Preface and Contents - IT@School · AuTÙokR UÙQYoL˙[, GhPÙm YœlTıp Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPeL˚[Ÿm...

$: Preface and Contents - IT@School · AuTÙokR UÙQYoL˙[, GhPÙm YœlTıp Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPeL˚[Ÿm LtTßp BoYÍhP‹m, Lt\˚X G∞RÙdL‹m RLYp T¨UÙt\j ˘RÙØp÷hTm EeLﬁdœ ERÆVÙL$
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2011

Efl-ß- UÙØ

CkRıVÙ G]’ SÙ”. CkRıVo A˚]Y⁄m G]’ EPuTı\k˙RÙo.

G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E´¨‡m ˙UXÙL Ußd°˙\u. ARu Y[mYÙnkR TpY˚Ll TWmT˚Wl ◊LØp SÙu ˘T⁄˚U˘LÙs°˙\u.ARtœjRL SÙu Guflm SPk’˘LÙs˙Yu.

Gu Tt˙\Ùo, BNıÙıVo, Íj˙RÙo CYoL˚[ SÙu Suœ Ußl˙Tu.

GpXÙ⁄P‡m SÙu Ti◊Pu TZœ˙Yu. G]’ SÙh•≤PÿmSÙh” UdL∞Pÿm TdßŸPu C⁄l˙Tu G] Eflß ·fl°˙\u.AYoL∞u SXjß¤m Y[jß¤mRÙu G]’ CuTÿmAPe°´⁄d°\’.

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Prepared by :

IT@School ProjectPoojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-12, Keralafor State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala

Website : www.itschool.gov.in, www.scertkerala.gov.in

email : [email protected], [email protected]

Phone : 0471-2529800, 0471-2341883, Fax: 0471-2529810, 0471-2341869

Type setting : IT@School Project

Layout : IT@School Project

Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi

© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

AuTÙokR UÙQYoL˙[,

GhPÙm YœlTıp Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPeL˚[Ÿm LtTßpBoYÍhP‹m, Lt\˚X G∞RÙdL‹m RLYp TÜÙt\j˘RÙØp÷hTm EeLfidœ ERÆVÙL C⁄kß⁄dœ˙U, CkRY⁄Pm JuTRÙm Yœl©tLÙ] RLYp©ÜÙt\j RÙØp÷hT H”,TX TÙPeL˚[ LtL‹m, A’ ˘RÙPoTÙ]˘RÙPo˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœm L¶≤ Utflm C˚QVj˚RlTVuT”jRl T´t£V∞dœm Y˚L´p RVÙ¨dLlTh”s[’.

YœlT˚\´p øeLs Lt\p ˘NVpTÙPÙL ˘NnŸm˘LÙ[Ù˚`, ¥ml ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s TVuT”jß RVÙ¨jR¤m,Th•VpLs, NÙoh”Ls, A±d˚LLs TÙu\Yt˚\d L¶≤ú’˚QŸPu RVÙ¨jRp ˙TÙu\˚Y ClTÙPË≠p Es[].Y•YL¶R Y•YeL˚[ A˚Uj’ AYt±u —t\[‹, TWlT[‹˙TÙu\Yt˚\d LÙQp, Al˘Xh”Ls RVÙ¨jRp, C˚QVlTdLeLs RVÙ¨jRp, C˚QVl TdLjßp TÙPeL˚[f ˙Noj’AXeL¨jRp TÙu\˚YŸm Es[]. L¶≤ NVpTÙh”dœj˙R˚YVÙ] A•lT˚P ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄[Ù]CVdœÿ˚\˚U(Operating System) œ±j’m ARu A•lT˚Pf˘NVpTÙ”L˚[l Tt±Ÿm N¨VÙ] L⁄j’⁄YÙdœm˘NVpTÙ”Lfim CkË≠p Es[]. ˙Yß´Vp Yœl©pA±ÿLUÙ] BYojR] AhPY˚Q, A‘dL∞p GXdhPÙuA˚Ul◊, ˙Yß´Vp R≤UeL˚[ Jl©h”l TÙolTß≠⁄k’Lt\ TX L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm EflßT”j’m NVpTÙ”LfiPu TÙPm˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm Cßp ˘Nn’ U°ZXÙm.˘UÙØd LpÆ´p øeLs E⁄YÙd°V ß˚WdL˚R˚VlTVuT”jß ß˚WlTPm RVÙ¨dL‹m, ß˚W´”YRtœUÙ]T´t£Ÿm CkË≠¤s[]. TXY˚L •¥hPp Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄ÆL[Pe°V PhET ˙TÙu\ Bu˚Xu LpÆ˙TÙohPpL˚[Ÿm A±ÿLlT”jRXÙm. CYtflPu L¶≤◊˙WÙ°WÙ™u A•lT˚P˚V A±V‹m CkËp EeLfidœER‹m.

ClTÙPË≠p LÙ‘m NVpTÙ”Ls A˚]j˚RŸm EeLsTs∞ L¶≤ BnYLjß˙X˙V ˘Nn’TÙodL‹m.Cf˘NVpTÙ”Ls EeLs ˙UtLpÆdœ ™dL TV‡s[RÙLA˚UŸm GuT’ ßiQm.

Au◊ ®˚\kR YÙrj’LfiPu,

˙TWÙ£¨Vo. Gm. H. LÙRoCVdœ]o

Gv.£.Bo.•ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm.

Krishnan. M. PMaster TrainerIT@School Project, Malappuram

Pradeep Kumar MattaraMaster TrainerIT@School Project, Malappuram

Husainar MankadeMaster TrainerIT@School Project, Malappuram

Pramod K. vMaster TrainerIT@School Project, Kozhikode

Jayadevam. C.SMaster TrainerIT@School Project, Eranakulam

Sakhidaran. P. PMaster TrainerIT@School Project, Kannur

HariKumar. K.GHSA, SDPY KMHSEdavanad

Co- 0rdinatorT. A. Ravisankar

Academic Officer (ICT), IT@School Project

MembersBiju. C. PMulakkulam POPiravam

Sunil Prabhakar

‘Suprabha;, EzhikkaraNorth Paravoor, Eranakulam

V. K. AdarshManager(Technical)Union Bank of IndiaEranakulam

Joseph Antony

Dist. Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Eranakulam

Mohammed AslaamDist. Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Alappuzha

Rajesh. K. DMaster Trainer(Co-ordinator )IT@School Project, Kuttanad

Mohammed Abdul NazarMaster TrainerIT@School Project, Kozhikode

K. ShanavasMaster TrainerIT@School Project, Palakkad

Tamil Version G.N.Sudheer,HSA,KKMHS Vandithavalam,Palakkad.

A.Divakaran,HSA,BGHSS Vannamadai, Palakkad

M.Jayarajan,Dist. Co-ordinator,IT@School Project, Palakkad

ArtistE. Suresh

Cartoonist, Pallikara, Kozhikode

D.Anthoni Swamy,Sel.Gr.Lecturer (Rtd),

Govt. College, Chittur,Palakkad.

Information and Communication Technology

ChairmanK. Anwar SadathExecutive DirectorIT@School Project

RL-Yp T -UÙt\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm IX

N.Kirubanand,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Palakkad.

J.Dominic Savio,HSA,SFXHS,Parisakkal, Palakkad.

K.M.Dhanabagyam,HSA,BGHSS,Vannamadai, Palakkad.

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Lû[j Rk -Õ TôojÕ £\kRûR úRoÜ

ùNnVÜm?

TPe-Lû[ Lôu-Yô-£p CûQd-L-Xôm

´m-ûTj §\kÕTPe-L-°u ùTôÚj

RUô] TÏ-§-Lû[ ùWd-Pôe-¡s, Gl-¥d-Lp,

@lÃ ùNXd`u úTôu\ úRoÜ LÚ-®-Lû[l

TVu-T-Ój§ úRoÜ ùNn-Õ Lôu-Yô-£p Jh-¥l

Tôod-L-Üm. TX YûL-Vô] úRoÜ ùNn-Ùm

LÚ®-Lû[l TVu-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Õ Gq-Yô-ß? RWl-

ThÓs[ Lt-\p Ï±l-©u A¥l-T-ûP-«p

ùNVp-T-Ój-§l Tôod-L-Üm.

Lôh-£«u AÓd-Ï-Ls

Jh-PlThP TPj-ûRd LÚ-®l-Th-ûP-«Ûs[ Move LÚ®ûVl TVu-T-Ój§SLoj§l Tôod-L-Üm, TPjûR SLojR Ø¥-¡\Rô? TPj-§t-Ï ùY°-úV-Ùs[ Lôu-Yô-£pÑh-ùP-≠-ûVd ¡°d ùNn-R-©u-]o Ái-ÓmMove LÚ®-ûVl TVu-T-Ój-R-Üm. Cl-úTô-ÕGu] ¨Lrk-R -Õ? Move LÚ® TVu-TÓj§Ùm áP TPjûR SLojR CV-pY§pûX LôWQm Gu-]? RL-Yp-Ls, Ï±l-×-Ls CYt±u A¥l-T-ûP-«p LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-¥Ø¥-ùY-ÓdLÜm?


Á10

ùLô[ôµtLôL úNL-¬jR Aû]jÕ

TPe-L°àûP-V-Üm úRûY-Vô] TÏ§Lû[

Lôu-Yô-£p Jh-¥ CûQd-L-Üm. Jq-ùYôu-ßm

ùNn-Õ Ø¥jR ©u]o úNªdL U\k-Õ-®-Pô¾o.

LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp Ï±l-×-Ls

w CWi-Ó ùNVp-L -°-Ûm Move LÚ®

TVuTÓj§ TPe-Lû[ SLojR CVXô-R-Õ

GR-]ôp?

w Uôß-Rp-Ls Ht-T-PôR Øû\-«p AûY

Lôu-Yô-£p Jh-¥ CûQj-R-Rô-Xô?

w .........................................................

w .........................................................

w .........................................................

w .........................................................

w .........................................................

w .........................................................

ùLô[ô-µû] ùUÚ-áh-P-Xôm

JÚ Lôu-Yô-£p Be-LôeúL TPj-§u

£X TÏ-§-Lû[ ûYj-Rôp ùLô[ôx BLô-Õ.

TPj-§u Ï±©hP TÏ-§-Ls Lôu-Yô-£p R²j-

R-²-VôL Ap-Xô-Up AYtû\ JÚe¡-ûQjÕ

JúW TP-Uô-Lj úRôu-\f ùNnV úYi-Óm.

AÕ Gq-Yô-ß CV-Ûm? RWl-Th-Ós[ Lt-\p

Ï±l-©û] AX£ BWônk-Õ Lôu-Yô-£-Ûs[

TPj-§u TÏ-§-Ls JúW TP-Uô-Lj úRôu-\f

ùNn-Y-Rt-Lô] ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Lû[j §h-P-ª-Ó-L.

úRoÜ ùNn-Ùm LÚ-®-Ls

JÚ TPm ApXÕ AÓd¡àûPV JÚ Ï±l-©hP

TÏ-§ûVj úRoÜ ùNnV ER-ÜTûYúV úRoÜ ùNn-

Ùm LÚ-®-Ls. (T-Pm 1.5) £X úRoÜ ùNn-Ùm LÚ-®-

Lû[ Sôm ùR¬k-Õ-ùLôsúYôm.

ùWd-Pôe-¡s LÚ®

TPj-§-u JÚ Ï±l-©hP TÏ-§ûV NÕ-W-Y-¥-®p

úRoÜ ùNn-Y-Rt-Ï CkR LÚ® TVu-T-Ój-Rl-T-Ó-¡\Õ.

Tools → Selection Tools → Rectangle Select Gu\

Y¬-ûN-«p ¡°d ùNnúRô, LÚ-®l-ùTh-¥-«p

IL²p ¡°d ùNnúRô ùNVp-T-Ój-R-Xôm.

Gl-¥d-Lp LÚ®

TPjûR Yh-P-Y-¥-®-úXô, ¿s-YhP Y¥-®úXô úRoÜ

ùNn-Y-Rt-Ï Gl-¥d-Lp LÚ-®-ûVl TVu-T-Ój-R-Xôm.

Tools → Selection Tools → Ellipse select Gu\ Y¬-

ûN-«p ¡°d ùNn-úRô, LÚ-®l-ThûP-«-Ûs[

IL²p ¡°d ùNnúRô ùNVp-T-Ój-R-Xôm.

@©Ã ùNXd`u

CÕ SUd-Ï ®Úl-T -Uô] Y¥-Yj-§p TPjûRj úRoÜ ùNn-Vl TVu-T -Ó¡\Õ.

Tools → Selection Tools → Free Select Gu\ Y¬-ûN-«p ¡°d ùNn-úRô, CRû] LÚ-®l-

ùTh¥«p IL²p ¡°d ùNnúRô CRû]f ùNVp-T-Ój-R-Xôm.

TPm 1.5

Yi-Q-™œ EX-Lm

Á 11

A”d-œ-Ls (Layers)

´ml ùUu-ùTô-Ú-°u Ød-¡V £\l-×-

L°p Ju-\ô-Ïm AÓd-Ï-Ls (Layers).

R²j-R -²-Vô] CkR AÓd-Ï-Ls

Ju±u-Á-Õ Ju-\ôL Lôu-Yô-£p ûYd-

Ll-T-Ó-¡u\. úRoÜ ùNnR TPe-Ls

ApXÕ GÝj-ÕLû[ SLp GÓj-Õ

JhÓ-Y-RtÏ Øu-]ôp New Layer

Gu\ TÏ-§-«p ¡°d ùNn-V-Üm. (T-Pm

1.6). Al-úTô-Õ §\k-§-Úd-¡u\ Lôu-

Yô£u AúR A[ÜLs Es[ JÚ

AÓd-Ï úRôu-ß-¡-\-Õ. ùRôPok-Õ Edit

→ Paste Gu\ Y¬-ûN-«p ¡°d

ùNnÙm úTôÕ ØR- p SLp GÓjR

TPe-Ls, ApXÕ GÝj-Õd-Ls ×§V

AÓd-¡p Jh-Pl-T-Ó-¡u\].

TPm 1.6

˙YVo TXh

Lôu-Yô-£p Windows Gu\ ùUà®p

Dockable Dialogs → layers Gu\

Y¬ûN-«p ¡°d ùNn-Ùm-úTô-Õ §\kÕ-

Y-Ú-¡u\ layers (T-Pm 1.7) Gu\ EûW-

Vô-Pp ùTh-¥-«p Sôm AÕ-YûW EÚ-

Yôd-¡V GpXô AÓd-Ï-L-Þm úRôußm.

CeúL úRôu-ß-¡u\ Mode Gu\ TÏ-

§-«-Ûs[ Down Arrowþ®p ¡°d

ùNn-úRô, Opacity Gu\ TÏ§«Ûs[

vûXPûW SLoj§úVô AÓd-Ï-L°u

RuûU«p TX-YûLVô] Uôß-Rp-

Lû[ Ht-T -Ój-RXôm. C§p

LôQlTÓm Li-¦u TPj-§p ¡°d

ùNn-Rôp AÓd-¡û] Uû\dLÜm

ÁiÓm úRôtß®dLÜm ùNnVXôm.

TPm 1.7

TX-Y-ûL-Vô] Transform LÚ-®-Ls

TVu-T-Ój§ ùLô[ôµû] AZ-Lôd-¡-Éo-

Lú[? TX TPe-L-°u KWe-Lû[ LûW-Vf

ùNnÕ CûQj-Rôp CÕ JúW TP-UôL

úRôußúU? CRt-LôLd LÚ-®l ùTh-¥-«p

-IL-¦p ¡°d ùNn-Õ Tôod-L -Üm.

ØuYÏl©p A±ØLUô] Ïú[ôi LÚ®

TVu-T-Ój§ ùLô[ô-µû] úUÛm AZLôdLÜm.

vUhw L⁄Æ

úRoÜ ùNnR AÓd-¡p Es[

TPj§p Uôß-ThP ¨\e-Lû[d LûWj-Õ

CûQd-¡u\ JÚ ùT«uh LÚ®úV

BÏm vUhw. Tools → Paint Tools →Smudge Gu\ Y¬-ûN-«p ¡°d ùNn-Õ

vUhw LÚ-®-«û] ùNVp-T-Ój-R-Xôm.

LÚ®ûV ùNVp-T-Pf ùNnR ©u-]o úRoÜ

ùNnR TPj-§p ¡°d ùNn-V-Üm.


Á12

vùL-«p LÚ®

AÓd-Ï, úRoÜ ùNn-Vl-ThP TÏ-§, TPm

úTôu\ûY«u A[-®û] Uôt-ß-Y-Rt-Ï

´m-©p Es[ YN-§-úV vùL-«p LÚ®.

Lôu-Yô-£p Tools → Transform Tools →Scale Gu\ Y¬-ûN-«p ¡°d ùNnúRô

IL-¦p ¡°d ùNnúRô vùL-«p LÚ-

®-ûVf ùNVp-T-Ój-R-Xôm. vùL-«p LÚ-

®ûV ùNVp-T-Ój-§V ©u-]o Uôß-Rp

ùNnV úYi-¥V TPj-§úXô AÓd-¡úXô

¡°d ùNn-V-Üm. Al-úTô-Õ úRôu-ß-¡u\

EûW-Vô-Pp ùTh-¥-«p Width. Height úTôu\

TÏ-§-L-°p úRûY-Vô] Uôß-RûX Ht-T-Ój§

Scale Gu\ TÏ-§-«p ¡°d ùNn-V-Üm.

(TPm 1.9) RWl-ThP A[-®-û]l ùTôßj-Õ

TPj§u A[Ü Uôß-Th-P-Rô-Ld LôQ-Xôm.

ùWôh-úPh LÚ®

CÕ AÓd-Ï, úRoÜ ùNn-Vl-ThP TÏ§ TPm

úTôu-\-Ytû\j úRûY-Vô] Øû\-«p

NônYôL Uôt-ß-Y-Rt-Lô] LÚ® CÕ. Tools→Transform Tools → Rotate Gu\ Y¬ûN«p

¡°d ùNnúRô LÚ-®l-ùTh-¥-«p

IL-¦p ¡°d ùNnúRô ùWôh-úPh

LÚ®ûV ùNVp-T-Ój-R-Xôm. ùRôPok-Õ

Uôt\m ùNnV úYi-¥V TPm, AÓd-¡p

¡°d ùNn-V-Üm. Al-úTô-Õ úRôu-ß-¡u\

EûW-Vô-Pp ùTh-¥-«p Uôß-RûX Ht-T-Ój§

EûW-Vô-Pp ùTh-¥-«p Rotate Gu\

TÏ§«p ¡°d ùNn-V-Üm. (TPm 1. 10)

©°l LÚ®

JÚ TPjûR CP-Uô-L -Üm YX-Uô-L -Üm

Uôt±VûUl-T-Rt-Lô-]-Rô-Ïm ©°l LÚ®.

Tools → Transform → Flip Gu\ Y¬-ûN-«p

¡°d ùNnúRô LÚ-®l Th-ûP-«-Ûs[

IL¦p ¡°d ùNnúRô ©°l LÚ-®-ûVf

ùNVp-T-Ój-R-Xôm. ©°l LÚ-®-«p ¡°d

ùNnR ©u× GkR TPjûR ©°l ùNnV

úYi-ÓúUô A§p Ñh-ùP -≠ -Vôp ¡°d

ùNnV-Üm.

¥Wôuv@-Tôom LÚ®

TPe-L-°u AL-Xj-§-Ûm A[-®-Ûm Y¥-Y-

Uô-ß-Rp Ht-T-ÓjR ER-Ü-T-ûYúV ¥Wôuv@-

Tôom LÚ-®-Ls. Lôu-Yô-£p Tools ùUà-®p

¡°d ùNnúRô Ap-X-Õ LÚ-®l-ùTh-¥-«-

Ûs[ Ak-R LÚ-®-L-°u IL-¦p ¡°d

ùNnúRô ¥Wôuv@-Tôom LÚ-®-Lû[ (T-Pm

1. 8) ùNVp-T-Ój-R-Xôm.

TPm 1.8

TPm 1.9

TPm 1.10

Yi-Q-™œ EX-Lm

Á 13

¿e-Ls RVô-¬jR ùLô[ôû` TX-Y-ûL-

Vô] TPd-úLôl× Tôo-Uh-L-°p úNªj-Õ

AYt±t-Ï CûP-úV-Vô] úYß-TôhûP I.-¥.

Ï±l-úTh-¥p Ï±j-Õd ùLôs-L. YÏl-©p

RVô¬jR ùLô[ôxLû[l TVu-T-Ój§ I.¥.

Bn-Y-Lj -§p JÚ ¥´h-Pp ùLô[ôx

LiLôh£ SPj-R-Üm.

ùRôPo ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Ls

1. E«-¬-Vp TôPl-×j-R-Lj-§-Ûs[ E«o

TôÕLôl× Gu\ TôPl-T-Ï-§-«p UÕ-Tô-]m,

×ûL-©-¥j-Rp, Tôu-U-NôXô úTôu-\-ûY-

úRôt-ß-®d-Ïm EPp-¾ûULs, NØ-RôVl

©Wf£û]-Ls Ï±jR JÚ ùLô[ôû` ml

ùUu-ùTô-Ús TVu-T-Ój§j RVô-¬d-L-Üm.

2. CVt©Vp Gu\ ×j-R -Lj -§p AX-Ï

12-þû] A¥l-T-ûP-Vô-Ld ùLôi-Ó Lôo

T²u A§-NV EX-Lm Ï±j-Õ ´ml ùUu-

ùTô-Ús TVu-T-Ój§ úTôv-Po RVô-¬d-L-Üm.

3. 9þm YÏl©pA¥lTûPj Rªr TôPè≠p

á¥YôrkRôp Gu\ AX¡p LÚûQ

ùRôPoTô] LÚjÕLû[ ®[dÏm JÚ

úTôvPûW ´m©p RVô¬dLÜm,

4. úLW[ TiTôh¥u TuØLjRuûUûV

ùY°dLôhÓm JÚ ùLô[ôx RVô-¬d-L-Üm.


Á14

2 RL-Yp ßWh-P-¤m, Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-R-¤m

UôQ-Yo-L-°u EPp- SXm Ï±jÕEXL ÑLô-RôW AûUl× SPj-§V JÚ Bn-ÜÏ±j-Õ YkR ùNn§ ¸úZ RWl-Th-Ós-[-Õ.

K¥ B¥ ®û[-Vô-P-®pûX Gu\ôp©Wf-£û] Ht-T-Óm Gu-ß EXL ÑLô-RôW ¨ß-Y-]m áß-¡-\-Õ. TX SôÓ-L-°p UôQ-Yo-L-°uEQ-Ü, EPt-T-«t-£, ®û[-Vôh-Ó-Ls, EV-Wm,GûP úTôu\ TX ùNVp-Lû[ AX£BWônk-Õ CqY±dûL RVô-¬d-Ll-ThÓs[-Õ.EX-¡p 15 NR-Å-Rm UôQ-Yo-Ls Uh-ÓúUúRûY-Vô] A[Ü EPt-T-«t£ ùNn-¡-\ôo-LsGu-ß Li-P-±-Vl-Th-Ós-[-Õ. 15 NR-Å-RmUôQYo-L-Þd-Ï Uh-ÓúU N¬-Vô] EPp ûX

Es-[-Õ Gu-ß ùTôÚs SU-Õ Ts-°-«p GpXô

UôQ-Yo -L -Þm SpX EPp SXjÕPu

Es[]Wô? EXL ÑLôRôW ¨ß-Y-]m ùNn-R-Õ

úTôX SôØm JÚ ùNVp§hPm ùNnúYôUô?

Ts-°-«u ùapj ¡[l ùNVpTôÓL°u

TÏ§VôL JÚ BnÜ SPj§ AX£

BWôVXôm. Sm-Ø-ûPV Bn-ûY GlT¥

ùNnYÕ? ¿e-Ls K¥ B¥ ®û[-Vô-Ó-

¡ÈoL[ô? Gu-ß UôQ-Yo -L°ûPúV

®]®]ôp UhÓm úTôÕ-Uô? N¬-Vô]

Øû\«p BnÜ SûP-ùT\ £X Y¯-Øû\-

Ls Es[]. Gu-ù]u] ùR¬k-Õ-ùLôs[

úYi-Óm, GlT¥ RL-Yp-Lû[ Ge¡ÚkÕ

§WhPp úYi-Óm? RLYp-Lû[f úNL¬dL

úYi-Óm? úTôu\ TX ùNVpTôÓLû[Ùm

Ø¥ÜùNnV úYiÓm.

® ] ô j ù R ô Ï l ×

RVô¬j -Õm , RL -Yp

ú N L ¬ l × A h - P -

Y ûQûVl TVu-

TÓj-§-Ùm ©\ £X Y¯-

Ø-û\-L-°-Ûm RL-Yp-

Lû[ úNL-¬d-L-Xôm.

§ Ú - Y - ] k - R - × - W m

U ô Y h P j - § p J Ú

Ts° UôQ -Yo - Ls

R L Y p ú N L - ¬ l ×

RL-Yp ßWh-P-¤m, Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-R-¤m

Á 15

AhP-YûQûVl TVu-T-Ój§ ClT¥ JÚ BnÜ ùNn-§-Úd-¡-\ôo-Ls. AYoLs RVô-¬jR

RLYp úNL-¬l× Ah-P-Y-ûQ-«u Uô§-¬-ûVl TôÚe-Ls.

Sm-Ø-ûPV Bn-®t-Ïm CÕ úTôu\ JÚ

Ah-P-YûQûVj RVô-¬j-Õ RL-Yp úNL-¬l×

SPj-R -Xôm. B£-¬ -V -¬u ER-®-Ù -Pu

úTôÕUô] SLp-Lû[ GÓj-Õ YÏl-×-L-°p

RkÕ RL-Yp-Lû[f úNL-¬d-L-Xôm.

Bn-®p ¡ûPjR RL-Yp-Lû[

T§ÜùNnVÜm, AX£ BWô-V-Üm KlTu

BÀv Lôpd Gu\ ùUu-ùTô-Úû[ CkR

UôQ-YoLs TVu-T-Ój-§-«-Úd-¡-\ôo-Ls. CÕ

RW-Ü-Lû[ AhPYûQl-T-Ój-R-Üm, JÚe-

¡ûQl-T -Rt -Ïm ÕûQ-× -¬ -Ùm KlTu

BÀ³u JÚ ùUu ùTôÚú[.

ùYq-úY-ß YÏl-×-L-°- -Úk-Õ úRoÜ

ùNn-Vl-ThP 40 UôQ-Yo-L -°-Pª-Úk-Õ

RLYpLs úNL-¬jÕ CkR Bn-Ü SPj-

RlThPÕ. AYo-Ls úNL-¬jR RL-Yp-Lû[

KlTu BÀv Lôpd TVu-T-Ój§ Ah-P-

YûQl TÓj-§-«-Úl-T-ûRl Tôod-L-Üm.

TPm 2.1

TPm 2.2


Á16

Ee-L-Þd-Ï ¡ûPjR RL-Yp-Lû[Ùm

CmØû\-«p Ah-P-Y-ûQl-T-ÓjR ØVXÜm?

CÕ úTôu-ß HWô-[m ¨Wp-L-Þm ¨ûW-L-Þm

Es[ Sheetþp Cß-§-«-Ûs[ ¨Wp-L°Ûm

¨ûW-L-°-Ûm Es[ RL-Yp-Lû[ Yô£dL

ØVÛmúTôÕ HtTÓm £dLpLs Gu]?

AYtû\ GqYôß ¾odLXôm? LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô¥

T§p LiÓ©¥dLÜm.

¨Wp-L-û[-Ùm ¨ûW-L -û[-Ùm @©Ãv

(Freeze) ùNn-V-Xôm

JÚ T¦j-Rô-°p (Work Sheet)úRûYlTÓm HúRàm JÚ Ï±l-©hP W-ûX-

Ùm, ¨ûW-ûV-Ùm ¨ûX-VôL ¨ßj-Õ-Y-Rt-Lô]

YN§-Vô-Ïm ùNp @-©-Ã-£e. ùNp-p ¡ûP-Uh-P-

UôL SLÚm úTôÕ @©-Ãv ùNnR ûW-Ùm, ùNe-

Ïj-RôL SLÚm úTôÕ @©Ãv ùNnR ¨W-Ûm

¨ûX-VôL Es[-].

Ee-L-Þ-ûPV Ah-P-Y-ûQ-«p UôQ-

Yo-L-°u ùTVo Es[ ¨ûW-Ùm, RûXl×

APe-¡-Ùs[ ¨W-Ûm @©-Ãv ùNn-Õ ¨ßj-Õ-

Y-Rt-Ï Gu] ùNnV úYi-Óm. TPj-§p Lôh¥-

«-Úd-Ïm ùNp-p ¡°d ùNn-V-Üm. (T-Pm 2.4)

ùRôPok-Õ ùUà-Tô-¬-Ûs[ Window ùUà-

®Ûs[ Freez I ¡°d ùNn-V-Üm. SLojÕl

ThûPûV (Scrollbar). TVu-T -Ój§

AhPYûQ«-Ûs[ WûX-Ùm ûW-ûV-Ùm

AûNj-Õl Tôod -L -Üm. Gu] Uôt\m

HtThPÕ GuTûR ®[dLÜm.

RL-Yp-Lû[ ©¬j-ùR-Ód-L-Xôm

¿e-Ls RVô -¬jR Ah-P -Y -ûQ-

«Ûs[ RL-Yp-Lû[ TX-Y-¯-L-°p JÚe-

¡ûQd-L-Üm ©¬jùRÓd-L-Üm Lôpd ùUu-

ùTô-Ú°p YN§ Es-[-Õ. KlTu BÀv

Lôpd¡p RVô-¬jR Ah-P-YûQ-«p JÚ

Ï±l-©hP YûL RW-Ü-Lû[ Uh-Óm úRoÜ

ùNn-Õ GÓl-T -Rt-Ï ER-Ü-¡u\ Juú\

@©pPo (Filter).

¿e-Ls RVô-¬jR Ah-P-Y-ûQ-«p

Es[ UôQ-®-L-°u RL-Yp-Lû[ UhÓm

©¬j-ùR-Ól-T-Õ Gq-Yô-ù\u-ß Tôod-LXôm.

Ah-P-Y-ûQ-«u RûXl× APe-

¡Ùs[ ¨WûX úRoÜ ùNnR ©u-]o ùUà-

Th-ûP-«p Data → Filter → Auto Filter Gu\

Y¬-ûN-«p ¡°d ùNn-V-Üm. úRoÜ ùNnR

¨W-p Gu] Uôt\m Ht-T-hPÕ? ®[dLÜm.

UôQ-®-L-s Tt±V CkR RL-YûX úRoÜ ùNn-

Y-Rt-Ï RL-Yp APe-¡-Ùs[ ûW-«u RûXl-

×-Pu úNok-Õ ¨t-Ïm Am-×d-Ï-±-«p ¡°d

ùNnV-Üm. §\k-Õ YÚ-¡u\ v-¥- -Úk-Õ

""ùTi'' GuTûR úRoÜ ùNnL. (T-Pm 2. 5)

TPm 2.3


Á 17

@©p-Po TVu-T-Ój§ ¸úZ RWl-

ThÓs[ ùNVp-L-û[f ùNn-Õ Tôo.

n Ju-T-Rô-Y-Õ YÏl-©p T«-Ûm Aû]j-Õ

UôQ-Yo-L -°-à-ûPV RL-Yp-L-û[-Ùm

úYù\ô-Ú úLôl-TôL úNª.

n RôYW EQÜ Uh-ÓúU Ei-Ôm UôQ-Yo-

L-°u Ah-P-Y-ûQ-ûVj RVô-¬d-L-Üm.

UôQ-®-L-°u RL-Yp-Lû[ @©p-Po

ùNn-Õ GÓd-Ïm úTôÕ Ah-P-Y-ûQ-«--ÚkÕ

©\ ®Y-We-Ls Uû\k-R-Rp-X-Yô? (T-Pm 2. 6)

Cq-Yô-ß ©¬j-ùR-ÓjR RL-Yp-Lû[ SLp

GÓj-Õ R² úLôl-TôL úNªd-L-Üm. CÕ

úTôu-ß UôQ-Yo-L-°u RL-Yp-L-û[-Ùm ©¬j-

ùR-Ój-Õ R² úLôl-TôL úNªd-L-Üm.

