Safety Measures

Safety MeasuresEngr. Zaheer Ahmad

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

SAFETY Safety is the state of being "safe the condition of being protected against physical, social, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable.


TYPES OF SAFETYNormative safetyNormative safety is a term used to describe products or designs that meet applicable design standards.Substantive safetySubstantive, or objective safety means that the real-world safety history is favorable, whether or not standards are met.Perceived safetyPerceived, or subjective safety refers to the level of comfort of users. For example, traffic signals are perceived as safe, yet under some circumstances, they can increase traffic crashes at an intersection.


SAFETY MEASURES Safety measures are activities and precautions taken to improve safety, i.e. reduce risk related to human health. Common safety measures include:Root cause analysisVisual examination for dangerous situationsVisual examination for flaws such as cracks, peeling, loose connections.Safety margins/Safety factorsImplementation of standard protocols and proceduresTraining of employees, vendors, product usersInstruction manualsUse of Personal Protective EquipmentsInstructional videos


Examination of activities by specialistsGovernment regulationIndustry regulation.Self-imposed regulation of various types.Periodic evaluations of employees, departments, etc.


Repeat procedures until hands are cleanRoutine Hand Wash


Areas Most Frequently MissedHAHS 1999


Safety measures for PPEPersonal protective equipment (PPE)ASSESS THE RISK of exposure to body substances or contaminated surfaces BEFORE any health-care activity. Make this a routine!


Types of PPE1- Gloves protect hands2- Gowns/aprons protect skin and/or clothing 3- Masks and respirators protect mouth/nose ----Respirators protect respiratory tract from airborne infectious agents4- Goggles protect eyes5- Face shields protect face, mouth, nose, and eyes


GlovesPurpose patient care, environmental services, otherGlove material vinyl, latex, nitrile, otherSterile or nonsterileOne or two pairSingle use or reusable


Gowns or ApronsPurpose of useMaterial Natural or man-madeReusable or disposableResistance to fluid penetrationClean or sterile


Face ProtectionMasks protect nose and mouthShould fully cover nose and mouth and prevent fluid penetrationGoggles protect eyesShould fit snuggly over and around eyesPersonal glasses not a substitute for gogglesAnti fog feature improves clarity


Face ProtectionFace shields protect face, nose, mouth, and eyesShould cover forehead, extend below chin and wrap around side of face


Respiratory ProtectionPurpose protect from inhalation of infectious aerosols (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis)PPE types for respiratory protectionParticulate respiratorsHalf- or full-face elastomeric respiratorsPowered air purifying respirators (PAPR)


How to Don a GownSelect appropriate type and sizeOpening is in the backSecure at neck and waistIf gown is too small, use two gownsGown #1 ties in frontGown #2 ties in back


How to Don a MaskPlace over nose, mouth and chinFit flexible nose piece over nose bridgeSecure on head with ties or elasticAdjust to fit


How to Don a Particulate RespiratorSelect a fit tested respiratorPlace over nose, mouth and chinFit flexible nose piece over nose bridgeSecure on head with elasticAdjust to fitPerform a fit check Inhale respirator should collapseExhale check for leakage around face


How to Don Eye and Face ProtectionPosition goggles over eyes and secure to the head using the ear pieces or headbandPosition face shield over face and secure on brow with headbandAdjust to fit comfortably


How to Don GlovesDon gloves lastSelect correct type and sizeInsert hands into glovesExtend gloves over isolation gown cuffs


Sequence for Removing PPEGlovesFace shield or gogglesGownMask or respirator


How to Remove Gloves (1)Grasp outside edge near wristPeel away from hand, turning glove inside-outHold in opposite gloved hand


How to Remove Gloves (2)Slide ungloved finger under the wrist of the remaining glovePeel off from inside, creating a bag for both glovesDiscard


Remove Goggles or Face ShieldGrasp ear or head pieces with ungloved handsLift away from facePlace in designated receptacle for reprocessing or disposal


Removing Isolation GownUnfasten tiesPeel gown away from neck and shoulderTurn contaminated outside toward the insideFold or roll into a bundleDiscard


Removing a MaskUntie the bottom, then top, tieRemove from faceDiscard


Removing a Particulate RespiratorLift the bottom elastic over your head firstThen lift off the top elasticDiscard



Safety in a car is the art of protecting the human occupant, at whatever cost to the car. Designing the car to be damaged minimally while hindering driver safety is definitely the wrong approach.So how do we protect the driver?Well first we need to consider the basic physiological weak points of the human body. Safety


Active and passive safety

The terms "active" and "passive" are simple but important terms in the world of automotive safety. "Active safety" is used to refer to technology assisting in the prevention of a crash and "passive safety" to components of the vehicle (primarily airbags, seatbelts and the physical structure of the vehicle) that help to protect occupants during a crash.


