Transcript of Russian Revolutions Key Causes: New Society Growing Urban Workforce Growing Urban Workforce The...
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Russian Revolutions
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Key Causes: New Society Growing Urban Workforce Growing Urban
Workforce The industrial revolution came to Russia largely in the
1890s industrialized societyThe industrial revolution came to
Russia largely in the 1890s industrialized society Development in
Russia was not as advanced as BritainDevelopment in Russia was not
as advanced as Britain Russias cities began to expand and large
numbers of peasants moved to the cities to take up new jobs and
were in tightly packed and expanding urban areas experienced
problems like poor and cramped housing, bad wages, and a lack of
rights in their jobsRussias cities began to expand and large
numbers of peasants moved to the cities to take up new jobs and
were in tightly packed and expanding urban areas experienced
problems like poor and cramped housing, bad wages, and a lack of
rights in their jobs The government was afraid of the developing
urban classThe government was afraid of the developing urban class
Even more afraid of powerful foreign investment away by supporting
better wages, and the consequent was a lack of reforming
legislation.Even more afraid of powerful foreign investment away by
supporting better wages, and the consequent was a lack of reforming
legislation.
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Key Causes: New Society Still1890s:Still1890s: Russia develops
an educated, political culture among a group of people who were
forming between the aristocracy and the peasantsRussia develops an
educated, political culture among a group of people who were
forming between the aristocracy and the peasants This group were
part of a civil society which sent their youth to be students, read
newspapers, and looked towards serving the public rather than the
TsarThis group were part of a civil society which sent their youth
to be students, read newspapers, and looked towards serving the
public rather than the Tsar A severe famine in the early 1890sA
severe famine in the early 1890s Showed how ineffective the Tsarist
government now wasShowed how ineffective the Tsarist government now
was Showed them how much they could achieve if they were allowed to
uniteShowed them how much they could achieve if they were allowed
to unite Tsar refused to meet their demands many of this social
sphere turned against him and his governmentTsar refused to meet
their demands many of this social sphere turned against him and his
government
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Key Causes: Bad Government Tsarist Autocracy and a Lack of
Representation Tsarist Autocracy and a Lack of Representation
Russia ruled by TsarRussia ruled by Tsar Held by the Romanov
family.Held by the Romanov family. Ruled aloneRuled alone Freedom
of expression was limitedFreedom of expression was limited The
result was an autocratic regime under which republicans, democrats,
revolutionaries, socialists and others both chaffed and were
increasingly desperate for reformThe result was an autocratic
regime under which republicans, democrats, revolutionaries,
socialists and others both chaffed and were increasingly desperate
for reform Some wanted violent change, others peaceful, but as
opposition to the Tsar was banned, opponents were increasingly
driven to extreme measures.Some wanted violent change, others
peaceful, but as opposition to the Tsar was banned, opponents were
increasingly driven to extreme measures. The Tsar - Nicholas II:The
Tsar - Nicholas II: Determined to govern but lacked ability to run
an autocracy correctlyDetermined to govern but lacked ability to
run an autocracy correctly Went back to seventeenth century an
almost late-medieval system (rather than reforming and modernizing
Russia)Went back to seventeenth century an almost late-medieval
system (rather than reforming and modernizing Russia) Strong reform
movement in Russia (essentially westernizing) during the mid-
nineteenth century under Alexander II. A constitution was being
written when Alexander II was assassinated in 1881. His son, and
his son in turn (Nicholas II), reacted against the reform, not only
halting it but starting a counter reform of centralized, autocratic
government.Strong reform movement in Russia (essentially
westernizing) during the mid- nineteenth century under Alexander
II. A constitution was being written when Alexander II was
assassinated in 1881. His son, and his son in turn (Nicholas II),
reacted against the reform, not only halting it but starting a
counter reform of centralized, autocratic government.
