Rural Banking Final

8/18/2019 Rural Banking Final

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$s stated earlier RRBs are %ointly owned by )overnment of *ndia, the

concerned State )overnment and sponsor Banks +2" scheduled commercial

banks and one State cooperative Bank- the issued capital of a RRB is shared

by the owners in the proportion of # /, #/ and 0#/ respectively.

2 | R U R A L B A N K I N G


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OVERVIEW OF REGIONAL RURAL BANKS

The institution of Regional Rural Banks +RRBs was created to meet

the e1cess demand for institutional credit in the rural areas, particularly

among the economically and socially marginali&ed sections. $lthough the

cooperative banks and the commercial banks had reasonable records in terms

of geographical coverage and disbursement of credit, in terms of population

groups the cooperative banks were dominated by the rural rich, while the

commercial banks had a clear urban bias. *n order to provide access to low(cost banking facilities to the poor, the arasimham 3orking )roup +!"#

proposed the establishment of a new set of banks, as institutions which

4combine the local feel and the familiarity with rural problems which the

cooperative possess and the degree of business organi&ation, ability to

mobili&e deposits, access to central money markets and moderni&ed outlook

which the commercial banks have5. The multi(agency approach to rural credit

was also to sub serve the needs of the input(intensive agriculture strategy

+)reen Revolution which had initially focused on betting on the strong7 but

by the mid(seventies was ready to spread more widely through the *ndian

countryside.

Table-1 Expansion o Re!ional Ban"in!#-1$%&-1$$'#

De()1$%& De()1$*' De()1$*& +a,)1$$'

Ban"s *& 1** 1$

B,an(.es 1% /0%$ 10' 1/



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By !!, there were !6 RRBs with over 8, predominantly rural branches

in 8"6 districts with an average coverage of three villages per branch. These

banks had disbursed over Rs.0, # crore in credit and mobili&ed over Rs.8,

crore in deposits. 9erhaps the most significant achievement of the RRBs during

this period was in enablin! 2.e 3ea"e, se(2ions o 2.e ,4,al (o554ni26

a((ess 2o ins2i242ional (,e7i2) The bulk of the loans from RRBs were to the

priority sectors, which accounted for over " per cent of the total. $griculture

and allied activities took up more than # percent of the total advances.

The year !! marks the end of the e1pansion phase of regional

banking, beyond which there has been no growth in the number of Regional

Rural Banks +including branches.



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ROLE OF RURAL BANKS IN ECONO+IC

DEVELO8+ENT

The importance of the rural banking in the economic development of a

country cannot be overlooked. $s )andhi%i said 4Real *ndia lies in villages,5

and village economy is the backbone of *ndian economy. 3ithout the

upliftment of the rural economy as well as the rural people of our country, the

ob%ectives of economic planning cannot be achieved. *n fact, the real growth

of *ndian economy lied in the emancipation of rural masses from acute

poverty, unemployment, and socio(economic backwardness. :eeping this end

in view, various important plans and programs of rural development have

been conceived and implemented by the government of *ndia since the

commencement of first five(year plan from !#(#6. But an appraisal of the

achievement of these programs clearly reveals that much programs failed to

achieve the desired ob%ectives due to the backward economic condition and

lack of ade;uate finance to the poor people in the rural areas.


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OB9ECTIVES OF RURAL BANKS

The RBBs $ct has made various provisions regarding the incorporation,

regulation and working of RRBs. $ccording to this $ct, the RRBs are to beset(up mainly with a view to develop rural economy by providing credit

facilities for the purpose of development of agriculture, trade, commerce,

industry and other productive activities in the rural areas.

Such facility is provided particularly to the small and marginal farmers,

agricultural laborers, artisans, and small entrepreneurs and for other related

matters.

T.e ob:e(2i;es o RRBs (an be s455a,i


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+vii To cater to the needs of the backward areas which are not covered by the

other efforts of the )overnment.

ROLES OF REGIONAL RURAL BANKS

8ROVISION OF CREDIT

The main function of RRBs is to provide short term and long(term finance

to farmers. The finance is provided for the following purposes=

Short term finance to meet working capital needs such as payment of

wages, purchase of seeds and fertili&ers, transportation e1penses, etc.

>edium term finance to meet medium term needs such as purchase of

cattle, digging of wells etc.