Crash avoidance

Crash avoidance systems and devices help the driver and, increasingly, help the vehicle itself to avoid a collision. This category includes:The vehicle's headlamps, reflectors, and other lights and signalsThe vehicle's mirrors The vehicle's brakes, steering, and suspension systems


Driver assistance Infrared night vision Adaptive highbeam assistAdaptive headlamps Automatic high beamsReverse backup sensors Backup camera Adaptive cruise control Lane departure warning systems


Driver assistanceTire pressure monitoring Traction control systems Electronic Stability ControlAnti-lock braking systems Electronic brakeforce distribution Emergency brake assist Cornering Brake Control Precrash system Automated parking


Crashworthiness

Crashworthy systems and devices prevent or reduce the severity of injuries when a crash is imminent or actually happening. Much research is carried out using anthropomorphic crash test dummies.


POINTS TO MINIMISE CRASHWORTHINESSSeatbelts limit the forward motion of an occupant, stretch to slow down the occupant's deceleration in a crash, and prevent occupants being ejected from the vehicle. Airbags inflate to cushion the impact of a vehicle occupant with various parts of the vehicle's interior.


POINTS TO MINIMISE CRASHWORTHINESSLaminated windshields remain in one piece when impacted, preventing penetration of unbelted occupants' heads and maintaining a minimal but adequate transparency for control of the car immediately following a collision. Tempered glass side and rear windows break into granules with minimally sharp edges, rather than splintering into jagged fragments as ordinary glass does.


POINTS TO MINIMISE CRASHWORTHINESSCrumple zones absorb and dissipate the force of a collision, displacing and diverting it away from the passenger compartment and reducing the impact force on the vehicle occupants. Vehicles will include a front, rear and maybe side crumple zones (like Volvo SIPS) too. Side impact protection beams. Collapsible universally jointed steering columns, (with the steering system mounted behind the front axle - not in the front crumple zone), reduce the risk and severity of driver impalement on the column in a frontal crash.


Checkout the Safety Measures While Driving a CarArent you fooling yourself? Such reckless speed and careless driving can, at any moment, put out the light of your life. Why does it matter? Simply put, your life is fragile.


The biggest distracting factorsTalking on your cell phone while driving There are two ways a cell phone causes distraction. First, your attention is diverted on the conversation and your attention is taken from the road, to the conversation. Sometimes you miss a light signal or you try to overtake a heavy vehicle, but another vehicle is coming from in front of you.


Safety always

Never violate the traffic rules and try to maintain the average speed limit. Dont unnecessarily rush on the road. If you are pressed for time and traffic jams always make you late, why dont you take a few minutes in hand when you start? Cars should be maintained properly and the engines should be checked after regular intervals. Road hazards will drastically reduce and you will also enjoy the quality of driving.



Put off the cell phones when you are driving. Make your driving experience safe and hazard-free. If calls have to be made, then use speaker phones and try to stop the car to complete the conversation. Limit the conversation to important matters. Playing music in the car is ok, but keep the volume at a decent level. To make it easier, make you a CD with the songs you want to listen in the car, but when heavy traffic occurs, it is better to turn your CD player off.


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The other distraction caused by the cell phone is when your talking on the phone it takes one hand away from the wheel. If you drive a standard this means that you have to take your cell phone and tuck it into your shoulder to switch gears. When you are reading this article and visualizing the picture, you see all the things wrong with this, but when you are in your vehicle and doing this the thought never crosses your mind. So who is to blame for an accident in this case? Similarly anything that involves one of your hands to do and your concentration, even in the smallest bit can affect your driving.



Vehicle Safety Features Seat beltsAirbagsWind shieldsAntilock braking system Electronic Stability Program Traction Control


Seat belts2 pointLapShoulder3 point4,5,6 point7 pointAutomatic point


Seatbelts How do they work? A seat belt, also known as a safety belt, is a vehicle safety device designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result during a collision or a sudden stop. A seat belt functions to reduce the likelihood of death or serious injury in a traffic collision by reducing the force of secondary impacts with interior strike hazards, by keeping occupants positioned correctly for maximum effectiveness of the airbag (if equipped) and by preventing occupants being ejected from the vehicle in a crash.


