S14-1094-01 · 2 (1094-01) Examiner only SECTION A Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 1....
Transcript of S14-1094-01 · 2 (1094-01) Examiner only SECTION A Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 1....
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ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
In addition to this examination paper, you will need:• acalculator;• an8pageanswerbook;• aData SheetwhichcontainsaPeriodic TablesuppliedbyWJEC. Refer to it for any relative atomic massesyourequire.
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Useblackinkorblackball-pointpen.Writeyourname,centrenumberandcandidatenumberinthespacesatthetopofthispage.Section A Answer allquestionsinthespacesprovided.Section B Answer both questions in Section Binaseparateanswerbookwhichshouldthen
beplacedinsidethisquestion-and-answerbook.Candidates areadvised to allocate their timeappropriately betweenSection A (40 marks) and Section B (40 marks).
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
Thenumberofmarksisgiveninbracketsattheendofeachquestionorpart-question.Themaximummarkforthispaperis80.Youranswersmustberelevantandmustmakefulluseoftheinformationgiventobeawardedfullmarksforaquestion.The QWC label alongsideparticular part-questions indicates thosewhere theQuality ofWrittenCommunicationisassessed.
SM*(S14-1094-01)
Surname
Other Names
CandidateNumber
2
CentreNumber
©WJECCBACLtd.
GCE A level
1094/01
CHEMISTRY – CH4
P.M.MONDAY,9June2014
1 hour 45 minutes
For Examiner’s use only
Question MaximumMark
MarkAwarded
Section A 1. 12
2. 13
3. 15
Section B 4. 20
5. 20
Total 80
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Examineronly
SECTION A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1. (a) 1-Chloropentanecanbemadebythefreeradicalchlorinationofpentane,inasimilarwaytothereactionofmethanewithchlorine.
(i) Givetheequationforthereactionofpentanewithchlorine,showingthedisplayedformulaof1-chloropentaneaspartofyouranswer. [1]
(ii) Thefreeradicalreactionofpentanewithchlorinegivesotherchlorinatedorganicproducts.Givethestructuralformulaofthecarbon-containingfreeradicalthatleadstotheformationof2-chloropentane. [1]
(b) Pentylbenzenecanbeproducedby thereactionof1-chloropentaneandbenzene inaFriedel-Craftsreaction.Statethenameofacatalystthatcanbeusedinthisreaction.
[1]
(c) AFriedel-Craftsreactioncanbecarriedoutwithethanoylchlorideinplaceof1-chloropentane.Thisreactiongivesphenylethanoneasthemainorganicproduct.
©WJECCBACLtd.
(i) Statewhatisseenwhenafewdropsofphenylethanoneareaddedtoasolutionof2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. [1]
Cl
O
CO CH3
CH3 C HCl++
phenylethanone
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(i) StatethenameofreagentR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1]
(ii) StatethenameofreagentS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1]
(iii) StatethenameofreagentT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1]
(iv) GivethedisplayedformulaoftheorganiccompoundU. [1]
(e) Stateandexplainhow the infraredspectrumofbenzoicacidwoulddiffer from thatofphenylmethanol. [2]
Total[12]
(ii) This preparation of phenylethanone also gives small traces of an impurity.This impurity has amolecular formulaC10H10O2 and reacts in a similar way tophenylethanonewhenitistreatedwith2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.ItdoesnotreactwithTollens’reagent.Suggestadisplayedformulaforthisimpurity,givingareasonforyourchoice. [2]
(d) Methylbenzenecanbeoxidised tobenzoicacidbyheating it stronglywithanalkalinesolutionofreagentRfollowedbytreatmentwithreagentS.Thebenzoicacidcanthenbeusedtoproduceanumberofothercompounds.Areactionsequenceisshownbelow.
CH3 COOH CH2OH
reagentR reagentT HBrcompoundU
followedbyreagentS
phenylmethanol
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2. 3-Hydroxybutanoicacidisawhitesolidthatcanreactasacarboxylicacidandanalcohol.
(a) Indicatethepositionofanychiralcentreintheformulaof3-hydroxybutanoicacidbyuseofanasterisk(*). [1]
©WJECCBACLtd.
CO H
OH C C C
H
OH
H
H
H
H
(b) Theacidcanbeoxidisedtoanoxoacidbyusingreagent(s)A.Thisoxoacidcanthenbereducedbacktothehydroxyacidbysodiumtetrahydridoborate(III),NaBH4.