TPm 2.5

TPm 2.4


Á18

úYûXûV G°-Rôd-Ïm Te- u-Ls

TX YûL-Vô] ùNVp-Lû[ úYL-UôLf

ùNn-Y-Rt-Ï ÕûQ-×-¬-Ùm £±V ×úWô-¡WômLs

(Programme) TX Es[]. CYtû\ Teù-

Ls Gu-ß áß-¡-\ôo-Ls. JÚ Ï±l©hP U§l×

ùLôiP Gj-Rû] ùNp-Ls JÚ Rô°p

Es[Õ Gu-T-ûRd Li-P-±V ERÜ-¡u\ JÚ

Te-`-]ô-Ïm COUNTIF. RNUl ×s-°d-Ï

©\Ï Gj-Rû] CPU§l×Ls úYi-Ó-ùUuß

Lh-P-û[-«-P ERÜm ROUND, Gi-L-°u

Yod-Lm Ut-ßm ©\ AÓd-ÏLs Lôi-T-Rt-Ï

ERÜm POWER, áhÓj ùRôûL LôQ

ERÜm SUM, NWô-N¬ LôQ AVERAGE G]

HWô-[m Te-ù-Ls Es[]. Insert ùUà-®-

Ûs[ Function Ij úRoÜ ùNn-Rôp CjRûLV

TX Te- u-L-û[d LôQ-Xôm.

JÚ Te- û] ùNVp-T-ÓjR ØR-≠p

ùNnV úYi-¥-V-Õ, ®ûP ¡ûPdL úYi¥V

ùNp-≠p ¡°d ùNn-Y-Rô-Ïm. ARu ©u-]o

Te- û] ùNVp-T-Ój-Rj úRûY-Vô] RL-Yp-

L-û[j úRoÜ ùNn-Õ RW-úYi-Óm. "SUM'

Gu\ Te-`û] ùNVp-T -ÓjR Gu]

RLYûXj RW-úYi-Óm? Te- u Nô[-Wj-ûRj

§\k-Õ Li-P-±-L.

SUM Function

JÚ Ah-P-Y-ûQ-«-u JÚ Ï±l-©hP ¨Wp

ApXÕ ¨ûW-«p Es[ RW-Ü-L-°u ùRôûL

Lôi-T-Rt-Ï ER-Ü-¡u\ Sum Function ùNVp-

T-Ój-Õm úTôÕ úRôu-ß-¡u\ Nô[-Wj-§p

ùRôûL Lôi-T-Rt-Lô] ¨Wp, ApXÕ ¨ûW-

«-à-s GpûXûVd Ï±l©P úYiÓm.

CRt-LôL ¨ûW, ¨Wp-Lû[j úRoÜ ùNn-Rôp

úTôÕm.

KlTu BÀv Lôp-¡p Es[ TX-

YûL-Vô] Te-ù-L-û[f ùNVp-T-Ój-Õ-

YRtÏ ØVt£ ùNn-V-Üm. Ee-L-Þd-Ïj

ùR¬VôR HWô-[m Te-ù-Lû[ CeúL

LôQXôm. AYtû\ Sôm EVo YÏl-×-L-°p

T¥d-L-Xôm.

¿e-Ls RVô-¬j-Õs[ Ah-P-YûQ-«-

Úk-Õ RôYW EQÜ Uh-Óm EiT-Yo-L-°u

Gi-¦d-ûL-«û] LiP±V úYi-Óm.

CRtLôL GkR Te-`û]l TVu-T-Ój-R

úYiÓm?

COUNTIF Gu\ Te-ù Cm-

Øû\«p TVu-T-Ój-Rd á¥V Ju-\ô-Ïm.

CRt-Ï Gu-ù]u] RL-Yp-Ls RWl-TP

úYiÓm G] Li-P-±-L.

range : ...................................................

criteria :

C² RôYW EQÜ Uh-ÓúU Ei-Ôm

UôQ-Yo -L -°u Gi-¦dûL ¡ûPdL

úYi¥V ùNpûXj úRoÜ ùNn-Õ

COUNTIF Te`û] ùNVp-T-Ój-R -Üm.

úRûY-Vô] RL-Yp-L-û[j Rk-Õ OK ¡°d

ùNn-Ùm úTôÕ EeLÞdÏ úRûYl-ThP RL-

Yp Ï±l-©hP ùNp-≠p ¡ûPd-ÏúU?

CúR Øû\-ûVl TVu-T-Ój§ Ah-P-

Y-ûQ-«p Bn-®t-Ïj úRûY-Vô] ©\

RLYp-L-û[-Ùm Li-P-±-V-Xô-úU?

TPm 2.1

….................................................GkR RL-Y-˚Xj ˙RP-˙Yi”m


Á 19

1. COUNTIF JÚ Ï±l-ThP U§l-×

APe¡Ùs[ ùNp-L -°u Gi-¦d-

ûL«û] Li-P-±-Y-Rt-Ï ER-Ü-¡-\-Õ.

úRP úYi-¥V ùNp-L-°u GpûXûV

Ùm (G.Lô: - A2:A40 or A2:B40) úRP

úYi-¥V U§l-×m (G.Lô : - “YES”,

“NO”,2, ) Ap-X -Õ U§l× APd-¡ -

«ÚdÏm ùNp-u ØL-Y-¬-Ùm (A12 or

B23) Rk-Rôp AkR U§l× LôQlTÓm

ùNp-L-°u Gi-¦dûL ¡ûPd-¡-\-Õ.

COUNTIF(A2:A200;”YES”),OR

= COUNTIF(A2:A200;C12),

OR

COUNTIF(A2:A200;3)

2. POWER JÚ Gi-¦-à-ûPV Yod-Lm

Li-P-±-Y-Rt-Ï ER-Ü-¡-\-Õ. ERô-W-Q-UôL

CWi-¥-à-ûPV Sôu-Lô-Y-Õ Yod-Lm

LôQúYi-Óm G²p, Sôm ùNnV

úYi¥-V-Õ Cq-Y-[Ü Rôu POWER (2;4).

C§p 2, 4 Gu-T-Rt-Ï T§-XôL AûY GkR

ùNp - p Es -[úRô AkR ùNp -≠u

ØLY¬ Rk-Rô-Ûm CÕ ¡ûPd-Ïm.

3. ROUND JÚ RNU GiûQ Ï±l-©hP

RNU CPj-§t-Ï N¬-ùNn-Y-Rt-Ï ER-Ü-¡-\Õ.

G.-Lô. 3. 1487 Gu\ GiûQ CWi-Ó RNU

CPe-L -Þd-Ï N¬-VôL GÝ-Õ-Y-Rt -Ï

ROUND (3.1487;2) Guú\ô ROUND(A1; B1) Guú\ô GÝ-R-Xôm. (C-§p A1;B1 Gu-TûY Øû\úV 3.1487, 2 Gu\

Gi-L-°u ùNp ØL-Y-¬ BÏm.)

Tô¥-Uôv Ci-Pdv (BMI) Gu-T-Õ EPp Y≠ûU«û] A±k-Õ ùLôs-Y-Rt-Lô]

Bn®u JÚ-T-¥-Vô-Ïm. BúWôd¡VUô] JÚ-Y-¬u EPp GûP EV-Wj-ûRl ùTôßj-Õ

GlT¥ CÚdL úYi-Óm Gu-T-ûRd Lôh-Ó-Y-Rô-Ïm BMI.

BMI ®[d-Ïm Ah-P-YûQ

18.4 tÏ úZ þ NWôN¬dÏm úZ (Under Weight)

18.5 ØRp 24.9 YûW þ NWôN¬ (Normal Weight)

25 ØRp 29.9 YûW þ A§L GûP (Over Weight)

30 tÏ A§-Lm þ ªL A§L GûP (Obesity)

G˚P (°˙XÙ-°-WÙ-™p)

EV-Wm2 (¡h-P-¨p)

BMI =

¿e-Ls RVô-¬jR Ah-P-Y-ûQ-

«≠ÚkÕ, Bn-Üd-Ï Eh-T-Ój-§V UôQ-Yo-

L°u Tô¥Uôv Ci-Pdv (BMI ) Li-P-±-

VXôUô? CRu A¥l-T-ûP-«p Ee-L-Þ-ûPV

Bn-®p LXkÕ ùLôi-P-Yo-L-°p GûP Ïû\-

Yô-]-YoLs, NWôN¬ GûP-Ùs-[-Yo-Ls, A§L

GûP-Ùs[-Yo-Ls, ªL A§L GûP-Ùs-[-Yo-L-

°u Gi¦d-ûL-«û] Li-P-±-V-Xôm.

C² BMI Li-P-±-Y-Rt-Lô]

ùNVpØû\Lû[ B£-¬-V-¬u ER-®-úVô-Ó

AhP-Y-ûQ-«p EhTÓj§ GpXô UôQ-Yo-

LÞ-ûP-V-Üm BMI Li-P-±-V-Xôm. GûP Ïû\-

Yô-]-Yo-Ls, ªL A§L GûP ùLôi-P-Yo-Ls

úTôuß UôßThP ©¬ÜL°p APeÏm

UôQYoL°u Gi¦dûLûVd LiP±kÕ

AYo-L-Þ-ûPV TZdLYZdLMLs, EQÜ

Øû\ úTôu-\Ytû\ EPp-§-\-à-Pu Jl-©hÓ

TôodLÜm. ¿e-Ls JÚe¡ûQjR RL-Yp-L-°u

A¥l-T-ûP-«p JÚ A±d-ûL-«-û]j RVô-¬d-

L-Üm. CRt-Ï ûWh-P-¬u ER®ûV SôP-Xôm.


Á20

¨û\V Td-Le-L-û[d ùLôiÓs[

A±dûL«û] G°§p AZ-Lôd¡P ERÜm

AûUl-úT ûWhP¬p LôQlTÓm vûPp

(Style).

Ee-L-Þ-ûPV Lt-\-p ùNVpTôh¥u

Ø¥ÜLû[ JÚ BnÜ A±d-ûL-«u

Y¥Yj§p RVô-¬dLXôUô? ØRp A±d-

ûL«u Es-[-Pd-Lj-ûRj Rh-Pf-Ñ ùNnV

úYiÓm. vûPp TVu-T-Ój§ Ee-L-Þ-ûPV

ùNVp-§hP A±dûL-«û] AZ-LôdL CVÛm.

ûWh-P-¬p ¡ûPd-Ïm vûPp-Ls TVu-

TÓj§úVô, Sm-Ø-ûPV ®Úl-Tj-§t úLt\

vûPp-Ls EÚ-Yôd-¡úVô CRû]f ùNn-VXôm.

ûWh-P-¬p Format menu ®Ûs[

Styles and Formatting p ¡°d ùNn-Õ

TôodLÜm.(TPm 2. 3)

TPm 2.3

A±d-ûLûV AZ-Lôd-L-Xôm.

KÚ A±d-ûL-«u AûUl-×m, úRôt\-

Øm AZ-LôL AûUVG§p LY-]m ùNÛjR

úYi-Óm? TPj-§p JÚ TôP-×j-R-Lj-§u

TdLm RWl-Th-Ós-[-Õ.

CRu £\l-×-Lû[ Et-ß-úSôd-Ï-L. Tp-úY-ß ×j-

R-Le-L-°-à-ûP-V-Üm A±d-ûL-L-°-à-ûP-V-Üm

AûUl-×, úRôt-\m Gq-Yô-ß AûUk-Õs-[-Õ

Gu-ß Bnk-Õ GÕ £\l-Tô-]-Õ G] U§l-

©PÜm.

n RûXl-×-L-Þd-Ï JúW Uô§¬Vô] A[Ü

úYiÓm.

n ÕûQ RûXl-× -Ls JúW Y¥-Yj-§p

AûUV úYi-Óm.

n ...............................................................................

n ...............................................................................

n ...............................................................................

Guù]u] YûLVô] vûP-p-Ls

Es-[-].

1. TôWô-¡-Wôl vûPp

2. .........................................................

3. .........................................................

4. .........................................................

5. .........................................................

TPm 2.2


Á 21

JÚ Tj-§ûV úRoÜ ùNnR (Select)©u-]o TX vûPp-L-û[l TVu-T-Ój-§l

Tôod-L-Üm. CRt-Ïj úRûY-Vô] vûP-p

P©s-¡-°d ùNn-Rôp úTôÕm. Jq-ùYô-Ú

Øû\-Ùm Gj-R-ûLV Uôß-Rp Ht-T-Ó-¡-\-Õ

GuTûR LY²dLÜm.

Ee-L-Þ-ûPV A±d-ûL-«u Tj-§-L-Þd-Ï

×§V vûPp ùLôÓdLXôUô? vûP-p ûWh

¡°d ùNn-Õ new úRoÜ ùNn-Rôp ×§V

vûPp-Ls EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Y-Rt-Lô] Nô[-Wm

§\kÕ YÚm. (T-Pm 2. 10)

LÞdÏ úLWd-Po vûPp-L-Þm EÚ-YôdL

CVÛm. (T-Pm 2. 11) Cj-R-ûLV JÚ úLWd-Po

vûPp EÚ-Yôd¡ ÕûQj-R-ûXl-×-L-Þd-Ï

Rk-Õ TôodLÜm. Cq-Yô -ß Uôß-ThP

vûPpLû[ EÚ-Yôd-¡ TVuTÓj§ BnÜ

A±d-ûL-«û] AZ-Lôd-Ï-Åo-L[ô?

Uj-§V AûUfNÚd-Ï A±dûL RW-Xôm

úLW-[ô-®p JÚ Ts-°-«-Ûs[ UôQ-

Yo-L-°u EPp-SXm Ï±j-Õ UôQ-Yo-Lú[

®¬-Yô] Bn-®û] SPj§Ùs[]o Gu-ßm,

EPp SXm úTQp §hPeLs YÏdÏmúTôÕ

CkR RL-Yp-Lû[Ùm LÚj§p ùLôs[

úYiÓm Gu\ úYi-ÓúLôÞ-Pu Uj-§V

ÑLô-RôW AûUf-N-Úd-Ï CkR A±d-ûL-«û]

Aàl© ûYd-L-Xôm. ARt-LôL Sm-Ø-ûPV

A±d-ûL-«u ÑÚdLjûR SUÕ úR£V ùUô -

Vô-¡V Ck-§-«p ùUô¯-ùT-VodL úYi-Óm.

CRt-Ï Ck§ B£-¬-V-¬u ER-®-ûV SôPXôm.

Ck-§-«p ùUô¯-ùT-Voj-Rôp Uh-Óm úTôRô-Õ.

A±d-ûL-«-û]j Rh-Pf-Ñ ùNn-Õ SLp GÓjÕ

AûUf-N-Úd-Ï Aàl-T-úYi-Óm. ARt-Lô]

YN§ Sm-Ø-ûPV L¦-²-«p Es[Rô Gu-ß

Tôod-L -Xôm. L¦-²-«p Rªr ¸úTôoh

úXVÜh úNoj-RûR ¨û]-Ü-áo-¡ÈoL-[ô?

T ô] p L ôÔm (USA) ¸úTôoh Cu-¥-

úLhP¬p ûWh-¡-°d ùNn-Õ ARu £\l-×-

Lû[ Bn-L. Rªr ¸úTôoh úXA-ÜhûP

CûQj-R -Õ úTôu-ß Ck§ ¸úTôoh

úXVÜhûP-Ùm CûQd-LXôm.

Ck§ úTôoh úXA-Üh

Ck§ ¡úTôo-¥p Jq-ùYô-Ú GÝj-Õd-

L-°u CPj-ûRl Tôoj-Õ ×¬k-Õ-ùLôs. TPj-

§p RWl-Th-Ós[ Rªr Ck§ ¸úTôoh úXV-

Üh-Lû[ Bn-L. (T-Pm 2. 12, 2. 13) HúR-àm

JtßûU Es[Rô?

Ck-§-«p Rh-Pf-Ñ ùNn-V-Xôm.

Ck-§-«p Rh-Pf-Ñ ùNn-Y-Rt-Ï Øu

¸úTôoh úXV-Üh I Ck§ BL Uôt-\ -

úYiÓm. Be-¡X ¸úTôoûP Rª-ZôL

Uôt±VÕ úTôXúY CR-û]-Ùm ùNn-V-Xôm.

TPm 2. 4

TPm 2. 5

CkR Nô[-Wj-§p úRûY-Vô] Uôß-Rp-

Lû[ Ht-T-Ój§ ×§V JÚ vûPp EÚ-Yôd-

LXôm. Cq-Yô-ß RVô-¬jR vûPp TVu-T-Ój§

A±d-ûL-«p Uôß-Rp-Lû[ Ht-T -Ój§

TôodLÜm. RVô-¬jR vûP-p ×§V Uôß-Rp-

Ls Ht-T-Ój-§V ©u-]o Tj-§-«p Ht-ThP Uôß-

Rp Gu-]?

ÕûQj RûXl-×-L-Þd-Ïm vûPp

Tj-§ -L -Þd-Ïj úRûY-Vô]

vûPpLs EÚYûUj-R-Õ úTôp GÝj-Õd-


Á22

TPm 2.6 TPm 2.7


Á 23

JÚ Pôd-Ï-ùUuh GpXô L¦-²-

L°Ûm JúW úTôp Yô£dL Gu] Y¯?

LXkÕûWVô-P-Üm.

úLôl-×-L-°u ùTV-¬p CWi-Ó TÏ-§-

Lû[ LY-²j-¾o-L-[ô? C§p ("".'' ) ×s-°dÏl

©\Ïs[ TÏ§ GRt-LôL Guß £k-§j-R-Õ

EiPô? JÚ úLôl× GkR TVu-Tôh-¥û] TVu-

T-Ój§ CVdL úYi-Ó-ùUu-ß L¦² ×¬k-Õ-

ùLôsYÕ CkR TÏ-§ûV ûYjúR. CR-û]d

úLôl-©u ¿h£ Ap-X-Õ Tôo-úUh Guß áß-

¡\ôo-Ls (¿h-£ûV Uôt-±-]ôp IL¦p Gu]

Uôß-Rp Ht-T-Ó-ùUu-ß Ee-LÞûPV L¦-²-«p

T¬-úNô-§d-L-Üm). ùTôÚj-R-Uô] TVu-Tô-hÓ

ùUuùTôÚs CÚkRôp UhÓm JÚ úLôlûT

L¦-²-«p CVdL Ø¥-Ùm. (TX Tôo-úUh-¥-Ûs[

úLôl-×-Lû[ TX-YûL TVu-TôhÓ ùUu-ùTôÚs-

L-°p §\kÕ T¬-úNô-§d-LÜm).

¸úZ RWl-Th-Ós[ Ah-P-Y-ûQûV Wl×L.

(¸úTôoh Cu-¥-úLh-P-¬p ¡°d ùNn-Õ). Ck§

úXA-Üh úRoÜ ùNn-R-©u-]o ¸úZ RWl-

ThÓs[ ùNôt-L-û[-Ùm, YôN-Le-L-û[-Ùm

RhPfÑ ùNn-Õ Lt-L-Üm. Rª-Ým Ck-§-Ùm

RhPf-Ñ ùNnÙm úTôÕ ®Wp-Lû[f N¬-VôLl

TVu-T-Ój§l T«t£ ùT\Üm..

C² Sm-Ø-ûPV A±d-ûL-«u Ck§ ùUô¯-

ùT-Vol-ûT Rh-Pf-Ñ ùNn-Õ RVô-¬d-L-Xôm.

CRû] Uj-§V AûUf-N-Úd-Ï Aàl-×-Y-RtÏ

Øu-]úW Ts° A§-Lô-¬-L-°u Aà-U-§-ûVl

ùTß-Y-Rt-Ïm AZ-Lô] JÚ ØL-ÜûW ùLôiP

UPp RVô-¬d-L-Üm U\k-Õ-®-Pd áPô-Õ. Ck-§-

«-Ûs[ BRô-We-Lû[ RVô-¬d-Ïm ùTôÝ-Õ

Ck§ B£-¬-Vo-L-°u ER-®ûV SôP U\Yô¾o.-

©.¥.Gl úLôl-×-L-[ôL Uôt-\-Xôm

A±d-ûL-«u Ck§ T§l×

RVôWô]Rô? ARû] Cþ-ùU-«p CûQj-Õ

Aàl-©-]ôp, ¡ûPd-Ïm Gp-úXô-Úd-Ïm

ARû] Yô£dL Ø¥-Ùm Gu-ß Eß-§-VôLd

á\-Ø-¥-Ù-Uô? Gu-ù]u] ©Wf-£-û]-Ls

úRôußm Gu-TûR LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-P-Üm.

n CkR TVu-Tô-Ó AeúL CÚdL úYi-Ó-

ùUu-±p-ûX.

n AeúL TVu-T-Ój-Õm CVd-Ï-Øû\

]dv BL CÚdL úYi-Ó-ùUu-±p-ûX.

n CeúL TVu-T-Ój-§V @Tôih (Font) AkR

L¦-²-«p Cp-Xô-U- -Úd-L-Xôm.

n ........................................................................................................................

n ........................................................................................................................

˙LÙl◊ øh£N¨-VÙ] ÿ˚\-´p

CVeœm TVu-TÙh”˘Uu- TÙ-⁄s

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.doc

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AÛ-Y-XL úLôl-×-L-û[-Ùm, ùPdvh

úLôl×-L -û[-Ùm pdf Gu\ ùTôÕ-Yô]


Á24

TPm 2.8

TôoúUh¥t-Ï Uôt-\-Xôm. Cq-Yô-ß Uôß-Rp

ùNnR ods, odt, odp úLôl-×-Lû[ pdf viewerTVu-T-Ój§ §\k-Õl Tôod-L-Xôm. Pôd-Ï-ùUuh

RVô-¬dL TVu-TÓj§V @Tôi-Ó-L-°u ER®

Cp-Xô-UúXúV pdf úLôl-×-Lû[ §\k-Õ

T¥dLXôm.

BÀv úTd-úLw-L-°p RVô-¬jR PôdÏ-

ùUuhûP §\kR ©u-]o file ùUà-®p Ex-port as Pdf ¡°d ùNn-Rôp §\k-Õ YÚ-¡u\

Nô[-Wj§p (T-Pm 2. 14) úRûY-Vô] RL-Yp-

Lû[j Rk-Õ Export ùTôj-Rô-²p ¡°d ùNnR-

Ü-Pu BÀv úLôl× pdf BL Uôßm. CRû]j

úRûY-Vô] CPj-§p úNªd-L-Üm CV-Ûm.

TPm 2.9

úRûYVô] Uôß-Rp-Lû[ Ht-T -ÓjR

úYiÓm. CRt-Ï Format → Page Gu\

Y¬ûN-«p ¡°d ùNn-Rôp §\kÕ YÚm

Nô[Wj-§p (T-Pm 2. 15) úRûY-Vô] Uôß-Rp-

Lû[ ùNnVXôm. CqYôß RVô-¬jR Td-LjûR

©¬uh ùNn-Rôp Gq-Yô-ß AûU-Ùm Gu-ß

TôodL úYi-ÓúU? CRt-LôL File → Page

Preview ¡°d ùNn-Õ Tôod-L-Üm. Close Pre-

view ¡°d ùNn-Rôp Td-Lm TûZV ûXûV

AûP-Ùm.

©¬u-PûW JÝe-L-ûUj-Rp

©¬uh ùNn-Y-Rt -Lô] Lh-Pû[

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A[-®û] CeúL Uôt-ß-¡-ú\ôm.

K¬-Vu-úP-ù: Pôd-Ï-ùUu-¥u ©¬uh

¡ûP-Uh-P-UôL (Landscape) úYi-Ó-Uô? ùNe-

Ïj-RôL úYi-ÓUô (Portrait) Gu-ß Ce-Ï

JÝe-L-ûUd-L-Xôm.

A±dûL ùY°-«P ©W-Nu-úP- u

Ee-L-Þ-ûPV Ø¥ÜLû[ JÚ AûY-

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©WNu-úP-ù RVô-¬l-T-Õ Gq-Yô-ù\u-ß

SiTo-L-Þ-Pu LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-ÓL. CRu TX

TPm 2.10

Td-Lm JÝe-L-ûUj-Rp

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©¬uh ùNn-Y-Rt-Ï Øu-]o JÝeÏTÓjRlTP

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Á 25

T¥Lû[d Ï±j-Õ ûYjÕdùLôs[Üm.

EeL[-Õ Lt-\p ùNV-pTôhÓp ¡ûPjR

Ø¥ÜLû[d ùLôiÓ JÚ ©W-Nu-úP-`u

RVô-¬d-LÜm.

©W-Nu-úP- -à-Pu Å¥úVô

¿e-Ls SPj-§V Bn-Ü-Pu ùRôPo-

×ûPV Å¥-úVôd-Ls CûQ-Vm úTôu-\-

Yt±p Es-[-]. B£-¬-Vo ER-®-Ù-Pu Cj-RÏ

JÚ Å¥-úVôûY úNL-¬j-Õ, ¿e-Ls RVô-¬jR

©W-Nu-úP- -²p Eh-T-Ój-R-Üm. Insert ùUà®-

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Á26

3 L¶R Æk- R-Ls

Yh-Pm, úLôÓ Eh-ThP L¦R Y¥-Ye-

L -°-Ûm AYt-±u R²jRuûUL°-Ûm

TiûPd-Lô-Xm ØRúX U²-Ru Bo-Ym

Lôh¥-«-Úk-Rôu. Sôm Cu-ß Lt-Ïm TX L¦Rl-

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JÚ Y¥-Yj-§p LiÓ-©¥jR LÚj-Õ, AúR-

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GjRû] TPe-Ls YûWk-§ -Úl-To G]

¨û]jÕl-Tô-Úe-Ls.

Cu-ß Cm-Uô-§-¬-Vô] Y¥-Ye-Ls YûW-

Y-Rt-Ïm, AYt±u £\l-×-Lû[l ×¬k-Õ-ùLôs-

Y-Rt-Ïm SUd-Ï ER-®-VôL TX ùUu-ùTôÚh-

Ls Es-[-]. Dr. Geo, Geogebra úTôu-\ûY

SUd-Ï ùR¬k-R-ûY-úV. ´úVô-´lWô TVu-

TÓj§ L¦-Rl-T -Pe-Ls YûW-YRtÏm

AYt±u Y¥-®-Vp £\l-Tm-Ne-Lû[l ×¬kÕ-

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AûUl-×-L-û[l Tt-±l ×¬kÕ-ùLôs-úYôm.

TX úLôQe-Ls YûW-V-Xôm

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T-Rt-Ï Gh-Pôm YÏl-©p Sôm ´úVô-´lWô

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Sôm EÚYôd¡ú]ôm?

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n úLôÓ-Ls

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úLôÓ-Ls Uh-Óm úNoj -Õ JÚ

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RWl-Th-Ós[ Gu-ù]u] LÚ-®-Lû[l TVu-

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TôLe-Ls LÚ-®-Ls

Td-Le-L-°u ¿[m Distance or length

Eh-úLô-Qe-L-°u A[Ü

Ød-úLô-Qe-L-°u TWl-T-[Ü

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Á 27

w

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CqYôß TX-úLô-Qe-Ls AûUd-

ÏmùTôÝ-Õ ùUu-ùTô-Úh-Ls TVu-T-Ój§

AYt-±u TWl-T-[ûYd Ï±l-©P CV-Û-Uô?

Hu Ø¥-Y-§p-ûX? TWl-T-[-ûYd LôhP Ød-

úLôQjûR úYß-J-Ú-Ø-û\-«p YûWV-

úYiÓm. ¸úZ ùLôÓd-Ll-Th-¥-Úd-Ïm

TPjûRl TôÚeLs.

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Sôt-L-Wm, Ie-úLô-Qm, Aß-úLô-Qm

Gàm TX-úLô-Qe-Ls ´úVô-´l-Wô -®u

Tô≠Lu LÚ®ûVl (polygon tool) TVu-

TÓj§ TX ¨\e-L-°p YûW-L. CYt-±u Td-

Le-L -°u ¿[m, Ñt -\ -[ -Ü, TWl -T -[Ü

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©-Ó-L. ùRôPokÕ ¸úZ RWl-Th-¥-Úd-Ïm Th-¥-

VûX ¨Wl-×-L.

JÝe-Ï TX úLôQe-Ls

JÚ TX-úLô-Qj-§u Td-Le-L-°u ¿[m

NUm G²p AYtû\ JÝe-Ï-T-X-úLô-Qe-

Ls Gu-To. Td-Le-L-°u ¿[e-Ls NUm Gu-T-

Rôp AYtû\ R²j-R²VôL YûWV-úYi-¥-

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Lû[ YûWk-Õ ARu úLôQe-Lû[ A[k-Õ

¸úZ RWl-Th-¥-Úd-Ïm Th-¥-VûX Wl-×-L.

JÚ JÝe-Ï TXúLôQm YûWkR

©\Ï ARu Td-Le-L-°u ¿[m áh-Ó-Y-Rt-Ï

Gu] ùNn-Y-Õ? Jq-ùYô-Ú Ef-£-ûV-Ùm

SLoj§l-Tô-Úe-Ls. Gk-ùRkR Ef-£-Ls SLo-

¡u\-]? Cq-Üf-£-L-°u £\l× Gu-]? Td-Le-

L-°u ¿[j-ûRd áh-Óm ùTôÝ-Õ úLôQe-

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êûX-®h-Pe-L-°u Gi-¦dûL

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«≠ÚkÕ úYß JÚ Ef-£d-Ï YûW-Ùm úLôÓ

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Td-Le-L-°u

Gi-¦dûL

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A[Ü

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7Li-”-©-•j-R˚Y TVu-T-”j-ßV L⁄Æ

ø[m Distance or length, Td-Lj-ßp °∞d ˘NnL

—t-\-[‹ Distance or lengthTX-˙LÙ-Qj-ßt-œs°∞d ˘NnL

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TPm 3.1


Á28

GjRû] úLôÓ-Ls YûW-V-Ø-¥-Ùm?

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 2

Øu× YûWkR TX-úLô-Qe-L-°u

HRôY-Õ JÚ Ef-£-«-≠ -Úk-Õ YûWVlTÓm

êûX-®hPe-Ls Aû]jûRÙm YûW-V-Üm.

C² úZÙs[ Th-¥-VûX Wl-©l-Tô-Úe-Ls.

TPm 3.2

TPe-L-Þ-Pu ®[d-LØm

JÚ Ie-úLô-Qm AûUj-Õ, ARu

HRô-Y-Õ JÚ Ef-£-«- -Úk-Õ Es[ Aû]jÕ

êûX-®hPe-Lû[Ùm YûW-L. CR-à-Pu Sôm

YûWkR Y¥-Yj-§u ùTV-Úm ®[d-Le-L-Þm

úNodL úYi-Óm G²p Gu] ùNnV

úYiÓm? ¸úZ Es[ TPj-ûRl TôÚe-Ls.

Td-Le-L-°u Gi-¦d-ûLd-Ïm JÚ

Ef-£-«-≠ -Úk-Õ YûWVlTÓm êûX-®h-Pe-

L°u Gi-¦d-ûLd-Ïm HRô-Y-Õ ùRôPo×

Es[-Rô? JÚ Sôt-L-Wj-§t-Ï Gj-Rû] êûX-

®h-Pe-Ls YûW-V-Ø-¥-Ùm? Ie-úLô-Qj-

§úXô? GpXô êûX-®h-Pe-L-°u Gi-¦d-

ûL-ûVÙm LôhÓm Cu-ù]ô-Ú Th-¥-VûX

úUúX Lôi-©j-R-Õ úTôp EÚ-Yôd-Ï-L. TPe-

Lû[ úNªl-T-Rt-Ïm, LÚj-Õd-Lû[ Ee-Ls

Ï±lúTh¥p Ï±l-©PÜm U\Yô-¾o. JÚ TX-

úLô-Qj-§u ùUôjR êûX-®h-Pe-L-°u

Gi¦d-ûLd-Ïm ARu Td-Le-L -°u

Gi¦d-ûLd-Ïm CûPúV HRô-Y-Õ ùRôPo×

Es-[-Rô?

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AûUd-Ïm-ùTô-ÝúR Jq-ùYô-Ú Ef-£d-Ïm

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úUp YX-Õ-ùTôj-Rôû] ¡°d ùNn-Õ AûY

Gu]ùY]d Li-P-±-V-Üm.