?ong term finance to meet fi1ed capital needs such as purchase of land,

purchase of tractors, etc.

They provide finance at low interest rates. This has resulted in lessdependence on money lenders in respect of agricultural credit.

RESEARC= AND DEVELO8+ENTS

The RRBs finances research and development in the field of agriculture. Such

R @ A activities help to develop new and better inputs, techni;ues andtechnology, as a result, better ;uality of seeds, fertili&ers and farm e;uipment

is developed. This helped to improve the production and productivity of

agricultural crops.



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CO++UNIT> DEVELO8+ENTS

RRBs have helped in improving the life in rural areas. They provide

social education to farmers and others in villages so that they give up their

bad habits like gambling, drinking li;uor etc.

Through workshops and documentaries the RRBs have made attempts

to make rural masses about social evils like child marriages, reckless spending

during festivals, marriages etc.

+ARKETING SERVICES

The RRBs assists the farmers in their marketing activities. They

provide advice to the farmers in respect of packing, transportation- etc. the

marketing advice helps the farmers to take proper marketing decisions. This

in turn helps the farmers to get better prices for their products.

SU88L> OF FUNDS

The RRBs not only provide funds, but they also make efforts to supply

good ;uality inputs like seeds ,fertili&ers, pesticides, etc. this helps to improve

the productivity of land. The inputs are provided at good rates as part of the

discount on bulk purchases is passed on to the farmers.



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LI+ITATIONS

OF RURAL

BANKING

The institutional agriculture credit in *ndia is faced with many

problems. The *ndian continues to depend on the money lenders for his

financial re;uirements in spite of the institutional framework.

The various problems are=

INADE?UATE FINANCE

$ basic feature of the credit problem is its overall inade;uacy-

particularly of the institutional credit. The credit provided by the cooperative banks and commercial banks is not sufficient to meet the re;uirements of the

farmers. The banks mostly provide short term credit and not the long term

credit. There is a need of more long term finance from land development

banks.

ot only the right ;uantity of long term institutional finance is

available, but also it is not available at the right time.

8ROBLE+ OF SECURIT>

ormally the banks insist on security to sanction loans to the farmers.

The security may be in form of land or other assets. The small and marginal



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farmers find it difficult to obtain funds as they have limited amount of land to

offer as security.

8ROBLE+ OF +AINTAINING BRANC=ES

The commercial banks as well as the cooperative banks find it difficult to

maintain branches in rural areas. This is due to low banking business and high

overheads in form of staff salaries, offices rent, and other overheads.

There is the problem of recovery of credit provided to the farmers both

the rich farmers as well as the poor ones. The large and rich farmers

deliberately avoid repaying loans and the small farmers find it difficult to

repay their loans. $lso ;uite often, there is political pressure on the banks to



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write off the loans. This result in demotivation to the banks to provide credit

in rural areas.

CORRU8T OFFICIALS

The officials of banks adopt corrupt practices. They often provide

finance to their friends and relatives. Small and marginal farmers face great

difficulty in obtaining finance.


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UNDEFINED ROAD+A8

The rural banks share of woes also includes budgetary constraints, mounting

over(dues, lack of ade;uate infrastructure facilities, and limited channels of

investment. Cwing to these problems, some banks are not able to achieve

financial viability. *n addition, they have little visibility into operational and

business imperatives. 3orking for growth in very challenging conditions,

sustenance is possible only when they have a clear roadmap for=

• $biding relationships with customers through customer data analysis.

• Cperations with clear cost(efficiency and productivity.

• Dnified 06(degree view of the business.

• Relevant and timely product innovation.

URBAN-ORIENTATION OF STAFF

$ crucial practical difficulty e1perienced in their working by the RRBs is the

urban orientation of their staff which is rarely inclined to serve in rural areas.



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There is no true local involvement of the bank staff in the village where they

serve.

REGIONAL RURAL BANKS TODA>

There are around 00 RRBs spread over 20 states'Dnion Territories and with a

network of 8,8!8 branches, accounting for 88.# per cent of the total rural

network of all scheduled commercial banks +including RRBs. The rural and

semi(urban branches of RRBs constitute !E per cent of their network. Their

deposits and advances as on >arch 0, 20, were Rs. ",02! crore and

Rs.22, 2E crore respectively. Thus RRBs have done well in mobili&ing rural

deposits and infusing the thrift habit in their clients.

