Russell Provost

Urban and Regional Planning

Principal Investigator: Ruth Steiner

The IssuesThe Issues Climate Change Climate Change

California implemented AB32 & SB375California implemented AB32 & SB375 Requires regional transportation plans to Requires regional transportation plans to

provide for a 10% decrease in growth of VMT.provide for a 10% decrease in growth of VMT.

Financial Burdens Financial Burdens American Society of Civil Engineers says American Society of Civil Engineers says

fixing the nation's transportation fixing the nation's transportation systems will cost some $2.2 trillion over systems will cost some $2.2 trillion over the next five years the next five years

The IssuesThe Issues Sprawled DevelopmentSprawled Development

Increased transportation costsIncreased transportation costs ““Households in highly sprawled areas devote about Households in highly sprawled areas devote about

20% more of their expenditures to transportation than 20% more of their expenditures to transportation than do households in least sprawling areas.” – do households in least sprawling areas.” – STPPSTPP

Transportation ConcurrencyTransportation Concurrency Florida Growth Management Act 1985Florida Growth Management Act 1985

“…“…to establish an ongoing mechanism which ensures that to establish an ongoing mechanism which ensures that public facilities and services needed to support public facilities and services needed to support development are available concurrent with the impacts of development are available concurrent with the impacts of such development.” – 9J-5.0055such development.” – 9J-5.0055

The IssuesThe Issues Current methodologies to analyze the Current methodologies to analyze the

potential impact of proposed potential impact of proposed development on the transportation development on the transportation networknetwork ITE Trip GenerationITE Trip Generation Internal capture and pass-by-reductionsInternal capture and pass-by-reductions Level-of-service-standardsLevel-of-service-standards Etc.Etc.

Research indicates methodologies need Research indicates methodologies need to be modified to be more sensitive to to be modified to be more sensitive to the context in which travel is taking place the context in which travel is taking place

RESEARCH OBJECTIVESRESEARCH OBJECTIVES Produce a Vehicle Miles Travel (VMT) based Produce a Vehicle Miles Travel (VMT) based

draft methodology that will;draft methodology that will; Closely reflect the impacts of specific types of Closely reflect the impacts of specific types of

land uses and their location within the region land uses and their location within the region

Provide incentives for compact development Provide incentives for compact development that reduces the overall impact of that reduces the overall impact of development on the transportation network development on the transportation network

Reflect Florida-specific travel behavior Reflect Florida-specific travel behavior

Land Use and Land Use and TransportationTransportation

Intersection of land use Intersection of land use planning and transportation planning and transportation planningplanning

Four guiding principles:Four guiding principles:

1.1. Complementary mix of land usesComplementary mix of land uses

2.2. Appropriate density and intensity Appropriate density and intensity of developmentof development

3.3. High level of network connectivityHigh level of network connectivity

4.4. Good urban design connecting Good urban design connecting complementary land usescomplementary land uses

Land Use and Land Use and TransportationTransportation

Examining the role of the “D’s”Examining the role of the “D’s” DensityDensity DiversityDiversity DesignDesign DestinationsDestinations

Literature findingsLiterature findings Neighborhood design: TND vs. conventional Neighborhood design: TND vs. conventional

design.design. Proximity and balance of land use impacts trip Proximity and balance of land use impacts trip

generation rates.generation rates. Jobs-housing balance in urban form and travel Jobs-housing balance in urban form and travel

behaviorbehavior

MethodologyMethodology Travel Survey

Roadway network

Trip Distance

GIS Analysis

Parcel data

GIS Analysis

Land-use Descriptors

Statistical Analysis

Formula to calculate trip distance for different types of land use and trip purposes

DensityDensity ResidentialResidential

Number of residential Number of residential units per acreunits per acre

CommercialCommercial Floor area ratios for Floor area ratios for

particular land use particular land use categories categories

Operationalizing DiversityOperationalizing Diversity EntropyEntropy

Land-use balanceLand-use balance Proportion of area covered by each designated Proportion of area covered by each designated

land-use typesland-use types DissimilarityDissimilarity

Land-use mixingLand-use mixing Extent to which different types of land-uses Extent to which different types of land-uses

come in contact with one anothercome in contact with one another ComplementarityComplementarity

Extent to which the land-uses in contact with Extent to which the land-uses in contact with one another are complementaryone another are complementary

Entropy = 0.22Low level of land-use

balance

Entropy = 0.82High level of land-use

balance

DiversityDiversity

Design & DestinationsDesign & Destinations Measuring the other “Ds”Measuring the other “Ds”

Measures of DesignMeasures of Design Miles of roadway per square mileMiles of roadway per square mile Number of intersections per square Number of intersections per square

milemile Connected node ratioConnected node ratio

Measures of DestinationsMeasures of Destinations Presence of major regional “attractors”Presence of major regional “attractors”

CNR = .72 CNR = .96

New Robust Travel New Robust Travel SurveySurvey

At each origin / destination: At each origin / destination: Household/Personal attributesHousehold/Personal attributes

DemographicsDemographics Parcel level attributesParcel level attributes

Land use (detailed and generalized)Land use (detailed and generalized) Density (units/acre and FAR)Density (units/acre and FAR) Area (parcel and buildings)Area (parcel and buildings)

Neighborhood attributesNeighborhood attributes Percentage of each land use typePercentage of each land use type Connectivity indicatorsConnectivity indicators Accessibility Measures Accessibility Measures

Regional Attributes Regional Attributes Trip Lengths!!!!!Trip Lengths!!!!!

ConclusionsConclusions Next stepsNext steps

Database with trip distances and land Database with trip distances and land use descriptors currently being examined use descriptors currently being examined

Additional travel surveys to be examined Additional travel surveys to be examined

Consensus among professionals and Consensus among professionals and public agencies of a need for further public agencies of a need for further research into the development of research into the development of VMT-based impact feesVMT-based impact fees

ConclusionsConclusions This research is an important first This research is an important first

step towards developing simple yet step towards developing simple yet mathematically-sound operational mathematically-sound operational procedures for implementing VMT-procedures for implementing VMT-based traffic-impact assessment based traffic-impact assessment schemes schemes How could it be used?How could it be used? Fee assessment vs. managing growthFee assessment vs. managing growth Alternative to concurrency? Alternative to concurrency?

Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:

VMT-based Methodology: Center VMT-based Methodology: Center for Multimodal Solutions to for Multimodal Solutions to Congestion Mitigation, Siva Congestion Mitigation, Siva Srinivasan, Russell Provost, Srinivasan, Russell Provost, Lauren DeLarco, Abdulnaser Lauren DeLarco, Abdulnaser Arafat, and Andy DuceArafat, and Andy Duce