ

kmaqlnI˛cmjv{Sob˛kmwkv°mcnI taJeIfpamWv Ne®n{XØn¬

Bhnjv°cn®ncn°p∂Xv. CXnse IYm]m{XßfpsS thjhn[m\ßsf

AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn¬ ]q¿ÆXbps≠∂v kΩXn°m≥ Ignbn√.

kmaqlnIambn ]e hn`mKØnep≈ P\hn`mKßsf Ne®n{XØn¬

AhXcn∏n°p∂p≠v. ]gbImesØ A\pkvacn∏n°pw hn[Øn¬

hkv{X[mcWw \n¿hln°m≥ {ian®n´p≠v. Ncn{X kXy߃°v tIm´w

X´msXbmWv Ahbv°v Ne®n{X`mjyw Na®Xv. Cu kmlNcyØn¬

thjhn[m\ßfpsS bp‡nsb°pdn®v Nn¥n°mXncn°p∂XmWv DØaw.

Ne®n{XØnse kv{Xo IYm]m{Xßfmb ssItXcn am°w, \oen

F∂nhcpsS thjw icocNe\߃ F∂nhbneqsS Iymad Nen°p∂Xv

Itºmfh¬IrX kaqlØnse Hcp hn`mKØns\ Xr]vXns∏SpØpI F∂

e£yw h®psIm≠mWv. ]g»nt]mcm´ßƒ°v {][m\ImcWambncp∂p

Ipdp{º\m´v cmPmhns‚ A[nImctamlw. Ne®n{Xmcw`Øn¬ hfsc

i‡amb IYm]m{Xambn IS∂phcp∂ hoch¿Ωsb ]n∂oS v

AhXcn∏n°p∂n√. "enJn-Xhpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb Ncn{Xhpw AXnse

\mbIXzßfpw B[p\nI P\{]nbam[yaamb kn\nabpw XΩnep≈

A`napJoIcWØn\pth≠n Xnc°YmIrØpw kwhn[mbI\pw a‰v

kmt¶XnI hnZKv[cpw \So\S∑mcpw {]ISn∏n®n´p≈ A¿∏Wt_m[w

kn\nabn¬ {]ISamWv. ' 74 F∂v \ncp]I\mb Pn.]n.cmaN{μ≥

hnebncpØp∂p.

N-e-®n-{X-Øn¬ bp≤-cw-K-߃ [mcm-f-ap≠v. AØcw cwKßsf

bmYm¿∞y {]XoXn tXm∂pwhn[w AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p., AXn\pth≠n

hb\mSns‚ {]IrXn kuμcyw D]tbmKs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. Cu

Ne®n{XØns‚ as‰mcp {]tXyIX CXn¬ lmkycwK߃ C√ F∂XmWv.

242

]g»n kacßsf hocyw H´pw \jvSs∏SpØmsXbmWv Nn{XoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv

F∂Xn\p sXfnhmWv CXnse lmkyØns‚ A`mhw. am∏nfhncp≤\mb

P\t\Xmhmbncp∂p ]g»n F∂ coXnbnep≈ Nne {]NcWßsfbpw

]cma¿ißsfbpw Ne®n{Xw \ncmIcn°p∂p ]g»nt∏mcm´Øns‚ \n¿Æmb

L´ßfn¬ am∏nfamcpsS kzm[o\sØbpw klmbsØbpw hniZambn

Nn{XoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXn´p≠v. Ncn{XØns‚ hfs®mSn°epIƒ°p≈

DØcambn CØcw cwK߃ ]cnWan°p∂p.

