Running Header: Enneagram ~ Personality & Behavior

Running Header: Enneagram ~ Personality & Behavior

Personality and Behavior: The Enneagram

EDCI 5974 Independent Study

Richard Stratton, Ph.D.

December 8, 2003

Bob Reese, MA [email protected]

This paper originally appeared in APA 5.0 Format; it has been single spaced to conserve paper;

tables and figures are inserted where appropriate as opposed to appearing in the Appendix.

Enneagram ~ Personality & Behavior 2

Table of Contents Section Page Introduction …………………………………………………...…... 3

Purpose of Independent Study ………………………………... 3 Overview of Paper ……………………………………………. 3

Historical Overview ……………………………………………….. 5 The Enneagram Symbol ………………………………………. 5 The Enneagram Pioneers ……………………………………... 6

Enneagram as a Symbol …………………………………………... 6 The Circle ………….………………………………………….. 7 The Triangle …………………………………….…………….. 7 The Hexagon ………………………………………………….. 7

Enneagram as a System ……………….…………………………... 8 Nine Personality Types of the Enneagram ...………………….. 9 Core Dynamics & Levels of Development ..………………….. 9 Basic Fear & Basic Desire ……………………………………. 9 Hierarchy of Type …………………………………………….. 10 Diagram for Core Dynamics ………………………………….. 14 Parental Orientation …………………………………………... 20 Triads ……………………………….…………………..…….. 21 Wings ……………………………...………………………….. 24 Instinctual Variants/Instinctual Subtypes …………………….. 25 Hornevian Groups ……………………………………...……... 27 Harmonic Groups ……………………………………………... 29 Stress/Security Points and Lines of Disintegration/Integration . 30

Personality Typing ………………………………….……………... 30 Overview of Personality Typing …………………………….... 30 Enneagram as a Typing System ……………………………..... 32

Summary ……………………..…………………………….……...... 33 Tables

1. Enneagram Personality Types 10 2. Basic Fears & Basic Desires 11 3. Enneagram Personality Types & Traits ~ Levels of

Development 12

4. Direction of Integration & Disintegration through Levels of Development

14

5. Core Dynamics & Disintegration 15 6. Core Dynamics Progression 17 7. Parental Orientation Chart 21 8. Riso-Hudson Subtype Names 25

Appendix …………………………………………………...……….. 34 Table of Contents for Part I Training Workbook ……………... 34

References ……………………………………………..…………….. 35 Hi-lited References are recommended readings for those wanting to know more about the Enneagram


Personality and Behavior: The Enneagram

Introduction Purpose of Independent Study

The primary purpose of this independent study is to provide an overview of the Enneagram and explore how the Enneagram provides a system that can be used as a tool by individuals for their personal growth and development and as well as to enhance personal performance. Professionals – e.g. coaches, psychologists, and human resource personnel – can likewise use it to facilitate their clients’ performance enhancement and thereby encourage personal growth and development. A secondary objective will be to look at the origins of personality typing and to consider how the Enneagram, which is a personality typing system, expands upon the limitations of ordinary personality typing methods.

My independent studies include the literature reviewed that is set forth in the reference pages of this paper and also seven intensive educational training programs totaling more than 125 hours of instruction. They include: Enneagram Professional Training Program -Part I; Enneagram and Relationships; Enneagram and Business Coaching; and Enneagram and Psychic Structures (2003) taught by Don Riso and Russ Hudson. The Dynamic Enneagram (2002); and Stress/Security Points & Wings (2003) facilitated by Thomas Condon. And, Introduction to the Enneagram (2000) with Marion Bellotti, OSB.