♦ CkR ùTVo Ef-£-L-Þd-Ï úXTp BL

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♦ Ef-£-L-Þd-Ï ùUu-ùTô-Ús Rk-§-Úd-Ïm

ùTVo-L-Þd-Ïl T§-XôL úYß ùTVo-Ls

ãhÓ-Y-RtÏ Gu] ùNnV úYi-Óm?

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LôhPúYi-Ó-ùU-²-p Gu]ùNnV

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JÚ

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TPm 3.3

L¶R Æk-˚R-Ls

Á 29

TPj-ûRl Tôoj -¾o -L -[ô? C²

ùNôpÛe-Ls. JÚ Y¥-Yj-Õ-Pu GÝj-Õd-Ls

úNodL Gu] ùNn-Y-Õ?

1. Tj -Rô -YÕ Ïìl -© - -Úk -Õ ùPdv -Ó

LÚ®ûVj (Text tool) úRoÜ ùNn-L.

2. R[j-§p GÝj-Õ Eh-T-ÓjR úYi-¥V

CPjûRd Lôh-Ó-L.

3. ......................................................................................................................

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GÝj-§u A[-ûYÙm YiQj

ûRÙm Uôt-\-Ø-¥-Ù-Uô? GÝj-§p YXÕ

ùTôjRôû] d°d ùNn-Õ ùR¬k-Õ-ùLôs-L.

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 3

JÚ Ød-úLô-Qm AûU-Ùe-Ls. C²

CkR Ød-úLô-Qj-§u Eh-úLô-Qe-Lû[

A[kÕ GÝ-R-úYi-Óm.

CûR CWi-Ó Øû\-«p ùNn-V-Xôm.

1. GpXô úLôQe-Lû[Ùm Jq-ùYôu-\ôL

A[kÕ GÝ-R-Xôm.

2. úLôQm A[l-T-Rt-Lô] LÚ®ûV GÓj-Õ

ØdúLô-Qj-§-às ¡°d ùNn-L.

TPm 3.4

Ju-\ôL GpXô úLôQe-L-°u A[-Ü-L-Þm

Ï±dLlTÓm. CRuú\ô G°-Õ?

CkR úLôQe-L-°u ùTVo-Ls Gu-]?

(úLô-Qe-L-Þd-Ï úUp YX-Õ ùTôj-Rôû]

¡°d ùNn-Õ TôÚe-Ls). Ef-£-L-Þ-ûP-V-Üm

úLôQe-L-Þ-ûP-V-Üm ùTVo-L-Þd-Ï Gu]

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áh¥]ôp Gq-Y-[Ü ¡ûPd-Ïm? GpXô Ød-

úLô -Qe-L -Þd-Ïm CúR Gi-Rôu

¡ûPdÏUô? ØdúLô-Qj-§u Ef-£-Lû[

move LÚ® TVu-T-Ój§ Uôt± TX Ød-

úLôQe-Ls AûUj-Õ CûR Eß-§ -

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TPj-§p EhTÓjÕeLs.

GÝj-Õ-dL-Þm NUu-Tô-Ó-L-Þm

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Gl-T-¥d áh-¥-Éo-Ls? úSôh-Ól-×j-R-Lj-§p

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CûR Gl-T-¥f ùNn-Y-Õ? GÝj-Õ

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n SUd-Ï A= Gu-ß GÝ-R-úYi-Óm. CRt-Ï

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TPm 3.5

Ød-úLô-Qe-L-°u Eh-úLô-Qe-L-°u ùRôûL


Á30

n C² CúR ùPdv-Ó Tôd-³p úLôQj§u

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n CÕ-úTô-XúY B þÙ-ûP-V-Üm C þÙ-ûP-V-Üm

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AûUj-Rôp Uh-Óm úTôRô-Õ

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n J≠ ùT-Úd-¡-«- -Úk-Õ YÚm J≠ûV

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TPm 3.7

TPm 3.8

L¶R Æk-˚R-Ls

Á 31

n ªu-Ñt±p ªuRûPûVd -Lh-ÓlTÓjÕm

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CûRl-úTôX, L¦R AûUl-×-L-°p

úLôÓ-L-°u ¿[jûRÙm, úLôQe-L-°u

A[ÜLû[Ùm SUd-Ï ùY°-úV-«-Úk-Õ

LhÓl-T-Ój-R-Ø-¥-Ùm. CRt-Lô] LÚ®úV

£ûXPo (Slider).

JÚ úLôÓ YûW-L. CRu ¿[jûR

£ûXPo TVuTÓj§d LhÓlTÓjR

úYiÓm. ARôYÕ £ûX-PûW SLoj-§-]ôp

úLôh-¥u ¿[m áPúYô Ïû\-VúYô úYi-Óm.

ARt-LôL ØR-≠p Tj-Rô-Y-Õ Ïìl-©p

Es[ LÚ®ûVl TVu-T -Ój§

£ûXPûW Eh-T-Ój-R-Xôm. R[j-§p ¡°d

ùNnÙm-ùTô-Ý-Õ ¡ûPdÏm Nô[WjûR ¸úZ

Rk-§-Úd-Ïm-T-¥ AûUd-L-úYi-Óm.

TPj-§- -Úk-Õ Sôm ×¬k--ÕùLôsYÕ Gu-]?

n £ûX-Po Lh-Ól-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Õ JÚ Gi-ûQ-

UhÓúU! (A-Rô-Y-Õ úLôh-¥u ¿[m)

n £ûX-P-¬u ùTVo a (úU-Ûm JÚ £ûX-Po

Eh-T-Ój-§-]ôp ùTVo b Guß YÚUô?)

n ÕYd-LU§l× Ñ¯ (0).

n .......................................................

n .......................................................

TPm 3.9

C² JÚ úLôÓ YûW-V-Xôm. ARt-LôL

Segment with given length from point Gu\

LÚ®ûV úRok-ùR-Ód-L-Xôm.

úUúX Es[ TPj-§- -Úk-Õ Cu-àm

£XYtû\j ùR¬k-Õ-ùLôs-[-Xôm.

1. GpXô LÚ®L-°-Ûm £ûX-PûWl TVu-

TÓjR CV-Xô-Õ. Ï±l-©hP JÚ U§l©û]

EsÇPôL A°dÏm LÚ®Lú[ SUdÏj

úRûY.

2. CkR EsÇhÓ Nô[Wj§p £ûX-PÚdÏl

ùTVo ùLôÓd-Ïm-ùTô-Ý-Õ £ûX-P-Úd-Ïm

AûUl-©t-Ïm CûP-úV-Ùs[ ùRôPo×

EÚ-Yô-¡-\-Õ.

3. ..............................................................................................................

úLôÓ Uh-Ó-Up-X, £ûX-Po-L-Þ-Pu

TVu-T-Ój-Rd-á-¥V Ut\ LÚ®L-Þm Es-[-].

¸úZ Es[ Th-¥-VûX TôÚe-Ls.

C² úLôQ- A[ûYd Lh-Ól-T-Ój-Õm

JÚ £ûXPo ùNnRôùXu]? AûRl TVu-

T-Ój§ JÚ Yh-Pm YûW-V-Xôm. Sôm GÓjR

TPm 3.11

TPm 3.10

R[j-§p Es[ JÚ ×s-°-«-≠-Úk-Õ Ï±l-©hP

çWj§p SLo¡u\ JÚ ×s-°ûV Lt-Tû]

ùNn-Õ-TôÚe-Ls. Ï±l-©hP çWj§p Gu-T-

Rôp ARtÏ ØRp ×s-°-«- -Úk-Õ ®X¡l

úTôLÜm Ø¥-Vô-Õ. 3600 Yh-Pj-§p Ñt-\

UhÓúU Ø¥-Ùm. CkR ×s° Ñt-ßm TôûR

Yh-Pm BÏúU!

JÚ £ûX-PûW GÓj-Õ ¸úZ ùLôÓj-

§-Úd-Ïm-T-¥ AûU-Ùe-Ls.

Guù]u] Uôt -\e-Lû[ CkR

£ûXPo Nô[Wj-§p ùNn-úRôm?

n Gi-¦t-Ïl T§-XôL úLôQj-§u úW¥-Vp

ùTôj-Rôu úRok-ùR-Ód-Ll-Th-¥-Úd-¡-\-Õ.

n vûX-P-¬u ùTVo a Gu-T-Rt-Ï T§-XôL αGuß GÓj-Õs-ú[ôm.

n ....................................................................................

n ....................................................................................

C² JÚ ám× ùNn-Õ ARu

A[ûY £ûX-P-¬p α Gu-ß ùLôÓd-L-Üm.

AûR ¸úZ RWlThÓs[ Øû\-«p ùNn-V-

Ø¥Ùm.

TPm 3.13

TPm 3.12

L¦-Rj-§p Uh-Ó-Up-X, Rª- -Ûm!

L¦-Rl TôPm Lt\ûX G°-Rôd-Ï-Y-

Rt-Lô] JÚ ùUu-ùTô-Ús Uh-Ó-UpX úVô-

´l-Wô. úYß TôPe-L-°u ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Lû[

ùNn-V-Üm CÕ ER-Ü-¡-\-Õ. ùUô¯- YWXô±p

Es[ ùNVp-Tô -Ó Juû\f ùNn-Õ

TôolúTôUô? vûX-Po LôXjûR Ï±l-©-Ó-

¡\-Õ Gu-ß GÓj-Õd-ùLôsL. 1000 Úk-Õ

2000 YûW ùRôPof-£Vô] YÚ-Pe-L-°p Rªr

ùUô¯-«p SPkR Ød-¡-V-Uô] ¨Lrf-£-Lû[

TPe-Lú[ôÓ Lôh-P-úYi-Óm. GÓj-Õd-

LôhPôL £ûX-Po 1882-þI AûP-Ùm ùTôÝ-Õ

TôW§Vôo TPØm AYûWl Tt±V £X Ï±l-

×-L-Þm ùR¬V-úYi-Óm.

CRt-Ï Gu-ù]u] ùNn-V-úYi-Óm.

1. TPe-L -û[Ùm Ut\ RL-Yp-L -û[Ùm

úNL¬d-L- úYi-Óm.

2. ´úVô-´lWôûYj §\k-Õ A§p JÚ

£ûXPûW (a) Eh-T-Ój-Õ-L. ©\Ï Sôm

úNL-¬jR ØRp TPjûRf úNodLXôm.

1. JÚ £±V úLôÓ YûW-L. CÕúY ám©u

TôRm.

2. ClTôPj§p ám× AûUÙùU²p

Ef£dúLôQm Gu]YôL CÚdÏm.

3. ùNn-Õ-Ø-¥k-Rôp (α Gu\ £ûXP¬p Cl

úTô-Õ Es[ A[-®p) JÚ × s ° û V

TVu-T-Ój§ CkR úLôQm Ï±l-©h-¥-Úl-

TûR Tôod-L-Xôm.

4. CkR ×s-°- ùNpÛm TôûR-ûVj-Rôu Sôm-

Ï±l©PúYiÓm. CRt-LôL YX-Õ ¡°d

ùNn-Õ Trace on Gu\ ùNVûX ÕYd-Ï-L.

5. C² move- LÚ®ûV GÓj-Õ, £ûX-PûW

SLoj-§l-Tô-Úe-Ls. Gu] AûUd-Ll-T-Ó

¡\-Õ? £ûX-P-¬p YX-Õ ¡°d ùNnÕ A²-

úU- û] ùNVp-T-Pf- ùNnÕ TôodLÜm..

Á32

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

ùT¬V-Rôd-L- Gu-ù]u] ùNn-V-úYi-¥-Y-Úm.

¸úZ RWl-ThÓs[ûRl TVuTÓjÕL.

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 6

♦ Aþ ûV ûUV-UôLdùLôiÓ JÚ Yh-Pm

YûW-L. A§p C, D Gu-àm CWi-Ó

×s°-Lû[AûP-Vô-[l-TÓjÕ-L.

♦ Sôi C D YûW-L.

♦ 0 ØRp 1 YûW«Ûs[ U§l×L°p JÚ

£ûXPo EÚ-Yôd-Ï-L.

♦ Dþ «û] A¥l-T-ûP-Vôd¡ C ûV

£ûXP-¬p LôhÓm U§l©u UPe-LôL

ûPúXh ùNn-L. Cl-úTô-Õ ¡ûPd-Ïm

×s-°ûV E Gu-ß Ï±l©PÜm.

♦ AE CûQj-Õ ∠ ACID ûVd Ï±dLÜm.

♦ £ûX-PûW SLoj-Õm-ùTô-Ý-Õ Gu]

SPd¡\Õ. ∠ ACID 900 BY-Õ Gl-úTôÕ?

ûPúX-`u @úTd-Po (a Gu-±-Úd-Lh-Óm)

BL £ûX-PûWl TVu-T-Ój-Õm-úTô-Õ.

a «u U§l× 2 B]ôp Y¥-Ym CÚ UPe-

LôL ûPúXh ùNn-Vl-T-Ó-¡-\-Õ.

a «u U§l× 0.5 B]ôp Tô§-VôL ûPúXh

ùNn-Vl-T-Ó-¡-\-Õ.

a «u U§l× 1 B]ôp ûUVl-×s-°d-Ïm

ûPúXh ùNn-Vl-T-Óm Y¥-Yj-Õd-Ïm CûP-

3. CkR TPj-§u £\l-×-Lû[d Lôi-©d-Ïm

Nô[WjûR YX-Õ ¡°d ùNn-Õ §\dLÜm.

4. C§p Advance Gu\ CPj-§p TPe-Ls

Lôi-©l-T-Rt-Lô] LhPû[Lû[ úNod-L

úYi-Óm. Ce-Ï vûX-Po 1882 -þdÏ YkR-

©-\ÏRôú] TPe-Ls ùR¬-V-úYi-Ó-m?

ARô-Y-Õ a ≥ b BÏm-ùTô-Ý-Õ.

5. TôW§Vô¬u YôrdûLd LôXm Ø¥kRÕm

TPm Uû\-Y-Rt-Ï Gu] ùNn-V-úYi-Óm?

CûRl -úTôu -ß úY§ -« -V - u

periodic table I EÚ-Yôd-L -Ø-¥-Ù-Uô?

R²UeLs Ï±jR RL-Yp-L-Þm TPe-L-Þm

Eh-T -Ój -R -úYi-Óm. E«¬ úRôu±V

YWXôß, éªÙûP-V-Üm YôÙ-Ui-P-Xj-

§àûP-V -Üm AûUl× Gu-T -ûY-Ùm

ùNnVXôúU?

ûPúX- u (Dilation)

ûPúX- u Gu-T-Õ JÚ AùU-¬d-Lf

ùNôp. ùT¬-V-Rôd-Ï Gu-T-Õ CRu ùTôÚs.

JÚ Y¥-YjûR JÚ Ï±l-©hP ×s°-«-

ÚkÕ Es[ çWj-§u A¥l-T-ûP-«p ùT¬V-

Rôd-Ï-Y-Rt-Ï CkRd LÚ® TVu-T-Ó-¡-\-Õ. Gj-

Rû] UPe-Ï (dilation factor) ùT¬-V-Rô-L- Uôt\

úYiÓm Gu-TûR Sôm Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm

Ø¥-Ùm. CkR GiûQj úRûYl-Th-Pôp JÚ

£ûX-Po TVu-T-Ój§ Lh-Ól-T-Ój-R-Üm Ø¥-Ùm.

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 5

JÚ Yh-Pm circle with centre andradius Gu\ LÚ® TVu-T-Ój§ YûW-L. C²

CkR Yh-PjûR ARu ûUVjûR BRô-W-

UôLdùLôiÓ YhPjûR êu-ß UPe-Ï

Á 33

KWnX IuXpIßƒ

TPm 3.14

TPm 3.15

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 7

JÚ ùNq-Y-Lm YûW-L. (Gl-T-¥ YûW-Y-

Õ?) CkR ùNq-Y-Lj-§t-Ïs ¸úZ Rk-§-Úl-T-Õ

TPm 3.19

úVVô] ùRôûX®p Uôt-\-ªp-ûX. AR-

]ôp Y¥Ym 100% BÏm.

a «u U§l× 0 B]ôp Gu] SPd-Ïm

Guß ¿e-Lú[ ùNôp-Ûe-Ls.

Al-úTô-Õ £ûX-P-¬u U§l× 1 ØRp 2 YûW

Gu-ß GÓj-Õd-ùLôi-Pôp ûPúX-`u Gl-

T-¥-«-Úd-Ïm Gu-ß ®[d-L-Ø-¥-Ù-Uô?

úTôp JÚ Ød-úLôQjûR Eh-T-Ój-Õ-L. CkR

Ød-úLôQj§u TWl-T-[Ü Gq-Y-[-YôL CÚd-

Ïm? Ød-úLô-Qj-§u úUp Ef£ûV ùNq-Y-

Lj-§u úUp-Td-Lj-§úXúV CÚd-ÏmT¥ SLoj-

§]ôpØd-úLô-Qj-§u TWl-T-[-®p Uôt-\m

HtTÓ-Uô? CkRl ×s-°ûV JÚ £ûX-PûWl

(ûPúX-`u) TVu-T-Ój§ Lh-Ól-T-ÓjÕYÕ

GqYôß Guß Ee-Ls Si-T-àdÏ ®[d-L-

Ø-¥-Ù-Uô?

Cl-T-¥-Ùm TVu-T-Ój-R-Xôm!

JÚ ùTu-£ûX GRt-Ï TVu-T-Ój-Õ-úYôm? GÝ-Õ-Y-Rt-Ï Uh-Óm Rôu TVu-TÓj-R-Ø-

¥-Ù-Uô? ¸úZ RWlThÓs[ TPeLû[l TôoLÜm.


Á34

TPm 3.19 TPm 3.20

TPm 3.17 TPm 3.18

CÕ-Üm ùTu-£-u TVu-Tô-Ó Rôu. CÕúTôuß ´úVô´lWôÜm L¦R Y¥YeLû[

EÚYôdÏYRtÏ UhÓúU TVuTÓjRd á¥V Juß ApX. úZ RWlThÓs[ TPeLû[l

Tôo, JÚ ª§Yi¥«p TVQm ùNnTYÚm, Gßm×¾²Ùm CYtû\ £ûXPo TVuTÓj§

SLojRÜm ùNnVXôm.

C˚Q-Vl Td-Le-L-∞u WL-£-Vm

Á 35

CûQ-V-R-[m, A§-≠-Úk-Õs[ RL-Yp

úNL-¬l× Gu-TûY Gh-Pôm YÏl-©p A±-Ø-

L-Uô-]ûYúV! JÚ ùYl ©ùWü-NûWl (webbrowser) TVu-T-Ój§ CûQ-V-jûR Gl-T-¥

§\l-T-Õ Gu-ß Ee-L-Þd-Ï ùR¬-Ùm.

I. ¥.@váp ×úWô-_d-¥u CûQ-V-

R[m (T-Pm 4.1) §\k-Õ TôÚe-Ls. ØLl×l

TdLj-§p (home page) Gu-ù]u]Yt-û\d

Lôi-¡Èo-Ls?

ØLl×l Td-Lj-§p Ñh-ùP-≠d-Ï±ûV

SLoj-§l-Tô-Úe-Ls.

£X Yôoj-ûR-L-Þd-Ïm, TPe-L-Þd-Ïm

úUúX ùNp-Ûm-ùTô-Ý-Õ Ñh-ùP-≠d-Ï-±d-Ï

Y¥Y-Uôt-\m HtTÓYûRd LY-²j-¾o-L-[ô?

Ñh-ùP-≠d-Ï -±d -Ï Y¥-Y-Uôt -\m

HtTÓm CPeL°p ¡°d ùNn-Ùm-ùTô-Ý-Õ

×§V TdLeLs §\k-Õ-Y-Ú-¡-\-Õ.

T-Pm 4. 1

C˚Q-V Td-Le-L-∞-u WL-£-Vm4


Á36

×j-R-Le-L-°-Ûm, ùNn-§j-Rôs-L-°-Ûm

RL-YpL-s Lô¡Rj§p Af-£-Pl-TÓ¡\-Õ.

AÕúTôX CûQ-V-R[j§p RL-Yp-Ls

ùY°«-Ó-YRtLô] CPeLú[ CûQV

-TdLe-Ls. Cl-T-¥ RL-Yp-L-Þm. TPe-L-Þm

¨Wm©V CûQV -TdLeL°u áh-P-Uô-Ïm

CûQVR[UôÏm.

Af-£hP Rôs-L-Þm CûQ-V- TdLe-

L-Þm GqYôß Gl-T-¥ úYß-TÓ-¡-\-Õ?

n CûQV -TdLj§p Uôt-\eLs ùNn-V-Ø-¥-Ùm.

n CûQV -TdLeL°p ùYq-úY-ß

TdLeLû[ CûQd-Ïm ≠e-Ï-Ls (Links)Es-[-].

n CûQV- TdLeL°p J≠ -ûVÙm

Å¥úVôl TPeLû[Ùm Eh-T-ÓjR Ø¥-Ùm.

n ..................................................................................

n ..................................................................................

JÚ CûQV-R[j§u TdLeLs GqYôß

AûUk§-Úd-¡-\-Õ?

n ØLl×l TdLj§p (Home Page)CûQV-R[m Ï±jR Ød-¡V RLYpLs

RWl-Th-¥-Úd-Ïm.

n ØLl× TdLj§ÚkÕ úYß TdLeL-Þd-Ï

ùNpY-Rt-Lô] ≠e-Ï-Ls RWlTh¥Úd-Ïm.

n ..................................................................................

n ..................................................................................

CûQV TdLeLs EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Rp

CûQV- TdLeLû[ Gl-T -¥

EÚYôdÏY-Õ? ARt-Ï Gf. ¥. Gm. Gp.

ApXÕ ûalTo ùPdv-Ó Uôod-Ll Xôe

úYw (HTML) Gu\ L¦² ùUô¯ ùR¬V

úYiÓm. gedit Gu¡\ ùPdv-Ó G¥h-P-¬p

Gf. ¥. Gm. Gp Gu-¡\ ùUô¯ûVl TVu-TÓj§

EÚ-Yôd-Ïm ×úWô¡Wôm-Lû[ JÚ ©ùWüNo

TVu-T-Ój§ CûQV- TdLeL[ôL TôodLXôm..

SôØm CûQ-V-Td-LjûR EÚ-Yôd-L-Xôm

Ee-L[Õ Be-¡X TôP-×j-R-Lj-§p TX

GÝj-Rô-[o-Lû[d Ï±jÕ ùNôp- -«Úd-¡-

\ôoLú[. A§p ØRp AX¡p "TO MY

NANNY ' Gu\ TôPjûR GÝ§V

"ALEXANDER PUSHKIN' Gu\ L®-OûWl

Tt± EeLÞdÏj ùR¬-Ù-úU? AY-¬u ùTVûW

Lôh-Óm JÚ CûQV- TdLjûR EÚYôd-L-Xô-

Uô?

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 1

GpXô CûQV- TdLj§Ûm ÕYe-Ï-YÕ

<html> Gu\ ÕYd-L-Y-¬-«-Ûm Ø¥-Y-Õ </html>Gu\ Ø¥-Ü-ûW-«-Ûm BÏm. Ce-Ï htmlGuTÕ '< >' Gu\ AûPl-×d-Ï-±-L-Þd-Ï

Esú[ GÝ-Rl-Th-¥-Úd-¡-\-Õ. CûR úPd (tag)GuTo. úPÏ-Ls ú_ô¥-L-[ô-Lj-Rôu TVu-

TÓjR úYi-Óm. JÚ ÕYdL úPÏm <html>Ø¥Ü úPÏm </html>. G²p <html> ...............................................</html> Gu\

úPÏLÞdÏsú[ Rôu JÚ CûQV-

TdLjûR AûUd-L-úYi-Óm.

ALEXANDER PUSHKIN Gu\ ùTVûW JÚ

CûQV- TdLj§p Lôh-P-úYi-Ó-ùU-²p

Gu] ùNnV-úYi-Óm. JÚ ùPdv-Ó

G¥hPûWj §\kÕ A§p <html>

ALEXANDER PUSHKIN </html> Gu-ß

RhPf-Ñ ùNn-R-©\Ï, CkR ùPdvÓ úLôlûT

JÚ ùTVo ùLôÓjÕ úNªdLÜm. úLôl×l

ùTV-¬u LûP-£-«p 'html' ApX-Õ 'htm' Gu\

¿h£ûV (Gdv-ùPu-`u) úNodL-úYi-Óm.

(T-Pm 4. 2 Lôi-L)

CkR ùYl Rôû[j §\k-Õ TôodLúYi-Pô-Uô?

úUô£pXô @ûTVoTôdv Gu\ ùYl

©ùWü-No TVu-T-Ój§ CkR úLôlûTj

§\lTÕ Gl-T-¥ Gu-ß Tôod-L-Xôm. .html Gu\


Á 37

CûQl×Pu úNªjR úLôl-©p YX-Õ ¡°d

ùNn-Õ ùUà-®-Ûs[ open with Firefox webBrowser Gu\ Bl- -²p ¡°d ùNn-L. úZ

Lôi-©j-R-Õ úTôp ALEXANDER PUSHKINGu\ ùTVo LôhÓm JÚ CûQV- TdLm

úRôu±VRô? (T-Pm 4. 3)

C² Ee-Ls ùTVo Lôh-Óm CûQV-

TdLm EÚ-Yôd-L-úYi-Ó-ùU-²-p? ARt-LôL

ùPdv-Ó G¥h-ùP-¬p Rh-Pf-Ñ ùNn-V-úYi-¥V

RLYpLû[ Ee-Ls Ï±lúTh¥p GÝ-ÕL.

C² ùPdv-Ó G¥h-P-¬p CkR RLYpLû[

Rh-Pf-Ñ ùNn-Õ ùNVp-TôhûP úNªjÕl

TôÚeLs.

Gf. ¥. Gm. Gp úPÏ-Ls

Jq-ùYô-Ú CûQV- TdLj§Ûm úNod-Ll-Th¥Úd-

Ïm GÝj-Õd-Ls, TPe-Ls úTôu\Ytû\ GkR

Y¥-Yj-§p Gl-T-¥ LôhPúYi-Óm Gu-ß ©ùWü-

N-Úd-Ï ùR°-Ü-TÓj-Õm Lh-P-û[-Lú[ PôÏ-Ls.

'<', '>' Gàm CÚ Ï±-Â-Ó-L-Þd-Ï Es-ú[-Vô-Ïm

CkR LhPû[-Ls GÝ-Rl-T-Ó-¡u-\-]. Ge-¡-ÚkÕ

JÚ úPd ùRôPe-Ï¡\úRô ARû] Kl-T-¦ed

úPd Gu-ß áß¡ú\ôm. Lh-P-û[ûV Ø¥d-Ïm

CPj-§p úPd Ïú[ôv ùNn-V-úYi-Óm.

KlT¦ed úP¡-Ûs[ '<' Ï±d-Ï ©u "/' Ï±

úNodÏm-ùTô-Ý-Õ AÕ Ïú[ô-³e úPd B¡\Õ.

ÑÚd-L-UôL Kl-T-¦ed úP¡t-Ïm dú[ô-³e

úP¡t-Ïm CûPúV UhÓúU JÚ úP¡u

LhPû[-L-°u ùTôÚkÕm.

CûQVlTdLeL°u RûXl-×-LsTôP-×j-R-Lj-§p Tj§-L-Þd-Ïj RûXl-

×-L-Þm ÕûQj -R-ûXl-×-L-Þm Es[]úY?

CÕ-úTôX RL-Y-u Ød-¡-Vj-Õ-YjÕd-úLtT

CûQV- TdLeLÞdÏm RûXl-×-L -Þm

(Heading) ÕûQj -R-ûXl-×-L -Þm (Sub

Heading) úNod -LXôm. RûXl-× -Lû[j

úRûYVô] A[-®p Lôh-Ó-Y-Rt-Ï Lh-P-û[-

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TÓjRÜm Ø¥-¡-\-Õ.

n CûQ-V-R-[m Eh-TP RL-Yp ùRôPo×

AûUl-×-L-ú[ô-Ó CûQd-L-Ø-¥-¡-\-Õ.

TX-®-R-Uô] CVd-Ï-Ø-û\-ûU-Ls L¦-

²-L-°p TVu-T-Ój-RlTÓ¡u\]. ≠]dv

CVd-Ï-Ø-û\-ûUûV Sôm Ts-°-L-°p TVu-T-

Ój-Õ-¡-ú\ôm. ®u-úPôv, úUd, ë¦dv,

ùNôXô¬v úTôu-ß Tp-úY-ß CVd-Ï-Ø-û\-ûU-

Ls EX-¡p TVu-Tôh-¥p Es-[-].

ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Ls

n CûQ-V -R -[j -§ - -Úk -Õ CVd-Ï -Ø-û\,

Tp-úY-ß ®R-Uô] CVdÏØû\ûULs

úTôu\Ytû\l Tt±V RL-Yp-Lû[f

úNL¬j-Õ Ee-Ls YÏl× CR¯p ùY°«PÜm.

n ÑRk-§-W-ùUu-ùTô-Ús-L-û[l Tt± Ee-Ls

YÏl-©p JÚ LXkÕûWVôPp Ht-Tô-Ó

ùNnVÜm. úRûY-Vô] RL-Yp-Lû[

CûQ-V- R[j§ÚkÕ úNL-¬dLÜm.

¸úZ ùLôÓd-Ll-Th¥-Úd-Ïm LÚj-Õ-L-û[lTt±

®Yô-§-Ùe-Ls.

n Ee-Ls Ts-°-«p TVu-T-Ój-Õm CVd-L

Øû\ûU GÕ?

n AÕ JÚ ÑRk-§W ùUu-ùTô-Ú-[ô?

n AûR TVu-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Rôp úUuûU-Ls

Es[]Yô?

n Cu-ß ùNVp-Tôh-¥p Es[ CVd-Ï

Øû\ûU-Ls GûY?

¬f-Nôo-Ó Uôjë vPôp-úUu

ÑRk-§W ùUu-ùTô-Ús

CVd-Lj-§u ¨ßY-]o

EXùLe-Ïm ©W-£j-§-

ùTt\ dà ùNVp -

§hPj§tÏ ®j§hPYo.

dà CVd-Ï-Ø-û\ûUûV

SUd-Ï RkR CYo, ÑRk-§W ùUu-ùTô-Ús

ùLôsûLdLôL AVWôÕ TôÓ-T-Ó-¡-\ôo.

CVdÏ Øû\ûU


45Á

L¦-²-«u Tp-úY-ß TôLe-L-°u ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Lû[ JÝe-L-ûUd-L-Üm Lh-Ól-TÓjRÜm

ùNnYRtLôL HtùL]úY RVôo ùNn-Vl-Th-Ós[ ×úWô¡WômLú[CVd-Ï-Øû\ûU-Ls

n L¦-²ûV ùNVp-T-Ój-Õm JÚ-Y-Úd-Ï ùYq-úY-ß TVu-Tôh-Ó ùUuùTôÚsLs,

CûQl× CVk-§-We-Ls úTôu\YtßPu ùRôPo-×-ùLôs[ ERÜm CûP¨ûX«]WôL

CVdÏØû\ûULs ùNVp-T-Ó-¡-\-Õ.

n ¨û]-Y-Lm, úLôl× AûUl-×, úTôu\Ytû\d Lh-Ól-TÓj-Õ-¡-\-Õ.

n L¦-²-«p SPd-Ïm Tp-úY-ß ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Ls, L¦-²-«u TpúYß -Tô-Le-L-°u ùNVp-Ls

úTôu\Ytû\ JÚe¡ûQdLÜU Lh-Ól-T-Ój-R-Üm ùNn-¡-\-Õ.

n TQm ùNÛj§ Yôe¡ TVu-T-Ój-Rd-á-¥V R²Ù¬ûU ùUuùTôÚsLÞm

(Proprietary software), CX-Y-N-UôL ¡ûPd-Ïm ÑRk-§W ùUu-ùTô-Ús-L-Þm

(Free software) Cu-ß ¡ûPdLlùTß¡u\].

n R² E¬ûU ùUu-ùTô-Ús-L-û[ Yôe-Ï-T-Y-Úd-Ï AûR TVu-T-Ój-Õ-YûRj R®W AkR

ùUu-ùTô-Ú-°t-Ï úUp Gk-R-®-R-Uô] E¬-ûUÙm CpûX. ARû] Ru²fûNVôL

Uôt\úYô, úUmTÓjRúYô úYß L¦²«p TVuTÓjRúYô E¬ûU«pûX. ®ûX

ùLôÓdLôUp ¡ûPd¡u\ ÑRk§WUôL TVuTÓjRd á¥V ùUuùTôÚsLú[ ÑRk§W

ùUuùTôÚhLs. ClT¥lThP ÑRk§WùUuùTôÚsL[ô] CVdÏØû\ûULú[

ÑRk§W CVdÏØû\ûULs.