CC HHO
CH3
CH COOH2
OCH3
CH COOH2
reagent(s)A
NaBH4
3-oxobutanoicacid
(i) Statethename(s)ofreagent(s)A. [1]
(ii) Thereductionoftheoxoacidgives3-hydroxybutanoicacid,whichispresentasaracemicmixture.
I Statewhatismeantbythetermracemic mixture. [1]
II Statetheeffect(ifany)thataracemicmixturehasontheplaneofpolarisedlight. [1]
(1094-01) Turn over.
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only (c) 3-Hydroxybutanoicacidreadilyundergoesaneliminationreactionto formamixtureof
unsaturatedacids.
©WJECCBACLtd.
CH3CH(OH)CH2COOH
CH3 C COOH C
HH
C CH2 COOH CH2
H
but-2-enoicacid
but-3-enoicacid
(i) StatewhichoftheseunsaturatedacidsexistsasE-Zisomers,givingareasonforyouranswer. [1]
(ii) Ascientistreportedthattheyieldoftheproductswas but-2-enoicacid 89% but-3-enoicacid 4% togetherwithunreacted3-hydroxybutanoicacid 7%
Stateanyadditionalinformationthatanotherscientistwouldhavetoknowsothattheexperimentcouldberepeatedtoconfirmtheseyields. [2]
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Both 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-oxobutanoic acid will undergo the triiodomethane(iodoform) reaction. State the reagent(s) used for this reaction and the observationmade. [2]
Reagent(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(e) 3-Oxobutanoic acid reacts with phosphorus(V) chloride to give 3,3-dichlorobutanoylchloride.
©WJECCBACLtd.
CH3 CO
CH2
ClC
Cl
Cl
DescribetheNMRspectrumofthischloro-compound. Inyouransweryoushouldincludethefollowingpoints,giving an explanation for each.
• thenumberofpeaks(andtheirapproximatepositioninppm) • therelativepeakareas • anysplittingpattern [3] QWC[1]
Total[13]
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(1094-01)©WJECCBACLtd.
The chemistry of some compounds containing the ether (R–O–R) linkage
Organic compounds containing the R–O–R linkage, where R is alkyl or aryl are verycommon.ThisisdueinparttothestabilityoftheCObond.Someexamplesareshownbelow.
CH C C O
H
H
H
H
C H
H
H
H
H CH O3
HO
CH 3 C C OCH 3C
H
H
CH O3
CH 2 CH 2CH HO
ethoxyethane guaiacol
anethole eugenol
Ethoxyethane(diethylether)isoneofthemostfamiliarcompoundscontainingtheetherlinkage.Itcanbemadebyheatingethanolwithanexcessofconcentratedsulfuricacid,whichactsasadehydratingagent.
5
3. Read the passage below and then answer the questions in the spaces provided.
1
2CH3CH2OH CH3CH2OCH2CH3
H2O
Another method is by reacting bromoethane with sodium ethoxide (a source of the ethoxideion).
10
+CH3CH2Br CH3CH2OCH2CH3 Br OCH2CH3+ethoxide ion
Ethoxyethanehasaboilingtemperatureof35°Cwhereasethanol,asmallermolecule,boilsat78°C.Thesolubilityofthesetwocompoundsinwateralsovaries.Ethanoliscompletelymisciblewithwaterbutethoxyethanehasamuchreducedsolubility.
ThestrongCObondmeansthatcompoundssuchasethoxyethaneandmethoxybenzenehave relatively few reactions. However, carbon–oxygen bond fission occurs when they areheatedwithconcentratedhydrobromic(HBr)orhydriodicacid(HI).
OCH 3 HI + OH CH I 3+
methoxybenzene
15
(1094-01) Turn over.
9Examiner
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Naturallyoccurringcompoundsthatcontaintheetherlinkageoftenowetheirreactionstootherfunctionalgroupspresentinthemolecule.Botheugenol(foundincloves)andguaiacol(fromwood) have medicinal uses. Anethole (occurring in aniseed) has a promising use as aninsecticideandisalsoeffectiveagainstsomebacteriaandfungi.