In this paper, special emphasis is given to lectures, materials, exercises, and the workbook from Riso-Hudson Enneagram Professional Training Program: Part I (hereinafter referred to as Certification Training). This course provided fifty hours of instruction in the interpretation of the Enneagram as a dynamic system for self-development and personal growth for both personal and professional use. The instructors were Don Richard Riso and Russ Hudson, authors and recognized Enneagram authorities, and Brian Grodner, Ph.D., an Enneagram Institute faculty member and practicing clinical psychologist. The course was held at the Vallombrosa Retreat Center, Menlo Park, CA. July 18 through 23, 2003. Pre-requisites for the course required prior reading of Riso and Hudson’s books: Personality Types (1987), Understanding the Enneagram (1990), Discovering Your Personality Type (1992), Enneagram Transformations (1993), and The Wisdom of the Enneagram (1999). A table of contents of the 402 page workbook is contained in the Appendix. Overview of Paper

In this paper, I examine the theoretical and conceptual framework of the Enneagram system, which begins with the significance of the Enneagram symbol and which is then developed by the major concepts of the Enneagram system. The following is a brief introduction to each concept that is developed later in this paper.

1. The nine core personality types. There are nine basic characteristics or personality traits that are represented by the nine points on the Enneagram symbol (Figure 1 & Table 1). Every person has a core personality type. They are: 1. The Reformer; 2. The Helper; 3. The Motivator; 4. The Individualist; 5. The Investigator; 6. The Loyalist; 7. The Enthusiast; 8. The Leader; and 9. The Peacemaker (Riso & Hudson, 1996).

2. Levels of Development: The prominent Enneagram teachers divide each of the nine personality types into a simple hierarchy of evolution within that type. They are usually in three levels of development that range from evolved to unevolved,


integrated to disintegrated, or, more commonly, healthy, normal, and unhealthy. (Bellotti, 2000; Condon, 2003a; Palmer, 1991; Rohr & Ebert, 2000)

3. Core Dynamics: Riso and Hudson have expanded on the construct of the levels of development. They demarcate nine levels of development and believe there is a core dynamic that is produced by the core personality type and the particular level of development where the personality resides. This core dynamic provides one's dominant perspective on the environment and their automatic or habitual actions, reactions, and behavior. (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003a)

4. Parental Orientation: Often referred to as origins of type, this is the way an individual views and is influenced by their orientation to one or both of their parents determines personality. (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003a)

5. Triads: The nine points on the Enneagram representing the core personality types are divided into three sections referred to as Triads. (Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996; Rohr & Ebert, 2000). Each Triad refers to a basic component of the human psyche: instinct, feeling, and thinking. These components represent each personality’s fundamental psychological orientation in which the ego creates its defense mechanisms. Underlying these orientations, each Triad possesses a corresponding emotional construct (anger, shame, and fear) with which individual must cope. (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 1999)

6. Wings: The Wing is the number on either side of each core personality type, so every core personality type has two Wings. One wing is usually dominant. Depending how strong the influence is, the type will take on aspects of its Wings’ personality traits proportionally to that influence. (Bellotti, 2000; Condon, 2001; Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996)

7. Instinctual Variants: Each of the nine core personality types has three instinctual drives: a self-preservation instinct; a social instinct; and a sexual instinct (Chernick-Fauvre, 2001; Condon, 2000; Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003; Rohr & Ebert, 2000). Everyone possesses some degree of each instinct, but one dominates.

8. Hornevian Group: Each core type also belongs to one of three Hornevian groups (after Karen Horney) that indicate a social style and method of coping with stress (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 1999).

9. Harmonics Grouping: The Harmonic Pattern indicates how a person copes when they don’t get what they want. The harmonic pattern is influenced by the Triad they are in. (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 1999)

10. Stress/Security Points and Lines of Disintegration/Integration: As you will see, the lines connecting the numbers on the Enneagram are not arranged randomly. The route of the line can go either in a direction of disintegration, or one of integration. From one point on the Enneagram, if you follow the line of disintegration, you will arrive at the stress point. Following the line of integration, will take you to the security point. (Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996)

I also provide a brief history of the Enneagram, a survey of the history and evolution of

personality typing, and the use of the Enneagram as a personality typing system. This information provides a foundation for distinguishing the limitations of traditional personality typing methods from the Enneagram system for evolution of awareness, personal development,


self-actualization, and, ultimately self-transcendence. (Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996; Rohr & Ebert, 2000)

Historical Overview

Figure 1 ~ The Enneagram

The Enneagram Symbol

Enneagram (pronounced “ANY-a-gram”) is Greek for a nine (ennea) pointed diagram (gram). It is a geometric figure (Figure 1) that is the combination of a circle, a triangle, and a hexagon (Figure 2).