®ûX ùLôÓd-Lô-Up ¡ûPd-¡u\ CX-Y-N-UôL TVu-T-Ój-Rd á¥V ùUu-ùTô-Ús-L-[ô-Ïm ÑRk§W

ùUu-ùTô-Ús-Ls. Cl-T-¥ CX-Y-N-UôL Es[ ùUu-ùTô-Ús-L-[ô-Ïm ÑRk-§W CVd-Ï-Ø-û\-ûULs.

n ÑRk-§W ùUu-ùTô-ÚhLû[ Sm úRûYd-úLtT TVu-T-Ój-R-Ø-¥-¡-\-Õ. (The freedom

to run the program for any purpose)

n ùUu-ùTô-Ús Gl-T-¥ ùNVp-T-Ó-¡-\-Õ Gu-ß ©¬jR±VÜm, úRûYdúLtT Uôt-\e-Ls

ùNn-V-Üm Ø¥-¡-\-Õ. (The freedom to study how the program works, and

change it to make it do what you wish.)

n ùUu-ùTô-Ú-°u SLp-Ls GÓl-T-Rt-Ïm ®¨úVô¡dLÜm Ø¥-¡-\-Õ. (The

freedom to re-distribute copies of the software)

n ùUu-ùTô-Úû[ úUm-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Rt-Ïm, úUm-T-Ój-Rl-ThP ùUu-ùTô-Úû[ ùY°-«Ó-YRtÏm

SUd-Ï E¬-ûU-Ùi-Ó. (Freedom to Impove the program and release modified

verisons)

dà/≠]dv, Kl-Tu ©.Gv.¥,, Nu ùNôXô-¬v úTôu-ß TX ÑRk-§W CVd-Ï-Øû\-ûU-Ls Cuß

¡ûPdLl ùTß¡u\].

≠]v ùT]-¥dh úPôo-Yôphv

dà/≠]dv ÏÓm-Tj-§p Es[ CVd-Ï-

Øû\ûULs TVu -T -Ój -Õm ]dv

ùLoQûX GÝ-§-V-Yo ]v ùT²-¥dh úPôo-

Yôshv. CYo JÚ ©W-T-X-Uô] ùUu-ùTô-Ús

Yp-Û-]o BYôo.


46 Á

C² SUd-Ï L¦-²ûVf ùNVp-T-Pf

ùNn-V-Xôm. L¦-²-«u Ñ®hûN Lôh£ RÚm

ùPvd-Pôl Ee-L-Þd-Ï A±-Ø-L-Uô-]-Õ-Rô-ú]?

£X L¦²-L-°p ùPvd-Pôl-©u ©u-]¦

ªL AZ-LôL AûUk-§-Úl-TûR ¿e-Ls

LY²j-§-Úl-Ào-Ls. Ee-L-Þd-Ïl ©¥jR TPe-

L-û[l TVu-T-Ój§ L¦-²-«u ©u-]-¦ûV

AZ-Ï-T-Ój-R-Xô-Uô?

ùPvd-Pôl-©u ©u-]¦ûV Uôt-\-Xôm

ùPvd -Pôl -©p Ñh -ùP - d -Ï±

ùLôiÓ-Y-kÕ Lô-Vô] CPj-§p YX-Õ ¡°d

ùNn-Õ Change desktop background Gu\

BûQûVj úRoÜ ùNn-L. Cl-úTô-Õ Lôh-£-

V-°d-Ïm Appearance preference ®u-úPô-®-

-Úk-Õ(T-Pm 5.1) úRûY-Vô] TPm úRok-

ùRÓdL Ø¥-¡\Õ Ap-X-Yô?

C² Ee-L-Þd-Ïl ©¥jR TPe-Lû[

©u-]-¦-VôL AûUdL ØVuß -Tô-Úe-Ls.

n Appearance preference Nô[Wj§p AddùTôj-Rôû] ¡°d ùNn-L.

n þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

n þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

¿ e - L s Y û W k R T P e L û [ l

©u]¦VôL AûUdL Ø¥-¡-\Rô?

ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Ls

n CûQ-V-R -[j -§ -≠ -Úk -Õ TPe-Lû[f

úNL¬jÕ L¦-²-«u ©u-]-¦-Vôd-Ï-L.

dà/≠]dv

Cu-ß A§-L-UôL TVu-Tôh-¥p Es[ JÚ ÑRk-§W ùUu-ùTô-Úú[ dà/≠]dv. 1983-þp

¬f-No-Ó vPôpúUu ùRôPe¡V dà ùNVp-§h-Pm TûPjR Wp-L-Þm 1994-þp ]v

úPôo-Yôphv EÚ-Yôd-¡V ≠]dv Gu\ A¥l-TûP WûXÙm (ùLo-Qp) Juß úNojÕ

CkR ùUu-ùTô-Ús EÚ-Yôd-Ll-Th-¥-Úd-¡-\-Õ. dà ùNVp §h-Pj-§u TÏ§-LÞm ≠]dv

ùLo-Q-Ûm úNok-Õ EÚ-Yô-]-Õ Gu-T-R-ôp CÕ dà/≠]dv Guß AûZd-Ll-TÓ-¡-\-Õ.

CÕ úTôu\ ÑRk-§W CVd-Ï-Ø-û\-ûU-L-°p TVu-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Rt-Lô] úRûY-Vô] TX TVu-

Tôh-Ó ùUuùTô-Úh-Ls Cu-ß ¡ûPd-¡u-\].

TPm 5.1


47Á

n Ee-Ls Ts-°-«u úTôhúPô GÓj-Õ AûR

´m©p G¥h ùNn-Õ A§p Ts°«u

ùTVo úNojÕ AZ-Ï-T-Ój-RÜm CRû]

L¦²«u ©u-]-¦-VôL AûUÙe-Ls.

ùPvd-Pôl AûUl-×-Ls

AZÏTÓjR-Xôm

ùPvd-Pôl-©u ©u-]-¦ûV Uôt±

AûUj-R-Õ-úTôX ùPvd-Pôl-©p ùR¬-Ùm Id-

Li-L -ÞûPV-Üm Tp-úYß ùUàd-L -

ÞûPVÜm AûUlûT Uôt± AZ-Ï-T-Ój-R-

Xôm. CRt-LôL System → Preferances →Appearance Gu\ Y¬-ûN-«p AppearancePreferances Nô[WjûRj §\dLÜm.

Ce-Ï Lôh-£-V-°d-Ïm Theme, FontsúTôu\Yt±p úRûY-Vô] Uôt-\e-Ls ùNnÕ

ùPvd-Pôl-©p Gu-ù]u] Uôt-\e-Ls ùNnV

-Ø-¥-Ùm Gu-ß JÚ ùNVp-Tôh-Ód-Ï-±l× RVôo

ùNn-L.

vd-Ãu `ôh RVôo ùNn-V-Xôm

§ûWd Lôh-£-Lû[ AúR-úTôX TPe-

L-[ôd-¡V vd-Ãu-`ôh-Ó-Lû[ ¿e-Ls Tôoj-

§Úl-Ào-Ls. CkR TôPl-×j-R-Lj-§p Es[ TX

TPe-L-Þm Cq-Yôß vd-Ãu-`ôh-Ó-L-[ôL

GÓdLlThPûYúV. d-Ãu- ôh-Ó-Ls GÓlTRt-

Lô] Tp-úY-ß Øû\-L-û[l Tt± ùR¬k-Õ-

ùLôs-úYô-Uô?

n vd-Ãu-`ôh-Ó GÓdL úYi-¥V TÏ§ûV

§ûW«p §\k-Õ ûYd-LÜm.

n ®ûNl-T-X-ûL-«p print screen ùTôj-Rôû]

AÝj-Õ-L.

n ×§V Nô[Wj§p úRôu-ßm vd-Ãu-

`ôh¥tÏ ùTVo ùLôÓj-Õ úLôl×j

ùRôÏl©p úNªdLÜm.

úYß JÚ Øû\ûVl TôodLXôm

n Applications → Graphics → KsnapshotGu\ Y¬-ûN-«p Ksnapshot §\d-L-Üm.

n Capture mode Gu\ CPj-§p RegionúRoÜ ùNn-R-©-\-Ï New Snapshot I ¡°d

ùNnVÜm.

n vd-Ãu`ôh GÓdL úYi-¥V TÏ§ûV

ÑhùP ûV d°d ùNn -Õ CÝj -Õ

Ï±l©Ó-L.

n Enter ùTôj-Rôû] AÝj-Õ-L.

n Save as TVu-T -Ój§ vd-Ãu-`ôh

úNqùNn-L.

n CÕ-úTôu-ß EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Y-Rt-Ï Tp-úY-ß

Øû\-Ls Es-[-].

n Applications → Accessories → TakeScreen shot Gu\ Y¬-ûN-«p ¡°d ùNnÕ

Take screenshot ®uúPôûYj §\d-L-Xôm.

n ...........................................................................................................................

n ...........................................................................................................................

ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Ls

n ´m-©p EÚ-Yôd-¡V JÚ TPj-§u vd-Ãu-

`ôhûP Tp-úY-ß Øû\-L°p GÓjÕ

úNªdLÜm.

n ghemical ùUu-ùTô-Ús TVu-T-Ój§

Ri½o êXd-á-ß AûUlûT EÚYôdÏ,

ARu vd-Ãu- ôh GÓjÕ úNªdLÜm.

TPm 5.2


48 Á

§ûWd -Lôh-£-Lû[ TPm-©-¥d-L-Xôm

£X ùUu-ùTô-Ús-Lû[ A±-Ø-Ll

TÓjRÜm AY-t±u ùNVp-Tô-hûP ®[dÏY-

Rt-Ïm Es[ Å¥úVô TPe-Lû[ ¿e-Ls Tôoj-

§-Úl-Ào-Ls. GÓj-Õd-Lôh-PôL Nu¡[ôd §\kÕ

ùNVp-T-Óm Øû\ûV JÚ Å¥-úVô-YôL

Lôh¥]ôp Gq-Y-[Ü G°-RôL SUd-Ï AÕ

×¬Ùm. Cm-Ø-û\-«p vd-Ã-²p úRôußm

Lôh£-Lû[ úRûY-Vô] J≠ úNojÕ

Å¥úVôYôL TPm-©-¥d-Ïm gtk-Record mydesktop Gu\ ùUu-ùTô-Úû[ Tt±j ùR¬kÕ-

ùLôsúYôm.

n Applications → Sound & Video → gtk→Record my desktop Gu\ Y¬-ûN-«p

d°d ùNn-Õ gtk → Record my desktopNô[WjûRj §\dLÜm. (T-Pm 5. 3)

n Record ùTôj-Rôû] ¡°d ùNnVÜm.

n Cl -úTô -Õ Tô] - p JÚ ùYi¦\

ùNqYLm Lôh-£-V-°d-Ïm.

n C² TPm ©¥d-L-úYi-¥V ùUu-ùTô-Úû[j

§\k-Õ ùNVp-T-Ój-Õ-L.

n ùNVp-Tô-Ó Ø¥k-R-©-\-Ï Tô]-≠p Es[

ùYi ùNq-Y-Lj-§p ¡°d ùNnVÜm

n ùYi ùNq-Y-Lm JÚ £YkR Yh-P-UôL Uô±

vd-Ã-²p JÚ ×§V Nô[Wm úRôußm.

(TPm5. 4)

n £±-Õ úSWj-§t-Ïl ©\-Ï ØRp Nô[Wm

Uß-T-¥-Ùm úRôußm. C§p Save as¡°d ùNn-Õ Å¥úVôûY úNªdLÜm..

C² CÕ-úTôu-ß Å¥-úVôd-L-°p

J≠ûV úNodLúYi-Ó-ùU-²p ûUd-úWô@-

úTôu TVu-T-Ój§ J≠ûV T§Ü ùNn-Rôp

úTôÕm. CRt-LôL Record ùTôj-Rôû] ¡°d

ùNn-R-©-\-Ï ùUu-ùTô-Ús ùNVp-T-Ó-Y-Õ áP

J≠ûVÙm ûUd-úWô@-úTôu Y¯-VôL A°j-

Rôp úTôÕm.

ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Ls

n ùNôp ùNV §\k -Õ ùNVp-T -Ój -Õm

Øû\ûV gtk - Record my desktop TVu-

TÓj§ Å¥-úVô -YôL EÚ-Yôd¡

úRûYVô] ®[dLe-Lû[f úNojÕ

úNªdLÜm.

n CRu ùNVp-Tôh-Ó Øû\«û] GÝ-RÜm..

Tô]p úNod-L-Xôm ¿d-L-Xôm

ùPvd-Pôl -©p úUÛm ¸Ý-UôL

ùYi¦-¨\ SôPôúTôX Lôh-£-V-°d-Ïm

Tô]ûX LY-²j-§-Úl-Ào-Ls. Tô]-p Appli-cations, Places, System Gàm ùUàd-LÞm

£X £ß TPe-L-Þm LôQlTÓm. AûY Jq-

ùYôu-± -u ÁÕm Ñh-ùP-≠d-Ï±«û]

ûYjÕl-Tô-Úe-Ls. AûY Jq-ùYôu-û\Ùm

TVu-T-Ój§ ùNn-VCVÛm ùNVp-Lû[d

LôhÓ¡\Rô? (T-Pm 5. 5).

(T-Pm 5.4)

(T-Pm 5.3)


49Á

RtúTôÕ RWlThÓs[ûYLs R®W

úYß GûRVôYÕ Tô]≠p EhTÓjR

Ø¥ÙUô Guß ØVuß TôÚeLs.

n Tô] - p Ñh -ùP -≠d-Ï± ûYj-Õ YX-Õ

¡°d ùNn-L.

n Add to Panel úRoÜ ùNn-L.

n §\k-Õ YÚm ®u-úPô-®p úRûY-Vô-]-ûRj

úRok-ùR-Ój-Õ Add d°d ùNn-L.

CqYôß Eh-T -Ój -RlThPYtû\

¿dÏYRtÏ Gu] ùNnV úYi-Óm?

n ¿d-L-úYi-¥-V- ùUà®p Ñh-ùP -≠d-Ï±

ûYj-Õ YXÕ ¡°d ùNn-L.

n Remove From Panel d°d ùNnVÜm.

TPm 5.6

Tô]-≠u ¨\jûRÙm A[-ûYÙm

Uôtßm ùNVûQÙm ùNn-Õ-Tôod-L-Üm.

n Tô]- p Ñh -ùP -≠-«u YX-Õ-ùTôj-Rôu

d°d ùNnVÜm.

n Properties úRoÜ ùNn-VÜm.

n TPm 5. 7 §\k-Õ YÚ-m.

C² Tô]-≠u ¨\jûRÙm A[-

ûYÙm Uôt-±l-Tô-Úe-Ls. úYù\uù]u]-

Uôt-\e-Ls ùNn-V-Ø-¥-Ùm Gu-ß ØVt£ ùNn-Õ

TôojÕ AYt±u ùNVp--Øû\ûV GÝRÜm..

SôÞm úSW-Øm Uôt± AûUd-L-Xôm

úUúX-Ùs[ Tô]-≠p YX-Õ -Td-L-UôL

UôR -m úR§ - Sôs úSW -m ØR VûY

Lôh£V°lTûR LY-²j-§-Úl-Ào-Ls. úSW-Øm

úR§-Ùm Uôt-\ úYi-¥V ãr¨ûX Ee-

LÞdÏ Ht-Th-¥-Úd-L-Xôm. CYtû\ GlT-¥

Uôt± AûUd-L -Xôm? ØVt-£ ùNnÕ

TôolúTôUô?

T-Pm 5.5

TPm 5.7


50 Á

n úSW-m UôR-m úR§- CûY LôQlTÓm

CPj§p Ñh -ùP - -Vôp YX -Õ ¡°d

ùNnVÜm

n Preferances úRoÜ ùNn-VÜm

n §\k-Õ YÚm ×§V ®u-úPô-®p (T-Pm 5.8)

Time Settings Gu-T-§p d°d ùNn-VÜm.

n §\k-Õ-Y-Úm ×§V ®u-úPô-®p UôRm,

úR§, Sôs, úSWm úTôu\Yt±p

úRûYVô] Uôt-\m ùNn-VÜm.

n Set System Time Gu-T-§p ¡°d ùNn-Õ

LPÜfùNôpûX A°d-L-Üm.

×§V ëNo EÚ-Yôd-L-Xôm

TVuTôhPô[o ùTVÚm (Username),LPÜfùNôp(Password), A°jÕ Rôú]

L¦²ûV CVdÏ¡ÈoLs.. ¿e-Ls TVu-

TÓjÕm L¦²ûV CVdL Ut\ UôQ-Yo-

LÞm AúR TV]ô[o ùTVÚm, LPÜf

ùNôpÛUô TVu-T-Ój-Õ-¡-\ôo-Ls? Cl-T-¥ ùNn-

Y-R-]ôp HúRàm CûPëß HtTÓUô?

EeLs LÚj-§û] ¸úZ Ï±l©PÜm.

n ùPvd-Pôl-©u AûUl-×-Ls Uôt-\l-

TÓ¡u-\-].

n úLôl-×-L-Þm úLôl-×j-ùRô-Ïl-×-L-Þm

¿dLlTPXôm, ApXÕ Uôt-\lTPXôm.

n þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

n þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

CYtû\j R®odL Gu] Y¯! Jq-

ùYô-Ú-Y-Úd-Ïm Jq-ùYô-Ú ë^ûW EÚ-Yôd-

¡-]ôp úTôÕ-úU. ×§V ë^ûW Gl-T-¥

EÚYôd-Ï-Y-Õ Gu-ß Tôod-L-Xôm.

System → Administration → User and GroupsGu\ Y¬-ûN-«p User Settings Nô[WjûR

§\d-LÜm. (T-Pm 5.9)

n Click to make changes Gu-T-§u Id-L-¦p

¡°d ùNn-Õ úUXôuûU LPÜfùNôp

(Administrative Password)A°d-L-Üm.

n Add User Gu-T-§p d°d ùNn-Õ ×§V

ë^o ùTVûWÙm LPÜfùNôpûXÙm

RhPf-Ñ ùNnVÜm.

C² Ee-Ls ùTV-¬p JÚ ë^ûW EÚ-Yôd-

¡l-Tô-Úe-Ls. ARu ùNVp-Ø-û\-Lû[d

Ï±jÕ-ûYdL U\d-Lô-¾oLs.

ÕpVjRuûUûV Uôt±

AûUdL-Xôm (Resolution)TX L¦-²-L-°p ùPvd-Pôl Id-Li-

Ls ùT¬Õ ùT¬RôL LôQlTÓYûR Tôoj-

§Úl-Ào. AÕ Uh-Ó -Up-X, Nô[WjûRj

§\kRôp §ûW-«p ØÝ-ûU-VôL TôodL

Ø¥Vô-R-T¥ ùT¬RôL ®¬kÕ CÚd-Ïm. CÕ

vd-Ãu ùWù^ôp-ë- u Ïû\k-R-§-]ôp YÚm

©Wf-£-û]. CûR N¬-ùNn-Y-RtLôL vd-Ãu

TPm 5.8 T-PU 5.9


51Á

TPm 5.10

TPm 5.11

ùWù^ôp-ë- û] Uôt-± AûUl-TÕ Gl-T¥

Guß Tôod-L-Xôm.

System → Preferences → Display Gu\

Y¬ûN-«p Display Preferences ®uúPô

§\dL-Üm.

♦ Resolution Gu-T-RtÏ úSWôL d°d ùNnÕ

ùTôÚj-R-U] ùWù^ôp-ë-`û] úRok-

ùRÓdL-Xôm.

ùYq-úYß vd-Ãu ùWù^ôp-ë-`u

A°jÕ ùPvd-Pôl-©-Ûm Tp-úYß Nô[We-

L°-Ûm YÚm Uôt-\eLû[ LY²ÙeLs.

vd-Ãu úNYo AûUd-L-Xôm

ùNpThÓd ùLôi¥ÚdÏm Ee-L-s

L¦²ûV NtßúSWm GÕÜm ùNn-Vô-Up

ûYÙe-Ls. Gu] SPd-¡\Õ Guß LY-²-Ùe-

Ls. vd-Ã-²p £X TPe-L-s Y¥-Ye-Ls

úTôu\ûY AûN-Y-Õm, ÑZp-Y-ÕUôL

Lôh£V°d¡\Õ. CRû] v¡-Ãu úNYo Guß

AûZl-To. CÕúTôuß TpYûL vd-Ãu

ú^Yo-Lû[ Gl-T¥ AûUlTÕ Guß Ee-

LÞdÏ ùR¬-ÙUô?

♦ System → Preferences → Screen saverGu\ Y¬-ûN-«p Screen saver PreferencesNô[WjûRj §\d-L-Üm.

♦ ùTôÚj-R -Uô] Screen Saver IÙm

úSWjûRÙm AûUj§PÜm.

úLôl× AûUl-ûT ùR¬k-Õ-ùLôs-úYôm

L¦-²-«p úLôl-×j ùRôÏl-×-L-ÞdÏ

Esú[ úLôl-× -L -[ôLúY RL-Yp-Lû[

úNªlúTôm Guß Ee-L-ÞdÏ ùR¬-Ù-úU?

¿eL-s EÚYôd¡V JÚ úLôl©û]

L¦²«p TôÕ-Lôj§P Gl-T¥ úNªlTÕ

G]l TôolúTôm.

♦ File → Save Gu\ Y¬-ûN-«p ¡°d ùNn-L.

♦ §\kÕ YÚm Nô[Wj§p ùTôÚj-R-Uô]

JÚ ùTVûWj Rh-PfÑ ùNnÕ úNq

ùTôjûRû]d ¡°d ùNnL.

♦ ¿e-Ls úLôl©û] úNªjR Ï±l

©hP JÚ úLôl-×-ùRô-Ïl× úRok-ùR-Ód-L

®pûX Gu-±-Úd-Lh-Óm. Ee-Ls úLôl×

GeÏ úNq ùNn-Vl-Th¥ÚdÏm?AkR

úLôl©û] Gl-T¥d Li-Ó-©-¥dL Ø¥-Ùm?

ØVt£ ùNnÕ Tôol-úTôUô?

♦ Places → Search for Files Gu\

Y¬ûN«p ¡°d ùNnÕ Search Nô[WjûR

§\d-L-Üm.

♦ úLôl-©-u ùTVûWj Rh-PfÑ ùNnÕ Find¡°d ùNn-L.

¿eLs úNªjR úLôl× Lôh£V°d

¡u\Rô? GeÏ AÕ úNªdLlThÓs[Õ


52 Á

Guß Li-Ó-©-¥-Ùe-Ls. ùPvd-Pôl-©p Es[ Home Gu\ úLôl×j ùRôÏl-©p Es[

Documents Gu\ úLôl-×j ùRôÏl-©tÏ Esú[ Rôú]?

ùPoª]p TVu-T-Ój§ TVu-TôhÓ ùUu-ùTô-Úû[f ùNVp-T-PfùNn-V-Xôm

dò/≠]d-³u Tp-úYß T§l-×-L-°p TVu-TôhÓ ùUu-ùTô-Úh-Lû[ ùUà®p

AûUk-§-Úd-Ïm Øû\-«p £X úYß-Tô-Ó-Ls CÚlTûR LY²j§ÚlÀoLs.

B]ôp ùUà TVu-T-Ój-RôUp ùPo-ª-]ûX UhÓm TVu-TÓj-§-Ùm JÚ TVu-

TôhÓ ùUu-ùTô-Úû[ ùNVp-T-PfùNn-V-Xôm. ARt-LôL ùPv-ÏPôl-©p Lô-Vô]

CPj-§p YXÕ ¡°d ùNnÕ Open in terminal Gu-T-ûRd ùR¬Ü ùNnÕ ùPo-

ª]ûX §\d-LÜm. C² ùNVp-TÓjR úYi¥V ùUu-ùTô-Ú°u ùTVûWj

RhPfÑ ùNnÕ Gu-Po ùNnRôpúTôÕm. ùPoª]p gimp Guß Rh-PfÑ ùNnÕ

GuPûW AÝj-§lTôÚe-Ls. KlTu BlÀv ûWh-PûWj §\l-T-RtÏ Oowriter

Guß Rh-PfÑ ùNn-V-úYi-Óm.

Home úLôl-×j ùRôÏl-©p Es[

Ut\ ÕûQd úLôl×j ùRôÏl-×Lû[Ùm,

úLôl×Lû[Ùm LY²j-¾o -L[ô? C²

Computer → File System → Home Gu\

Y¬ûN-«p HomeúLôl-×j ùRôÏlûTj

§\dLÜm. AeÏs[ Ee-Ls ëNo úLôl-×j

ùRôÏlûTj §\kÕ TôÚe-L-s. CkR CWiÓ

úLôl-×j ùRôÏl-×-L-°-Ûm Es[ úLôl-×-Ls

JußRôú]? C§ÚkÕ ¿e -Ls ×¬k -Õ -

ùLôiPÕ Gu]?

♦ Jq-ùYôÚ ëN-¬u Home úLôl×j

ùRôÏl×m ùPvdPôl-©p Lôh£V-°d-Ïm.

♦ Computer → File System → Home Gu\

Y¬ûN«p Home úLôl-×j ùRôÏlûTj

§\kRôp GpXô ëNo Home úLôl-×j

ùRôÏl-×-L-û[Ùm LôQXôm.

♦ ...............................................................

♦ ...............................................................

♦ ...............................................................

úUÛm £X LÚj-Õ-Lû[d LiÓ©-¥jÕ

úUúXEs[ Ï±lûT ØÝ-ûU-Vôd-Ï-L.

♦ JÚ úLôl-ûTj RVô¬jÕ ùYqúYß

ëNo Home úLôl-×j ùRôÏl-×-L-°-Ûm,

AYt±u ùPvd-Pôl-©-Ûm Save AsØû\ûVl TVu-TÓj§ úNªdLÜm.

♦ AkRkR ëN-oL -°p Xô¡u ùNnÕ

úNªjR úLôl-×-Lû[ T¬-úNô§d-L-Üm.

FN-¤m —Zt-£-Ÿm

53Á

6

Fg-N -Xô -¥ U¡r-Y-§p Ee-Ls

GpúXô -Úd-Ïm ®Úl-T -mRôú]? Fg-

NXôhPúU JÚ Bo-Ym ªdL A±-®-Vp

BnÜ B]ôp? Al-T-¥f ùNn-Rôp Lt-\p

FN-¤m —Zt-£-Ÿm

@˘Th

ùLôX-WôúPô Tp-L-ûXd-L-Z-Lj-§u JÚ A±-®-V-Xôo ÏÝ EÚ-Yôd-¡V A±-®-Vp £Ø-úX-Nu-L-°u

ùRôÏl-úT @ùTh (PHET). Application → School Resources → PHET Gu\ Øû\«p @ùThùUu-

ùTô-Úû[j §\d-L-Xôm. Nô[-Wj-§u Play with Sims Gu\ CûQl-©p ¡°d ùNn-V-Üm. úRôu-ßm

Nô[-Wj-§p LôQl-T-Óm Physics CûQl-©- -Úk -Õ Physics £Ø-úX-Nu-L-û[l ùT\-Xôm. C§p

Pendulam LabþIj úRok-ùR-Ód-Ïm úTôÕ §\d-Ïm Nô[-Wj-§p Run Nowþp ¡°d ùNn-V-Üm. Internetp@ùTh ¡ûPd-L, http://phet.colorado.edu Gu\ CûQV R[jûR ùRôPo× ùLôs-[-Üm.

úUÛm Bo-YjÕPu SûPùTßm. ÏZk-ûR-

L°u ùRôh-¥- u CVd-L-Øm Fg-N -≠u

CVd-L-Øm FNp CVd-Le-Ls Gu-ß T¥j-

ÕsÇoLs? Fg-N-≠u ¿[m á¥-]ô-Ûm

54 Á


w

ew

Ïû\k-Rô-Ûm JúW A[®Xô] CPl-ùT-Vof-

£Vô Ht-T-Ó-¡-\-Õ? GûP áÓm úTôÕm Ïû\-

Ùm úTôÕm Gl-T-¥? Cl-T-¥l-ThP FNp CVd-

Le-L-°u £\l-×l Ti-×-Ls Ï±j-Õ JÚ £Ø-

úX-N-²u ÕûQ-úVô-Ó úNô§j-Õl Tôol-úTôm.

Pendulam Lab-u Ød-¡V Nô[-WjûR

Et-ß-úSôd-L-Üm. CRu YXl-Td-Lm LôQl-T-

Óm LÚ-®-Ls (Tools) GûY? ùTi-Ó-Xj-§u

¿[jûRd áh-Óm-úTô-Õ, Nô[-Wj-§p Ht-T-Óm

Uôt-\jûR LY-²d-L-Üm. ùTôÚi-ûUûVd

áh-Óm-úTô-Õm, Ïû\d-Ïm úTôÕm Ht-T-Óm

Uôt-\e-Ls Guù]u]? ªL-Üm úZ LôQl-

T-Óm Other Tools Gu-T-§p ¡°d ùNnÕ

LiPYtû\d Ï±j-Õ ûYd-L-Üm.

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 1

@ùTh ùTi-Ó-Xm XôlIj §\d-L-Üm.

YXl-Td-L-Øs[ length LÚ® TVu-T-Ój-§,

ùTu-Ó-Xj-§u ¿[m 2m BL-Üm, Mass LÚ-

®-T-Vu-T-Ój-§, ùTôÚiûU 1 kg BL-Üm

JÝe-Ï-T-Ój-R-Üm. ùTi-Ó-Xj-§u Ïi-¥-û],

Ñh -ùP - -«u ÕûQ-úVô -Ó, YXl-Td -Lm

ApXÕ CPl-Td-Lm CÝj-Õ, ®P-Üm. (T-Pm6.2)

ùTi-Ó-Xm FN-Xô-Ó-Y-ûRd LôQ-Xôm.

TPm 6.2

Ød-¡V Nô[-Wj-§u YXl-Td-L-Øs[ OtherTools ¡°d ùNn-Õ Digital Stop Watch Nô[Wj-

§t-Ïf ùNp-X-Üm. CkR Stop Watch êXm

FNp Ïi-Ó, 10 FNp-L-Þd-Ï GÓd-Ïm

úSWjûRd Li-Ó-©-¥d-L-Üm. Nô[-Wj-§p Pause/Play, Stop Watchþp reset, start/pause Th-Pu-

L-°u TVu Ï±jÕ ùR¬k-ÕùLôs-Þe-Ls.

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 2

1 m ¿[-Øm, 1 kg ùTôÚi-ûU-Ùm EûPV

ùTi-Ó-XjûR FN-Xô-Pf ùNn-V-Üm. 10, 15, 20

FN-Xôh-Pe-L-Þd-Ï GÓd-Ïm LôX A[-Ü-

Lû[d Li-Ó-©-¥j-Õ, Th-¥-VûX ¨Wl©

ùNnÕ, JÚ FN-Xôh-Pj-§t-Ïj úRûY-Vô]

LôXj-ûR-Ùm (Period T) JÚ ùSô¥-«p SPd-

Ïm FN-Xôh-Pe-L-°u Gi-¦d-ûL-ûV-Ùm (f)Li-Ó-©-¥d-L-Üm (Th-¥-Vp 1).

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 3

TZeLôX ùTuÓXd L¥LôWeLû[lTôoj§Úd¡ÈoL[ô? A§p ùTuÓj§uFNu ¨Wd¡tÏm úSWj§tÏm Es[ùRôPoûT A±ÅoL[ô? ùTuÓXj§pGuù]u] UôßRpLû[f ùNnÕL¥LôWjûR ºWôL KPfùNnúYôm.ùNVpTôÓLû[ Etß úSôd¡ Ø¥ÜdÏ YÚL.