Cut of !6 RRBs, in 22(20 the number of profit making banks

stood at 6" in 2(22 as compared with " in 2(2.arch 26.



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$s a result of the various reforms measures, the RRBs showed

substantial turn(around in their performance. The RRBs also displayed

;ualitative improvement in their 9$ management and gross 9$s as

percentage of gross advances stood at 0.!!/ as on 0(0(26, down from

02.E at >arch(end !!E.Similarly, the recovery performance of the RRBs

steadily improved with the percentage of recovery to demand raised at E/ as

on 2#(26 from 6.2/ at end(Fune !!E+8.2/ at end(Fune !!0.

The bulk of the loans from RRBs have been to priority sectors, which

accounted for over " per cent of the total. $griculture alone took up 86 per

cent of the priority sector advances. The involvement of RRBs in providing

credit support to small and retail trade and other non(farm rural activities is

better than that of co(operative and commercial banks. $s on >arch 0, 22,

the outreach of RRBS in terms of number of deposits and advances was #.2

million and .!8 million respectively. lientele for loans and deposits in the

rural sector are low(value, but large volume. RRBs have served this clientele

in a more productive and efficient manner vis(G(vis other Banks.

9er(employee, EE# accounts are handled by RRBs against the national

average of 868 accounts per employee in the banking industry.

RRBs have also taken a lead role in financing of Self


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empowerment. The share of RRBs in Soreover, the agrarian distress and stagnation of the rural

economy has become too stark and imminent and, of course, the political

ramifications of the crisis can no longer be ignored.

$mong the various official committees that were set up review the situation

and make policy recommendations on the future course of development of the

RRBs, the 9arliamentary Istimates ommittee +22(0 had come up with anumber of useful suggestions to tackle the shrinking credit delivery to the

priority sector and the rural areas=



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• $mong RRBs which are making absolute profit, the credit(deposit ratio

should not be lower than "#/ and for those which are making profits but

still have accumulated losses, an increasing trend of the ratio should be

ensured and their investment portfolio should get reduced accordingly.

• The priority sector lending by RRBs has been declining and as per latest

figures, priority sector lending to agriculture and other allied activities

comes to about #" / of the total lending. There could be no rationale for

fi1ing the same norms for lending to priority'agricultural sector by the

RRBs as in the case of commercial banks. The RB* should apply proper

checks to ensure that the present level of #"/ of lending by the RRBs to

the priority sector is not allowed to decline further. $nd it should look into

the desirability of enhancing the percentage of lending to the priority

sector.

• The committee is constrained to note that the percentage of loans to small

and marginal farmers out of total loans disbursed by the RRBs has been

declining steadily. The RRBs do not maintain separate details of number

of accounts of small and marginal farmers. *n the absence of such

information it is difficult to understand as to how RRBs ensure credit

disbursement to small'marginal farmers and other weaker sections of

society as per the guidelines issued by the )overnment'the RB*. The

committee recommended that the RRBs should take steps for compiling

and maintaining data regarding credit facility e1tended to small and

marginal farmers and other weaker sections of the society to monitor that



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credit facilities being provided by the RRBs reach the targeted

beneficiaries.

Cn the issue of 9$s of the RRBs, the committee e1pressed its dissatisfaction

at the current levels. 3hile the official statistics highlights the decline in

9$s from 08 percent in >arch !!6 to 0.!! percent in >arch 26.Jery few

of the above recommendations were, in fact, accepted by the

RB*')overnment of *ndia. Krom the year 20(8, the RB* revised upwards

the lending target for priority sector to 6 percent of the total advances for the

RRBs. $mbitious overall credit targets were laid down for the RRBs by the

Dnion )overnment.

The farm credit target for the RRBs at Rs ,! crore for the fiscal year

2#(26 is 8 percent higher than Rs E,# crore target set during the fiscal

year 28(2#. But little else happened. *n reviewing the action taken by the

RB*')C* on the proposals of the Istimates ommittee +22(20, the

committee in 28(2# finds that 7no specific action has been taken7 on most

of the ma%or recommendations.