Figure 2 ~ The Parts of the Enneagram

The Enneagram symbol is both ancient and modern. It is ancient in the sense that it can be found in some Sufi practices dating back to the fourth century (Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 2003b). The diagram of a circle containing a hexad and a triangle dates are also found in the works of Pythagoras (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003a) who lived in the early 500s A.D. It is modern in that the assignment and development of psychological personality types to the corresponding Enneagram points began as recently as the 1950’s. (Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003a)


The Enneagram Pioneers Around the turn of 20th century, George Gurdjieff, an adventurer and spiritual teacher,

brought the Enneagram symbol from the Middle East to Russia, and then Spain (Palmer, 1991: Riso, Hudson, 1996). Oscar Ichazo, a spiritual esoteric who learned the Enneagram independently of Gurdjieff, expanded on Gurdjieff’s work and taught the Enneagram in his native Arica, Brazil in the early 1950’s (Rohr & Ebert, 2000). Ichazo was the first to synthesize the Enneagram symbol with the nine personality types and their core qualities (Riso & Hudson, 1996). He referred to the symbol as the “Enneagon”. In 1970, Ichazo decided to share the mystery and insights of the Enneagram with a small group of intellectuals and professionals.

One of Ichazo’s students in Brazil, Claudio Naranjo, a psychiatrist and a Gestalt therapist, began teaching the Enneagram in Berkley, California, in the early 1970’s to small groups of individuals who were interested in developing and expanding human consciousness. Naranjo is credited with finding correlations among the Enneagram types and known psychiatric categories (Riso & Hudson, 1996). He began what is now referred to as the oral tradition, which is the assembly of groups of the same types who share their worldviews, fears, and reactionary patterns (Riso & Hudson, 2003a).

Reverend Robert Ochs, S.J., learned the Enneagram from Naranjo and was responsible for compiling the Jesuit Notes (Riso & Hudson, 2003a). The Jesuit Notes were assembled from the personal notes of a small group of Jesuits who studied the Enneagram with Naranjo in the Bay area. The twelve pages that made up these Jesuit Notes were utilized to teach the Enneagram as part spiritual direction programs and courses in Jesuit retreat houses throughout the country (Riso & Hudson, 2003a).

America’s most recognized contemporary authorities, teachers, and authors are Helen Palmer and her partner, psychiatrist David Daniels, co-founders of the Trifold School (Daniels & Palmer, n.d.), and Don Riso and his partner at the Enneagram Institute, Russ Hudson (Riso & Hudson). Palmer was taught directly by Naranjo (Daniels & Palmer, n.d.) or Naranjo’s wife, depending on which account you believe (Riso & Hudson, 2003b). Daniels is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford Medical School.

Don Riso, a Jesuit seminarian in 1974, obtained the Jesuit Notes in a class on the Enneagram at Loyola University and shortly thereafter began his life-long study into the Enneagram and its intricacies (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003b). Russ Hudson is affiliated with The Fourth Way, an international group that is still carrying on Gurdjieff’s tradition of precise and complex movements to attain “presence”. Hudson joined Riso after learning of his ongoing studies into the Enneagram, and in 1991 they became partners for researching, writing, and teaching the Enneagram (Riso & Hudson, 2003a).

What is remarkable is that these sketchy Jesuit Notes (some of the personality types have only a few paragraphs of one word descriptives) have led to books and manuals, some of which contain hundreds of pages. Unfortunately, reproduction of the Jesuit Notes is not allowed for distribution. Students attending the Certification Training are given copies but pledge not to reproduce them. Since its introduction into North America, the Enneagram has spread to both religious and non-religious groups (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003b).