1 m ¿[-Øm 1 kg ùTôÚi-ûU-Ùm Es[ùTi-Ó-XjûR FN-XôP ®h-Ó, 10 Bh-Pe-LÞd-Ïj úRûY-Vô] LôXm-Li-Ó-©-¥d-L-Üm.ùTi-Ó-Xj-§u ¿[m 1.5 m, 2 m G] Uôt±Bn-®-û]j §Úm-Tf ùNn-V-Üm. Th-¥-Vp-þ2I¨Wl© JÚ FN-Xôh-Pj-§t-Ïj úRûY-Vô]LôXm, ùTi-Ó-Xj-§u ¿[m CYt±¡ûPúV-Ùs[ ùRôPo-©û]j ùR¬k-Õ-ùLôs[Üm.

J⁄ FNpBhPjßtLÙ]LÙXm T= (t/n)

1 10

2 15

3 20

Y. Gi FNXÙhPeL∞uGi¶d˚L (n)

˙SWm (t)

J⁄ Æ]Ù-•- p Ei-PÙœmFNp Bh-Pe-L-∞uGi¶d˚L f= (n/t)

Ah-P-YûQ 6.1

FN-¤m —Zt-£-Ÿm

55Á

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 4

C˙R Bn-Æ-˚], ˘Ti-”-Xj-ßu ø[j˚R UÙt-\Ù-U-p ˘TÙ⁄i-˚U˚V UÙt-± (0.05kg, 1 kg, 1.5 kg) ß⁄m-T‹m ˘Nn-V-‹m. Th-•-Vp 3 I ®Wl©d LÙXm Li-”-©-•j-’ LÙXj-ßt-œm ˘TÙ⁄i-˚Ud-œm C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo-˚Td Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m.

Ah-P-YûQ 6.3

1 0.50 kg 102 1 kg 103 1.5 kg 10

˘Ti-”-Xj-ßu ø[m = 1 m

FN-XÙh-Pe-L-∞uGi-¶d˚L (n)

Y.-Giø[m (l) ˙SWm (t)

J⁄ FN-XÙh-Pj-ßt-œj˙R˚Y-VÙ] LÙXm T= (t/n)

Ah-P-YûQ 6.2

1 1m 102 1.5m 103 2m 10

˘Ti-”-Xm œi-•u ˘TÙ⁄i˚U = 1 kg

R²-Ue-L-°u Ï¥-«-Úl×

JÚ F¬p JÚ ùT¬-V-Ï-¥-«-Úl-×l

TÏ§ Es[Õ. ARu ©¬-Ü-L-[ôL TX ÏÓmTe-

Ls. Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÓm-Tj-§-Ûm TX Eßl©]o-

L-Þm. CkRd Ï¥-«-Úl-©u £\l× Gu] ùR¬-

Ù-Uô? CkR EXLm EÚ-Yôd-Ll-Th-¥-Úl-T-Õ

A§p LôQl-T -Óm Eßl©]oLû[d

ùLôiúP. Vôo AkR Eßl©]oLs? éª-«-

Ûs[ Aû]j-Õl ùTôÚh-LÞûPVÜm,

A¥l-T-ûPl ùTôÚs-L-[ô] R²-Ue-Lú[

BÏm AûY. Gu\ôp AkR Ï¥-«-Úl-×l

TÏ§ Gu-T-Õ Gu]? AûRl-Tt± Sôm ®¬-

YôLl T¥jÕsú[ôm. AÔ-Gi-¦u A¥l-

T -ûP-«p R²-Ue-Ls JÝe-Ï-T -Ój -Rl -

ThÓs[]. BYojR] Ah-P-Y-ûQ-ûVd

Ï¥-«-Úl-×l TÏ-§-VôL GÓj-Õd ùLôs-[-Xôm.

ARu Eßl©]o-L-[ô-¡V Jq-ùYô-Ú R²-Uj-

§t-Ïm ARtúL E¬V R²j-RuûUÙm

£\l×l Ti×-L-Þm EiÓ.

R²-Ue-L-°u £\l-×l Ti-×-Ls Tt±

ùR¬k-Õ-ùLôs-Y-Õm AûY Tt± LXk-Õ-ûW-

VôÓ-Y-Õm úY§-«-Vp YÏl-×-L-°p NôRô-W-Q-

UôL SPd-Ïm Lt-\p ùNVpTôÓ Rôú]?

úY§«Vp Lt-\ûX Bo-Y-Ø-ûP-V-RôdL

¨û\V RL-Yp-ùRô- p-ÖhT YN-§-Lû[l TVu-

T-Ój-R-Xôm Gu-ß, Sôm Gh-Pôm YÏl-©-úXúV

FN-XÙh-Pe-L-∞uGi-¶d˚L (n)

Y.-Giø[m (l) ˙SWm (t)

J⁄ FN-XÙh-Pj-ßt-œj˙R˚Y-VÙ] LÙXm T= (t/n)

56 Á


A±k-Õ-ùLôiúPôm? Gu-ù]u] ùUu-ùTô-

Ús-Ls Tt± T¥j-§-Úk-¾o-Ls? AûY-L-°u

Ød-¡V TVu-Ls Gu-]? AûY- Ï±jR JÚ

Th-¥ -Vp RVô -¬j -Õ ¨û]-Ü-T -Ój -§d

ùLôsúYôUô?

AÔ-Gi-¦u A¥l-T-ûP-«p R²-Ue-Ls,

£\l-TôL JÝe-Ï-T-Ój-Rl-Th-Ós[ SÅ]

BYoj-R] Ah-P-Y-ûQ-ûVd Ï±j-Õ Lt-

LÜm ùUu-ùTô-Ús TVu-T-Ój-R-Xôm. PeriodicTable of the elements, kalzium úTôu-\ûY

AjR-ûLV ùUu-ùTô-Úh-Lú[.

Periodic Table of the elements Gu\

ùUu-ùTô-Ús TVu-T-Ój-§, SÅ] BYoj-R]

TPm. 6.3

Applications → Science → Periodic table of

the elements

View → Colour Scheme → Family

Selected Family → Alkali Metals

Ah-P-YûQ Ï±j-Õ, Lt-T-Õ Gq-Y-[Ü BoYm

ªd-L-Õ Gu-T-ûRj ùR¬k-Õ-ùLôs-[-Üm.

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 5

Ï±l×:

Periodic Table of Elements Gu\ ùUu-ùTô-Ús

§\k-Õ BYoj-R] Ah-P -Y -ûQ-«u

JqùYôÚ ùRôÏ-§-ûV-Ùm (family) GÓj-Õl-

Tôod-L-Üm. CûY Periodic Table Gu\ ùT¬V

Ï¥«Úl-©u ÏÓm-Te-Lú[. ¿e-Ls TôojR

HúR-àm 3 ùRôÏ-§-Lû[ GÓj-Õd-ùLôi-Ó

RWl-Th-Ós[ Ah-P-Y-ûQ-ûV ¨WlTÜm.

Ah-P-YûQ 6.4

Ah-P-YûQ 6.4

˘RÙœß Gi

œ”m-Tj-ßu ˘TVo BpL≠E˙XÙLeLs

R≤-Ue-Ls

Li

Na

.......................

.......................

.......................

..................

..................

..................

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1

♦ ................................... ♦ ...................................

♦ G-Periodic ♦ R≤-Ue-L-∞u ˘TVo,

œ±-¬-” C˚Y-Li-”-©•d-L.♦ ...................................

♦ ...................................

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˘Uu- TÙ-⁄s TVu-TÙ-”

FN-¤m —Zt-£-Ÿm

57Á

HL-úR-Nm R²-Ud-Ï-Óm-Te-Ls Tt±

ùR¬k-Õ-ùLôi-¼o-Ls. Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÓm-Tj-§-Ûm

Eßl©]oLs JÚ ¨WXôL ¨ûX-ùLôi-Ós-[-

ûRd LY-²j-¾oL[ô? ùUôj-Rm Gj-Rû]

ùRôÏ§Ls (¨Wp-Ls) LôQl-T-Ó-¡u-\-]?

BYoj-R] Ah-P-Y-ûQ-«p LôQl-T-Óm

¨ûWLú[ SÅ] BYoj-R-]e-Ls. Ah-P-

YûQ-«p ùUôj-Rm Gj-Rû] (B-Yoj-R-]e-

Ls) Es-[-]?

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 6

Periodic Table of the elements Gu\

ùUu-ùTô-Ús TVu-T-Ój§ CûP-¨-ûXj-R-²-

Ue-Ls (Transition Elements), EúXô-Ll úTô -

Ls(Metaloids), Xôk-R-û]-Ó-Ls Bd-¥-û]-Ó-

Ls CYt±u CÚl-©-Pj-ûRd Li-Ó-©-¥d-L-

Üm. (Ah-P-YûQ 6.5)

©W-§- -§-L-û[d Li-Ó-©-¥d-L-Xôm

Jq-ùYô-Ú R²-Uj-§t-Ïm ARtúL

E¬V R²l-Ti-×-Ls Ei-Ó Gu-\ô -Ûm

CYt±p £X £\l× ©W-§¨L-Þm Ei-Ó.

GkùRkR ùRôÏ-§-L-°p CûY LôQl-T-Ó-¡u-

\-]. CYtû\ UhÓm Lôh-ÓUôß Ah-P-

YûQûV JÝe-Ï-T-ÓjRXôm. CRt-Ï ERÜm

ùUu-ùTô-Ús Juß CÚd¡\Õ. ARôYÕ Gh-

Pôm YÏl-©p TVu-T-Ój-§V Kalzium ùUu-

ùTôÚû[úV CeÏ TVu-T-Ój-R-Xôm. C§p

¸úZ á\l-Th-Ós[ JÝe-L-ûUl-×-Lû[f

ùNnV-Üm.

Ï±l×

:

úUtLiP Øû\-«p ùNn-Rôp TPj-§p Lôi-

T-Õ-úTôp JÚ Ah-P-YûQ ¡ûPd-Ïm.

♦ °˚PjR Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p LÙQl-T-”m˘RÙœ-ß-Ls G˚Y-?

♦ E˙XÙ-Le-Ls, A˙XÙ-Le-Ls, E˙XÙ-Ll-˙TÙ≠-Ls C˚Y Es-[-]-YÙ?

R²-Ue-Ls ùRôÏ-§-L-[ôY-Õ Hu?

SÅ] BYoj-R] Ah-P-Y-ûQ-«p

R²-Ue-Ls T§-ù]h-Ó ùRôÏ-§-L-[ôL JÝe-Ï-

T-Ój-Rl-Th-Ós-[ûR Sôm A±-úYôm. Gu]

A¥l-T-ûP-«p CûY Cq-Yô-ß JÝe-Ï-T-Ój-

Rl-Th-Ós-[-]? CûRj ùR¬k-Õ-ùLôs[ R²-

Ue-L -°u GXdh-Wôu JÝe-L -ûUlûT

BnRp úYi-Óm.

View → Numeration → No Numeration

View → Tables → Short Periodic Table

View → Scheme → Family

TPm 6.4

B Y o j - R ] A h P

YûQ-«p CÚl-©-

PmCûP-¨-ûXj R²-Ue-

Ls

EúXô-Ll úTô -Ls

Xôk-R-û]-Ó-Ls

Bd-¥-û]-Ó-Ls

3 ØRp 12 YûW

Es[ ùRôÏ-§-Ls

R²-Ue-Ls

Ah-P-YûQ 6.5

TPm 6.5

HúR-àm CWi-Ó Ap-X-Õ êu-ß ùRôÏ-§-L-°p LôQl-T-Óm £\l× ©W§¨§j R²-Ue-

Ø¥-Ü-L-ú[ô-Ó CRû] Jl-©-P-Üm.

BYoj-R-]e-L-°-Ûm JúW Uô§¬

ùRôÏ§ Gi, AÔd-L-°p GXdh-Wôu

JÝe-LûUl× CYtßd-Ï CûP-úV-Ùs[

ùRôPoûT Sôm A±-úYôm. CÕ-úTôp GXdhWôu

JÝe-L-ûUl-×, BYoj-R-]j-§p R²-Ue-L-°u

L-°u GXdh-Wôu JÝe-L-ûUl-ûT, LY-²j-Õ

RWl-Th-Ós[ Ah-P-Y-ûQ-ûV Wl-T-Üm.

Ah-P-Y-ûQ-«p Cß§ ù`p-Ûs[

GXdh-Wôu-L-°u Gi-¦d-ûL, ùRôÏ§ Gi

CYtû\d ùRôPo-×-T-Ój-§, ¿e-Ls Li-Ó-

ùLôiP EiûU Gu-]? ©\ UôQ-Yo-L-°u

ùRôÏ§ Gi 1 ˘ RÙœß Gi 2 ˘RÙœß Gi 16

R²-Ue-Ls

C ß § ù ` p - p

GXdh-Wôu-L -°u

Gi-¦dûL

H

Li

...........

...........

1

1

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Ah-P-Yû] 6.6

58 Á


R²-Ue-Ls

C ß § ù ` p - p

GXdh-Wôu-L -°u

Gi-¦dûL

R²-Ue-Ls

Cß§ ù`p-≠p

GXdh-Wôu-L -°u

Gi-¦dûL

Á

CP AûUÜ CYt-±t-¡-ûPúV HúR-àm ùRôPo× EiPô Gu-TûR A±V ØV-X-Xôm.

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 7

HúR-àm CWi-Ó Ap-X-Õ êu-ß BYoj-R-]eL°Ûs[ R²-Ue-L-°u GXdh-Wôu

JÝe-L-ûUlûT ùUu-ùTô-Ús ER-®-Ù-Pu Li-Ó-©-¥j-Õ RWl-Th-Ós[ Ah-P-Y-ûQûV

¨WlTÜm. Ah-P-YûQ 6.7.

ù`pL-°u Gi-¦dûL BYoj-R]Gi CYtß-Þd-¡-ûPúVÙs[ ùRôPoûTBWônk-Õ Ø¥-Üd-Ï YW-Üm.

JÚ úTôh-¥ ûYd-L-Xô-Uô?

Lôp-£-Vm ùUu-ùTô-Ú-°p, £\l× ©W§-

¨§ R²-Ue-Ls UhÓØs[ JÚ BYojR]

Ah-P -YûQ EÚ-Yôd -L -Üm. AYt±p

HúRàm JÚ R²-Uj-§u GXdhWôu JÝe-

LûUlûT (T-Pm 6. 6) TôoûYd-Ï ûYd-L-Üm.

(Nô-[-Wj-§p, R²-Uj-§u ùTVo Ut-ßm ©\

RLYp-Ls Uû\-ÙmT¥ Nô[-WjûRl ùT¬-Rôd-

L-Üm) Cj-R²Uj-§u BYoj-R-]jûRl ©\

UôQ-Yo -Ls Li-Ó-© -¥d -Lh -Óm. NextThPû]l TVu-T-Ój-§l TX R²-Ue-Lû[f

úNojÕ úTôh¥ûVj ùRôP-W-Xôm.

AÔ®u A[ûY Jl-À-Ó ùNnV Lôp-£-Vm

R²-Ue-Lû[ AYt-±u AÔ

Gi¦u A¥l-T-ûP-«p JÝe-Ï-T-Ój-Õm

úTôÕ, AYt-±u CPj-ûRl ùTôßj-Õ £\l×l

Ti-×-L-°p HúR-àm Uôt-\m ¨Lr-¡\Rô?

ùRôPokÕ Ti-×-L-°p Ht-T-Óm Uôt\e-Lû[

ùUuùTôÚs TVuTÓj§ Jl-©h-Ó

A±VXôm.

GÓjÕdLôhPôL, AÔ-®u A[Ü

BYoj-R-]m Y -VôL Øu-ú]ôd-¡f ùNp-Ûm-

úTô-Õ, Gu] Uôt-\m AûP-¡\ùRuß Sôm

úNô§j-Õl Tôod-L-Xôm. CRt-Ï, Tools → PlotData G] ¡°d ùNn-Rôp ¡ûPd-Ïm

Nô[Wj§p X-Af£p AÔ Gi-Ôm

YþAf£p Atomic Radius--þ Im JÝe-ÏTÓj-R-

Üm. First element, Last element úTôu\ûY-

LÞd-Ï Øû\úV 3, 18 CYtû\ A°dLÜm.

Displayþ p Element Symbol-m, Element Typep

All element GuTûRÙm úRok-ùR-ÓdLÜm.

BYoj-R-]m 2 BYoj-R-]m : ............... BYoj-R-]m : ................

R²-Ue-LsùUôjR ù`pL-°u

Gi-¦dûL

Li

C

O

2

2

2

Ah-P-YûQ 6.7

Btµmf\w tZme\w

59

TPm 6.5

R²-Ue-LsùUôjR ù`pL-°u

Gi-¦dûL R²-Ue-Ls

ùUôjR ù`pL-°u

Gi-¦dûL

TPm 6.7

¸úZ RWl-Th-Ós[ Ï±l-×-L-°u A¥l-

T-ûP-«p ¡ûPd-Ïm YûW-T -Pm Tt-±d

LXkÕûW-Vô-P-Üm.

Ï±l×:

n CWi-Pô-Y-Õ BYoj-R-]j-§p AtomicRadius Ïû\kR R²-Um GÕ? á¥V


60 Á

R²Um GÕ?

n BYoj-R] Ah-P-Y-ûQ-«p CYt-±u

CPm.

n CWi-Pô-Y-Õ BYoj-R-]j-§p AtomicRadiusdÏ Ht-T-Óm Uôt-\m.

n êu-\ôm BYoj-R-]j-§p AtomicRadiusdÏ Ht-T-Óm Uôt-\m.

n BYoj-R-]j-§p Atomic RadiusdÏl

ùTôÕYôL Gu] Uôt-\m Ht-T-Ó-¡u-\-Õ.

J≠-T-ß‹ SU’ L¶-≤-´p

61Á

7 J≠l-T-ß‹ SU’ L¶-≤- p

""NodLûW GuTÕ ®Vô§VpX Ïû\TôÓ

Guß áßeLs. ùN¬dLôREQÜm G¬dLôR

Nd§Ùm ÑÓLôhÓj úR¬u NdLWeLs Guß

ùNôpÛeLs PôdPo. FûU ù_]eL°Yo

Esù[ô° At\Yo ©¦ Yk§\l©àm

Ø² Yk§\kRRôn Ø]ÏYo''

L®lúTWWÑ ûYWØjÕ®u L®ûR

Y¬Lû[ 9þm YÏl× A¥lTûPj Rªr

TôPèp T¥j§Úd¡ú\ôm. ClTôPûXl

Tt±V JÚ LhÓûW RVô¬jÕ AûR Ts°

×ú[ô¡p úTôvh ùNnVXôúU. Øu]o

CjRÏ TûPl×Lû[ Sôm Ts° CR¯p

Rôú] ùY°«húPôm? Cu-û\V RL-Yp

ùRôPo× ùRô¯p-ÖhT ER-®-Ù-Pu SUd-Ï

¥´h-Pp Ng-£-ûL-Ls (CRr) RVô¬jÕ

ùY°«-P-Xôm.

Ts° CRr-L-°- -Úk-Õ (Blog) SU-Õ

TûPl-×-Lû[ ©ú[ô-¡p ùY°-«-Óm-úTô-Õ

Gu-ù]u] YN-§-Ls áÓ-R-Xô-Ld ¡ûPd-

¡\Õ? JÚ Th-¥-V-h-Ól Tôod-L-Üm.

n SU-Õ ®Úl-Tj-§t-úLtT TûPl-×d-Lû[

ùY°-«-P-Xôm.

n ùY°-«hP ©u-àm úRûY-ùV-²p

Uôt\m ùNn-V-Xôm.

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×ú[ô-¡p Sm TûPl-× -Lû[

ùY°«Óm úTôÕ Es[ YN-§ -L -û[l

TôojúRô -m. Ts-°-«-Rr-L -û[l úTôp

CpXôUp ¿e-Ls GÝ-§V L®ûR Ut-ßm

úNL¬jR SôhÓl-×-\l-Tôh-Ó CYtû\ ¿e-Lú[

Tô¥ ×ú[ô-¡p ùY°-«-P-Xô-úU.

Cl-T -¥ Tôh-Ól-Tô -¥ -Ùm L®-ûR-

ùUô¯RÛm úTôu\ Lrf-£-Lû[ L¦-²-«p

RVô-¬dL £X Øu-ú]t-Tô-Ó-Ls úYi-Óm.

AûY Gu-]-ùYu-ß Tôol-úTôm.

§ L®ûR/Sôh-Ól-×-\l TôPp-Lû[ ùR¬Ü

ùNVp.

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62 Á

w

ew

T§Ü ùNn-Vj ùRôPe-L-Xôm

Tô¥V Ut-ßm úT£-V-Ytû\ L¦-²-

«p T§-Ü-ùNn-V, J≠ûV ¥´h-P-Xô-Ll T§Ü

ùNn-Ùm ùUu-ùTô-Ús úRûY.

TPm 7.1

APô-£h-¥ TVu-T-Ój§ J≠l-T-§Ü

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 1

L®-ûR-ûVl T§Ü ùNn-Rô-«t-\ô?

T§Ü ùNn-RûX ¨ßjR Gk-Rd LÚ-®-ûVl

TVu-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Õ? Ut\ LÚ-®-L-°u TVu-Ls

Gu-ù]u-]? TVu-T-Ój-§l Tôoj-Õ GÝ-R-Üm.

TPm 7.2

¥´h-P-XôL J-ûVl T§Ü ùNn-V-Üm, G¥h

ùNn-V-Üm APô-£h-¥ Gu\ ùUu-ùTô-Ús

TVu-T-Ó-¡-\-Õ. ]d-ûNj R®W ©. Gv. ¥

(BSD), úUd, ®u-úPôv úTôu\ CVdL

Øû\-ûU-L-Þd-Lô] CRu T§l-×-L-Þm

¡ûPd-¡u-\-]. Application---Sound &Video → Audacity Gu\ Øû\-«p

CRû]j §\d-L-Xôm. (TPm 7.1)

APô-£h-¥ Nô[-Wm

˚ ˚Ud˙WÙ ˙TÙ˚] L¶-≤-´pC˚QjR ©\-œ APÙ-£h-• ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄-˚[jß\k-’ LÆ˚R ˘NÙp-Xj ˘RÙPe-L-XÙm. Tß-‹-

˘Nn-Vj RÙPeL °∞d Nn-RÙp TÙ’m.

J≠-T-ß‹ SU’ L¶-≤-´p

63Á

J≠-´u Jq-˘YÙ -⁄ ÿL-˚P-Ÿm(Node) G•h ˘NnV

Ju-±t-œ ˙Ut-ThP L⁄-Æ-L˚[Ju\Ù-Ld ˚LVÙ[

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ùNVp-Tô-Ó 2

L®-ûR-ûVl T§Ü ùNn-Ùm-úTô-Õ

N¬Vô-Lô-Up úTô] £X-Y-¬-Lû[ Ái-Óm

ùNôpXúYô Ap-X-Õ úRûY-Vt\ Jd-Ï-ßd-

¸-Ó-Lú[ô Ht-Th-¥-Úd-L-Xôm. ùYq-úY-ß

úSWj§p J≠l-T-§Ü ùNnR úLôl-×-L-û[f

úNoj-Õ Jtû\ Jd úLôl-TôL Uôt\ úYi¥-

«-Úd-ÏúU. ¿e-Ls T§Ü ùNnR Jd-úLôl-×-

L-°p úRûY-Vt\ TÏ-§-L-°-Úl-©u AYtû\

¿d-L-Üm.

úNªd-L-Xôm

APô-£h-¥ ùNVp-§h-Pd úLôlûT

File → Save Project Gu\ Øû\-«p ¡°d

ùNn-Õ úLôl-©t-Ïl ùTVo ùLôÓj-Õ

úNªd-L-Xôm. Cl-T-¥f úNªd-Ïm-úTô-Õ aupGu\ úLôl-×j ùRôÏl-©p úNªdL

úYiÓm.

APô-£h-¥ TVu-T-Ój§ G¥h-¥e

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 3

¿e-Ls T§Ü ùNnR L®-ûRûV/

SôhÓl-×-\l TôPûX mp3 YûLd úLôl-TôL-

Gdv-úTôoh ùNn-V-Üm.

TPm 7.3

úRûY-Vt\ J≠l-T-Ï-§-Lû[j ùR¬-Ü-

ùNnÕ ùP h ùTôj -Rôû] AÝj§

¿dLÜm (T-PU 7.3). ¥Wôd-¡p úLôl-×-Lû[j

ùR¬Ü ùNn-Õ Copy & Paste TVu-T-Ój§f

N¬-Vô] CPj-§p ùTôÚk-Õm-T -¥

AûUdLXôm.

APô-£h-¥ ùNVp-§h-Pd úLôl-©-Ûs[ J≠l-

T-Ï-§-Ls Aû]j-ûR-Ùm úNoj-Õ Jt-û\d

úLôl-Tô-Lf úNªdL úYi-Óm. Al-T-¥f

ùNn-Rôp Uh-ÓúU AR-û]l ©\-Ï

×ú[ô¡p ùY°-«-PúYô ùY°-Âh-Ó ùUu-

ùTô-Ú-°p TVu-T-Ój-RúYô Ø¥-Ùm. CRt-Ï

ùNVp-§h-Pd úLôlûT Gdv-úTôoh ùNnV

File → Export Gu\ Øû\-«p ¡°d ùNnV-

Üm. §\k-Õ YÚm Nô[-Wj-§p ùTVol ùTh¥-

«p úLôl-×l ùTV-ûWd ùLôÓj-Õ úLôl-×-

Ø-û\-ûU-ûVj ùR¬Ü ùNn-Õ Saveþp ¡°d

ùNn-V-Üm.


64 Á

TX-®R J≠ - þ -§ -ûWl-T-Pd úLôl×

Øû\-ûU-L-û[l Tôoj-úRôm. CYt-±p flv, swfúLôl-×-L-°u £\l-×-Ls Gu-ù]u-]?

♦ CYtû\ Aû]j-Õ ê® ©ú[-Vo-L-°-Ûm

ùNVp-T-ÓjR Ø¥-Vô-Õ.

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úLôl-©u A[-ûYd Lôi-úTôm

CÕ-úTôuß úYß J≠ -þ-§-ûWl-T-Pd

úLôl× Øû\-ûU-L-°u £\l-×-Lû[d LY-²j-

§-Úd-¡-Èo-L-[ô? JúW §ûWl-T-Pj-§u JúW LôX

A[-Ü-ûPV ùYqúYß Øû\-ûU-«-Ûs[

úLôl-×-L-°u A[ûY Jl-×-ûUl-T-Ój§ RWl-

ThP Uô§-¬ -«p (Th-¥ -Vp 2) Th-¥ -Vp

RVô¬dLÜm.

J≠d-Ï G@-Tdh RW-Xôm.

L¦-²-«-Ûs[ J≠d-úLôl-×-Lû[

G¥h ùNn-V-Üm úRûY-Vô] CTdh RW-Üm

APô-£h-¥-ûVl TVu-T-Ój-R-Xôm. Th-¥-Vp

ThûP-«p File→ Open Øû\-«p úLôl-

×Lû[ Eh-T-Ój§ GTdh RW-úYi-¥V TÏ-§-

L-û[j ùR¬Ü ùNn-Õ Effect ùUà êXm

ùTôÚj-R-Uô] CTdh RW-Xôm. C² CkR Jd-

úLôlûT J≠d-Lf ùNn-Õ Tôod-L-Üm.


♦ Cu-û\V ùNn§ þ Ts° ¨Lr-Ü-Lû[

Øû\l-T-Ój§ ùNn-§-VôL ùY°-«-P-Üm.

AYtû\ J≠l-T-§Ü ùNn-Õ Ee-Ls

úLôl×j ùRôÏl-©p ogg Øû\-ûU-«p

úNªd-L-Üm.

♦ L¦-²-«-Ûs[ JÚ J≠d-úLôl-©- -Úk-Õ

Ee-L-Þd-Ïl ©¥j-R-Uô] TÏ-§ûV Uh-Óm

APô-£h-¥ TVu-T-Ój§ ùYh-¥-ùV-Ód-L-Üm.

ÁR-Øs-[-Ytû\ ¿d-¡, Fade in, Fade outúTôu\ CTdh-L-û[d ùLôÓj-Õ Gdv-

úTôoh ùNn-V-Üm.

Cl-T-¥ Sôm Gdv-úTôoh ùNnR J≠d-

úLôl-×-Lú[ô Ut\ J≠-þJüõd úLôl-×-Lú[ô

¡ûPj-Rôp AYtû\ L¦-²-«p ùNVp-T-Ój-

Õ-Y-Õ Gl-T-¥?

SU-Õ L¦-²-«-Ûs[ J≠-þJüõd úLôl-

×-L-û[j §\k-Õ Tôol-T-Õm úLh-T-Õm ªL G°-

Õ. úLôl-©u ÁÕ YX-Õ d°d ùNn-V-Üm. YÚm

Nô[-Wj-§p Open with-I ¡°d ùNn-Õ ùTôÚj-

R-Uô] Á¥Vô ©ú[-V-¬p úLôl-ûTj §\k-Rôp

úTôÕm.

Á¥Vô ©ú[-Vo-Ls

L¦-²-«p J≠ þ Jüõd úLôl-×-

Lû[f ùNVp-T-Ój-Õm ùUu-ùTô-Úh-

LÞdÏ Á¥Vô ©ú[-Vo-Ls G]-Xôm.

úPôh-Pm ê® ©ú[-Vo, ®.-Gp.£ Á¥Vô

©ú[-Vo, Gdv.-Gm.-©-ú[-Vo, ûNu, ¬Rm

Tôdv ªë-£d ©ú[-Vo úTôu-\ûY Ïà-

þ -≠ -]d -³-Ûs[ ©W-T -X -Uô] Á¥Vô

©ú[Vo-Ls. ¸rd-Lô -Ôm Th-¥-V - u

ùY°-«-úV-Ùs[ úLôl-×-Ø-û\-ûU-L-û[l

×¬k-Õ Am-Ø-û\-ûUd úLôl-×-L-û[f

úNL¬j-Õ ùNVp-T -Ój-§l Tôoj-Õ

Th¥VûX Wl-T-Üm.

Th-¥-Vp 7.1

úLôl-×-Ls A[Æ (kb/mb)

mpgflvdvogg

Th-¥-Vp 7.2

úLôl×

Øû\ûUJ≠ §ûWl-T-Pd

úLôl-×-Ls

mp3 J≠ úLôl-×-

avi §ûWl-T-Pd úLôl-×-

mpg ......................................................

dv ......................................................

flv ......................................................

swf ......................................................

ogg J≠ úLôl-×-

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J≠-T-ß‹ SU’ L¶-≤-´p

65Á

A§L CPm úRûYl-T-Óm J≠-þ-§-ûWl-

T -Pd úLôl× Øû\-ûU-Ls úNªj-Rôp

YuRh¥u ùTÚm-T-Ï-§ûV AûPj-Õd-

ùLôsÞm. G]úY Ad-úLôl-×-Lû[ A§L

CPm úRûYl-T-PôR úLôl-×-Ø-û\-ûUd-Ï

Uôt±-®h-Pôp Yu-Rh-¥p A§L úLôl-×-

Lû[f úNªd-L-Xô -úU. Cl-T-¥f úLôl×

Øû\ûUûV Uôt-ßm-úTô-Õ úLôl-×l Ti-×-

L°p (Properties) Gu-ù]u] Uôß-Rp-Ls

YÚ-¡u-\-]? ùUu-ùTô-Ús TVu-T-Ój§ JÚ

§ûWl-T-Pd úLôlûT úYß JÚ Øû\-ûUdÏ

Uôt-±l-Tôoj-Õl ×¬k-Õ-ùLôs-[-Üm.

úLôl-×f £\l-×-Ls

úLôl-©p Right Click → Properties¡°d ùNn-Rôp Gk-Rd úLôl-©-à-ûP-V-Üm

A[Ü (size), Øû\ûU úTôu\ TX RL-

YpLs ¡ûPd-Ïm.

J≠ §ûWl-T-Pd úLôl× Øû\-ûUûV Uôt\

ER-Üm Lh-Pû[ Y¬ ùUu-ùTô-Ú-[ô] (Com-mand Line software) ffmpeg-u GUI Rôu CkR

WinFF. Application → Sound & Video →Winff Gu\ Øû\-«p CR-û]j §\d-L-Xôm.