"Sn∏phns\ tXm¬∏n°p∂Xn\v Cw•ojpImcpsS Hcp AKWy

\m´pamSºnbpsS ]Zhnbn¬ A[zm\n®p\S∂bmfmWv ]g»nsb∂pw

Sn∏phns‚ tXm¬hn°ptijw hm°p{]Imcw sImSp°msat∂‰ ÿe߃

Xs‚ AΩmh\v sImSpØp F∂ ImcyØn\mWv ]g»n tZiobhnπhw

\SØp∂Xv. Cw•ojpImsc BZy¥w FXn¿Ø Sn∏phn\v e`nt°≠Xnepw

henb tZikvt\lnbpsS ]cnthjamWn∂v ]g»nbv°v e`n®n´p≈Xv'75. F∂

]n.sI. _meIrjvWs‚ hnebncpØp∂p. FgpXs∏´ Ncn{XtcJIfpsS

hmb\bn¬ bmZr›nIambn kw`hns®mcp ]nghns‚ {]Xn^e\amWv Cu

{]kvXmhw.

GXp IemkrjvSn°pw Ncn{XtØmSv Atßb‰w \oXn]pe¿Øm≥

Ignbn√. Hmtcm∂ns‚bpw kt¶Xßf\pkcn®v IemkrjvSn \SØptºmƒ

Nne hn´phogvN Iƒ°v hgtß≠nhcp∂p. Ncn{XØns‚ A\ph¿Ø\w F∂

\nebn¬ tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmP h≥hnPbambncp∂p F∂ \nKa\ØnemWv

FØm≥ IgnbpI. Ncn{Xm\ph¿Ø\ kn\naIƒ kwhn[m\w sNøptºmƒ

At±lw BcpsS ]£Øp\n∂v IY]dbp∂p F∂Xv {it≤bamWv.

kwhn[mbI≥ Hcp Ncn{XImc≥ IqSnbmbn amdp∂p. FgpXs∏´Xpw

A√mØXpamb Ncn{Xßsf inYneam°msX AXn\v Ne®n{X `m£yw

Nabv°m≥ Ne®n{XImc≥ {ian°Ww. tIcfh¿Ω]g»ncmP F∂ Ne®n{Xw

243

Ncn{XtØmSv \oXn]pe¿Ønbn´p≠v F∂pXs∂ ]dbmw. Ncn{XmwiØn\v

Imcyamb am‰ßƒ hcpØnbn´n√. kwhn[mbIs\m∏w Ncn{Xt_m[w

Ne®n{X{]h¿ØI¿°pw Ds≠∂p≈Xv Nn{XØns‚ hnPbØns\mcp

ImcWamWv. Ne®n{XØn¬ CSbv°nsS {]Xy£s∏Sp∂ _nw_ßfpw

{]XoIßfpw AXns‚ kuμcymwisØ Gsd Db¿Øp∂p≠v.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

245

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1 _me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿.-F≥, kzcm-Pym-̀ n-am\n AYhm thep-Ø-ºn-Z-f-h,

D≈q¿ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, 1956, ]pdw.5

2 A.-]p, ]pdw.6

3 A.-]p. ]pdw.10

4 i¶-c≥Ip-́ n-\m-b¿.-Sn.]n (k-ºm-Z-I≥) thep-Ø-ºn-Z-f-h,

tIc-f-̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, 2011]pdw 198˛199

5 A.-]p, ]pdw.202

6 tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.-sI, tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkv°m-cnI Ncn-{Xw,

tIc-f-̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, 1974, ]pdw 351

7 ssaem-Sn-bn¬ ]≈n-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw P\-ßsf …—-μ-ambn {InkvXym-

\n-I-fm°n aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ A\p-hmZw \¬Ip-hm≥

hnk-Ω-Xn-®-XmWv thep-Ø-ºnbpw tIW¬ sa°m-sfbpw XΩn-ep≈

kulr-X-_‘w hj-fm-Im-\p≈ Imc-Ww.