LAP BELT


Lap & Shoulder Belt


3-POINT SEAT BELT


5-POINT SEAT BELT


AUTOMATIC SEAT BELT


Airbags How do they work? Airbags deploy when a sensor detects a collision of a certain threshold, typically equivalent to a 14 mile per hour barrier collision. When a collision exceeds this threshold, a signal is sent to an inflator by the sensor. The inflator contains an igniter that ignites sodium azide , a solid propellant. This creates a large volume of nitrogen gas and inflates the airbag in one twenty-fifth of a second. The airbag is coated in powder to reduce friction and immediately begins to deflate to decrease the force at which the occupant comes into contact with it.


AirbagsAirbags help cushion the impact, reducing your momentum more slowly so that the force is less.Airbags are intended to be used as a supplementary device to the seatbelt.


Wind Shields In the 1950s, cars came off the line with side and rear windows of tempered glass. This treated glass can withstand forces of hundreds of pounds per square inch. When broken, it breaks into smooth beads that do not cut the skinUnlike safety glass, rescuers can cut into it to reach victims trapped in a car


ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM


IntroductionWheel lockup during braking causes skidding which in turn cause a loss of traction and vehicle control This reduces the steering ability to change direction. So the car slides out of control With ABS system, the driver can brake hard, take the evasive action and still be in control of the vehicle in any road condition at any speed and under any load.


Concept of ABSA skidding wheel (where the tire contact patch is sliding relative to the road) has less traction than a non-skidding wheel By keeping the wheels from skidding while you slow down, anti-lock brakes benefit you in two ways: You'll stop faster, and you'll be able to steer while you stop


comparison


USE OF ABS

The controller monitors the speed sensors at all times. It is looking for decelerations in the wheel that are out of the ordinary. Right before a wheel locks up, it will experience a rapid deceleration. If left unchecked, the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could. It might take a car five seconds to stop from 60 mph (96.6 km/h) under ideal conditions, but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a second.The ABS controller knows that such a rapid deceleration is impossible, so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration, then it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again. It can do this very quickly, before the tire can actually significantly change speed. The result is that the tire slows down at the same rate as the car, with the brakes keeping the tires very near the point at which they will start to lock up. This gives the system maximum braking power.When the ABS is in operation the driver will feel a pulsing in the brake pedal; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves. This pulsing also tells the driver that the ABS has been triggered. Some ABS systems can cycle up to 16 times per second.


TYPES OF ABSFour-channel, four-sensor ABSThis is the best scheme. There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force.Three-channel, four-sensor ABSThree-channel, three-sensor ABSThis scheme, commonly found on pickup trucks with four-wheel ABS, has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle. This system provides individual control of the front wheels, so they can both achieve maximum braking force. The rear wheels, however, are monitored together; they both have to start to lock up before the ABS will activate on the rear. With this system, it is possible that one of the rear wheels will lock during a stop, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is easy to identify, as there are no individual speed sensors for the rear wheels.


One-channel, one-sensor ABSThere is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for each of the front wheels, but only one valve for both of the rear wheels.This system is commonly found on pickup trucks with rear-wheel ABS. It has one valve, which controls both rear wheels, and one speed sensor, located in the rear axle. This system operates the same as the rear end of a three-channel system. The rear wheels are monitored together and they both have to start to lock up before the ABS kicks in. In this system it is also possible that one of the rear wheels will lock, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is also easy to identify, as there are no individual speed sensors for any of the wheels.


ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL


HOW DOES ESC WORK

ESC sensors compare the direction of the steering wheel to the direction the vehicle is going, more than 20 times per second. When they are not the same , and the car begins to skid out of control, ESC applies the brakes to correct over steer (when the back of the vehicle slides out) or under steer (when the vehicle loses traction at the front). ESC can also reduce engine power to prevent wheel spin when the road is slippery.ESC helps bring the vehicle back under control.


TRACTION CONTROLWhen an automobile accelerates it may not grip the road due to a quick acceleration, slick road conditions, or both. Traction control functions to correct the skidding and locking up of wheels that can occur due to these factors.