- End of passage -
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(a) (i) Bethanpreparedsomeethoxyethane(line 6)byreactingethanolwithconcentratedsulfuric acid. She used 69g of ethanol (Mr =46) and obtained a 45% yield ofethoxyethane (Mr =74).Calculatethemassofethoxyethaneobtained. [3]
Mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .g
(ii) Oneofthereasonsforonlyobtaininga45%yieldofethoxyethanewasthatsulfuricacidreactedwithethanolinadifferentreaction.Statetheorganicproductofthissidereaction. [1]
(iii) Bethanwouldhaveobtainedahigherpercentageyieldofethoxyethaneifshehadreactedbromoethanewithsodiumethoxide(line 10).Thisreactionisanexampleofnucleophilicsubstitution.Completethemechanismbelowbyinsertingcurlyarrowsandappropriatepartialcharges(δ+, δ-). [2]
H C C Br products
H
H
H
H
CH: O CH2 3
(iv) Ethoxyethane has a much lower boiling temperature than ethanol because itsmolecules are unable to hydrogen bondwith each other. State the feature of amoleculethatneedstobepresentforhydrogenbondingtooccur. [1]
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(b) Guaiacol(line 4)reactswith(aqueous)bromine.
(i) Byanalogywiththereactionofphenolwith(aqueous)bromine,suggestadisplayedformula for theorganicproductof the reactionbetweenguaiacoland (aqueous)bromine. [1]
(ii) Describewhatisseenduringthisreaction. [1]
(c) Thearticleshowstheformulaeofanetholeandeugenol(line 5).Stateareagentthatwillreactwitheugenolbutnotwithanethole,givingtheobservation. [2]
Reagent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) (i) Statethemolecularformulaofanethole(line 5). [1]
(ii) ThearticledescribesCObondfissionofanetherlinkagebyhydrobromicacid(lines 17-18).Suggestadisplayedformulaforthearomaticcompoundformedwhenanetholereactswithhydrobromicacid. [1]
©WJECCBACLtd.
CH 3 C C OCH 3C
H
H
anethole displayedformulaofproduct
(e) Anisomerofeugenol(line 5),compoundY,reactswithsodiumcarbonategivingcarbondioxide.SuggestadisplayedformulaforcompoundYandstatethenameofthefunctionalgrouppresentintheorganiccompoundthatproducescarbondioxideinthisreaction.
[2]
CH O3
CH 2 CH 2CH HO
eugenol displayedformulaforcompoundY
Functional group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total[15]
Total Section A [40]
(1094-01)
12
SECTION B
Answer both questions in the separate answer book provided.
4. (a) The formulaeof the isomersphenylmethylamineand4-methylphenylamineareshownbelow.
©WJECCBACLtd.
CH2NH2 NH2
CH3
phenylmethylamine 4-methylphenylamine
Thesecompoundsarecolourlessliquidswithdifferentboilingtemperatures.
(i) Givethenameofatechniquethatcanbeusedtoseparatethesetwoliquids. [1]
(ii) Stateandexplainhowthemassspectraofthesetwocompoundswoulddiffer. [1]
(iii) Phenylmethylaminereactswithethanoylchloridetogiveawhitesolid,compoundG.
I Givetheequationforthisreaction. [1]
II CompoundGwaspurifiedbyrecrystallisationfromethanol.Ithasameltingtemperatureof60°C.DescribehowyouwouldrecrystallisecompoundG from ethanoltoobtainapuredryproduct.YoushouldassumethatyouarestartingwithcoldethanolandimpuresolidcompoundG.Washingofthepurifiedsolidproductisunnecessary. [5]
QWC[1]
(iv) 4-Methylphenylaminecanbeusedtomakeanazodyebyreactionofitsdiazoniumcompoundwithanalkalinesolutionofnaphthalene-2-ol.
OH
naphthalene-2-ol
I Statehowthediazoniumcompoundcanbemadefrom4-methylphenylamine,givingthereagentsusedandanyessentialconditions. [2]
II Givethestructuralformulaoftheazodyeproduced. [1]
Turn over.
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(b) Aspeciesofmillipedecanprotectitselfbyproducinghydrogencyanide.Thispoisonousgasisproducedfrommandelonitrilebyenzymeaction.
©WJECCBACLtd.
HCN +CO
HC CN
OH
H
2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethanenitrile(mandelonitrile)
benzaldehyde
Thereactioncanbecarriedoutinthereversedirectioninthelaboratory.
(i) Drawthemechanismforthereactionbetweenbenzaldehydeandthecyanideion.Statethetypeofmechanismoccurring. [4]
(ii) Mandelonitrileisayellowmaterial.Statethegeneralnameforgroupsthatcausecolour in organic compounds and give the appearance of mandelonitrile whenviewedunderbluelight,givingareasonforyouranswer. [3]
(iii) Givethestructuralformulaoftheorganiccompoundobtainedwhenmandelonitrileiswarmedwithdilutehydrochloricorsulfuricacid. [1]
Total[20]
TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 5
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(1094-01)
5. (a) An Australian cockroach protects itself from attack by spraying predators with anunpleasantunsaturatedcompoundE.Analysisofthisunsaturatedcompound,whichisnotcyclic,gavethefollowinginformation.