Wi7enin! ne23o," an7 Expan7in! Co;e,a!e#-

$s on $pril 2", RRBs were covering #0# districts. They may be directed

to cover all unbanked areas in these districts, taking the village as a unit,

either by opening a branch +wherever feasible or through the BK'B model

in a time bound manner.



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$s on $pril 2", E" districts in the country were not covered by RRBs

and their area of operation may be e1tended to cover these districts.

• Co5p42e,i


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$ll recent circulars relating to financial inclusion, vi&., no frills accounts,

), Cne Time Settlement +CTS for loans up to Rs 2#, , use of

intermediaries, etc., should be implemented by RRBs.

NRFI8 o, RRBs#-

The strategy recommended earlier for RK*9 for commercial banks would be

e;ually applicable for RRBs. The process of undertaking a survey,

identification of e1cluded households, dissemination of the information,

settings of bank(wise' branch(wise targets etc., could be followed. RRBs will

have certain handicaps in e1ecuting the plan. They would re;uire

promotional, funding and technology support in different areas as outlined

below. RRBs may Indeavour to cover to a large part of their incremental

lending thru7 the group mode +S


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OVERVIEW OF NABARD IN RELATION TO RURAL

BANKING

BACKGROUND

$B$RA was established on 2th Fuly !E2 to implement the

ational Bank for $griculture and Rural Aevelopment $ct !E. *t replaced

the $gricultural redit Aepartment +$A and Rural 9lanning and redit ell



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+R9 of Reserve Bank of *ndia, and $gricultural Refinance and

Aevelopment orporation +$RA.

+ISSION

$B$RA being an $pe1 Aevelopment Bank promotes agriculture and

rural development through refinance support to all banks for investment credit

and to co(operatives and RRBs for production credit. The ob%ective of

providing refinance to eligible institutions is to supplement their resources for

delivering credit for agriculture, cottage @ village industries, SS*s, rural

artisans, etc. thus influencing the ;uantum of lending in consonance with the

policy of )ovt. of *ndia. *t directs the policy, planning and operational aspects

in the field of credit for agriculture and integrated rural development.

STRUCTURE

$B$RA operates throughout the country through its 2E Regional

Cffices and one Sub(office, located in the capitals of all the states'union

territories. *t has 006 Aistrict Cffices across the country, one Sub(office at

9ort Blair and one special ell at Srinagar. *t also has 6 training

establishments.

NABARD ROLE AND FUNCTIONS

$B$RA is set up by the )overnment of *ndia as a development bank

with the mandate of facilitating credit flow for promotion and development of



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agriculture and integrated rural development. The mandate also covers

supporting all other allied economic activities in rural areas, promoting

sustainable rural development and ushering in prosperity in the rural areas.

3ith a capital base of 2, crore provided by the )overnment of *ndia and

Reserve Bank of *ndia.

NABARD@S ROLES AND FUNCTIONS

DEVELO8+ENT AND 8RO+OTIONAL FUNCTIONS

redit is a critical factor in development of agriculture and rural sector

as it enables investment in capital formation and technological up gradation.


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• oD with state governments and cooperative banks specifying

their respective obligations to improve the affairs of the banks in a stipulated

timeframe.

• oDs

specifying their respective obligations to improve the affairs of the Regional

Rural Banks in a stipulated timeframe.

• >onitor implementation of development action plans of banks and

fulfillment of obligations under >oDs.

• 9rovide financial assistance to cooperatives and Regional Rural Banks for

establishment of technical, monitoring and evaluations cells.

• 9rovide Crgani&ation development intervention +CA* through reputed

training institutes like Bankers *nstitute of Rural Aevelopment +B*RA,

?ucknow www.birdindia.com, ational Bank Staff ollege, ?ucknow

www.nbsc.in and ollege of $griculture Banking, 9une, etc.

• 9rovide financial support for the training institutes of cooperative banks.

• 9rovide training for senior and middle level e1ecutives of commercial banks,

Regional Rural Banks and cooperative banks.

• reate awareness among the borrowers on ethics of repayment through Jikas

Jolunteer Jahini and Karmer7s clubs.

• 9rovide financial assistance to cooperative banks for building improved

management information system, computeri&ation of operations and

development of human resources.