The Enneagram as a Symbol

The dynamism of the Enneagram is represented in its combination of three symbols: a circle, a triangle, and a hexagon. (Figure 2, p. 5). As explained below, these symbols are rich in meaning and combine Pythagorian principles and sacred geometry. While the material may at


first glance appear esoteric, the end-result is that this symbol provides keys to change, manifesting, and resolving problems. Riso and Hudson (1999) contend that the Enneagram symbol is “a symbol that shows the wholeness of a thing (the circle), how its identity is the result of the interaction of three forces (the triangle), and how it evolves over time (the hexad)” (p. 22). Circle

A circle is the universal symbol of wholeness. The circle also represents the Law of One: “All is one.” In the Enneagram, the triangle and hexagon are within the circle. The symbology, therefore, is that what the triangle and hexagon represent and are part of what is wholeness (Riso & Hudson, 2003a). Triangle

A triangle symbolizes the interaction of three forces, which is known as the Law of Three or the Law of Manifestation (Riso & Hudson, 2000a). This law states that there is always a third force that makes things whole and that is required for manifestation. Manifestation cannot result from duality alone (e.g. right and wrong, male and female, light and dark). This principle is found in both sacred traditions and in science. For example, Christianity has its Trinity; Islam has 99 names for Allah arranged in three groups of 33; Hindu has Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Science has protons, electrons and neutrons and modern medicine divides the brain into the root brain (instinctual), the limbic system (emotional), and the cerebral cortex (cognition). In mathematics, a triadic is continuous (1 ÷ 3 = .333333…), manifesting a non-ending or infinite number. In other words, where there is manifestation, there is a triad. (Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996, 1999)

The concepts that everything in nature consists of three and are divisible by three are also found in the teachings of Pythagoras. Pythagoras provides insight into how to manifest and, also how to resolve conflict: "No one could become truly wise who did not view every problem as being diagrammatically triangular . . . . Establish the triangle and the problem is two-thirds solved … .” (Hall, 1988), p. LXVII). How to manifest and how to resolve problems are the issues facing everyone on the personal growth and development journey, and is a central construct for achieving peak performance.

Riso & Hudson (2000) contend that the identity of a person or thing is the result of the interaction of three forces. As shown in Figure 3 on the next page, the triangle in the Enneagram is formed by points 9, 3, and 6. The forces that interact - anger, shame, and fear - will be discussed further in The Triads section below. Hexagon

The hexagon symbolizes change and dynamism, which Gurdjieff referred to as the Law of Seven. Since there are only six lines in a hexagon, Gurdjieff's association of the Law of Seven with the hexagon may not be apparent until the mathematical derivation to the Law of Seven is understood. The number 1 divided by 7 (1 ÷ 7 = 142857142857…) results in a repeating pattern of 1-4-2-8-5-7. Considering the first set of six numbers before the repetition of the numbers begin (1-4-2-8-5-7) together with the placement of these numbers as Enneagram points (1-4-2-8-5-7) and together with their connections as shown by the arrows in Figure 3 results in an almost complete formation of a hexagon. However, the completion of the hexagon requires one more line - i.e. a connection to a seventh point on the Enneagram that is the number 1 point (also the next number in the above mathematical derivation of the Law of Seven). The direction of the


lines to proceed from Enneagram points 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 show not only the formation of the hexagon but also the direction of disintegration - e.g. how one dis-integrates under stress. The point is that the Law of Seven and the hexagon represents the dynamic changes that constantly or consistently occur in our personalities. (Riso & Hudson, 2003a, 2003b)

Direction of Integration 1-7-5-8-2-4-1

9-3-6-9

Direction of Disintegration 1-4-2-8-5-7-1

9-6-3-9

Figure 3 ~ The Enneagram Types & Lines of Disintegration

Enneagram as a System A system is an integrated whole whose essential properties arise from its relationships