TPm 7.4

®u G@l-G@l(-WinFF)

J≠-þ-§-ûWl-T-Pd úLôl-×-Lû[ G°-§p

úYß úLôl-×-Ø-û\-ûUd-Ï Uôt-ßm ùUu-

ùTôÚú[ ®u-G@l-G@l (winFF). CkR ÑRk§W

ùUu-ùTô-Ús Ju-ßd-Ï úUt-ThP úLôl-×-Lû[

Ju-\ôL Uôt-\m ùNnV ER-Ü-¡-\-Õ. CÕ A§L

Gi-¦d-ûL-«-Xô] J≠ -þ-§-ûWl-T-Pd úLôl-×-

Ø-û\-ûU-L-û[d ûLVô-Þm §\u TûPj-RÕ.

Æu-G@l-G@l ß\k-RÙ-´t-\Ù, p

°∞d ˘Nn-’ ß˚Wl-T-Pd-˙LÙl-˚Tf ˙Nod-LXÙm. UÙt-\m ˙LÙl-◊-ÿ-˚\˚U œ±jR


66 Á

RLYpLs Ut-flm ˙N™d-L-˙Yi-•V ˙LÙl-◊j˘RÙœl◊ CYt˚\ output details Gu-T-Ru

∏˙Z ˘R¨-‹-˘Nn-V-‹m. ©\-œ p °∞d

˘Nn-’ TÙod-L-‹m.

®u- G@l G@-©u £X T§l-×-L-°p ùRôPd-

Lj§p convert LÚ-®-ûVd ¡°d ùNn-Ùm-

úTô-Õ Øû\ûU Uôt-\m SPl-T-§p-ûX.

CjRÏ RÚ-Qe-L-°p ùUàl-Th-ûP-«p Edit→ Preferences → linux Nô[-Wj-§p Terminalto run Ffmpeg Gu\ Y¬-«u r /usr/bindÏl

©\-Ïs[ Øû]-Vl ùTV-ÚdÏ Uô\ôL

gnorme - terminal G] Uôt± ok ùLôÓj-Õ

convert-þI ¡°d ùNn-V-Üm.

ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Ls

♦ úLôl-×-Lû[ Uôt-\m (convert) ùNn-Õ

Tôoj¾o-L-ú[. úLôl× A[ûY Jl-©h-Ó

£±V A[Ü EûPV §ûWl-T-Pd úLôl-×-

Øû\ûU-L-û[d Li-Ó Th-¥-V- -Ó-L.

♦ Uôt-\m (convert) ùNnR úLôl-×-L-û[f

ùNVp-T-Ój-§l-Tôoj-Õ GkR Øû\-ûU-«p

§ûWl-T-Pd Lôh-£-Ls ªLj ùR°-YôL

Es[ùR-]d Lôi-L.

♦ Be-¡-X, Ck-§l TôPl-×j-RL L®-ûR-

LÞdÏ CûN-V-ûUj-Õl TôÓ-L. AYtû\

APô-£h-¥ ùUu-ùTô-Ús ER-®-Ù-Pu T§Ü

ùNn-Õ Ee-Ls ×ú[ô-¡p ùY°-«-Ó-L.

♦ Yôù]ô SôP-Lm úLh-¥-Úd-¡-Èo-L -[ô?

©u]¦ J≠ Ut -ßm EûW-Vô -Pp

CYtû\d ùLôi-Ó AÕ SPd-¡-\-Õ. AÕ

úTôX JÚ Yôù]ô SôP-LjûR APô-£h¥

TVu-T-Ój-§j RVô-¬j-Õ Ts° ¨Lrf£

HRôY-ùRôu-±p ARû] ùY°-«-P-Üm.

TPm 7.5

L¶≤ ˘UÙØ

67Á

8 L¶≤ UÙØ

®û[-VôP, TPe-Ls YûW-V,

Lt\ÛdÏ, LÚj-Õl-T-¬ -Uôt-\j-§t-Ï G]

TpúYß ùNVp-L-Þd-Ï Sôm LmlëhP-ûWl

TVu-T-Ój-Õ-¡u-ú\ôm. SUÕ Jq-ùYô-Ú Lh-P-

û[-ûV-Ùm ×¬k-Õ-ùLôi-Ó ARt-úLtT ùNVp-

TP L¦-²d-Ï CVp-Y-Õ Gl-T-¥. Jq-ùYô-Ú

úRûYd-Ïm Ht\ R²l-ThP ùUu-ùTô-Ús

TVu-T-Ój-§úV L¦²-Ls ùNVp-T-Ó-¡u-\]

Gu-TûR Sôm A±-úYôm. Al-T-¥-Vô-]ôp CkR

ùUu-ùTôÚhLs ùNVp-T-Ó-Y-Õ Gl-T-¥ G]

¿eLs £k-§j-§Úd¸ÈoL[ô?

ERô-W-Q-Uô-L, X -paint TVu-T-Ój§, JÚ

Yh-Pm YûWV úYi-Ó-ùU] ûYj-Õd-

ùLôsúYôm, N¬-Vô] Lh-P-û[-Ls YZe-Ll

Th-Pôp, L¦² Yh-Pm YûW-¡u-\-Õ. Cl-T-¥

JÚ Yh-Pm YûW-Ùm úTôÕ Ap-X-Õ úYß

HúR-àm JÚ ùNVp-Tô-Ó SPd-Ïm-úTô-Õ,

L¦²d-Ïsú[ Gu] SPd-¡u-\-Õ? AûR

Sôm úNô§j-Õl Tôol-úTôm. L¦² ùUô -«p

GÝ-Rl-ThP £X BûQj ùRôPo -Ls,

©u]¦-«p ùNVp-T-Ó-Y-Ru LôW-Q-Uô-LúY

Yh-Pm YûW-Vl-T-Ó-¡u-\-Õ. ARôYÕ YûW-Vl-

T-Óm-úTôÕ, ARu ©u-]-¦-«p L¦-²-

ùUô¯«p GÝ-Rl -ThP £X BûQj-

ùRôPoLs ùNVp-T-Ó-¡u-\-].

£X Y¥-Ye-Ls YûW-Y-Rt-Ï úRûY-

Vô] £X BûQj-ùRô-Po-Ls Th-¥-V-p RWl-

Th-Ós-[-]. (Th-¥-Vp þ 1) L¦² ùUô¯-Vô]

"ûTj-Ru' TVu-T -Ój§ CûY GÝ-Rl-

ThÓs[]. CûY ùNVp-T -Óm-úTô -Õ

¡ûPdÏm Y¥-Ye-Lû[d Li-Ó-©-¥j-Õ

GÝRÜm Text editor (gedit) ÕûQ-Ù-Pu

ûTjRu úLôÓLû[f (Code) ùNVp-T-Ó-

YRtÏ GhPôm YÏl-©p T¥j-Õs-Ço-Lú[?

IDLE TVu-T-Ój§, ûTj-Ru úLôÓ-Lû[f

ùNVp-TP ûYd-L-Xôm. IDLE , ùNVp-T-ÓjR

Y¯-Ø-û\-Ls ¸úZ RWl-Th-Ós-[-].

LY²dLÜm.

TPm 8. 1

Program 1 Program 2 Program 3

from turtle import* from turtle import* from turtle import*

forward (50) circle (50) dot (20, “blue”)


68 Á

w

ew

ûTj-Ru úLôÓ-Ls ùNVp-T-ÓjR IDLEûTj-Ru ùUô¯-«p GÝ-Rl-ThP

úLôÓL-û[, IDLE , TVu-T-Ój§ G°-RôL

ùNVp-TÓjR-Xôm. Integarated DevelopmentEnvironment Gu-T-Ru ÑÚe-¡V Y¥-YúU

IDLE. Applications → Programing → IDLEGu\ Øû\-«p CR-û]j §\d-L-Xôm. §\k-Õ-

Y-Úm Nô[-Wj-§p, File → New Gu\ Øû\«p

×§V úLôl× §\k-Õ, ûTj-Ru úLôÓ-Lû[

ûPl (RhPfÑ) ùNn-Õ, úNªj-Õ ûYd-L-Xôm.

F5 Nô® TVu-T-Ój§ úNªjR úLôl-ûTj §\d-

L-Xôm. úRûYVô] ùY°ÂÓ SUd-Ï úYi¥V

T§p ¡Wô -©dv YûL Gu\ôp Turtlegraphics Nô[-Wj-§-Ûm, úYß HRô-Y-Õ Gu-\ôp,

Python Shell Nô[-Wj -§ -Ûm úRôu-ßm.

(TPm8.1Ut-ßm 8.2)

TPm 8. 1

ûTj-Ru BûQ-Lû[ úSW-¥-Vô-L,

IDLE §\k-Rôp ¡ûPd-Ïm python Shell

TPm 8. 2

L¶≤ ˘UÙØ

69Á

Nô[Wj-§-Ûm ùNVp-T-Ój-R-Xôm. (T-Pm 8.1).

CRtÏ ">>>' Gu\ Ï±-Âh-¥tÏ (Shell Prompt)úSWôL BûQ GÝ-§, Enter Key AÝj-§-

]ôp úTôÕm. TPj-§p BûQ-Ls ûPl ùNn-

Vl-Th-Ós-[-ûRd LY-²d-L-Üm.

Turtle Graphics

ûTj-Ru ùUô¯ TVu-T-Ój-§, L¦R Y¥-Ye-

Ls EÚ-Yôd-ÏL £X, CûQl× ùUu-ùTô-Ús-

L°u ER® úRûY. Al-T-¥l-ThP JÚ

ùUu ùTôÚú[ Turtle. JÚ Am×d-Ï-±, CVe-

Ï-Y-ûRl ùTôßj-Õ, Tp-úY-ß Y¥-Ye-Ls EÚ-

Yô-Ïm Øû\«p Turtle graphics ùNVp-T-Ó-

¡-\-Õ. BûQj-ùRô-P-¬u ùRôPdLj-§p "fromturtle import' Gu-T-ûRf úNoj-Rôp, turtleBûQ-Lû[ python-þ-²p ùNVp-T-Ój-R-Xôm.

Turtle

Python ùUô¯ TVu-T-Ój-§, L¦R Y¥-Ye-

Lû[ EÚ-Yôd-Ïm-úTô-Õ, JÚ Am×dÏ±

úRôu-ß-Y-ûRd LôQ-Xôm. CRû]úV TurtleGu\ Be-¡-Xf ùNôp Ï±l-©-Ó-¡u-\-Õ.

"BûU' GuTÕ CRu ùTôÚs.

êu-ß BûQ-L-û[f ùNVp-T-Ój-§l,

Tôoj-¾o-L[ô? CûY-L-°p dot, forward, circleØR-V BûQ-Ls TVu-T-Ój-Rl-Th-Ós[

Øû\ûVd LY-²j-Õ AYt±u £\l-©-Vp-×-

Lû[ GÝ-§l Tôod-L-Üm. C§p forward Gu-

T-Rt-Ïl T§-XôL backward Gu-TûRl TVu-

TÓj-§-]ôp Ht-T-Óm Uôt-\m Gu-]?

úUÛm Y¥-Ye-Ls EÚ-Yôd-L-Xôm

×s-°, úLôÓ, Yh-Pm YûW-Y-ÕúTôXúY, Sôt-L-We-L-û[Ùm python ùUô¯TVu-T -Ój§ EÚ-Yôd-L -Xôm. ARt-Lô]BûQj ùRôPo ¸úZ RWl-Th-Ós-[-Õ.

from turtle import*

pencolor(“blue”)

pensize(5)

rt(120)

fd(100)

rt(120)

fd(100)

rt(120)

fd(100)

BûQ-«-û]j Rh-Pf-Ñ ùNn-Õ ùNVp-TÓj-§l Tôod-L -Üm. ©u-]o ¸úZ RWl-ThÓs[Ytû\-Ùm Li-Ó-©-¥d-L-Üm.

♦ BûQ-«-û]f ùNVp-T-Ój-§-V-úTô-Õ¡ûPjR L¦R Y¥-Ym Gu-]?

♦ rt(120) Gu\ Lh-Pû[ GRt-LôL YZe-LlTh-P-Õ.

♦ rt(120) Gu-T-Rt-Ïl T§-XôL right (120)Guß GÝ-§-]ôp Y¥-Yj-§t-Ï Uôt-\mHtTÓ-¡u-\-Rô?

♦ fd(50) Gu\ Lh-P-û[d-Ïl T§-XôL úYßHúR-àm Lh-Pû[ûV YZeL Ø¥-Ù-Uô?

♦ fd, rt Gu\ BûQ-Ls Gj-R-û]-Øû\GÝRl-Th-P-]? GRt-Lô-L?

♦ pencolor ("blue"), pensize (5) Gu\BûQ«u TVu- Gu-]?

♦ rt (120) Gu-T-Rt-Ïl T§-XôL left (120) Gu\BûQ YZe-Ll-Th-Pôp Ht-T-Óm Uôt-\mGu-]?

Python UÙØ- p Turtle graphics TVu-T-”j-’m- TÙ-’ Right (90) Gu\ B˚Q YZe-Ll-Th-PÙp, Turtle 90 •°¨ YXl-TdLUÙLß⁄m-◊m. left (90) Gu-‡m ˙TÙ’ 90 •°¨CPl-Td-L-UÙLj ß⁄m-◊m.

B˚Q £\l-©-Vp◊/ET-˙VÙ-Lm

dot

forward

circle

backward


70 Á

J⁄ N’Wm Y˚WV˙Yi”˘U≤p

˙UtLiP B˚QL∞p Gu˘]u]

UÙt\eL˚[f ˘NnV˙Yi”m G] G›’L.

♦ fd, rt Gu\ BûQ-Ls þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ Øû\

GÝR úYi-Óm.

♦ rt (120) Gu\ BûQ-«û] þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ G]

Uôt\ úYi-Óm.

JÚ IeúLô-Qm YûW-Y-Rt-Lô] Uôß-ThP Y -

Ls ¸úZ RWl-Th-Ós-[-].

CYt-±p GkR Øû\ ªL-Üm £\k-R-Õ.

CWi-ûP-Ùm Jl-©h-Ó, úYß-Tô-Ó-Lû[

GÝ§l Tôod-L-Üm. Th-¥-Vp (2)

♦ CWi-Pô-Y-Õ Y¯-«p, £X Uôt-\e-Lû[

ùNnÕ GkR YûL NUTdL TXúLôQjûR

Ùm YûW-V-Xôm.

♦ CWi-Pôm Øû\-«p BûQ Y¬-L-°u

Gi¦dûL þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ.

range

Ï±l-©hP U§l-×-Lû[ JÚ ùRôÏ-§-«p

EhTÓj-Õ-Y-Rt-Lô] python ùUô¯-«-Ûs[

BûQ- range G]lTÓ¡\Õ.

♦ a = range(5) G] BûQ YZe-Ll-Th-Pôp,

0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Gu\ Gi-Ls 'a' Gu\

ùRôÏ§«p Eh-T-Ój-Rl-T-Óm. Uô\ôL

a = range (0, 5) Gu-ß BûQ YZe-

¡]ôÛm úTôÕm.

♦ a = range (1, 10, 2) Gu\ BûQ YZeLl-

Th-Pôp 10d-Ïm úZ-Ùs[ Jtû\ GiLs

'a' Gu\ ùRôÏ-§-«p Eh-T-Ój-Rl-T-Óm.

AlT-¥-Vô-]ôp, a=range (2, 10, 2) Gu\

BûQ YZe-Ll-Th-Pôp Gu] ¨L-Ým?

for BûQ

BûQj ùRôP-¬p Eh-T-Ój-Rl-ThÓs[

HúR-àm BûQ-«û]j §ÚmTj §ÚmT

YZe-L -úYi-ÓùU²p, ÁiÓm ûPl

ùNnV úYi-¥V úRûY Cp-ûX. ARà-Pu

for BûQ-«û] úNoj-Rôp úTôÕm.

Count down clock

ùRôûXd-Lôh-£-«p ùNn-§-Ls ùRôPe-

Ï-YRtÏ Øu Count down clock ùNVp-

TÓYûRl Tôoj-§-Úl-Ào-Ls. Wôd-ùLh HÜ-R-[e-

L-°-Ûm CÕ úTôu\ count down clockþÏLs

ùNVp-T-Ó¡u\]. 60 ùSô-¥ ØRp 1 ùSô¥

TPm 8. 3

fd(50)rt(72)fd(50)rt(72)fd(50)rt(72)fd(50)rt(72)fd(50)rt(72)

from turtle import*

from turtle import*

Y¯ 1

for i in range(5):

fd(50)

rt(72)

Y¯ 2

L¶≤ ˘UÙØ

71Á

YûW Lôh-Óm, count down clock EÚ-Yôd-Ï-

YRt-Lô] BûQj-ùRô-Po RWl-ThÓs[Õ.

(TPm 8.3)AR-û]l ©u-Tt-±, ¿eLú[ JÚ

clock EÚ-Yôd-¡l TôÚe-Ls.

CkR BûQj-ùRô-P-¬u, Jq-ùYô-Ú

Y¬-«-Ûm LôQl-T-Óm £\l-×j Ru-ûU-L-û[l

×¬k-Õ-ùLôi-Ó, RWl-Th-Ós[ Ah-P-Y-ûQ-ûV

¨Wl×L. (Ah-P-YûQ 8.3) JÚ Y¬-«u £\l-

×j-Ru-ûU-ûVl ×¬k-Õ-ùLôs-[, Ï±l-©hP

AkR JÚ Y¬-ûVj R®oj-Õ, BûQj-ùRô-P-

ûWf ùNVp-T-Ój-§l Tôod-L-Üm. ùRôP-¬p HRô-

Y-Õ JÚ Y¬ ùNVp-T-Pj úRûY-«pûX

G²p ARu ùRôPd-Lj-§p "'#', (úax) Gu\

AûP-Vô-[jûRf úNoj-Rôp úTôÕm.

L¦²«p úLôXm

L¦² ùUô¯-«u ER-®-Ù -Pu

LYof£-L-W-Uô] L¦R Y¥-Ye-Ls EÚ-YôdL

Ø¥-Ùm. CWi-Ó L¦R Y¥-Ye-L-Þm, AûY

EÚYôd-Ï-Y-Rt-Ïj úRûY-Vô] úLôÓ-L-Þm

¸úZ RWl-Th-Ós-[].

L¶R Y•-Ym ˙LÙ” (B˚Qj˘RÙPo)

From turtle import*

Import time

Clear()

Circle (50)

circle(60)

circle(70)

circle(80)

circle(90)

circle(100)

from turtle import*

import time

clear()

for i in range(8):

rt(45)

circle(50)

B˚Q TVu-TÙ-”

hideturtle()

showturtle() Turtle

write(s)

time.sleep(1)

clear()

range(60,0,-1)

range(1,61)

Lôh-£-V-°dL

Ah-P-YûQ 8.2


72 Á

penup() B˚Q

á\l-ThP CWi-Ó ùRôPo-L-û[-ÙmùNVp-T-Ój-§l Tôoj-¾o-Ls Ap-X-Yô? C²,LQd-Ï TôPl-×j-R-Lj-§p Yh-Pe-Ls Gu\TôPl-T -Ï -§«Úk -Õ GÓd-Ll -ThP JÚY¥Ym RWl-Th-Ós-[-Õ. AûR EÚ-Yôd-LjúRûY-Vô] ×úWô¡WôûU GÝ-§l Tôod-L-Üm.Penup BûQ

Turtle CVe-¡d ùLôi-¥-Úd-Ïm úTôÕ,

úLôÓLs ùR¬-Vô-Up CÚl-T-Rt-Ï ER-Üm JÚ

BûQ-úV Penup. GuTÕ CRû] YZe¡V

©\Ï ÁiÓm turtle CVd-Lj-ûRl ùTôßj-Õ,

úLôÓLs ùR¬V-úYi-Ó-ùUu-\ôp pendown( ) Gu\ BûQ-«û] YZeL úYi-Óm.

........................................................................

.......................................................................

........................................................................

.......................................................................

........................................................................

.......................................................................

........................................................................

.......................................................................

........................................................................

.......................................................................

Aß-Ll-T-•-VÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls

˘NVpTÙ” 1

ûTj-Rôu ùUô¯ TVu-T-Ój-§, G°-§p YûWV CV-Ûm £X Y¥-Ye-Ls RWl-Th-Ós[].AYtû\ YûW-Y-Rt-Lô] ×úWô¡Wôm GÝ-R-Üm.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

L¶≤ ˘UÙØ

73Á

˘NVpTÙ” 2

Ju-fl-ÿ-Rp Tj’Y˚W-Ÿs[ Gi-L˚[©üh ˘Nn-R-¤d-LÙ] ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙm ∏˙ZEs[’ (CkR ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ™u Y∞¬” PythonShell NÙ[-Wj-ßp Uh-”m ˘R¨-Ÿm. H˘]-≤pCßp °WÙ@©dv Lh-P-˚[-Ls °˚P-VÙ-’.

for i in range(1,11):

print i

CkRd Lh-P-˚[-L-∞u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu ∏rLÙ‘m ˘NVp-TÙ”L˚[f ˘Nn-L.

♦ 50 Y˚W-Ÿs[ Jt˚\ Gi-L-˚[l ©ïh˘Nn-L.

♦ 40 Y˚W-Ÿs[ SÙu-LÙp Yœd-œm- TÙ’ ¡ßYWÙR Gi-L˚[ ©üh ˘Nn-L.

♦ Cl-T-•l-ThP Ik’ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-ŸmAYt-±t-LÙ] Lh-P-˚[-L-˚[-Ÿm Ee-Lsœ±l- Th-•p G›-’-L.

˘NVpTÙ” 3

Jufl ÿRp Tj-’-Y-˚W-Ÿs[ Gi-QpGi-L-∞-u ˘RÙ˚L LÙ‘m Lh-P˚[ ®Wp-Ls

RY-\Ù-Lj RWl-Th-”s-[-’. RY-fl-L˚[ ød° N¨-˘Nn’Æh” ∏rLÙ-‘m ˘NVp-L- [f ˘Nn-L.

s=0


s=s+i

print i

♦ Tj- R-ÆP œ˚\-YÙ] CWh˚P Gi-L-∞u˘RÙ˚L LÙi-L.

♦ Jufl ÿRp Ik-’-Y-˚W-Ÿs[ Gi-L-˚[l˘T⁄d-°-]Ùp °˚Pd-œm Gi-˚QdLÙiL.

˘NVpTÙ” 4

∏r LÙ‘m ◊˙WÙ -° -WÙ -™u ˘Y∞-¬”(output) Gu-]-YÙL C⁄d-œm?

n=input(“Enter a Number : “)


print i,”x”,n,”=”,i*n


74 Á

9vPÙoh, Bd`u ....

EXLj §ûWl-TP YW-Xôt-±p, _ôm-T-

Yôu-L-°p JÚ-Yo Nôo Nôl-°u. AY-W-Õ

§ûWl-T-Pe-Ls SûLf-ÑûY ¨WmT Tôol-

úTôûWd ÏÛe-Ld ÏÛe-Lf £¬dL ûYl-T-

ûY. B]ôp AYo EX-¡u ªL Ød-¡V

NêL, LXôf-NôW ©Wf-£-û]-Ls ùRôPo-Tô]

LÚjÕ-L-û[d ûLVôi-Pôo. AY-W-Õ §ûWl-

TPj§p EûW-Vô-Pp-Ls

¡ûP-Vô-Õ. §ûWl-TPj-Õ-

û\-«p ùRô¯p-Öh-Tm

úLôúXôf -Ñm ØuúT

AYo ARu-ê-Xm EX-

ûLd ¸Z-Pd -¡]ôo.

B]ôp Cu-û\V

¨ûXúV úYß. L¦-²-

Ùm úLUWô-Üm TW-Y-Xô]

Cd-LôXj§p SôúU TPl-

©-¥l× SPj§ L¦-²-«p

G¥h ùNn-Õ ùNôk-Rj

§ûWl-T-Pe-Ls RVô-¬d-L-

Xôm. JÚ §ûWl-T-P-úUô,

ú L ô l - × l - T - P - ú U ô ,

ù R ô û X d - L ô h - £ j

ùRôPúWô CÕ-úTôu\

GRt-Ïm JÚ §ûWd-LûR CÚd-Ï-úU. Ee-Ls

Ck-§l ×j-R-Lj-§p ØRp TôPj-§p ¾Nô Gu\

§ûWd-LûRûVl T¥j-úRôm. ARu ùRôPo-

ùN-Vp-Tô-PôL ARu TPl-©-¥l-×d Ï±l-×m

RVô-¬j-úRôm.

TôXd-Lô-Ó UôYh-Pj-§p JÚ Ts-°-

«p Ju-T-Rô-Y-Õ T¥dÏm L§-Úm Si-To-L-Þm

TPm 9.1

vPÙoh Bd`u...

75Á

B£-¬-Vo ER®-Ù-Pu TPl-©-¥l-×d Ï±l-×l-

T-¥ Lôh-£-L-û[d úLU-Wô-®p TPm-©-¥j-R-]o.

TX-Øû\ TX-R-YûQ-Vô-Ll TPl-©-¥l× Ø¥k-

R-Õ. L§-Úm Si-To-L-Þm Ck-Rl TPl-©-¥l-×d-

Lû[ùVpXôm úRok-Õ JÚ ØÝ-ûU-Vô]

¿i-Pj §ûWl-T -P -UôL Uôt\ Cu-àm

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♦ §ûWd-L-ûR-ûVl ùTôÚj-Õ Lôh-£Lû[

JÝe-Ï-T-Ój-Rp

♦ úRûY-Vt\ TÏ-§-L-û[d Lû[-Rp

♦ EûW-Vô-Pp-Lû[ Eh-T-Ój-Rp

C û Y - V - û ] j - Õ m Å ¥ ú V ô

G¥h¥e¡u TÏ-§-L-ú[. Cl-úTô-Õ ªL G°V

TX Å¥úVô G¥h-¥e ùUu-ùTô-Úh-Ls

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TÓj§ ¿e-Lú[ §ûWl-TP G¥h-¥e SPj-R-Xôm.

L§-Úm Si-To-L-Þm SPj-§V TPl-©-¥l-©u

TÏ-§-Lû[ Å¥úVô G¥h-¥e ùUu-ùTô-Ús

TVu-T-Ój§ JÚ §ûWl-T-P-UôL Uôt-\-Xô-úU.

Å¥úVô G¥h-¥e

Å¥-úVôd úLUWô ER-®-Ù-Pu TPl-

©¥l× SPj-Rl -ThP TÏ-§ -Lû[

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TX Å¥úVô G¥h¥e ùUu-ùTô-Úh-Ls

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TôPp-Ls, RûXl-× -Ls CYt-û\d

ùLôi-Ó Lôh£Lû[ ØÝ-ûU-Vô]

§ûWl-T-P-UôL Uôt\ Cm-ùUu-ùTô-Úh-

Ls TVu-T-Ó-¡u\]. Open shot Video

Editor, Kdenlive, Lives, Pitivi Video

Editor, Kino úTôu-\ûY dà-þ -

]d³p Es[ Å¥úVô G¥h-Po-Ls.

TPm 9.2

Open shot Video Editor TVu-T-Ój§

Ck-Rd úLôl-×-Lû[ G¥h ùNn-Y-Õ Gq-Yô-ß

G]d Lôi-úTôm. G¥h Ti-Q-úYi-¥V

úLôl-× -L -[ -û]j-ûR-Ùm JÚ úLôl-×j

ùRôÏl©p ûYd-L-Üm.

♦ Applications → Sound & Video → Openshot Video Gu\ Øû\-«p ùUu-

ùTôÚû[j §\dL-Xôm. (TPm 9. 2)

Kl-Tu `ôh Nô[-Wm

♦ úLôl-×j ùRôÏl-©-Ûs[ úLôl-×-Lû[

Kl-Tu `ôh Å¥úVô G¥h-PoA ù U - ¬ d - L ô - ® u

ù_ô]ô-Ru úRôUv

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G ° V Å ¥ ú V ô

G¥hPo-L-°p CÕ-Üm

Ju-ß. CÕ ûTj-Ru

¨Wp-L-û[d ùLôi-Ó EÚ-Yôd-Ll-ThÓs-

[-Õ. A§-Ll-T-¥-Vô] Å¥úVô Øû\-ûU-

L-û[d ûLVô-Þm §\u TûPj-R-Õ Gu-

TúR CRu R²f-£-\l-×.

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CûQV R[j-ûRl Tôo -ûY-«h-Ó

ù_ô]ô - Ru úR ôU -ûNl Tt±

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TPm 9.3ù_ô]ô-Ru úRôUv


76 Á

File → Importfiles Øû\-«p ùUu-

ùTôÚÞd-Ïd ùLôi-Ó-Y-W-Üm.

♦ Cl-T-¥ YkR Å¥úVô úLôl-×-L-û[d ¸rd-

Lô-Ôm úSod-úLôh-Ój RPj-§p (Timeline-track) CÝj-Õ-®-P-Üm. Cj-R-Pj-§p

úLôl-×-Lû[ ùYh-PúYô CûQd-LúYô

ùNn-V-Xôm. ¸rd-Lô-Ôm TPm (T-Pm 9.4)

Tôod-L.

úLôl-×-Lû[ ùYh-P-Ûm CûQj-R-Ûm

G¥h ùNnV úYi-¥V Lôh-£d úLôl×-

L-û[j RPj-§p (track) CÝj-Õ-®h-Ó ùNVp-

T -Ó-R -§l Tôoj-R -úTô -Õ Rôu L§-Úd-Ïj

Å¥úVô/B¥úVô ¥Wôd-Ï-Ls (Lôh£/Jj RPe-Ls)

CúUw G¥h-¥e ùUu-ùTô-Ú-[ô] m-©p TPe-Lû[f úNod-Ïm-úTô-Õ úXVo(A-Ód-Ï-Ls)

TVu-T-Ój-Õ-úYôm. Å¥úVô G¥h-¥e ùUu-ùTô-Úh-L-°p CRt-Ï CûQ-VôL ¥Wôd-Ï-Ls Es[].

£X ùUu-ùTô-Úh-L-°p J≠, Lôh-£d úLôl-×-L-Þd-Ïj R²j-R² ¥Wôd-Ï-Ls CÚd-Ïm. ùUu-

ùTô-Ús ùNVp-T-Óm-úTô-Õ ØRp ¥Wôd-¡-Ûs[ úLôl-×-Uh-ÓúU Uô²h-P-¬p ùR¬-Ùm. Ae-Ï

úLôl× Cp-ûX-ùV-²p ARt-Ïd ¸úZ-Ùs[ ¥Wôd-¡-Ûs[ úLôl× ùR¬-Ùm. vúTv-Tôo TVu-

T-Ój§ ¥Wôd-¡-Ûs[ Å¥-úVôûY Play/Pause ùNn-V-Xôm.

TX Nh-Pe-Ls (frames) úNok-RúR JÚ §ûWl-T-Pm. Jq-ùYô-Ú Nh-P-Øm JÚ ûXl-T-P-úU.

G¥h-¥e ùUu-ùTô-Ú-°u ¥Wôd-¡p JúW Y¬-ûN-«-Ûs[ Nh-Pe-Ls Y¯-VôLd Ï±l-©hP

úYLj§p Playback cursor SL-Úm-úTô-Õ AûR JÚ §ûWl-T-P-UôL Sôm EQo-¡-ú\ôm.

JÚ ùTôÚs AûN-Y-RôL Sôm Gl-úTô-Õ EQo-¡-ú\ôm? ®Nô-¬j-Õj ùR¬k-Õ-ùLôs-Þe-Ls.

RYßLs ×¬k-R-Õ. TX-C-Pe-L-°p Lôh-£-Ls

ùR°-®u-ûU-Ùm £X CPe-L-°p Lôh-£úV

Cp-Xô -ûU-Ù -UôL CÚk-R -Õ. CYt-û\d

Lû[kRôp Rôú] £\kR §ûWl-T -Pm

EÚYôÏm.

L§-Úd-Ïm Si-To-L-Þd-Ïm ER-Ü-úYô-Uô?

n Playback cursor SLoj§ R®od-L-úYi-¥V

TÏ-§-Lû[ Ø¥Ü ùNn-V-Üm.

n LÚ-®l-ùTh-¥-«- -Úk-Õ (Razor tool)

ùR¬Ü ùNn-Õ ùYh-P-úYi-¥V TÏ-§-«p

¡°d ùNn-V-Üm (T-Pm 9. 5)

n RPj-§- -Úk-Õ úRûY-Vt\ TÏ-§-Lû[ ¿dL

(Arrow tool) TVu-T-Ój§ Å¥-úVô-®p

YX-Õ-¡-°d ùNn-Õ Remove clickþIl TVu-

T-Ój-R-Xôm.