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Key Causes: Bad Government Unsuccessful Government Unsuccessful
Government The late Tsarist government was not goodThe late Tsarist
government was not good There was a mass of competing bodies out of
whose confusion law, judgment and government decisions appeared
entirely arbitrary, random, or reliant on patronageThere was a mass
of competing bodies out of whose confusion law, judgment and
government decisions appeared entirely arbitrary, random, or
reliant on patronage Russia was under governed Russia was under
governed Peasants had little contact with the imperial
governmentPeasants had little contact with the imperial government
Government had to go through landed nobilityGovernment had to go
through landed nobility ZemstovsZemstovs peasant emancipation
landholders declined and turned on the government, demanding reform
peasant emancipation landholders declined and turned on the
government, demanding reform Rulers did not have an idea of the
peasant view, Peasants were not involved with the government Didnt
care about the wiping away of the whole Tsarist regime (in
1917)
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Timeline: Stage 1 1890: An imperial decree subordinated the
zemstva the authority of the appointed regional governors.1890: An
imperial decree subordinated the zemstva to the authority of the
appointed regional governors. 1891: Severe famine affects almost
half of Russia's provinces1891: Severe famine affects almost half
of Russia's provinces 1904-1905: Loss in the Japanese-Russo War
1914-1918: Big losses in WWI Cost of bread skyrockets Food
shortages
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Timeline: Stage 2 1894-1917: Weak leadership of Nicholas II
Tries to crush the Duma (Parliament) 1917: Censorship of all
anti-government activities1917: Censorship of all anti-government
activities December 1917: Red Terror led by the secret police known
as ChekaDecember 1917: Red Terror led by the secret police known as
Cheka Eliminate all opponents to Lenin like Reign of Terror and
Committee of Public SafetyEliminate all opponents to Lenin like
Reign of Terror and Committee of Public Safety
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Timeline: Stage 3 1905: Bloody Sunday: a peaceful protest of
200,000, but guards open fire and kill 10001905: Bloody Sunday: a
peaceful protest of 200,000, but guards open fire and kill 1000
1916:1916: Assassination attempts and final assassination of
RasputinAssassination attempts and final assassination of Rasputin
1917:1917: February/March Revolution: 10,000 working class women
led a series of strikes in Petrograd and St. Peterburg chanting
Peace and Bread and Down with Autocracy---similar to Womens Bread
March on VersaillesFebruary/March Revolution: 10,000 working class
women led a series of strikes in Petrograd and St. Peterburg
chanting Peace and Bread and Down with Autocracy---similar to
Womens Bread March on Versailles All factories shut down and go on
strike in Petrograd and soldiers join inAll factories shut down and
go on strike in Petrograd and soldiers join in October
Revolution:October Revolution: Menshevik and moderate Soviets
representatives walked out to protest the October Revolution. The
Congress established, and Lenin its first chairman, to run the
country between sessions.Menshevik and moderate Soviets
representatives walked out to protest the October Revolution. The
Congress established, and Lenin its first chairman, to run the
country between sessions.
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Timeline: Stage 4 1917:1917: Civil War in Russia-brought on
primarily over continued involvement in World War OneCivil War in
Russia-brought on primarily over continued involvement in World War
One Whites: anti-communists and supporters of the Provisional
Government like the GirondinsWhites: anti-communists and supporters
of the Provisional Government like the Girondins Reds:
communists-Bolsheviks like the JacobinsReds: communists-Bolsheviks
like the Jacobins Liberals: made up of the middle class and wanted
a constitutional monarchyLiberals: made up of the middle class and
wanted a constitutional monarchy Socialists: more democratic, did
not follow Lenin, mostly peasants who wanted more land
rightsSocialists: more democratic, did not follow Lenin, mostly
peasants who wanted more land rights Communists: radicals and
followers of LeninCommunists: radicals and followers of Lenin
Communists broken into Bolsheviks led by Lenin and Mensheviks led
by TrotskyCommunists broken into Bolsheviks led by Lenin and
Mensheviks led by Trotsky Kornilov AffairKornilov Affair
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Timeline: Stage 5 1917: Provisional Government led by Alexsandr
Kerensky1917: Provisional Government led by Alexsandr Kerensky
Moderate republicModerate republic Duma met on March 12, 1917 to
establish a Provisional Government made up mostly of the middle
class like the National Assembly and later the Legislative
AssemblyDuma met on March 12, 1917 to establish a Provisional
Government made up mostly of the middle class like the National
Assembly and later the Legislative Assembly 1918-1921: Had Czar
Nicholas II step down and got rid of the monarchy like at the end
of the Legislative Assembly1918-1921: Had Czar Nicholas II step
down and got rid of the monarchy like at the end of the Legislative
Assembly
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Timeline: Stage 6 Development of Soviets---workers councils to
give the working class a voice because they feel the Provisional
Government does not represent themDevelopment of Soviets---workers
councils to give the working class a voice because they feel the
Provisional Government does not represent them October 1917: Lenin
succeeds in taking overOctober 1917: Lenin succeeds in taking
over
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Timeline: Stage 7 March 1918:led the Bolsheviks and changed the
name of his political party to the Communist Party.March 1918:
Lenin led the Bolsheviks and changed the name of his political
party to the Communist Party. 1918-1921: Lenin still led the split
political party of the Russian Social-Democrat Labor Party, and his
party soon moved in and took control of Russia.1918-1921: Lenin
still led the split political party of the Russian Social-Democrat
Labor Party, and his party soon moved in and took control of
Russia.