• ItcontainsC,71.3%andH,9.6%bymass.Theremainderisoxygen. • Onlyoneoxygenatomispresentineachmolecule. • ItgivesasilvermirrorwithTollens’reagent(ammoniacalsilvernitratesolution). • The mass spectrum shows a fragmentation ion, containing only carbon and
hydrogen,atm/z29.
Use each piece of information to help you deduce a possible displayed formula forcompoundE. [6]
(b) Propane-1,3-diol is a starting compound for the manufacture of some economicallyimportantmaterials.
©WJECCBACLtd.
OHHO
Onemethodofitsproductionisatwo-stageprocessstartingfrompropene.Thisprocessisdependentonthesupplyofcrudeoil(petroleum)asasourceofpropene.
propene propenal propane-1,3-diolO2(fromair) hydration
AnewermethodusesastrainofthebacteriumE. colitoobtainpropane-1,3-dioldirectlyfrommaize.
(i) Givetheequationforthecrackingofundecane,C11H24, into hexane, ethene and propene. [1]
(ii) Asimplifiedgaschromatogramforthecrackingofundecaneisshownbelow.
26ethene
13propene
46hexane
Retention time / minutes
Thepeakareasindicatetherelativevolumesofeachcompound. Usethechromatogramtocalculatethepercentagebyvolumeofpropenepresent. [1]
(1094-01)
15
(iii) Youarearesearchchemistinvestigatingtheproductionofpropane-1,3-diolfromacereal.Suggestthreefeaturesoftheprocessthatcouldencourageyourcompanyto adopt this biochemical process, rather than the older process starting withpropene.Asimplereferencetoreducedcostsisinsufficient. [3]
(iv) CompoundWisformedwhenpropane-1,3-diolisheatedwithethanoicacidinthepresenceofasuitablecatalyst.IthasthemolecularformulaC7H12O4.
GivethedisplayedformulaofcompoundW. [1]
(c) ThepolyesterPETismadefromethane-1,2-diolandbenzene-1,4-dioicacid.InasimilarwayPTTismadefrompropane-1,3-diolandbenzene-1,4-dioicacid.
(i) GivetheformulaoftherepeatingunitofPTT. [1]
(ii) State how this type of polymerisation differs from the type of polymerisationoccurringwhenpoly(propene)ismadefrompropene.
In your answer you should
• statethetypeofpolymerisationoccurringineachcase, • statethetypeoffunctionalgroupspresentinthestartingmaterialsforeach
process, • comparetheatomeconomyofeachprocess. [6] QWC[1]
Total[20]
Total Section B [40]
END OF PAPER
©WJECCBACLtd.
SM*(S14-1094-01-A)© WJEC CBAC Ltd.
GCE A level
1094/01-A
CHEMISTRY – DATA SHEETFOR USE WITH CH4
P.M. MONDAY, 9 June 2014
(1094-01-A)
2
© WJEC CBAC Ltd.
Infrared Spectroscopy characteristic absorption values
Bond Wavenumber / cm–1
500 to 600650 to 800
1000 to 13001620 to 16701650 to 17502100 to 22502800 to 31002500 to 35503300 to 3500
C—BrC—ClC—OC CC OC NC—HO—HN—H
——
———
——
Turn over.(1094-01-A)
3
© WJEC CBAC Ltd.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Candidates are reminded that the splitting of any resonance into n components indicates the presence of n–1 hydrogen atoms on the adjacent carbon, oxygen or nitrogen atoms.
Typical proton chemical shift values (δ) relative to TMS = 0
Type of proton Chemical shift / ppm
H
0.9
0.1 to 2.0
3.3 to 4.3
4.8
6.5 to 7.5
7.0 *
9.8 *
11.0 *
4.5 *
1.3
2.0
2.0 to 3.0
2.0 to 2.5
2.0 to 2.5
2.5 to 3.0
R CH3
R CH2 R
CH3 C N
CH3 CO
CH CCl23
CH2 CO
ClR CCl2
R CH2
R OH
Cl
OH
R CO
H
CH3
CH2 CO
R CO
OH
CH2 C
*variable figure dependent on concentration and solvent
(1094-01-A)© WJEC CBAC Ltd.