úRûY-Vt\ TÏ-§-L-û[d Lû[k-R-©u ÁR-

TPm 9.5

TPm 9.4

Øs[ úLôl-×-L-û[-Ùm ¥Wôd-¡p CÝj-Õ-

®hÓ G¥h ùNn-Õ Ju-\u-©u Ju-ù\]

Y¬ûNl-T -Ój§ ØR- - -Úk -Õ Å¥-úVôûY

ùNVp-T-Ój-§l Tôod-L-Üm..

vPÙoh Bdù...

77Á

Å¥-úVôd-L-Þd-Ï ¥Wôu-£- u ùLôÓj-Rp

©W-Nu-úP-ù ùUu-ùTô-Ú-[ô] Kl-

Tu BÀv Cml-WûN SUd-Ïj ùR¬-Ù-úU. JÚ

©W-Nu-úP-ù £\l-×\ Gu-ù]u] ùNn-V-

úYi-Óm?

n A²-úU-ù ùLôÓd-L-Xôm

n SÝ-Ye-L-Þd-Ï \-U-°d-L-Xôm

n SÝ-Ye-L-Þd-Ï ¥Wôu-£-ù RW-Xôm

n ..............................................................................

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Ju-ßd-Ï úUt-ThP SÝ-Ye-L-û[d

Lôh-Óm-úTô-Õ Rôú] ¥Wôu-£-`-û]l TVu-

TPm 9.6

TÓj-Õ-úYôm. CR-û]l TVu-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Rô-Ûs[

úUu-ûU-Ls Gu-ù]u-]?

n Jq-ùYô -Ú SÝ-Ye-L -°-à-ûP-V -Üm

LÚjÕdL-û[l Tôo-ûY-Vô-[o-Ls R²úV

LY-²d-¡u-\-]o.

n SÝ-Ym Uôt-\l-Th-PûR EPú] EQo-

¡u\-]o.

n ..............................................................................

n ..............................................................................

CûRl-úTôX §ûWl-T-Pe-L-°p Jq-

ùYô-Ú Lôh-£-Ùm Uôßm-úTô-Õ Uôt-\jûR

EQW Gu-]-ù]u] ùNn-¡-\ôo-Ls? LY-²j-

§-Úd-¡-Èo-L-[ô?

n úLU-Wô-®u AûN-®p Uôß-Rp

n ¥Wôu-£-ù-Ls TVu-T-Ój-Rp

n ..............................................................................

L§-¬u ÏÝ ùNn-R-Õ-úTôX ¿e-L-Þm

¥Wôd-¡p Å¥-úVôd-L-û[f úNoj-Õ ùNVp-

TÓj§l Tôod-L-Üm. A§p ¥Wôu-£-ù

RWúYi-¥V TÏ-§ -L -û[d Li-Ó TPj-

§Ûs[Õ-úTôp (T-Pm 9.6) ¥Wôu-£- u RW-Üm.

˙N™d-LXÙm

Klu `ôh ùNVp-§h-Pd úLôlûT File→ Save Project Øû\-«p ¡°d ùNn-Õ

Th -¥ -V - - -Úk -Õ Project length, ProjectProfile úTôu-\-Yt-û\j úRoÜ ùNn-V-Üm.

ùNVp-§h-Pl ùTVo ùLôÓj-Õ SaveProject ¡°d ùNn-Õ úNªd-L-Üm.


78 Á

CÚ AûN-Ü-T-Pd úLôl-×-L-°-ûPúV

Transition RÚm-úTô-Õ úLôl-×-Lû[

úUÛm ¸Ý-Øs[ Track L°p ûYd-L-

úYi-Óm. Transition Nô[-Wm §\k-Õ

ùTôÚj-R-Uô] TransitionþI ùR¬Ü

ùNnÕ AûN-Ü-T-Pd-úLôl-×-Ls úNÚ-

ªPj§p CÝj-Õ-®-P-Üm. Transitionþp

YX-Õ ¡°d ùNn-Õ Switch Direction

¡°d ùNn-Õ TPj-§-Ûs-[-Õ-úTôp (T-Pm

9.7) TransitionþI Øû\l-T-Ój-R-Üm.

¿e-Ls A°jR TransitionþI ùNVp-

TÓj-§l Tôod-Ïm-úTô-Õ AÕ Ø¥-Y-ûPV

A§L-úS -Wm GÓd-¡ -\ -Rô? G²p CûR

Øû\lT-ÓjR (Resize Tool)-Il TVu-

TÓjR-Üm.

Lôh-£-L-°u Ne-L-Um

JÚ Lôh£ ARu ùRôPof-£-Vp-XôR

úYß Lôh-£ -Ù -Pu Ne-L -ªd -Ïm-úTô -Õ

Eß§Vô] JÚ LÚj-Õ-Ú-Yôd-Lm SPd-¡-\-Õ.

CÚ-úY-ß Lôh-£-Ls Ne-L-ªd-Ïm úTôÕ EÚ-

Yô-Ïm ×§V LÚj-Õ-Ú-Yôd-Lm Tt± "úUôúUu

ûPmv' Ï±jR TôPj-§p ùNôp-Xl-Th-P-Õ

¨û]-®-Úd-Ï-úU. (T-Pm 9.8) Tôod-L-Üm.

AûN-Ü-T-Pd úLôl-×-Ls Ne-L-ªd-Ïm

¥Wôu-£-`u A°j-R-ûXl Tôoj-úRôúU

AûRl-úTôp Å¥úVô G@-Td-ûP-Ùm LÚj-ÕÚ-

Yôd-Lj-§t-Ïl TVu-T-Ój-R-Xôm. Å¥-úVôd

úLôl-×-L-°p YX-Õ ¡°d ùNn-Õ Fade in, Fadeout úTôu\ GTd-Ó-Ls A°j-Õ ùNVp-T-Ój§l

Tôoj-Õ Gk-ùRkR ãZ-p CûY ùTôÚj-R-UôL

CÚd-Ï-ùU-]d LôiL.

§ Fade in .................................................

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EûW-Vô-Pp-Lû[ Eh-T-Ój-R-Xôm

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EûW-Vô -Pp-L -Þm ©\-Ï T§Ü ùNn-Õ

G¥h¥e¢u úTôÕ Lôh-£-Ls, J, EûW-VôPp-

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T-¥u APô-£h-¥ ER-®-Ù-Pu Jd-úLôl-×-L-

û[j RVôo ùNn-L.

Å¥úVô úLôl-× -Lû[ ¥Wôd -¡p

CÝjÕlúTôÓ-Y-ûRl-úTôX Jd -úLôl-× -

Lû[-Ùm úNod-L-Xôm. JÚ Å¥-úVôd úLôl-

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ARtÏ úSo ¸Ýs[ ¥Wôd-¡p J úLôl-×-L-

û[f úNoj-RôpúTôÕm. Al-úTôÕ Å¥-úVôd

úLôl-©p Ge-úL-àm J CÚl-©u AYtû\

TPm 9.7"UÙoPu ˚Pmv'˛ S≈] LÙXjßuœÿ\pLs Gu\ Lh”˚W´≠⁄k’

TPm 9.8

vPÙoh Bd`u...

79Á

KTu- Ùh ˚Ph-•p G•h-Po NÙ[-Wm

Gdv- TÙo-h ˘Nn-V-XÙm

Rt-úTôÕ J≠ þ Å¥-úVôd úLôl-×-Ls

ùYq-úYß ¥Wôd-Ï-L-°p Es-[-]. CRû]

ØÝ-¿-[j §ûWl-T-Pd úLôl-TôL Uôt-±-]ôp

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TÓj-R-Üm úYß CPj-§tÏ SLp GÓd-L-Üm

Ø¥Ùm.

CRt-Ïd ¸r-Lô-Ôm Øû\-«p úLôlûT

Gdv-úTôoh ùNn-V-Üm.

§ ùNVp §h-PjûR úNªd-L-Üm.

§ File - Export Video ¡°d-ùNnÕ úLôl-×l

ùTVo, úNªdL úYi-¥V úLôl-×j ùRôÏl-×,

¿d-Lm ùNn-R-©u ×§V ©u-]¦ J≠-ûVf úNod-L-Üm ¸r LôÔm Nô[-WjûR LY²dL-Üm.

(-TPm 9.8)

Å¥úVôd-úLôl-×-Ls

Jd -úLôl-× -Ls

R˚Xl-◊-Ls(Title) ˙R˚Y

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♦ ..............................................................................

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♦ CVd-Lm Lßo.

ùUàl-Th-ûP-«p Title → New Title ¡°d-ùNnÕ ûPh-¥p(R-ûXl-×) Nô[-Wj-ûRj§\dL-Üm. YX-Õ -TdL ùTh-¥ -«- -ÚkÕûPh¥p ùPm-úXh ùR¬-Ü-ùNnÕ CreateNew Title ¡°d ùNnÕ RûXl-×d-Ïl ùTVo-ùLô-Ód-L-Xôm. ©\Ï úRôu-ßm Nô[-Wj-§pRûXl-×-Lû[ úNojÕ Apply ùLôÓd-Ïm-úTôÕ AûY Hû]V Å¥úVô J≠d-úLôl-×-L-Þd-¡-ûP-«p úRôußm. C² CYtû\¥Wôd-¡p úNod-L-Xôm.

TPm 9.9

TPm 9.10

CVd-Lm

L§o

J≠d-úLôl-×-Ls

Å¥úVôd-úLôl-×-Ls


80 Á

×ùWô-ûTp, ×ùWô -ûTp ùRôPoTô]

Bl`u-Ls CYtû\ A°dL-Üm.

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Nô[-WjûR êP-Üm.

KTu `ôh ùY°-ÂhÓ Nô[-Wm


♦ Ee-Ls Yh-PôW Sôh-Ól-×-\d LûX-Lû[

A±-Ø-Ll-T-Ój-Õm JÚ úLôl-×l TPm

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RôVô¬d-L-Üm

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`ôh Å¥úVô G¥h-Po ùUu-ùTô-Ús-Ls

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ER-®ûV SôÓ-L.

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TVu-Tô-Ó.

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TPm 9.11

NX-]eL-∞u E´-¨-Vp LpÆ

81Á

10 A˚N-Óh-Pj-’Pu E - -Vp T•l◊

Lôoh-åu A²-úU-ù TPe-Ls

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TPm 10.1

Source : http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/landsteiner


82 Á

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n úSôVô-°-«u Wj-R-YûL Li-Ó-©-¥dL

úYi-Óm.

n RWl-Th-Ós[ Wj-R-Tôh-¥p-L-° -≠ -Úk-Õ,

N¬Vô] YûL Wj-RjûRj úRok-ùR-ÓdL

úYi-Óm.

n Wj-Rm ùNÛj-§, AYo E«-ûWd-Lôl-Tôt\

úYi-Óm.

C²-úUp ¿e-Ls E«o-Lôd-Ïm SP-Y-¥d-

ûL«p C\eL úYi-Óm. úSôVô-°-«u Wj-R-

Ï-ìl Li-Ó-©-¥d-L, ¿e-Ls úUt-ùLôiP

ùNVp-Ls Øû\Ls Gu-ù]u-]?

n £¬g-Ñ êXm, T¬-úNô-§l-T-Rt-Lô] Wj-Rm

GÓd-Ll-Th-P-Õ.

n ØR-Xô-Y-Õ úNôR-û]d-Ï-Zô-«p Es[

ºWjÕ-Pu JÚ Õ° Wj-Rm úNod-Ll-Th-P-Õ.

n þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþþþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþþþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

n þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþþþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþþþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

C§- -Úk-Õ, JÚ-Y-¬u Wj-R -YYûLûV

N¬VôL Li-Ó-©-¥l-T-Rt-Ïm, E«o CZlûTj

R®ol-T-Rt-Ïm úRûYVô] Gu-ù]u] RL-

Yp-Lû[ A±kÕ ùLôi-¼o-Ls?

n Bi-¥-ù_u, Bi-¥-Tô-¥ CYt±u G§o

®û] WjRm Eû\-Vd LôW-Q-Uô-¡-\-Õ.

n þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþþþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþþþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

n þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþþþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþþþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

Wj-R-YûL Li-Ó-©-¥l-T-Õ GlT¥ Gu-T-Õ

ùR°-Yô-Ll ×¬k-R-Rô?

AûN-îh-Pj-§u WL-£-Vm

A±Ü A°l-T-Õm, Bo-Ym ªd-L-Õ-

Uô] JÚ A²-úU-`u TPjûR Sôm Tôoj-

úRôm. RL-Yp-Lû[ G°-§p ×¬-V-ûYl-T-§p

CYt-±u Bt-\-ûX-Ùm ×¬k-Õ-ùLôi-úPôm.

ClT¥l-ThP TPe-Ls Gq-Yô-ß TûPd-Ll-

TÓ¡u-\-]. Sm-Uô-Ûm CÕ-úTôp EÚYôdL

Ø¥Ù-Uô? ØVu\ôp Ø¥-Ùm.

GCompris - TVu-T-Ój§ JÚ A²-

úU- u TPm

SUd-Ïj ùR¬kR GComprisTVuTÓj§ JÚ A²-úU- u TPUôL Lôo

Ju-±û] CVdL ûYj-Rô-úXô? ARt-Ï,

Applications → Education → EducationalSuite G Compris Gu\ Øû\-«p ùUu-

ùTôÚû[j §\dLÜm. Nô[-Wj-§p JÚ £±V

LW¥d-Ïh-¥ (T-Pm 10.2) TkÕPu ¨t-T-Õ-úTôp

Es-[-úR? ARû] ¡°d ùNn-Õ, AÓjR

Nô[Wj-§t-Ïf ùNp-XÜm. Ae-Ï JÚ ×ûLl-

TPf-Ñ-Ú-°u TPm (T-Pm 10.3) LôQl-T-Óm.

A§p ¡°d ùNnRôp TX-Y-ûL-Vô]

LÚ®LÞm, Yi-Qe-L-Þm ¡ûPd-Ïm.

AYt±≠Úk-Õ Ee-LÞdÏl ©¥jR JÚ

Lô¬u TPjûR úRok-ùR-Ód-L-Üm. CRû] JÚ

Lôu-Yô -£p ùTôÚj§, Jq-ùYôÚ

LÚ®ûVÙm TVu-TÓj§, Gu-ù]u]

Uôt\e-Ls ùNnV Ø¥Ùm Gu-ß úNô§j-Õl

TôodLÜm.

TPm 10.2

TPm 10.3


83Á

C² Lô¬û] CVd-L-Xôm. Tool Boxþp

Es[ úLU-Wô -®p ¡°d ùNnR ©\-Ï,

Lô¬û]d ùLôg-Nm Øu-]ôp SLoj-R-Üm.

CRû]j ùRôPok-Õ ùNn-V-Üm. úLUWô TVu-

T-Ój-§, Jq-ùYô-Ú Øû\ SLoj-§-VûR JÚ

frame BL Uôt\ RY-\d-á-Pô-Õ. CRt-Ï,

Lô¬û] Jq-ùYô-Ú Øû\ Øu-]ôp SLoj-Õm-

TPm 10.4

TPm 10.5

TPm 10.6

úTô-Õm úLU-Wô-ûYd ¡°d ùNnV úYi-Óm.

CÕ-R-®-W, Nô[-Wj-§p Es[ UWe-Ls, NôûX

CûY Gp-Xôm úNok-Õ, Lô¬u CVd-LjûR _-

Uô-]-RôL Uôt-ßm. ARu-©-\-Ï, Tool boxþp

Es[ Scene board AûP-Vô-[j-§p ¡°d

ùNn-Õ Tôod-L-Üm. Gl-T-¥ K¥-V-Õ Lôo? At-×-

R-UôL CÚk-R-Rô? Lôo Cq-Yô-ß K¥-V-Õ GlT¥?

Sôm úLU-WôûY Jq-ùYô-Ú-Øû\ ¡°d ùNnR-

úTô-Õm, Jq-ùYô-Ú frameI EÚ-Yôd-¡-ú]ôm.

Scene boardþp ¡°d ùNn-R-úTô-Õ, frameþLs

Jq-ùYôu-ßm, Ju-\u-©u Ju-\ôL úYL-UôL

SLok-RR-u LôW-Q-Uô-Lj-Rôu Lôo K¥-V-RôL

SUdÏj úRôu-±-V-Õ. Cl-T-¥, ùRôPof-£-Vô]

frameL°u úYL-Uô] AûN-úY, A²-

úU`²u WL-£-Vm BÏm.

JÚ ×§V Lôu-Yôv §\k-Õ, A§p

JÚ TPjûRd ùLôi-Ó YW-Üm. Tool boxþp

Es[ Jq-ùYô-Ú LÚ-®-«-û]-Ùm ¡°d ùNn-

Õ TôojR ©\-Ï, ¿e-Ls úRok-ùR-ÓjR TPj-

§u ÁÕm ¡°d ùNn-Õ, úRôu-ßm Uôt-\e-L-

û[d LY-²d-L-Üm. Jq-ùYô-Ú LÚ-®-«u T-

Vû[-Ùm Ï±j-Õ ûYd-L-Üm.

AÓj-Õ WjR AÔd-L-û[-Ùm AûY-

L-°u ùNVp-Tô-Ó-L-û[-Ùm Tt± A±k-Õ-ùLôs-

Y-Rt-Lô] JÚ B²-úU-`u Tôod-L-Xô-Uô?

Wj-Rj-§p Li-¥-WôR Lôh-£-Ls

E«-¬-Vp ¬úNôo-N-³p RWl-Th-Ós-[,

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TPm 10.7


84 Á

"WjR AÔd-Ls' Gu\ A²-úU-`û] CVd-

¡l Tôoj -Õ, WjR AÔd-Ls Ï±j-R,

RLYpLû[l ùT\Üm. CRt-Ï Guù]u]

Øu-ú]t-Tô-Ó-Ls ùNnV úYi-Óm.

n Glass slides, Cover slip Ut-ßm F£-Ls . . .

n Öi-úQôd¡

WjR AÔd-Ls AYt-±u Y¥-Ym,

LhP-ûUl-×, úYûX úTôu-\ -Yt -±p

Ju±ÚkÕ Ut -ù\ôu-ß Gq-Yô -ß Uôß-

ThÓs[-Õ. CRt-Ï Gu] LôW-Qm.

n ùYsû[ WjR AÔ-®p Eh-L-Ú LôQl-

TÓ-¡u-\-Õ.

n £Yl× WjR AÔ-®p þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ.

n A[Ü

£Yl× WjR AÔd-Ls þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ--þ-þ-þþ

ùYsû[ WjR AÔd-Ls þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ--þ-þ--- - - - -þ-þ-þ-

CYt±u Gi-¦dûL þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

WjR AÔd-L°u Gi-¦d-ûL,

LhPûUl× CYt-±p úYß-Th-Ó CÚk-Rô-Ûm

¡Ú-ª-Lû[ A¯j-Rp, EPûX TôÕ-Lôj-Rp

úTôu\ ùNVp-L-°p JÚe-¡-ûQk-Õ ùNVp-

T-Ó-¡u-\] Gu-T-Õ ×¬k-R-Rô?

Øu ùNVp-Tô-Ó-L-°p WjR AÔd-Ls

Ut-ßm CWj-Rm ùNÛj-Õ-Rp Ï±j-Õ Sôm

A±kÕ ùLôi-úPôúU? C² CWjR KhPm,

CÚ-R-Vj-§u AûUl-×, CRV Yôp-Ü-L-°u

ùNVp-Tô-Ó ØR- -V-Ytû\l Tt-±-Ùm TôodL

BYp úRôu-ß-¡u-\-Rp-X-Yô?

E«-¬-Vp ¬úNôo-N-³p CWjR KhPm,

CR-V-Yôp-L-Ü°u CVd-Lm, ËWQ Eßl×-L-°p

ËW-Qm SPj-Rp, ÑYôN UiPXj§u

AûUl×, ùNVp-Tô -Ó, CûY- Ï±jR

A²úU`u -T-Pe-Lû[l Tôoj-Õj ùR¬k-Õ

ùLôs-Þe-Ls. ARu ©\-Ï CR-Vm, ÑYô-N-

UiP-Xm, CR-V-Yôp-Ü-Ls, WjR Kh-Pm

CYt±u AûUl-©-Ûm ùNVp-Tô-Ó-L-°-Ûm

¿eLs ×¬k-Õ ùLôiP ® -Ve-Ls Ï±j-Õ,

¸rd-Lô-Ôm Uô§-¬-«p JÚ Et-ß-úSôd-Lp

Ï±l× RVô-¬d-L-Üm. ARt-LôL Open OfficeWord Processor TVu-T-ÓjRj ùR¬-Ù-úU?

CR-Vm:

A[-®p úYß-ThP Sôu-Ï Aû\-Ls

CRV Aû\-L-°u Øû\-Vô] ÑÚe¡ ®¬-Rp

þ þ þ þ þ þ þþ þ þ þ þ þ þþ þ þ þ þ þ þþ þ þ þ þ þ þ

þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þþ þ þ þ þ þ þþ þ þ þ þ þ

ÑYôN Ui-P-Xm


CRV Yôp-Ü-Ls


CWjR Kh-Pm


RôYWùTôÚhLPjRu EhLÚjÕ

RôY-We-Ls Cp-XôR EX-¡p Ut\

E«¬-]e-Ls YôZ-Ø-¥-Vô-Õ. EQ-Ü, ©WôQ

YôÙ úTôu\Ytû\-ùVp-Xôm A°l-T-Õ

RôYWeLs Rôú]. CRt-ùL] RôY-We-Ls

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85Á

A²-úU-ù RVô-¬l-×d-ùLu-ú\, TX

CXYN ùUu-ùTô-Ús-Ls ¡ûPd-¡u-\-].

Draw, SWF, Blender, Luciole, PencilúTôu\ûY Cl-©-¬-®p Eh-Th-PûY

BÏm.

G]l-T-Óm ùUu-ùTô-Ús Øl-T¬UôQ

A²-úU- u TPe-Lû[ EÚ-YôdL ERÜ-

¡u-\-]. Big Buck Bunny G]l-T-Óm

A²úU-ù TPm Resource CDþp

Es[Õ. EX-¡u LY-]jûR Doj-R, CkR

TPm, CX-YN ùUu-ùTô -Ús-L°u

GpûXVt-\, Su-ûU-L-û[d Lôh-Ó-¡u-\-Õ.

Draw, SWF úTôu\ ùUu-ùTô-Úh-Ls.

£±V A[-®-Xô] AûN-îh-Pe-L-Þd-Ï,

ER-Üm YûL-«p Y¥-Y-ûUd-Ll-

ThÓs[ûY.

TPm 10.9Source : http://www.kscience.co.uk/animation/

water_movement.htmm

YÏl-T-û\-«p E«-¬-L-°u At-×-

Rd-Lôh-£-Ls

A²-úU- u TPe-Ls Tt± A±k-Õ-ùLôiP

Sôm, C², AÁ-Tô, ûah-Wô, TôW-ª-£-Vm

úTôu\ Öi-Ô-«-¬-L-°u AûNÜLû[

ùT¬ÕTÓj§l TôoL Ø¥kRôp GqY[Ü

£YôWvVUôL CÚdÏm?

Ts° Bn-Y-Lj-§-Ûs-[, Öi-úQôd-¡ûV

Cf-ùN-Vp-L-Þd-LôL, L¦-²-Ù-Pu CûQd-Lj-

RdL USB Öiú-úQôd-¡-VôL Uôt-\-Xôm.

E«¬Vp Resource þp Eh-T-Ój-Rl-Th-Ós-[,

USB Öi-úQôd¡ Ï±jR, VideoþûY

LY]j-Õ-Pu TôodL úYi-Óm.

CÕ JÚ ÏÝfùNVpTôÓ. B£-¬-V-¬u

ER®úVô-Ó, USB Öi-úQôd¡ EÚ-Yôd-¡,

ARû] Laptop Ut-ßm Projector CYtß-Pu

CûQj-Rp úYi-Óm. YVp-ùY-°-Ls,

Utßm ¿oj-úRd-Le-Ls CYt±-≠Úk-Õ §Wh-

¥V Öi-Ô-«-¬-Ls UhÓm ApX, TX-Y-ûL-

Vô] éd-Ls, CûX-Ls Ri-Ól-T-Ï-§-Ls ØR-

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Ui¦-≠ -Úk-Õ Ri-½-ûW-Ùm RôÕd-L-û[-Ùm

ùTß-¡u-\-]. B®-Vô-Rp êX-UôL JÚ ùT¬V

UWm SôsúRô-ßm 1500 h-Po Ri-½ûW YôÙ-

Ui-P-Xj§p úNod¡u\Õ. RôY-We-L-°u Cj-

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Tôoj-Rôp Gl-T-¥ CÚd-Ïm. A±-®Vp Re-source p RôY-We-L-°p úTôd-Ï-Y-Wj-§u Y¯-

Ls Gu\ A²-úU-ù TPjûR CVd¡l

TôÚe-Ls. RL -Yp-Lû[ T§Ü ùNn-V

UdLúYiPôm.


86 Á

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TPm 10.10

TPm 10.11

Ah-P-YûQ 10.1

E«-¬-]e-L-°u Öh-T-Uô] EPp Eßl-×-L-û[d Lôi-T-Rt-Ïm USB ÖiúQôd¡«û]l

TVu-T-Ój-R-Xôm. ©\-Ï Th-¥-Vp-þ1-þp RWl-Th-Ós[ Uô§-¬-«p AhPY-ûQ-Ls RVô¬j-Õ

¨Wl-T-Üm.

Øl-T-¬-UôQl TPe-Ls

R²l-ThP Li-Qô-¥-Ls UhÓm TVu-

T-Ój-§l TôodL CV-Ûm 3D TPe-Ls Tt±d

úLs-®l-Th-¥-Úl-Ào-Ls. E«-¬-Vp TôPèp

ùR°-Yô-Ld LôQd-á-¥V £X 3D TPe-Ls

ùLôÓd-Ll-Th-Ós-[-]. A]e-¡-≠@l Gu\

ùTV-¬p CûY A±-Vl-T-Ó-¡u-\-]. Sm CÚ

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A[Ü CûP ùY°-«p CWi-Ó úLUWôd-L-

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ThP Li-Qô-¥ -Ls úRûY. CRû]j

RVô¬dÏm Øû\-L-Þm Resourceþp CPm

ùTt-ßs-[-]. ¿e-Lú[ RVô-¬j-Õ, A¦kÕ

TôÚe-Ls.

CVt-©-Vp ©WmUÙiPm

87Á

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CûQjÕ ªuÑtß AûUl-TÕ Gl-T¥? ªu

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Tp×, YVo, Ñ®h-Ñ (-Nô-®) úTôu\Ytû\

®ûXdÏ Yôe¡ N¬-Vô] ªu êXj-ÕPu

CûQj-Õ, JÚ ªu Ñt-±u AûUl× EÚ-

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˘Th No-°h Luvh-W-bu °h

Applications → School Resource˘U‡-Æ-≠-⁄k’ PhET Ij ß\d-L-‹m- Play

with sims → Physics Gu\ NÙ[-Wj-ß-

≠⁄k’ Circuit construction kit Ij Ro‹

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˘Nn-Ÿm- TÙ’ G@-Th No-°h LuvhW- u

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Tôh-P¬ úTôu-\-Ytû\ CÝjÕ (¥-Wôd ùNn-Õ)

ùNVp TÏ-§-«p CP-Üm. CYtû\ TPm 11. 2 p

Es-[-RÕúTôp ùTVo-Ls TVu-T -Ój§

CûQj-Õl Tôod-L-Üm. Tp× K°o-¡-\Rô?

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Üm. Jq-ùYôÚ TôLe-L-°u ÁÕm YXÕ

¡°d ùNnÕ Tôod-L-Üm. Gu-ù]u] YN-§-

Ls Es-[]? AYtû\l Th-¥-V- -Ó-L.

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TPm 11.1

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ùNnÕ Split Junction Ij ùR¬-Ü-ùNnÜ

ùNnRôp Ut\ E§-¬-Tô-Le-Lû[ CûQdL

Ø¥ÙUô? Li-Ó-©-¥d-L-Üm.

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No-¡h Luvh-Wd`u ¡h-ûPj §\kÕ

TPj-§-Ûs-[-Õ-úTôp (T-Pm 11.4) ªu-Ñtû\

AûUd-L-Üm LÚ-®l-Th-ûP-«-≠--ÚÕ N o n

contract ammeter I ùR¬-Ü-ùNnÕ ùNVp-T-

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ûYd LôiL Tôod-L-Üm.-Tp-©u J°o-ûY-Ùm

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®]ôd-L-ÞdÏ ®ûP-V-°d-L-Üm.

w Tôh-P¬ (ªu-L-Xm) úYôp-úP-û_d áh-¥-V-

úTôÕ ªu-ù]ô-Ýd¡p Ht-ThP Uôt-\m

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w Tôh-P¬ úYôp-úP-û_d Ïû\j-R-úTôÕ?

ªu-Ñtß Y¯-VôL Es[ ªu-ú]ôh-Pm

Ut-ßm úYôp-úPw CYt-±t-¡-ûP-úV-Ùs[

ùRôPo-ûTd Ï±d-L-Üm.

CúR ªu-Ñt-±p 10 ªuR-ûPûV

CûQj-Õl Tôod-L-Üm. ªu-ú]ôh-Pm Ut-ßm

Tp-©u J° ¾®-Wj-§p Ht-ThP Uôt-\e-Lû[

LY-²d-L-Üm. ªu-R-ûP-«p YXÕ ¡°d ùNnÕ

Change resistance ùR¬-Ü-ùNnÕ áh-P-Üm

Ïû\d-L-Üm ùNn-V-Xôm.

TPm 11.2

TPm 11. 3

TPm 11.4

Ω


89Á

ªu-Ñt-±p ªu-RûPûV áh-¥d Ïû\d-

Ïm-úTôÕ Gu] Uôt-\m Ht-T-Óm G]d LiÓ

©¥jÕ Etß úSôd-Lp Ï±l× RVô-¬d-L-Üm.

Tôh-P¬ úYôp-úPw 12V, 15V G] úYß-

T-Ój§ ªu-Ñt-±u ªu-ú]ôh-PjûR A[kÕ

Th-¥-Vp 12 ¨Wl-T -Üm. úYôp-úP-_øm,

ªuú]ôh-P-Øm Rm-ª-Ûs[ ®¡-R-Øm LôiL.

G²p ªu-ú]ôh-Pm Ut-ßm úYôp-úPw

CYt±u ùRôPo× Ï±jÕ Ee-L-s Li-Ó-

©¥l× Gu]?

ùNVp-TôÓ 4

ùYq-úYß §\àûPV (ªu-R -ûPþ

Resistor) CÚ Tp-×-Ls, Tôh-P-¬, JÚ Ñ®fÑ

CûY TVu-TÓj§ TPj-§-Ûs-[-Õ-úTôX (T-Pm

11. 5) JÚ ªu Ñtß AûUd-L-Üm.

CkR ªu-Ñtû\ ùNVp-T-Ój§ r-Lô-Ôm

®]ôd-L-ÞdÏ ®ûP Lôi-L. Cl-T-¥l-ThP

ªu-Ñt-ßd-Ls Ï±jR Ee-L-s Li-Ó-©-¥l-×-

Gi ˙YÙp-˙Pw (V) ™u-˙]ÙhPm (I) V/I

1

2

3

4

5

AhPYûQ 11.1

T-Pm 11.5

L°u Ï±l× RVô-¬d-L-Üm.

w Jq-ùYôÚ Tp-©u Y¯-Vô-Lf ùNp-Ûm

ªuú]ôh-Pm Gq-Y-[Ü?

w CÚ Tp-×-L-Þd-¡-ûPúV JúW úYôp-úPw

Es-[Rô? LÚ-®l-Th-ûP-«-≠-ÚkÕ úYôph

Áh-PûW ùNVp-T-Ï-§-«p Eh-T-Ój§

úNodL-Üm.

w JÚ Tp-©p YX-Õ-¡-°d ùNnÕ AûR ªu-

Ñt-±- -ÚkÕ ¿d-¡l Tôod-L-Üm.