8 cmP-ø≥.-sI, Z£n-tW-¥y≥ Iem-]-߃, 1971, ]pdw 117˛118

9 tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.-sI, tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkv°m-cnI Ncn-{Xw,

tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, 1974, ]pdw 351

10 _me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿.-F≥, kzcm-Pym-̀ n-am\n AYhm thep-Ø-ºn-Z-f-h,

D≈q¿ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, 1956, ]pdw.133

11 cm{Sob tcJ-Iƒ, Zn√n B¿s°-hvkv, ]pdw 788˛97

12 _me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿.-F≥, kzcm-Pym-̀ n-am\n AYhm thep-Ø-ºn-Z-f-h,

D≈q¿ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, 1956, ]pdw.35

13 {io[-c≥ta-t\m≥.-F.(-s{]m-^.) tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw,

Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, 1967, ]pdw 318

14 tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.-sI, tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkv°m-cnI Ncn-{Xw,

tIc-f-̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, 1974, ]pdw 350

246

15 A.-]p. ]pdw 353

16 _me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿.-F≥, kzcm-Pym-̀ n-am\n AYhm thep-Ø-ºn-Z-f-h,

D≈q¿ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, 1956, ]pdw.132

17 kn_p tamS-bn¬(-tUm.) Ac-ßp-ap-X¬ A{ -̀]m-fn-h-sc,

tIc-f-̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq v́ 2011, ]pdw 58

18 A-Nyp-X-hm-cn-b¿.-F-kv(-s{]m-̂ ), tIc-f-kw-kv°m-cw,

tIc-f-̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, 2003, ]pdw 96

19 them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»-cn, k©m-cn-Ifpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw hmeyw 1,

Fkv.-]n.- kn.-F-kv, 1978, ]pdw 44

20 IrjvW-ø¿.-sI.-hn, tImgn-t°ms´ kmaq-Xn-cn-am¿, 1938, ]pdw 91˛120

21 hk-¥≥.-F-kv.-sI, \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ,

ae-bmf ]T\ Kth-jW tI{μw, 2006, ]pdw 190

22 \ºq-Xn-cn.-F≥.-Fw, kmaq-Xncn Ncn-{X-Ønse ImWm-∏p-d-߃,

h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, ]pdw 97

• A-Nyp-X-hm-cn-b¿.-F-kv(-s{]m-̂ ), tIc-f-kw-kvIm-cw,

tIc-f-̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, 2003, ]pdw 96

23 hk-¥≥ F-kv.-sI, \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ,

ae-bmf ]T\ Kth-jW tI{μw, 2006, ]pdw 191

24 \ºq-Xn-cn.-F≥.-Fw, kmaq-Xncn Ncn-{X-Ønse ImWm-∏p-d-߃,

h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, 1987, ]pdw 96˛97

25 IrjvW-ø¿ sI.-hn, tImgn-t°ms´ kmaq-Xn-cn-am¿, 1938, ]pdw 118

26 Xncp-am-‘mw-Ip∂v t£{X-kp-h-\o¿, 1938, ]pdw 21

27 \ºq-Xn-cn.-F≥.-Fw, kmaq-Xncn Ncn-{X-Ønse ImWm-∏p-d-߃,

h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, 1987, ]pdw 96˛97

28 tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ \Sp-h´w (tUm) tI-cfkwkvIm-cw,

tIc-f-bq-Wn-th-gvkn‰n ]T-\-k-lm-bn, A[ymbw 12, ]pdw 68

247

29 hk-¥≥.-F-kv.-sI, \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ,

ae-bmf]T\Kth-jWtI{μw, 2006, ]pdw 191

30 \ºq-Xn-cn.-F≥.-Fw, kmaq-Xncn Ncn-{X-Ønse ImWm-∏p-d-߃,

h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, 1987, ]pdw 101

31 A.-]p. ]pdw 100

32 A.-]p. ]pdw 105

33 IrjvW-ø¿.-sI.-hn, tImgn-t°ms´ kmaq-Xn-cn-am¿, 1938, ]pdw 334

34 ]Zva-\m-̀ -ta-t\m≥.-sI.-]n, sIm®n-cm-Py-N-cn-{Xw,

amXr-̀ qan _pIvkv, 1924, ]pdw 34˛41

35 \ºq-Xn-cn.-F≥.-Fw, kmaq-Xncn Ncn-{X-Ønse ImWm-∏p-d-߃,

h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, 1987, ]pdw 20

36 them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»-cn, tIcf Ncn-{X-]-T-\-߃,

Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1980, ]pdw 153

37 lnc-Wy-K¿ -̀w: kz¿ÆwsIm≠v aqSntbmSv IqSnb Hcp henb ]m{X-ap-≠m°n

]©-Khyw \nd®v cmPm-°-∑m¿ PmXn-t{ijvTXbp-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn AXn¬

Cdßnapßp-∂p. apßp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ DØa {_m“-W¿ Np‰pw\n∂v

thZw sNm√- Ww. Ipfn-I-gn-™m¬ B ]m{Xw thZ-a-{¥-߃ D®-cn-

°p∂ {_m“-W¿°v Zm\w sNøp-∂p.

38 ANyp-X≥ i¶¿.-F-kv, amXr-̀ pan hmcm-¥-∏-Xn-∏v, 2013 G{]n¬ 14 Rmb¿

39 a[p-tZ-h≥\m-b¿.-B¿(-tUm) k∂n-[m-\w, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tZhkzw

t_m¿Uv {]kn-≤o-I-cWw 2013, tabv ]pdw 54

40 Atim-I≥.-sI, kwKo-X-I-e-bnse {]Xn-̀ m-im-en, kzmXn-Xn-cp-∂mƒ,

{Ko≥_p-Ivkv,2009, ]pdw 27

41 A. ]p, ]pdw 50

42 lcn{io, kzmXnkvarXn-bn¬ - --kwKoXcmPm-¶-W-Øn¬ (te-J-\w),

2006 P\p-hcn 21, ]pdw 4

248

43 cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, hS-°pw-Iq¿, tIc-fobkwkvIr-X-km-lnXyNcn-{Xw,

aw-K-tfm-Zbw, 1962 hmeyw 4, ]pdw 87

44 ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿.-F-kv.D≈q¿, tIc-f-km-lnXyNcn-{Xw, hmeyw 1,

tIc-f-k¿Δ-I-em-im-e, 1972, ]pdw 127

45 Atim-I≥.sI kwKo-X-I-e-bnse {]Xn-̀ m-im-en, kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ,

{Ko≥_p-Ivkv, 2009, ]pdw 62

46 lcn-{io, amXr-̀ q-an-sXm-gn¬ hm¿Ø, 2006, P\p-hcn 21, ]pdw 8

47 a[p-tZ-h≥ \mb¿.-B¿ (tUm) k∂n-[m-\w, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tZhkzw

t_m¿Uv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-W, 2013, tabv, ]pdw 55

48 "H .H.Swathi Tirunal the Royal Composer and Poet of Travancore forms

theCentral figure among the musicians Composeres of whom we shall

have to speak. Around him we shall see a number of satalites of musical

fame shone with more or less brilliance'

49 Atim-I≥.-sI. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ, kwKo-X-I-e-bnse {]Xn-̀ m-im-en,

{Ko≥_p-Ivkv, 2009

50 cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, hS-°pw-Iq¿, tIc-fobkwkvIr-X- km-lnXyNcn-{Xw,

awK-tfm-Zbw, 1962 hmeyw 4, ]pdw.92

51 Nn∂-kzman apX-en-bm¿.F ˛ Oriemtal Music in European National (1892)

Iym]v‰¿ tU - Music and Musical Instruments of Southers India (1891)