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Timeline: Stage 8 Lenin dies in 1924 by natural causesLenin
dies in 1924 by natural causes The Politburo is created---a seven
member ruling government from membership of the Communist Party
like the DirectoryThe Politburo is created---a seven member ruling
government from membership of the Communist Party like the
Directory Land given to peasantsLand given to peasants New Economic
PolicyNew Economic Policy Workers given control of factoriesWorkers
given control of factories Gave women equal rights and payGave
women equal rights and pay Legalized abortionsLegalized
abortions
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Timeline: Stage 9 1918-1921:1918-1921: Execution of entire
royal family without a trialExecution of entire royal family
without a trial Creation of Labor Camps and GulagsCreation of Labor
Camps and Gulags 8 million people sent to the camps and gulags8
million people sent to the camps and gulags 5 million were killed5
million were killed Complete censorship of all forms of
communicationComplete censorship of all forms of communication
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Timeline: Stage 10 1922-1924:1922-1924: Power struggle about
who would lead next between Trotsky and StalinPower struggle about
who would lead next between Trotsky and Stalin New middle class of
young men from the working class newly educated and loyal to
StalinNew middle class of young men from the working class newly
educated and loyal to Stalin
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Key Figures
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Vladimir Lenin Born April 22 1870 Died January 21 1924 Born
April 22 1870 Died January 21 1924 All power to the soviets Slogan
(manipulated soviets) All power to the soviets Slogan (manipulated
soviets) Lenin was a revolutionary leader who returned from exile
in 1917 to facilitate support for the Bolsheviks Lenin was a
revolutionary leader who returned from exile in 1917 to facilitate
support for the Bolsheviks He advocated an armed rebellion to
establish a communist state Agitated the masses against the
provisional government He instigated multiple large street
demonstrations He advocated an armed rebellion to establish a
communist state Agitated the masses against the provisional
government He instigated multiple large street demonstrations
Alienated most of the other prominent socialists, since he believed
the Bolsheviks should rule Alienated most of the other prominent
socialists, since he believed the Bolsheviks should rule Used
soldiers frustrations with the provincial governments handling of
WW1 to his advantage. He wanted immediate exit of the war.(greatly
increased his support by the masses) Used soldiers frustrations
with the provincial governments handling of WW1 to his advantage.
He wanted immediate exit of the war.(greatly increased his support
by the masses) he launched an aggressive propaganda campaign
directed specifically at the Russian troops still serving on the
front. he launched an aggressive propaganda campaign directed
specifically at the Russian troops still serving on the front. His
troops took over in nearly a bloodless coup on October 25, 1917 His
troops took over in nearly a bloodless coup on October 25, 1917
Fought(won) civil war against the Whites(conservatives) Fought(won)
civil war against the Whites(conservatives) Lenin introduced a new
economic policy on State Capitalism (runs like capitalism but
controlled by state) Lenin introduced a new economic policy on
State Capitalism (runs like capitalism but controlled by
state)
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Alexander Kerensky One of the most prominent leaders of the
February Revolution. One of the most prominent leaders of the
February Revolution. Was one of the members of the provisional and
was elected vice-chairmen of the Petrograd Soviet. Was one of the
members of the provisional and was elected vice-chairmen of the
Petrograd Soviet. After a government crisis he became the Minister
of war and a dominant figure in the newly formed socialist-liberal
coalition government. After a government crisis he became the
Minister of war and a dominant figure in the newly formed
socialist-liberal coalition government. He continually pushed the
war effort and lead an offensive against the Austro-
Hungarian/German south army(proved to be a failure). He continually
pushed the war effort and lead an offensive against the Austro-
Hungarian/German south army(proved to be a failure). Following
unrest in Petrograd during July 1917 he became Russias Prime
Minister. He then appointed himself supreme Commander-in-chief.