(e.g. families, teams, schools and organizations, communities, and humankind), and a system cannot be comprehended by examining its individual parts in isolation (Lazlo, 1972; Olds, 1992; von Bertalanffy, 1968; Whitchurch & Constantine, 1993). Human beings are biological, psychological, social, and spiritual beings, who are in active relationship with all levels of their beingness, at all times - dynamism (Olds, 1992). Peter Senge (1990), one of best known proponents of systems thinking, says that our personalities and “endeavors are bound by invisible fabrics of interrelated actions, which often take years to fully play out their effects on each other.” (p. 7).

In order to study the Enneagram, it is broken down into its component parts. However, it is important to remember that personality functions not as isolated parts, but as a whole and dynamic system that since birth has been an unseen matrix supporting our egos and weaving together, habits, attitudes, assumptions, beliefs, and expectations that determine actions and reactions – i.e. performance. One should also keep in mind that a system, in this case personality, is self-regulating and adaptive (Laszlo, 1973). In other words, personalities are not static. The core traits remain central, but the resultant attitudes and behaviors change and evolve like any system. Typology methods provide only a snapshot of that person at the time they were typed creating the undesirable pigeonholing effect. Because the Enneagram is a dynamic system, as opposed to a personality typing method, it overcomes this flaw.


When approaching the study and the use of the Enneagram, it is important to understand this systems approach for expanding awareness and consciousness and that its purpose is to encourage personal growth, self-regulation, self-control, self-mastery, self-actualization and, ultimately, self-transcendence, to use Maslow’s terminology (Maslow, 1970 in Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2002). In this independent study, my focus is on using the Enneagram for the enhancement of performance and positive behavioral change, which requires self-regulation, self-control, and self-mastery. The Nine Personality Types of the Enneagram

Everyone has a core personality type that impacts the way they act, react, and behave on a daily basis, and everyone also has some of the characteristics of each of the nine personality types. In other words, we all have all of the numbers within us, just in varying degrees or amounts. (Bellotti, 2000; Condon, 2001; Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003a; Rohr & Ebert, 2000)

While the core personality type will not change, the behavior and reactions to stressful events and relationships can certainly improve. The purpose of identifying an individuals’ number (core personality type) is to increase awareness of behavioral tendencies, both positive and negative, and, in particular, that individuals reactive patterns. As shown below, the identification of the core personality type is only the first step to an awareness of what keeps anyone from achieving their potential in any area of life: professional, academic, sport, or personal; and, conversely, what changes need to be made. Different teachers use different names for the nine points of the Enneagram. Regardless of the name used to identify the point, the descriptions of the personality traits represented by each number are relatively universal. The most commonly used designations for the nine points are those of Riso and Hudson and Helen Palmer as set forth in Table 1 on the next page. A brief description of the main traits of each point follows. Palmer’s descriptors are italicized, and those that are used by both Riso and Hudson and Palmer are bolded (Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996). Since most of my training has been with Riso and Hudson and for the sake of brevity, following Table 1, I will use the Riso and Hudson nomenclature throughout the remainder of this paper. Core Dynamics and Levels of Development

According to Riso and Hudson (1996, 2003b), your core personality type is your temperament – and you are born with it. In that sense it is a nature construct, as opposed to a nurture construct. Each of us is born with a fundamental orientation toward our parents and toward the world in general. This is referred to as our personality, and personality is not a mistake or an accident. It is a developmental phase toward maturation (self-actualization), and, as you might suspect, a lot of people have arrested development. Personality is also our ego. It is an activity in consciousness. It is a verb, not a noun.