4
6.94 Li
Lith
ium
3
9.01 Be
Bery
llium
4
10.8 B
Bor
on 5
12.0 C
Car
bon
6
14.0 N
Nitro
gen
7
16.0 O
Oxy
gen
8
19.0 F
Fluo
rine
9
20.2
Ne
Neo
n10
23.0
Na
Sod
ium
11
24.3
Mg
Magn
esium
12
27.0 Al
Alumi
nium
13
28.1 Si
Sili
con
14
31.0 P
Phos
phoru
s15
32.1 S
Sulfu
r16
35.5 Cl
Chlo
rine
17
40.0 Ar
Arg
on18
39.1 K
Potas
sium
19
40.1
Ca
Cal
cium
20
45.0
ScSc
andiu
m21
47.9 Ti
Tita
nium
22
50.9 V
Vana
dium
23
52.0 Cr
Chrom
ium24
54.9
Mn
Mang
anes
e25
55.8
Fe Iron
26
58.9
Co
Cob
alt
27
58.7 Ni
Nic
kel
28
63.5
Cu
Cop
per
29
65.4
Zn Zinc 30
69.7
Ga
Gal
lium
31
72.6
Ge
Germ
anium
32
74.9 As
Ars
enic
33
79.0
SeSe
leniu
m34
79.9 Br
Brom
ine
35
83.8 Kr
Kryp
ton
36
85.5
Rb
Rubid
ium37
87.6 Sr
Stro
ntium
38
88.9 Y
Yttri
um39
91.2 Zr
Zirco
nium
40
92.9
Nb
Niob
ium
41
95.9
Mo
Molyb
denum
42
98.9 Tc
Tech
netiu
m43
101
Ru
Ruthe
nium
44
103
Rh
Rhod
ium45
106
PdPa
lladiu
m46
108
Ag Silv
er47
112
Cd
Cadm
ium48
115 In
Indi
um49
119
Sn Tin
50
122
SbAn
timon
y51
128
TeTe
lluriu
m52
127 I
Iodi
ne53
131
XeXe
non
54
133
Cs
Caes
ium
55
137
BaB
ariu
m56
139
LaLa
nthan
um57
179
Hf
Hafn
ium
72
181
TaTa
ntalu
m73
184
WTu
ngste
n74
186
Re
Rhen
ium75
190
Os
Osm
ium
76
192 Ir
Iridi
um77
195
Pt
Plat
inum
78
197
Au Gol
d79
201
Hg
Mer
cury
80
204 Tl
Thall
ium81
207
Pb Lead 82
209 Bi
Bism
uth
83
(210
)Po
Polon
ium84
(210
)At
Asta
tine
85
(222
)R
nR
adon
86
(223
)Fr
Fran
cium
87
(226
)R
aR
adiu
m88
(227
)Ac
Actin
ium89
THE
PER
IOD
IC T
AB
LE1
2 G
roup
34
56
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
‣ ‣‣
1.01 H
Hydr
ogen
1
4.00 He
Heliu
m2
d B
lock
s B
lock
Perio
d
p B
lock
140
Ce
Cer
ium
58
141 Pr
Pras
eody
mium
59
144
Nd
Neod
ymiu
m60
(147
)Pm
Prom
ethi
um61
150
SmSa
mar
ium
62
(153
)Eu
Euro
pium
63
157
Gd
Gado
linium
64
159
TbTe
rbiu
m65
163
Dy
Dysp
rosiu
m66
165
Ho
Holm
ium67
167
ErEr
bium
68
169
TmTh
uliu
m69
173
Yb
Ytter
bium
70
175
LuLu
tetiu
m71
232
ThTh
orium
90
(231
)Pa
Prota
ctiniu
m91
238 U
Ura
nium
92
(237
)N
pNe
ptun
ium93
(242
)Pu
Plut
oniu
m94
(243
)A
mAm
erici
um95
(247
)C
mC
uriu
m96
(245
)B
kBe
rkeli
um97
(251
)C
fCa
liforn
ium98
(254
)Es
Eins
teiniu
m99
(253
)Fm
Ferm
ium
100
(256
)M
dM
ende
levium
101
(254
)N
oNo
beliu
m10
2
(257
)Lr
Lawr
enciu
m10
3
f Blo
ck
‣ La
ntha
noid
e
lem
ents
‣‣ A
ctin
oid
e
lem
ents
Ar
Sym
bol
Name Z
rela
tive
atom
icm
ass
atom
icnu
mbe
r
Key