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CREDIT FUNCTIONS

REFINANCE AGAINST INVEST+ENT CREDIT

This is a long(term refinance facility. *t is intended to create income

generating assets in the following=

• *nvestment in agriculture and allied activities such as minor irrigation

pro%ects, farm mechani&ation, land development, soil conservation, dairy,

sheep rearing, poultry , piggery, plantation'horticulture, forestry, fishery,

storage and market yards, biogas and other alternative sources of energy,

sericulture, apiculture, animals and animal driven carts, agro(processing,

agro(service centers, etc.



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• *nvestment for artisans, small scale industries, tiny sector, village and

cottage industries, handicrafts, handlooms, power looms, etc.

• $ctivities of voluntary agencies and self(help groups working among the

rural poor.

• *nvestment in share capital'securities of institutions involved in

agriculture and rural development the credit is normally provided for a

period of 0 to# years.

SU8ERVISOR> FUNCTIONS

$s an ape1 bank involved in refinancing credit needs of ma%or financial

institutions in the country engaged in offering financial assistance to

agriculture and rural development operations and programmes, $B$RA has

been sharing with the Reserve Bank of *ndia certain supervisory functions in

respect of cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks +RRBs

As pa,2 o 2.ese 4n(2ions i2#

• Dndertake inspection of Regional Rural Banks +RRBs and cooperative

bank +other than urban'primary cooperative banks under the provisions

of Banking Regulation $ct, !8!.



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• Dndertakes inspection of state ooperative $griculture and Rural

Aevelopment Banks +S$RABs and ape1 non(credit cooperative

societies on a voluntary basis.

• Dndertakes portfolio inspections, system study, besides off(site.

• Surveillance of cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks +RRBs.

• 9rovides recommendations to Reserve Bank of *ndia on opening of new

branches by State ooperative Banks and Regional Rural Banks +RRBs.

• $dministering the redit >onitoring $rrangements in SBs and Bs

CORE FUNCTION

$B$RA has been entrusted with the statutory responsibility of

conducting inspections of State ooperative Banks +SBs, Aistrict entral

ooperative Banks +ABs and Regional Rural Banks +RRBs under the

provision of the Banking Regulation $ct, !8!. *n addition, $B$RA has

also been conducting periodic inspections of state level cooperative

institutions such as State ooperative $griculture and Rural Aevelopment

Banks +S$RABs, $pe1 3eavers Societies, >arketing Kederations, etc.on a

voluntary basis.

OB9ECTIVES OF INS8ECTION



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• To protect the interest of the present and future depositors.

• To ensure that the business conducted by this banks is in conformity with

the provisions of the relevant acts, rules, regulations bye(laws etc.

• To ensure observance of rules guidelines etc. formulated and issued by

$B$RA'RB*')overnment.

• To e1amine the financial soundness of the banks.

• To suggest ways and means of strengthening the institutions so as to

enable them to play more efficient role in rural credit.

I+8ORTANT SC=E+ES OF NABARD

RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELO8+ENT FUND RIDF

*n !!#(!6 R*AK(* set up with a corpus fund of Rs. 2 crore for the

purpose of financing rural infrastructure pro%ects such as irrigation pro%ects,

construction of rural roads and bridges, etc. The R*AK fund has been

continued in subse;uent years. The R*AK *L +last in the Series was

introduced in 20(8.

The R*AK came to an end with the commencement of the ?okayak Fai

9rakash arayan fund in Kebruary 28.



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LOK NA>AK 9AI 8RAKAS= NARA>AN FUND AGRICULTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CREDIT FUND

The fund came into e1istence in Keb(28.*t replaced the

R*AK.$B$RA has prepared this scheme with the following three

components=

Finan(e o, in,as2,4(24,e 2.,o4!. S2a2e Go;e,n5en2s Rs) /''''

(,o,e)

$ctivities includes minor irrigation, rain fed agriculture, and flood control,

public sector cold storage facilities, etc. Iligible clients are state

)overnments, state undertakings, and local bodies.

Finan(e o, in;es25en2s in a!,i(4l24,e an7 (o55e,(ial in,as2,4(24,e

2.,o4!. ban"in! s6s2e5 Rs)1*''' (,o,e)

$ctivities includes priority areas like micro irrigation, rain fed agriculture,

post(harvest related support, agriculture marketing, investment credit, etc.