Basic Fear & Basic Desire

Progressing in this construct, one should recognize primarily that there is a dharma – a divine reality. One reason given for the arrested development of personality is that we, as humans, have lost contact with the Divine. This loss of contact with the Divine causes for each of us a primal catastrophe that makes us desperate. This desperation is the way each type feels about losing the most important thing (consciousness) in their worldview. In the study of the


Enneagram and the levels of development, this is referred to as one’s basic fear. Each type has its own basic fear. This basic fear triggers a basic desire that when acted upon will quell the ego-driven fear. The basic fears and basic desires for each type are listed in Table 2 (pg. 11). (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003b)

Table 1 ~ Enneagram Personality Types

R & H Palmer Trait highlights; extra Palmer terms in italics

1 Reformer Perfectionist Principled, orderly, perfectionistic, self-righteous; ethically superior, moral heroes,“should” &” must”

2 Helper Giver Caring, generous, possessive, manipulative; demand affection & approval, aggressively supportive

3 Motivator Performer Adaptable, ambitious, image-conscious, hostile; competitive, Type A, effective leaders

4 Individualist Tragic Romantic Intuitive, expressive, self-absorbed, depressive; tragic, sad, artistic, sensitive, committed to beauty

5 Investigator Observer Perceptive, original, detached, eccentric; detached, compartmentalize, intellectuals

6 Loyalist Devil’s Advocate Engaging, committed, defensive, paranoid; fearful, dutiful, procrastinators, team players

7 Enthusiast Epicure Enthusiastic, accomplished, uninhibited, manic; dilettantish, synthesizers, theoreticians, gen. Happy

8 Leader Boss Self-confident, decisive, dominating, combative; protective, control, excessive, take charge

9 Peacemaker Mediator Peaceful, reassuring, complacent, neglectful; space out, agreeable, obsessively ambivalent, narcoticize

Adapted from The Enneagram (Palmer, 1991) and Personality Types (Riso & Hudson, 1996) Hierarchy of Type

Most of the prominent Enneagram teachers divide each of the nine personality types into a simple hierarchy of evolution within that type. They are usually in three levels that range from evolved to unevolved, integrated to disintegrated, or, more commonly, healthy, normal, and unhealthy. (Bellotti, 2000; Condon, 2003a; Palmer, 1991; Rohr & Ebert, 2000)

One of the main distinctions of the Riso-Hudson approach to the study of the Enneagram is their creation of the levels of development. This scale represents “where you are” within nine levels of growth in each of the types. Level 1 is the highest, or most evolved or integrated. Level 9 is the lowest and represents true pathological mental and emotional disintegration. (Riso & Hudson, 1999, 2003a)

Levels 1, 2, and 3 are referred to as Healthy; Levels 4, 5, and 6 are considered Average; and, Levels 7, 8, and 9 are Unhealthy. No other teachers of the Enneagram utilize this


demarcation as definitively as Riso & Hudson. Riso & Hudson’s levels of development give a clarity to personality and resulting behavior unattainable by the general designations.

Within the nine levels of development of our personalities, we develop a center of gravity where we are most comfortable. Where we are on this scale of nine levels is our center of gravity. Transformation requires changing the center of gravity. This center of gravity is self-regulating – both up the scale and down. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b)

Table 2 ~ Basic Fears & Basic Desires.

T Y P E

Unhealthy

Average

Healthy

T R A I D

2. Self-Deceptive Manipulator Fear: being unloved

HELPER caring, nurturing,

concerned, generous

Disinterested Altruist Desire: to be loved

3. Exploitative Opportunist

Fear: being rejected

MOTIVATOR success/image-oriented,

adaptable, ambitious

Authentic Person Desire: be accepted & valued

4. Alienated Depressive

Fear: no stable sense of self

INDIVIDUALIST sensitive, withdrawn,

intuitive, artistic

Inspired Creator Desire: to create an identity

F E E L I N G

5. Isolated Nihilist Fear: being threatened or

overwhelmed

INVESTIGATOR original, observant,

intellectual, provocative

Pioneering Visionary Desire: capable of dealing w/

environment 6. Insecure Person

Fear: unable to survive on own LOYALIST

committed, traditional, engaging, responsible

Self-affirming Person Desire: find security by

identifying w/ others 7. Impulsive Escapist

Fear: being deprived ENTHUSIAST

spontaneous, enthusiastic, uninhibited, accomplished

Ecstatic Appreciator Desire: be satisfied, euphoric

T H I N K I N G

8. Ruthless Tyrant Fear: being weak, helpless,

vulnerable

LEADER protective, powerful, self-

confident, decisive

Magnanimous Hero Desire: be independent,

strong, self-reliant 9. Neglectful Person

Fear: of individuation (becoming themselves)