ùNVp-TôÓ 5

úUp-LiP úNôR-û]-«p TVu-T-Ój-§V

TôLe-Lû[ ûYjÕ TPj-§-Ûs-[-Õ-úTôp

(T-Pm 11 .6) ªu-Ñtß EÚ-Yôd-L-Üm. AûRl

TVu-T-Ój§ r-Lô-Ôm ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Ls ùNnÕ

Etß úSôd-Lp Ï±l× RVô-¬d-L-Üm. Jq-ùYôÚ

Tp× Y -Vô-L-Üm Es[ ªuú]ôh-P-Øm, ªu-

Ñtß Y¯-VôL Es[ ªu-ú]ôh-Pj-ûR-Ùm-

T-Pm 11.6


90 Á

LôiL. CÚ Tp-×-L-Þd-Ïm JúW úYôp-úPw

¡ûPd-¡-\Rô? JÚ Tp-©p YXÕ ¡°d ùNnÕ

AûR ªu-Ñt-±- -ÚkÕ ¿d-L-Üm. ªu-Ñtß

ùNVp-T-Ó-¡-\Rô?

CkR CÚ ªu Ñt-ß-L-°u úYß-TôÓ

Gu]? ùLôi-Pôh-Pe-L -°p AXe-Lô -W

®[dÏ-Ls CûQd-ÏmØû\ Ï±jÕ

®Nô¬dLÜm. SUÕ ÅÓ-L -°-Ûm ùT¬V

Lh¥Pe-L-°-Ûm ªuÑt-ß-L-s CmØû\-«p

AûUd-Ll- TÓ¡u\]Yô? CYt-±t-¡-ûP-úV-

Vô] úYßTôÓ Gu]? SUÕ CÚ ùNVt-Tô-Ó-

L-°Ûs[ ªu-Ñt-ß-L-Þm CYt-±t-¡-ûPúV

HRô-YÕ Jt-ß-ûU-ÙiPô? JjÕ úSôd¡ ®ûP

Lôi-L.

ªu-Ñt-û\f úNªd-L-Xôm

No-d¡h Luvh-Wbu ¡h TVu-T-Ój§

AûUjR ªu-Ñt-ß-Lû[ L¦-²-«p úNªd-

L-Xôm. CRtÏ Ød-¡V Nô[-Wj-§p YXÕ

úUp Td-L-Øs[ Circuit ùUà-®p Save

YN-§-ûVl TVu-T-Ój-Õ-L. úNªjR úLôlûT

AúR ùUà-®p Load Th-Pu TVu-T-Ój§

§\d-L-Üm ùNn-V-Xôm.

ùRôPo ùNVp-TôÓ

w Tp-×, ªu-RûP (10 V) Tôh-P¬ (9 V)CûY TVu-T-Ój-Õm JÚ ªu-Ñt-±u

ªuú]ôh-Pm 0.45A G²p, ªuú]ôhPm

1 A BL Uôt\ Tôh-P-¬-«u úYôp-úP-´-

Ûm, ªu-R-ûP-«-Ûm Ht-T-ÓjR úYi-¥V

Uôß-Rp-Ls Guù]u]?

w 10 V , 15 V, 20 V U§l-×-ûPV êuß ªu-

R-ûP-Lû[ ùRôP-WôL JÚ 9 Tôh-P-¬-«p

CûQjÕ JÚ ªu-Ñtß AûUd-L-Üm. ªu-

Ñt-±u ªuú]ôh-Pm Gq-Y-[-YôL CÚdÏm?

Tôh-P¬ úYôp-úPw 12 BL CÚkRôp ªu-

ú]ôh-Pm Gu-]-YôL CÚdÏm? CúR ªu-

Ñt-±p RûP-L-°u U§l× 10 V, 15 V, 20V G]d áh-¥]ôp ªu-Ñt-±p ªu-ú]ôh-

Pm Gq-Y-[-YôL CÚd-Ïm.

L¬d-Lh-ûP-«- -ÚkÕ ûYWj-§tÏ...

L¬d-LhûP ØRp J°Úm ûYWm YûW

TX Y¥-Ye-L-°p Es[ R²-UúU Lôo-Tu.

CYt-ß-s ¿e-Ls úSW-¥-Vô-Ll Tôoj-R Y¥-

YeLs GûY? Lôo-T-²u Jq-ùYôÚ Y¥-

YØm ùYq-úYß Ti-×-L-û[d ùLôi-P-ûY,

L¬, ùTu-£p Øû], ûYWm úTôu\Yt-±p

JúW R²-Um Es-[-ùRu-TÕ ®Vl-×d-Ï-±-V-Õ.

Cq-úY-ß -Tô -Ó -L -ÞdÏ LôW -Qm Gu]?

£kRû] -ùNn-¡-Èo-L-[ô? CYt-±p Lôo-Tu

AÔ-®u AûUlûT Et-ß-úSôd-¡-]ôp

CRu CW-L-£-Vm ×¬-Ùm. B]ôp AÔd-L-°u

Y¬-ûNûV TôojÕ Li-Ó-©-¥l-T-ùRl-T¥? Ck-

-ûX-«p SUdÏ ERY L¦² YN-§-Ls Cl-

úTôÕ Es-[-]. L¦² ùUu-ùTô-Ús TVu-

TÓj§ G°V êXd-á-ß -L -°u Uô§¬

EÚYôdÏm Øû\lTt± Øu-Y-Ïl-×-L-°p

Lt±-Úl-Ào -Ls CkR ªu-ùTô-Úh-L -°u

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Gu-ù]u] êXd-á-ß-L-°u Uô§-¬-Lû[-

Cm-Ø-û\-«p EÚ-Yôd-¡-ú]ôm.

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áßLú[. CYt-û\l-úTôX TX A Ô d - L s

TPm 11.7


91Á

CûQk-Õ EÚYô-Ïm £d-L-Xô] êXd-á-ß-Ls

Es[-]. Cl-T-¥l-ThP JÚ YûL £d-L-Xô]

êXd-á-ßRôu @×pX-¬u. CRu AûUl-ûTd

Lt-T-Õ Ntß £W-Um. B]ôp, ùUu-ùTô-Ús ER-

®-úVô-Ó Cj-R-ûLV £d-L-Xô] êXd-á-ß-L-°u

Uô§-¬ -Lû[l Tôol -T -Rt -Ïm, AûUl×

ùRôPoTô] £\l-×d áß-L-û[ G°-RôLl ×¬k-

Õ-ùLôs-[-Üm Ø¥-Ùm. Cq-Y-ûL-ûVf

úNokRJÚ G°V ùUu-ùTôÚú[ RasMol.

Ras Mol

ªL-Üm £d-L-Xô] êXd-á-ß-L-°u Uô§¬ Y¥-

Ye-L -û[, ùY°-«P ER-Üm JÚ

ùUuùTôÚs. Protein Data Bank Ap-XÕ

pdb Gu\ ¿h-¥l× Es[ úLôl-×-Lû[ CRu

êXm Tôo-ûY-«-P-Xôm.

TPm 11.8

ùUu-ùTô-Ús §\d-Ïm úTôÕ, ùR¬-Ùm

Nô[Wj-§p LÚûU Nô[-Wm Graphicsm,

ùYiNô[-Wm Terminalm BÏm. §\dL

úYi-¥V úLôl-©u ùTV-Úm, úNªjÕ ûYd-

Ll-ThÓs[ CP-Øm Rh-Pf-Ñ ùNnÕ Enter®ûNûV AÝj-R-Üm. Display Menuþ

®Úk-Õ úRûY-Vô] úLôl-ûTj úRok-ùR-

Ój-Õ LôQ-Xôm. Nô[-Wj-§p Lôh£V°d-Ïm

êXd-á-±u Uô§¬ Y¥YjûRf Ñh-ùP

TVu-TÓj§ Øu-àm ©u-àm SLoj§d

LôQ CVÛm. Terminal Nô[-Wj-§p SelectCarbon G] Rh-Pf-Ñ ùNnÕ Enter ®ûNûV

AÝj§]ôp, Nô[-Wj-§p AÔd-L-°u

Gi¦dûL ¡ûPd-Ïm. Colour Yellow G]

Rh-Pf-Ñ ùNn-Õ Enter ®ûNûV AÝj-

§]ôp, úRok -ùR -ÓjR AÔd-L -°u

¨\jûRÙm Uôt\ Ø¥-Ùm.

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 6

Rasmol ùUu-ùTô -Ús §\k-Õ,

@×pX¬u êXd-á-±u AûUl-©-û]j

§ûW«p Lôh-P-Üm. êXd-á--û\j §Úl-©,

A§p Lôo-Tu AÔd-Ls JÝe-L-ûUd-Ll-

ThÓs[ Ru-ûU-«û] Brk-Õ LY-²d-L-Üm.

Terminal Nô[-Wj-§p Select Carbon Gàm

BûQ YZe-¡, AÔd-L-°u Gi-¦d-

ûLûV ¨o-Q-Vm ùNnR ©\-Ï, AYt-±t-Ï

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LY-²d-L-Üm.

ùNVp-Tô-Ó 7

Rasmolþu ÕûQ-úVô-Ó, ûYWm,

¡WôûTh, Nod-L-ûW, ÏÞd-úLôv úTôu\-

Yt±u AûUl-©û] Tôo -ûY-«-P -Üm.

AÔdLs JÝe-Ï-T-Ój-Rl-Th-Ós-[-Ru A¥l

-T-ûP-«p AYt±u £\l-×j Ru-ûU-L-û[d

LXk-ÕûW-Vô-P-Üm.

êXd-á-ß Uô§-¬-Ls EÚYôd-L-Xôm

C3H8, C2H2, C2H4, C3H6 úTôu\ G°V

êXd-á-ß-L-°u Uô§-¬-L-û[j RVô-¬d-L-Üm.

TPm 11.9


Á92

Ee-L-[-Õ Ts-°-«p UôQ-Yo-Ls

RVô¬j-Õ ùY°-«-Óm, ûLùV-Ýj-Õl

Tj§¬ûL Ei-Pô? A§p Ee-Ls TûPl-×-

Ls ©W-Ñ-¬d-Ll-Th-Ós-[-Rô? Sm-Ø-ûPV TûPl-

×-Lû[ ©\o T¥d-Ïm-úTô-Õ Ht-T-Óm U¡rf£

A[®pXôRÕ Rôú]?

CúR TûPl×Ls úYß FP-Le-L-°p

ùY°-«-Pl-Th-Pô-úXô? HWô-[-Uô-ú]ôo T¥dL

Yônl×d ¡ûPdÏUô? TûPl-×-Ls ©WÑ¬d-

Ll-T-Ó-Y-§p TX ¨Tk-R-û]-Ls Es[].

AûYLs Gu-]-ùYp-Xôm?

n ùY°-Âh-Pô-[o úRûY

n Tj-§-¬ûL B£-¬-V-¬u Aà-U§ úYi-Óm.

n Af-N-¥j-Rp úYi-Óm.

n þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

n þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

CûQVm (CuPoùSh) A±-Ø-Lm

B]-©-\-Ï Vôo úYi-Ó-Uô]ô-Ûm Re-Ls

TûPl-×-Lû[ Gl-úTô-Õ úYi-Ó-Uô]ô--Ûm

CûQVl Td-Le-L -[ôL ©W -Ñ -¬d -L -Xôm.

TXÚdÏ AûRl T¥d-Ïm Yônl-×m, LÚjÕ-

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Yônl×m ¡ûPdÏm. ARt-Ï ÕûQ-×-¬-Ùm

'Blog' Tt± Ee-Ls TôP-×jRLj§p Sôu-LôYÕ

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Blog EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Rp

Sôm JÚ Blog EÚ-Yôd -¡l

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Tutorials Rªr EhTP TX ùUô¯-L-°p

CûQVj§úXúV ¡ûPd-¡u-\ -Õ.

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Á 93

n LQd-Ï EÚ-Yôd-Lp (Create an account)

n Blogþd-Ï ùTVo ûYj-Rp (Name yourblog)

n Blogþu TdL AûUl× úRok-ùR-Ój-Rp

(Choose a starter Template)

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§-Lû[l TVu-T-Ój§ JÚ blog EÚ-Yôd-¡l

Tôod-L-Üm.

×ú[ô-¡p RL-Yp-Lû[ Eh-T-Ój-R-Xôm:

Blog EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Y-úRô-Ó u-ß-®-Pô-Up

A§p TûPl-×-Lû[f úNodL úYi-Óm.

JqùYô-Ú ×ú[ô-¡-Ûm ×§V TûPl-×-Lû[f

úNodL, JÚ Nô[-Wm LôQl-T -Óm. Sôm

®Úm×m ùUô¯-«p ùRôÏd-L -Xôm.

Blog EÚ-YôdL £X Øu-ú]t-Tô-Ó-Ls

úRûY. ¸úZ RWl-Th-Ós-[-ûY-Lû[

LY]UôL WlTÜm.

n Ee-L-Þ-ûPV e-mail ØL-Y¬ Gu-]?

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n Gu] ùTV-¬p Blog GÝR Es-Ço-Ls.

.............................................................................

n BlogdÏ Gu] ùTVo ûYdL Es-Ço-Ls

(Blog Title) .............................................................................

n Blog ØL-Y¬ Gu-]? (Blog URL):

http:// .............................................................................

e-mail ØLY¬ EÚ-Yôd-¡-V-Õ-úTô-XúY

BlogþIÙm G°-RôL EÚ-Yôd-L-Xôm. Blog EÚ-

Yôd-Ï-Y-§p êu-ß Ød-¡V Lh-Pe-Ls Es[].

TPm 12.1


Á94

SiTo-L-°u TûPl-×-Ls Ï±j-Õ CommentGÝ§ ùY°«P-Xôm. Cq-Yô-ß JÚ-Y-Úd-

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n Ts-°-«p ¡ûPd-Ïm Lt-\p Aà-T-Ye-

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n Ee-Ls Ap-X-Õ Ee-Ls Si-T-²u TûPl-

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×ú[ôÏd-Ïm ¸úZ LôQl-T-Óm. A§p ¡°d

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AûZd-¡u-\-]o. ùRô¯p-ÖhT A±Ü A§-Lm

Cp-Xô-R, STo-Ls áP PôÏ-Ls(tag) TVu-TÓj§

G°-RôL ®d¡ Td-Le-L-û[d ûLVô-[-Xôm.

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AûUl×dÏ ®j-§h-Pôo.

Rªr ®d¡ À¥-Vô-®u Td-Lj-§p

Rª¯p RL-Yp-Ls úRP-úYi-Ó-ùU²p

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YN§Ùs[Õ. Li-Ó-©-¥d-L-Üm.

TPm 12.2

4. ®d¡ ÏYôhv (Wiki Quartz):-®ÓLûRLs, TZ-ùUô- -Ls, §ûWl-T-Pe-Ls,

¸oj-R-]e-Ls, Sôh-Ól-×\l TôPp-Ls, ùTôu-

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§Wh-Ó.

6. ®d¡ ùNn-§-Ls:-

ÑRk§W ùNn§ ûUVm.

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8. ®d¡ LôUuv (Wiki Commons):-®d¡ úLôl-×-L-°u ùTôÕj §Wh-Ó.

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Á96

RL-Yp úRPp

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úRÓYRt-Ï Ee-L-Þd-Ïj ùR¬-Ù-úU? CqYôß

úR¥d-¡ûPd-Ïm RL-Yp-Ls Aû]j-ÕúU

N¬Vô-]ûY G]d LÚ-Rd-á-PôÕ. N¬-Vô-]ûY,

RY-\ô-]-ûY, EiûUVô]ûY, ùTônVô]ûY

G] RL-Yp-L-°u JÚ ùTÚm úNodûL Rôu

CûQVj§p LôQlTÓTûY. BLúY N¬

RY-ß-L-û[l ©¬j-R-±-Ùm §\û]Ùm Sôm ùT\-

úYi-Óm.

CûQVj RL-Yp ùTÚeLP≠p

CÚk-Õ SUd-Ïj úRûY-Vô] RL-Yp-L-û[,

G°-Rô-L-Üm ªLf N¬-Vô-L-d Li-Ó AûP-YRt-

Lô] úRPp Øû\-L-û[-Ùm Sôm A±k-

§ÚjRp úYi-Óm. GÓjÕdLôhPôL, SUdÏ

NêL A±-®-V- p T¥d-Ïm Green houseeffectþu YûW-Vû\ úRûY G] ûYj-Õd

ùLôs-úYôm. Al-T-¥-Vô-]ôp Search Boxþpdefine: Green house effect G] ùLôÓj-Õl

TôodL-Üm. ©\-Ï define Gu\ YôojûR

®d-¡-À-¥-VôûY Gl-T-¥ TVu-T-Ój-

RXôm Gu-T-Õ Ï±j-Õ Main Pageþu CPl-TdL-

Øs[ Uôo-´-²p Ï±l-×-Ls RWl-Th-Ós-[-].

Y -Lôh-¥, ER® Gu\ JÝe-¡p Nô[-Wm §\d-

L-Üm. ®d-¡-«p ×§V Lh-Ó-ûW-Ls ùRôPe-Ï-

Y-Rt-Ïm Ht-L-]úY CPmùTt-ßs-[-§p

Uôt\e-Ls ùNn-Y-Rt-Ïm ER-Üm LinkLs CkR

Td-Lj-§p CPm ùTt-ßs-[-].

Rªr ®d¡ À¥-Vô-®p, Rt-ùTô-Ý-Õ

TjRô-«-Wj-§t-Ïm úUt-ThP Lh-Ó-ûW-Ls CPm-

ùTt-ßs-[-]. CRu Gi-¦d-ûL á¥d

ùLôiúP CÚd-Ïm. CkR CX-YN LûXd-

L[g£-VjûR úUÛm ùN±îhPp YÚm

NkR§-«-]Úd-Ïm SuûU TVdÏm. CRt-Lô]

ØVt-£-L-°p SôØm CûQúYôm.


♦ Rªr ®d-¡-À-¥-Vô-®p HúR-àm JÚ

ùTôÚs Ï±j-R, N¬-Vô] RL-Yp-L-û[j

§Wh¥, Lh-ÓûW Ju-ß TûPd-L-Üm.

TPm 12.3

L⁄j’ ˘Y∞-¬h-•tœ ◊˙[Ùœ

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A -®t-LôL TVu-T-Ój-Rl-Th-P-ûRl úTôu-ß,

U²R SX-àd-Ïm úUu-ûUd-Ïm LiÓ-©¥d-

Ll-ThP CûQVj ùRô¯p Öh-Tm, EX-¡p

TX SôÓ-L-°p, U²-Rû] HUôt-ß-Y-Rt-Ïm

Ït\e-Ls ×¬-Y-Rt-Ïm TVu-T-Ój-Rl-T-Ó-¡u-\Õ.

EX-¡p Cu-ß SûP-ùT-ßm Ït-\f ùNVp-L-°p,

Ï±l-©hP NR-Å-Rm, L¦-², CûQVm, AûX-

úT£ úTôu\ RL-Yp-ùRô-Po× NôR-]e-Ls

TVu-T-Ój-§úV SPd-¡u-\-]. Cl-T-¥l-ThP

Ït\e-Ls "ûNTo Ït-\e-Ls' G] A±Vl-

TÓ¡u-\-].

ûNTo Ït-\e-Ls

L¦-², CûQVm, AûX-úT£

úTôu\ A§ SÅ] RL-Yp ùRôPo× ùRô¯p

Öh-Te-L°u ÕûQ-úVô-Ó NhP®úWôRUôL,

©\-Úd-Ï CPm HtTÓjÕm Aû]jÕ ùNVp-

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Õs-Ço-Lú[? AûRl úTôX RôúU ùTÚ-Ïm

CVp-×s-[-Õm, L¦²«u ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Lû[

Uk-R-Uôd-Ï-Rp, ¨ßj-Õ-Rp, úNªj-Õ-ûYd-Ll-

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BûQj ùRôPo-Lú[ L¦² ûYWv G]

A±-Vl-T-Ó-¡\Õ.

¡úWd¡e (Cracking)

L¦² Ap-X-Õ L¦-² YûX«p,

¾V úSôd-Lj-úRô-Ó Aj-Õ Á± ÖûZk-Õ A§p

RL-Yp-L-û[j Rôß-Uô-\ôd-Ïm ¾V SP-Y-¥dûL

Cracking G] A±-Vl-T-Ó-¡u-\-Õ.

ùUu-ùTô-Úh-L-û[-Ùm CVdL Øû\-

ûU-L-û[-Ùm Õp--V-UôL úNô§j-Õ Su-Ø-û\-

«p Uôt -\e-Ls HtTÓjÕm hackingRYßRXôL Cracking G]d Ï±l©Ó¡u\]o.

úNodLô-Up Search ùNnÙm-úTô-Õ ¡ûPd-Ïm

RL-Yp-L-û[-Ùm Øu-]o ¡ûPjR RL-Yp-

Lû[-Ùm Jl-©h-Ó úYß-Tô -Ó -L -û[d

LY²dLÜm. NêL A±-®Vp ®[d-Ll-

ThÓs[ YôÙ-Ui-P-Xj-§u Lh-P-ûUl×

(Structure of Atmosphere), ×® ùYl-T-UûPRp

(Global warming), Kú^ôu Õû[ (Ozonedepletion) úTôu\ûY ùRôPoTô]

RLYpLs (Web Search), TPe-Ls (Image

Search), ùNn-§-Ls(News Search) Gu-T-Yt-

û\Ùm Search ùNn-Õ Tôod-L-Üm. 'Define'

úTôuß '+', '-', " " CkR AûP-Vô-[e-Lû[Ùm

site:, in url:, loction: úTôu\ ùNôt-L-û[Ùm

TVu-T-Ój§ Search ùNn-Ùm-úTôÕ ¡ûPd-Ïm

Ø¥-Ü-L-û[-Ùm AYt-±u £\l-×j Ru-ûU-L-

û[-Ùm LY-²d-L-Üm. Search engine L°p

'Search Tips' Gu\ ùRôPûW BWô-Ùm-úTô-Õ

¡ûPd-Ïm HWô-[m ÕÔd-Ï-Ls Cu-Po-ùSh-

¥p G°V úRPp-L-Þd-Ï ERYd-á-¥-VûY

CûQVj§u Su-ûU, ¾ûU-Ls

GhPôm YÏl©p CûQVjûR

A±ØLlThúPôm. EX-Lm ØÝ-Y-Õm TW-®d-

¡-Pd-Ïm L¦-² YûXL°u YN§-L-û[l

TVu-T-Ój-§úV Cu-û\V U²-Ru Ød-¡-V-UôL

RLYp-L-û[j §Wh-P-Üm T¡ok-Õ ùLôs-[-Üm

ùNn-¡\ôu. U²-R-Yôrd-ûL-«u Aû]j-Õj

Õû\-L -°-Ûm L¦² Ut-ßm CûQV

úNûYLs TVu-T-Ój-Rl-T-Ó-¡u-\-Õ. EX-Lm

CûQV YûXd-Ïsú[ APe-¡-®h-P-Õ

Guß áPf ùNôp-X -Xôm. EX-¡ -Ûs[

Aû]jÕ A±Üm CûQV Y¯ Sm ®Wp

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TÓ-¡u-\-Õ.

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LôWQ-Uôn ®[e-ÏYÕUô] CkR At-×R Öh-

Tj-ûR, ¾V Y -L-°p ùLôi-Ó ùNp-Y-Õm U²-

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Á98

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LNÜf ùNôp RLYp-Ls, ¡ùW-¥h LôoÓ

úTôu\ CWL£V R²Vôs RLYpLû[l

úTô Y¯-Ø-û\-Ls êXm R²-S-To-L-û[j

§ûN-§-Úl-©, ATL¬dÏm JÚ-Y-ûL-Vô]

HUôt-ß úYûX.

(ûNTo vÏYôh¥e) Cyber Squatting

Ae-¸-Lô-W-Øm A§-Lô-Wl éo-Y-Uô-]-

CûQVl TdLeLs úTôp úTô

CûQVlTdLeLÞm A±VlTÓ¡\Õ.

(úTôoú]ô¡Wô©)Pornography

JÝd-Ld-úL-Pô] ASô-LÃLUô] TPe-

Lû[ ùY°-«-Pp, ®[m-T-Wl-T-Ój-Õ-Rp

úTôu\ ùNVp-Ls Cq-Yô-ß A±-V-l-T-Ó-¡u-\].

(ûNTo ¾®WYôRm)Cyber Terrorism

Sôh-¥u TôÕ-Lôl-×, R²j-Ru-ûU, Es-Sôh-Ó CW-

L-£-Ve-Ls CYtû\d ÏûXd-Ïm ®Rj-§p

ùNn-Vl-T-Óm CûQVj ùRô¯pÖhT ùNVp-Ls.

R²-S-T-¬u ùNôkR ® -Ve-L-û[l Tô§d-

Ld á¥-V-Õ, ùLüW-Yj-§t-Ï CÝd-Ï Ht-T-Ój-Õm

Øû\«p AûU-Ùm TV-Ø-ßj-Rp-Ls, TPe-Ls,

úTô ©Wf -Nô -We -Ls úTô²\ûY L¦²

úTôu\ Öh-Te-Ls Y¯ T¬-Uô-\l-T-Ó-Y-Õm TWl-

Tl-T-Ó-Y-Õm ¾®W ûNTo Ït-\e-L-°u ©¬-®p

APe-Ïm. ûNTo Ït-\e-L-û[d Lh-Ól-T-Ój-R-Üm

RûP ùNn-V-Üm EX-¡u GpXô SôÓ-L-°-Ûm

£\l× ûNTo Nh-Pe-Ls CVt-\l-Th-Ós-[].

Ck-§-Vô-®p ûNTo Nh-Pm

2000 Ad-úPô-To 17-þAuß, I.T Act 2000 Gu\ ùTV-¬p ØRu ØR-XôL JÚ Nh-Pm

ùLôi-Ó-Y-Wl-Th-P-Õ. 2009 Ad-úPô-To 27-þp C§p £X §ÚjReLs ùNnVlThP].

Bh£ ùNVp-Ø-û\-L-°p ªu-]-Ô ùYN§-L-û[l TVu-T-Ój-Õm úTôÕ E-gover-nance LY-²dL úYi-¥-V-ûY, ¥´h-Pp BY-Qe-L-°u Tô-Õ-LôlûT Eß-§-ùNn-

Ùm EþûL-ùV-Ýj-Õ, RûX-VôV Wô_ôeL ùNVp-Tô-Ó-L-û[, TôÕ-Lôl× Eß-§-ªd-L,

£vhPeLs Bd-Ï-Rp úTôu\ûY ùRôPoTô] TX YûL ûNTo Ït-\e-L-Þd-Lô]

Ri-P-û]-Ls YûW Cf-Nh-Pj-§p ®Y-¬d-Ll-T-Ó-¡u-\-]. SÓYi AW£u I.T ©¬®u

CûQVl-Td-L-Uô] www.mit.gov..in-p, cyber Laws & Security Gu\ ©¬-®p ûNTo

Nh-Pm CPmùTt-ßs-[-Õ.

L⁄j’ ˘Y∞-¬h-•tœ ◊˙[Ùœ

Á 99

CûQVjûRl TVu-T-Ój-Õm úTôÕ . . .

Cþ-ùU-«p, Nôh¥e úNûY-L-Þd-Ï

AlTôp ×ú[ôÏLs. NêLj ùRôPo×

R[eLs (blogs, Social Networking Sites,(Orkut, Face book) ûUv-úTv . . . ) ®d-¡-

Ls, TôhLôv¥e úTôu\Yt±u FÓ-Ú-Yp,

úUÛm TWv-TW T¬-Uôt-\e-L-Þd-Ïm, Jj-Õ-ûZl-

×d-Ïm Y -Y-Ïd-Ïm Web 2.0 úTôu\ ùRô¯p

Öh-Te-L-°u Y[of£Ùm, Cl-T-¥l-ThP

ùRô¯pÖh-Te-L-û[l TVu-T-Ój-Õm úTôÕ

Sôm ªL-Üm Gf-N-¬d-ûL-Ù-Pu CÚdL úYi-Ó-

ùUu-TûR û]-îh-Ó-¡u-\-].

R²-S -To RLYpLû[ Cj-R -ûLV

YûX AûUl-×-L-Þd-Ï A°l-T-Rt-Ï, Gp-ûX-

Ls ¨o-Q-«dL úYi-Ó-ùUu-T-Õ Eß§. Sôm

¨ûX-VôL Uô\ô-Up TVu-T-Ój-Õm Cþ-ùU-«p

ØL-Y-¬-L-û[j R®W JÚ R²l-ThP IdClT¥l-ThP ûNh-Ó-LÞdùL] RVô-¬l-T-Õ

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ûNh-Ó-Ls G] Sm©, £X ûNh-Ó-L-ÞdÏ Sm-

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L-°u Credit Card Gi-L-û[-Ùm A°l-T-Õ

ªL-Üm RY-ß. Cl-T-¥l-ThP ãr-¨-ûX-L-°p

Sôm, SmûU A±-Vô-Up @©µe, ûNTo

vPôd¡e (Cyber Stocking) úTôu\

BTj§p £dL úS¬Óm.

¿e-Ls Cl-T-¥l-ThP úNûY-L-°u

TVu-Tô-Ó-L-û[d ûLVô-Þm úTôÕ, CVu-\-

YûW Ee-L-Þ-ûPV Ei-ûU-Vô] ùTVûW

A°d-Lô-Up R®oj-Õ®Óe-Ls. LuPuh

©pP¬e TôdúL_÷Lû[l TVu-T-Ój-Rp,

£ßYo-L -Þd-Lô] ûNh-Ó -L -°p UhÓm

TVuTôhûPd Lh-Ól-T-Ój-Rp úTôu\ ùNVp-

L-Þm Antivirus Softwareþd-Ï ¨L-Wô-]-ûY-L-

[ôLd LÚ-Rp úYi-Óm. Gl-úTô-Õm, ©ùWü-

No-L-°-úXúV LôQl-T-Óm OptionLû[-Ùm,

“Search SiteL°p Safe Search” OptionLû[-Ùm TVuTÓjÕRp úTôu\Ytû\f

£ßYo-L-Þd-ùLu-ß úRok-ùR-Ól-T-Õ Sp-X-Õ.

SiteL°p/úNûY AûUl-×-L-°p (Ød-

¡ -V -UôL Orkut úTôu-\ -ûY-L -°p) Sôm

A°dÏm RLYp-Lú[ô TPe-L-ú[ô, R²l-ThP

STod -Ï UhÓm (private) Ap-X-Õ

GpúXôÚdÏm (public) Gu-T-ûRj ùR¬Ü

ùNnÕ ©\úL RÏkR RLYpLû[j RWÜm.

ùTôÕ-Yô-Ld á±-]ôp CûQVm

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Yj-§t -Ï AYl-ùT-V -Úm CÝd-Ïm

HtTÓjRúY. TWv-TW RL-Yp T¬-Uôt-\e-Ls,

úS¬p Nk-§dL úYi-Ó-ùUu-ßm TôodL

úYiÓm Gu-T-]-úTôu\ AûZl-×-L-[ôL

Uô\ô-Up Tôoj-Õd ùLôs[ úYi-Óm. CÕ

SôúU YûX-«p ùNu-ß År-Y-Õ úTôu-\-

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R®ojRp SXm.

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Ti-Ôm Cþ-ùU-«p (Spam mails)-LÞd-Ï

Ød-¡Vj-Õ-Ym RWô-Up JÕd-¡-®-P-úYi-Óm.

Aj-R-ûL-V-Yt-±t-Ï, T§p A°l-TûRj R®oj-

Rp úYi-Óm. Cp-ûX-ùVu-\ôp Aj-R-ûL-V-

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Ïm. 'Spam guard' Gl-úTô-Õm ùNVp-Tôh-¥p

CÚdL úYi-Óm.

¥´h-Pp RL-Yp-Lû[l (e-mail, Chat,Mobile Phone) ùTßm-úTô-Õm, T§p Aàl×m

úTôÕm, úUt-á-±V Lh-Ól-Tô-Ó-L-û[d LhPôVm

©u-Tt\ úYi-Óm. R²-U-²-Ro-Lû[j §ûN-§-

Úl-Td á¥-V-Õm, Li-¥d-Lj-RdL-Õm, JÝd-Ld

úLPô-]-Õm B¡V RL-Yp-Lû[ Aàl-×-Y-Õm,

forward ùNn-Y-Õm NhPlT¥ Ït-\m BÏm.

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AÕ-Tt± TX RPûY úVô£j-Rp SXm.

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forwardùNn-Rp úYi-Óm.


Á100

SmûU G°-§p £d-L-p Uôh-¥-®-Óm,

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