HOW IT WORKSThe traction control functions using the ECU to process information from sensors and route power to wheels appropriately using values it calculates. It takes into account the pressure placed on the accelerator and sensors on the wheels that indicate whether they are slipping or not. If slippage is detected, less power is routed to the wheel and some braking pressure may be placed on it. By doing this, it is essentially the opposite of the anti-lock braking system. The only difference is that is deals with loss of traction during acceleration rather than deceleration. The traction control system runs continuously and typically goes unnoticed due to its quick reaction speed.


Thanks

Basics of OHSAS 18001Copyright 2010 www.18000Store.com **Note: Hand and wrist jewellery including plain weddings bands should not be worn, as these are likely to increase the presence of gram negative bacilliNails should be short and clean and artificial nails should be discouraged as they contribute to increased bacterial counts.Wet hands thoroughly with warm running water.Keep hands lower than elbows and apply soap.Use friction to clean between fingers, palms, backs of hands and wrists.4. Rinse hands under running water until all soap is gone. DO NOT TOUCH TAPS WITH CLEAN HANDS IF ELBOW OR FOOT CONTROLS ARE NOT AVAILABLE, USE PAPER TOWEL TO TURN TAPS OFF.5. Pat hands dry with a clean, single use towel. A neutral soap should be used for routine handwashing.If liquid soap is dispensed from reusable containers, these must be cleaned when empty and dried before refilling with fresh soap refilling soap containers is a potential source of infection. Where possible single use soap containers or bladders should be used.HANDWASH SOLUTIONS SHOULD NEVER BE TOPPED UPScrub brushes should not be used for routine handwashing because they can cause abrasion of the skin, and may be a source of infection.

Add Notes Here:**All of the PPE listed here prevent contact with the infectious agent, or body fluid that may contain the infectious agent, by creating a barrier between the worker and the infectious material. Gloves, protect the hands, gowns or aprons protect the skin and/or clothing, masks and respirators protect the mouth and nose, goggles protect the eyes, and face shields protect the entire face.The respirator, has been designed to also protect the respiratory tract from airborne transmission of infectious agents. Well discuss this in more detail later.*Gloves are the most common type of PPE used in healthcare settings. As you can see here, there are several things to consider when selecting the right glove for a specified purpose.*There are three factors that influence the selection of a gown or apron as PPE. First is the purpose of use. Isolation gowns are generally the preferred PPE for clothing but aprons occasionally are used where limited contamination is anticipated. If contamination of the arms can be anticipated, a gown should be selected. Gowns should fully cover the torso, fit comfortably over the body, and have long sleeves that fit snuggly at the wrist. Second are the material properties of the gown. Isolation gowns are made either of cotton or a spun synthetic material that dictate whether they can be laundered and reused or must be disposed. Cotton and spun synthetic isolation gowns vary in their degree of fluid resistance, another factor that must be considered in the selection of this garb. If fluid penetration is likely, a fluid resistant gown should be used. The last factor concerns patient risks and whether a clean, rather than sterile gown, can be used. Clean gowns are generally used for isolation. Sterile gowns are only necessary for performing invasive procedures, such as inserting a central line. In this case, a sterile gown would serve purposes of patient and healthcare worker protection.

*A combination of PPE types is available to protect all or parts of the face from contact with potentially infectious material. The selection of facial PPE is determined by the isolation precautions required for the patient and/or the nature of the patient contact. This will be discussed later.Masks should fully cover the nose and mouth and prevent fluid penetration. Masks should fit snuggly over the nose and mouth. For this reason, masks that have a flexible nose piece and can be secured to the head with string ties or elastic are preferable. Goggles provide barrier protection for the eyes; personal prescription lenses do not provide optimal eye protection and should not be used as a substitute for goggles. Goggles should fit snuggly over and around the eyes or personal prescription lenses. Goggles with antifog features will help maintain clarity of vision. *When skin protection, in addition to mouth, nose, and eye protection, is needed or desired, for example, when irrigating a wound or suctioning copious secretions, a face shield can be used as a substitute to wearing a mask or goggles. The face shield should cover the forehead, extend below the chin, and wrap around the side of the face.