PEACEMAKER Easy-going, receptive,

optimistic

Self-Possessed Person Desire: union with other

1. Intolerant Person Fear: being imbalanced,

corrupt, evil

REFORMER Conscientious, idealistic,

rational, principled

Wise Realist Desire: to be right

I N S T I N C T I V E

Adapted from Personality Types and The Wisdom of the Enneagram, (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 1999)

A person may actually move up or down the levels of development one or even two levels from the center of gravity under certain circumstances or in certain areas of their life. They will, however, return to their center of gravity as soon as that situation or circumstance is over. Riso and Hudson (1996) claim, “People change from day to day and even from moment to moment” (p. 421), but continually self-regulate about their center of gravity.

Most “normal” people operate within in the average level of development: levels 4, 5, and 6. These average levels of development coincide nicely with Maslow’s middle scales of


need: safety, belonging, and esteem (Maslow, 1970 in Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2002). The Healthy levels 3, 2, and 1 represent self-actualization with level 1 also meeting the requirements for self-transcendence, a level Maslow described later in his life as an addendum to his initial five levels (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2002). To grow and change, we must move our center of gravity up the scale. To grow and change, we must also become aware, or “be present”, as Riso & Hudson (2003b) are fond of saying. The goal then, is to move our center of gravity up into the healthy levels of development. Table 3 below shows each personality type and its major traits listed as key descriptives at the different levels of development.

Table 3 ~ Enneagram Personality Types & Traits ~ Levels of Development

Type Level of Development

Personality Traits Behavior & Attitude Terms

One 1. Healthy Wise, Accepting The 2. Reasonable, Conscientious

Reformer 3. Responsible, Principled 4. Average Striving, Idealistic 5. Orderly, Self-controlled 6. Critical, Judgmental 7. Unhealthy Inflexible, Intolerant 8. Contradictory, Obsessive 9. Punishing, Condemnatory

Two 1. Healthy Loving unconditionally, Altruistic The 2. Loving, Empathetic

Helper 3. Giving, Supportive 4. Average Demonstrative, Well-intentioned 5. Intrusive, Possessive 6. Overbearing, Self-important 7. Unhealthy Manipulative, Self-justifying 8. Coercive, Entitled 9. Parasitic, Feel Victimized

Three 1. Healthy Authentic, Inner-Directed The 2. Admirable, Adaptable

Motivator 3. Self-improving, Goal-oriented 4. Average Performing, Success-oriented 5. Expedient, Image-conscious 6. Self-promoting, Grandiose 7. Unhealthy Deceptive, Unprincipled 8. Opportunistic, Duplicitous 9. Relentless, Monomaniacal

Four 1. Healthy Life-enhancing, Life Embracing The 2. Sensitive, Introspective

Individualist 3. Creative, Self-revealing 4. Average Individualistic, Romanticizing 5. Temperamental, Self-absorbed 6. Decadent, Self-indulgent 7. Unhealthy Alienated, Deeply resentful 8. Clinically depressed, Self-rejecting 9. Life-denying, Despairing


Table 3 ~ Enneagram Personality Types & Traits ~ Levels of Development (Cont’d)

Five 1. Healthy Visionary, Participating The 2. Perceptive, Observant

Investigator 3. Innovative, Focused 4. Average Expert, Conceptualizing 5. Preoccupied, Detached 6. Provocative, Extreme 7. Unhealthy Eccentric, Nihilistic 8. Delirious, Schizoid 9. “Psychotic”, Seeking Oblivion