Following unrest in Petrograd during July 1917 he became Russias
Prime Minister. He then appointed himself supreme
Commander-in-chief. Kerensky then on September 15 proclaimed Russia
as a republic, an action which the provisional government was not
aloud to do. Kerensky then on September 15 proclaimed Russia as a
republic, an action which the provisional government was not aloud
to do. His philosophy of "no enemies to the left" greatly empowered
the Bolsheviks and gave them a free hand, allowing them to take
over the military arm or "voyenka" of the Petrograd and Moscow
Soviets. During the His philosophy of "no enemies to the left"
greatly empowered the Bolsheviks and gave them a free hand,
allowing them to take over the military arm or "voyenka" of the
Petrograd and Moscow Soviets. During the During the Kornilov
Affair, Kerensky distributed weapons to the Petrograd workers who
in turn sided with the Bolsheviks who overthrew Kerensky in October
During the Kornilov Affair, Kerensky distributed weapons to the
Petrograd workers who in turn sided with the Bolsheviks who
overthrew Kerensky in October Was overthrown and sent into exile
after the October Revolution in 1917 Was overthrown and sent into
exile after the October Revolution in 1917
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Leon Trotsky Was an important leader of the Mensheviks but
quickly joined Lenin after the October Revolution Was an important
leader of the Mensheviks but quickly joined Lenin after the October
Revolution Became second in command under Lenin Became second in
command under Lenin Lenin appointed Trotsky to the position of
Peoples Commissar of Foreign Affairs, which made Trotsky
responsible for creating a peace treaty that would end Russia's
participation in World War I. Lenin appointed Trotsky to the
position of Peoples Commissar of Foreign Affairs, which made
Trotsky responsible for creating a peace treaty that would end
Russia's participation in World War I. After that Trotsky became
the people's commissar of army and navy affairs in March 1918,
placing him in charge of the Red Army. After that Trotsky became
the people's commissar of army and navy affairs in March 1918,
placing him in charge of the Red Army. After Lenin died Trotsky was
politically outmaneuvered by Joseph Stalin and did not become
Lenins successor. He was soon exiled from the Soviet Union and was
eventually assassinated by Stalins orders. After Lenin died Trotsky
was politically outmaneuvered by Joseph Stalin and did not become
Lenins successor. He was soon exiled from the Soviet Union and was
eventually assassinated by Stalins orders.
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Nicholas II Born May 18 1868 Died July 17 1918 Born May 18 1868
Died July 17 1918 He was the last Russian Czar He was the last
Russian Czar He abdicated the throne after the February Revolution
got out of hand He abdicated the throne after the February
Revolution got out of hand He was executed in July 1918 when the
Bolsheviks feared he would inspire conservatives to regain power.
He was executed in July 1918 when the Bolsheviks feared he would
inspire conservatives to regain power.
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Joseph Stalin Not particularly important in the October
revolution but became a prominent member of the Bolsheviks after
Lenins return in 1917. Not particularly important in the October
revolution but became a prominent member of the Bolsheviks after
Lenins return in 1917. Was Lenins commissar of nationalities Was
Lenins commissar of nationalities After the revolution Stalin
became increasingly powerful and became Lenins successor over Leon
Trotsky After the revolution Stalin became increasingly powerful
and became Lenins successor over Leon Trotsky
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Results Q1: The ideals did change during this revolution as the
leaders changed. The provisional government established after Czar
Nicholas abdication was never unified on an issue. They bickered
frivolously and never seemed to accomplish anything. Their failure
to accomplish dramatic change (especially in WW1) lead to Lenin and
the Bolsheviks coming to power. The Bolsheviks then held true to
their ideals and took Russia out of WW1. Lenin also changed his
values while seeking power. - While Lenin gauged the Russian masses
for revolution he continually changed his stance on various
different issues to gain more support. For example he eventually
embraced the Petrograd Soviet even though he only wanted the
Bolsheviks to gain power.Q1: The ideals did change during this
revolution as the leaders changed. The provisional government
established after Czar Nicholas abdication was never unified on an
issue. They bickered frivolously and never seemed to accomplish
anything. Their failure to accomplish dramatic change (especially
in WW1) lead to Lenin and the Bolsheviks coming to power. The
Bolsheviks then held true to their ideals and took Russia out of
WW1. Lenin also changed his values while seeking power. - While
Lenin gauged the Russian masses for revolution he continually
changed his stance on various different issues to gain more
support. For example he eventually embraced the Petrograd Soviet
even though he only wanted the Bolsheviks to gain power.