Iligible clients are corporate, )Cs, and individual, etc.

De;elop5en2 5eas4,es an7 Ris" +ana!e5en2 +e(.anis5 Rs) 0'''

(,o,e)

RE=ABILITATION OF COO8ERATIVE BANKS SC=E+E



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$B$RA undertakes a rehabilitation programme for weak Bs and

SBs. Dnder this programme, it assists B and SBs, which are financially

and administratively weak due to large overdue and untrained staff.

KISAN CREDIT CARD KCC SC=E+E

This scheme was introduced in !!E(!! with a view to facilitate the

flow of timely and ade;uate short(term credit to the farmers. This scheme is

operated through cooperative banks, RRBs and commercial banks. The

cooperative banks, RRBs and commercial banks together issued about 88

lakh :s involving credit of about Rs.!", " crore up to >arch 28.

The : scheme is an ongoing scheme, which is envisaged to

gradually replace the traditional system and procedures in the issue of short(

term crop loan.



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SELF-=EL8 GROU8S SC=E+E

$B$RA has been active in promoting and linking more and more

self(help groups +S


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• Dndertakes monitoring and evaluation of pro%ects refinance by it.

• 9repares on annual basis rural credit plans for all the districts in the

country. These plans form the base for annual credit plans of all rural

financial institutions.

• oordinates the rural financing activities of all the institutions engaged in

developmental work at the field level and maintain liaison with the

government of *ndia, state governments, Reserve Bank of *ndia and other

national level institutions concerned with policy formulation.

GRA+EEN BANK



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NOBEL 8EACE 8RIE WINNER +U=A++AD >UNUS

3henever rural banking is discussed the contribution of >uhammad

Munuas7 is to be remembered. >uhammad Munus7 ideas about lending to the

poor to lift millions out of poverty.


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Krom !!0 to !!#, Munus was a member of the *nternational $dvisory

)roup for the Kourth 3orld onference on 3omen, a post to which he was

appointed by the D.. secretary general.


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=OW DID IT START# *n !"8, Munus, then an economics professor recently

returned from the Dnited States, lend a total of N2" to 82 villages who, made

bamboo furniture. The loans, which were all paid back, allowed them to cut

out the middlemen and purchase their own raw materials. Imboldened by his

e1periment, Munus won government approval in !E0 to open )rameen,

Bengali for 4rural.5

W=O ?UALIFIES# $nyone can ;ualify, but they must belong to a five(

member group. Cnce the first two members begin to pay back their loans, the

others can get theirs. 3hile there is no group responsibility for returning the

loans, the bank believes it creates a sense of social responsibility, ensuring all

members pay back their loans.

DOES IT WORK# )rameen claims a !! percent repayment rate. $ccording

to a recent )rameen survey, #E percent of the families of )rameen borrowers

have crossed the poverty line.

W=O OWNS T=E BANK# The government of Bangladesh owns 6 percent

of the bank while the borrowers own the other !8 percent.



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W=AT ARE T=E NU+BERS# The bank has handed out N #."2 billion

since its inception to 6.6 million people had been repaid N #." billion.

3omen account for !" percent of the loan takers. )rameen Bank has 2,226

branches, works in ",0" villages and has a total staff of E,"!#.

CONCLUSION

RRBsO performance in respect of some important indicators was certainly better

than that of commercial banks or even cooperatives. RRBs have also performed better in terms of providing loans to small and retail traders and petty non(farm

rural activities. *n recent years, they have taken a leading role in financing Self(


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really re;uires an ape1 body that would cover and oversee all the RRBs, something

like a ational Rural Bank of *ndia +RB*.

The contribution of $B$RA to the *ndian rural banking has been immense in the

past few years. The concept of )R$>II B$: has helped the banking sector

to reach the remote areas in our country. *t was helped in financial inclusion of the

people. $nd it increases the savings habits amongst the people. *t helps in

mobili&ation of funds in the economy.

The number of rural branches should be increased rather than reduced- they should

be encouraged to develop more sophisticated methods of credit delivery to meet

the changing needs of farming- and most of all, there should be greater

coordination between district planning authorities, panchayati ra% institutions and

the banks operating in rural areas. Cnly then will the RRBs fulfill the promise that

is so essential for rural development.

Rural Banking Final

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