*PPE also is used to protect healthcare workers from hazardous or infectious aerosols, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Respirators that filter the air before it is inhaled should be used for respiratory protection. The most commonly used respirators in healthcare settings are the N95, N99, or N100 particulate respirators. The device has a sub-micron filter capable of excluding particles that are less than 5 microns in diameter. Respirators are approved by the CDCs National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.Like other PPE, the selection of a respirator type must consider the nature of the exposure and risk involved. For example, N95 particulate respirators might be worn by personnel entering the room of a patient with infectious tuberculosis. However, if a bronchoscopy is performed on the patient, the healthcare provider might wear a higher level of respiratory protection, such as a powered air-purifying respirator or PAPR.

*This next segment will address how to safely don, use, and remove PPE. NOTE TO TRAINER: Consider having a participant demonstrate donning and removing PPE as you go through this section.

*To don a gown, first select the appropriate type for the task and the right size for you. The opening of the gown should be in the back; secure the gown at the neck and waist. If the gown is too small to fully cover your torso, use two gowns. Put on the first gown with the opening in front and the second gown over the first with the opening in the back.

*Some masks are fastened with ties, others with elastic. If the mask has ties, place the mask over your mouth, nose and chin. Fit the flexible nose piece to the form of your nose bridge; tie the upper set at the back of your head and the lower set at the base of your neck.

If a mask has elastic head bands, separate the two bands, hold the mask in one hand and the bands in the other. Place and hold the mask over your nose, mouth, and chin, then stretch the bands over your head and secure them comfortably as shown; one band on the upper back of your head, the other below the ears at the base of the neck.

Adjust the mask to fit. Remember, you dont want to be touching it during use so take the few seconds needed to make sure it is secure on your head and fits snuggly around your face so there are no gaps.

*The technique for donning a particulate respirator, such as an N95, N99 or N100, is similar to putting on a pre-formed mask with elastic head bands. Key differences, however, are 1) the need to first select a respirator for which you have been fit tested and 2) fit checking the device, as you have been instructed, before entering an area where there may be airborne infectious disease. Be sure to follow the manufacturers instructions for donning the device. In some instances, the manufacturers instructions may differ slightly from this presentation.

You may also be asked to wear an elastomeric or powered air purifying respirator, or PAPR. Guidance on how to use these devices is not included in this presentation. You will need instruction locally to properly use these devices.

*If eye protection is needed, either goggles or a face shield should be worn. Position either device over the face and/or eyes and secure to head using the attached ear pieces or head band. Adjust to fit comfortably. Goggles should feel snug but not tight.

*The last item of PPE to be donned is a pair of gloves. Be sure to select the type of glove needed for the task in the size that best fits you. Insert each hand into the appropriate glove and adjust as needed for comfort and dexterity. If you are wearing an isolation gown, tuck the gown cuffs securely under each glove. This provides a continuous barrier protection for your skin.

*Weve talked about donning and using PPE. Now well discuss how to safely remove PPE to protect you, your colleagues, and patients from exposure to contaminated materials.

*The sequence for removing PPE is intended to limit opportunities for self-contamination. The gloves are considered the most contaminated pieces of PPE and are therefore removed first. The face shield or goggles are next because they are more cumbersome and would interfere with removal of other PPE. The gown is third in the sequence, followed by the mask or respirator.

*Using one gloved hand, grasp the outside of the opposite glove near the wrist. Pull and peel the glove away from the hand. The glove should now be turned inside-out, with the contaminated side now on the inside. Hold the removed glove in the opposite gloved hand.

*Slide one or two fingers of the ungloved hand under the wrist of the remaining glove. Peel glove off from the inside, creating a bag for both gloves. Discard in waste container.

*Using ungloved hands, grasp the clean ear or head pieces and lift away from face. If goggle or face shield are reusable, place them in a designated receptacle for subsequent reprocessing. Otherwise, discard them in the waste receptacle.

*Unfasten the gown ties with the ungloved hands. Slip hands underneath the gown at the neck and shoulder, peel away from the shoulders. Slip the fingers of one hand under the cuff of the opposite arm. Pull the hand into the sleeve, grasping the gown from inside. Reach across and push the sleeve off the opposite arm. Fold the gown towards the inside and fold or roll into a bundle. (Only the clean part of the gown should be visible.) Discard into waste or linen container, as appropriate.

*The front of the mask is considered contaminated and should not be touched. Remove by handling only the ties or elastic bands starting with the bottom then top tie or band. Lift the mask or respirator away from the face and discard it into the designated waste receptacle.

*The bottom elastic should be lifted over the head first. Then remove the top elastic. This should be done slowly to prevent the respirator from snapping off the face. **********************************

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