52 IpapZw hmcn-I, 1982 sk]vXw-_¿ 23˛mw-Xo-bXn e°-Øn¬

53 A-Nyp-X-hm-cn-b¿.-F-kv(-s{]m-̂ ), tIc-f-kw-kv°m-cw,

tIc-f-̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, 2003, ]pdw 304

54 A.-]p˛ ]pdw 15

55 Ipdp∏v .sI.-sI.-F≥.(-tUm), ]g-»n-k-a-c-tc-J-Iƒ (]p-Xnb ]Xn-∏v)

am-Xr-̀ qan _pIvkv, 2008, Bap-Jw, ]pdw 13

56 A.-]p. ]pdw 31

249

57 A.-]p, ]pdw 35

58 hneyw-tem-K≥, ae-_m¿am-\z¬, (hnh: Sn.-hn.-Ir-jvW≥)

amXr-̀ qan _pIvkv 1985, ]pdw 15

59 tPm¨ Cw•ojv (e-̂ v‰-\‚ v) hb-\m-́ nse Xn≠n-a¬ F∂ ÿe-Øp-≠mb

t]mcm-́ -sØ-°p-dn®v locnkv (e-̂ v‰-\‚ v) F∂ DtZym-K-ÿ\v Ab®

IØnse `mKw

60 hn¬°n≥k¨ Iº-\n-tcJ (t^m.-s]m.-I.-\-º¿ 64, am¿®v 27) 1797

61 kvao, kvs]≥k¿°v, HIvtSm-_¿ 16, 1799

(t^m.-s].I \º¿ 44, Pq¨ 5, 1800)

62 tlmUvKv-k¨ Bdns‚ Ub-dn, ]pdw 64

63 Ipdp∏v sI.-sI.-F≥, ]g-»n-k-a-c-tc-J-Iƒ (]p-Xn-b-]-Xn-∏v)

amXr-̀ q-an-_p-Ivkv, 2008, ]pdw 137

64 tZim-bv.-F.-B¿ (F-Un-‰¿), C¥y≥ s]k‚ v A]vssd-kn-Mvkv,

ASn-°p-dn∏v 3, ]pdw 85˛126

65 ]Wn-°¿.-sI.-Fw, tIc-f-kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cw,

(]-cn-̀ mj:F≥.-tKm-]n-\m-Y≥\m-b¿) Fw.-F-kv.-_p°v Unt∏m, 1957, ]pdw536

66 sI.-sI.-F≥.-Ip-dp-∏v, ]g-»n-k-a-c-tc-J-Iƒ (]p-Xnb ]Xn-∏v)

amXr-̀ q-an-_p-Ivkv, 2008, ]pdw 133

67 Wellesley’s Letterm Cited inthe History of Freedom Moveent in Kerala,

Vol.1, Page-18

68 im¥-Ip-am¿ I√-º-ew, k¿ho-kvam-kn-I, ]g»ncmP˛ Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v Hcp

FØn-t\m-́ w, (te-J-\w) 2009, \hw-_¿15, ]pdw 12

69 {io[-c-ta-t\m≥.-F, tIcf Ncn-{Xw, Un.-kn.-_pIvkv 1967, ]pdw 317

70 cm[m-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.-F-kv, Ncn-{Xhpw Ne-®n-{Xhpw ̨ Zriy-̀ m-h-\-bpsS l¿j-

aq-ey-߃, tIc-f-̀ m-jmC≥Ãn-‰yq v́ 2010, ]pdw 83

71 hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿.-Fw.-Sn, Nn{X-̀ qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2009 Unkw-_¿, ]pdw 9

250

72 Babar’s Letter dated 31st Sep 1805, Malabar Vol. 1, [age 544

73 cma-N-{μ≥.-Pn.-]n, ]g-»n-cmP ˛ P\-{]nbXm-cq-]n-I-c-W-Øns‚ k¶o¿W-bp-

‡n-Iƒ (te-J-\w) tZim-̀ n-am-\n-hm-cn-I, 2009 HIvtSm-_¿, ]pdw 18

74 A.-]p, ]pdw 18

75 _me-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.-sI, PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-hpw,

Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2005, t]Pv 51.

D]kwlmcw