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Results cont. Q2: Most original goals of the revolution were
not achieved. - When the soldiers(millions) returned home from WW1
they were tired, hungry, and wanted jobs. However there was no
surplus of food due to the fact that since there was no private
land ownership, farmers only grew enough produce for themselves.
Thus there was no incentive for them to make extra to sell. So the
Russian people did not receive the Land or food they were
promised.Q2: Most original goals of the revolution were not
achieved. - When the soldiers(millions) returned home from WW1 they
were tired, hungry, and wanted jobs. However there was no surplus
of food due to the fact that since there was no private land
ownership, farmers only grew enough produce for themselves. Thus
there was no incentive for them to make extra to sell. So the
Russian people did not receive the Land or food they were promised.
However this revolution did successfully bring an end to Russian
intervention in WW1, thus facilitating the Peace Lenin promised. In
addition to this the revolution did bring about the rule of the
Bolsheviks; one of Lenins main goals.However this revolution did
successfully bring an end to Russian intervention in WW1, thus
facilitating the Peace Lenin promised. In addition to this the
revolution did bring about the rule of the Bolsheviks; one of
Lenins main goals.
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Results cont. Q3- Though it seemed as if the working class
(Proletariat) was going to gain a significant amount of power they
did not. This was because the Bolsheviks failed to provide the
bread and land they promised to the people. Thus the lower class
people were not elevated in the heavily land based Russian society.
In addition to this all social classes suffered from the impending
civil war between the Reds(Bolsheviks) and the
Whites(conservatives). After the revolution was done about 1.5
million soldiers and 13 million civilians died.Q3- Though it seemed
as if the working class (Proletariat) was going to gain a
significant amount of power they did not. This was because the
Bolsheviks failed to provide the bread and land they promised to
the people. Thus the lower class people were not elevated in the
heavily land based Russian society. In addition to this all social
classes suffered from the impending civil war between the
Reds(Bolsheviks) and the Whites(conservatives). After the
revolution was done about 1.5 million soldiers and 13 million
civilians died.
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Results cont. Q4- Politically, the Russian Revolutions brought
about the end of autocratic rule in Russia and the establishment of
a socialist/communist government. Militarily it brought about the
withdrawal of Russia from WW1. Economically the revolutions other
than bringing about some industrial growth, did relatively little
to stimulate the economy. Socially, as stated earlier, the
revolution did not change much due to the civil war that
resulted.Q4- Politically, the Russian Revolutions brought about the
end of autocratic rule in Russia and the establishment of a
socialist/communist government. Militarily it brought about the
withdrawal of Russia from WW1. Economically the revolutions other
than bringing about some industrial growth, did relatively little
to stimulate the economy. Socially, as stated earlier, the
revolution did not change much due to the civil war that
resulted.
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Revolution. Stanford University Press. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 2
April 2014.Bunyan, James and H. H. Fisher. The Bolshevik
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First Fifty Years. Coward-McCann. Demand Media Inc., New York,
1967. Print. 2 April 2014. Matthews, Roy T. and F. DeWitt Platt.
The Western Humanities. Third Edition. Mountain View. Mayfield
Publishing Co., 1997. Web. 28 March 2014.Matthews, Roy T. and F.
DeWitt Platt. The Western Humanities. Third Edition. Mountain View.
Mayfield Publishing Co., 1997. Web. 28 March 2014. McNeal, Robert
H. The Bolshevik Tradition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey. 1975. Web. 2 April 2014.McNeal, Robert H. The Bolshevik
Tradition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1975.
Web. 2 April 2014. Leon Trotsky. About.com 20th Century History.
N.p., n.d. Web. 4 April 2014. WHAP HomepageWHAP Homepage