Six 1. Healthy Courageous, Self-reliant The 2. Reliable, Engaging

Loyalist 3. Cooperative, Committed 4. Average Loyal, Dutiful 5. Defensive, Ambivalent 6. Blaming, Authoritarian 7. Unhealthy Clingingly dependent, Submissive 8. Lashing out, Paranoid 9. Self-destructive, Self-abasing

Seven 1. Healthy Satisfied, Appreciative The 2. Enthusiastic, Anticipating

Enthusiast 3. Productive, Realistic 4. Average Consuming, Acquisitive 5. Hyperactive, Uninhibited 6. Excessive, Self-centered 7. Unhealthy Escaping, Insatiable 8. Reckless, Manic (Depressive) 9. Paralyzed, Overwhelmed

Eight 1. Healthy Heroic, Self-surrendering The 2. Strong, Self-reliant

Leader 3. Leading, Self-confident 4. Average Enterprising, Pragmatic 5. Dominating, Self-Glorifying 6. Intimidating, Confrontational 7. Unhealthy Dictatorial, Ruthless 8. Terrorizing, Megalomaniacal 9. Destructive, Sociopathic

Nine 1. Healthy Indomitable, Self-possessed The 2. Peaceful, Unselfconscious

Peacemaker 3. Comforting, Unselfish 4. Average Agreeable, Self-effacing 5. Complacent, Disengaged 6. Appeasing, Resigned 7. Unhealthy Neglectful, Repressed 8. Disoriented, Dissociating 9. “Disappearing”, Self-abandoning


The Levels of Development and their directions toward integration and disintegration are shown in Table 4 (below). As we integrate we become healthy, and as we disintegrate, we become unhealthy. As mentioned above, most “normal” people are found in the average levels of development, usually around Level 5. It is interesting to note that Level 4 moves back and forth between integration and disintegration, while at Level 5 the movement is totally in the direction of disintegration. The direction of integration or disintegration leads to a specific number, and may be seen by arrows imposed on the lines of the standard Enneagram diagram (Figure3, p.12). This dynamic will be discussed further in Stress/Security Points.

Table 4 ~ Direction of Integration & Disintegration Through the Levels of Development

Direction of

Integration

Direction of Dis-

integration

Healthy Levels Average Levels Unhealthy Levels 1. Liberation 2. Psychological Capacity 3. Social Value/Gift 4. Imbalance 5. Interpersonal

Control

6. Overcompensation 7. Violation 8. Delusion &

Compulsion 9. Pathological

Destruction Adapted from Personality Types and Certification Training (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003,)

Diagram for Core Dynamics On the following page there is a diagram of the Core Dynamics (Table 5). It represents

the nine levels and the direction of disintegration as one moves down the levels. Basically the Parental Orientation (explained later) stimulates the basic fear. The basic fear leads one to want the basic desire down one level into Level 2. The basic desire is the fundamental central motivator, the “ego agenda” that is created to make up for the basic fear. From this position a person can go one of two directions. One, you can recognize the ego and move up the scale to Level 1 and self-actualization. Unfortunately, Level 1is rare and is usually transitory.

Or two, if level 1 can’t be sustained, one can move laterally across Level 2 through the attitudes (a sense of what I am, talent-wise) and behaviors (ego identity – “I am loving”). Even Level 2 is extraordinary and it is rare to sustain it. At Level 2 one is present in the ego. This presence can trigger a secondary fear. For example a Two* at Level 2 might be extremely aware of all they are doing, but might fear that they are being selfish. This is referred to as taking the “wrong turn”. This wrong turn could trigger a secondary desire. If the ego finds solace in that secondary desire, the Two moves down a level. (*The individual Enneagram types are represented by the number spelled out and capitalized, e.g. a Nine, or a Two.)


Table 5 ~ Core Dynamics and Disintegration

The descent can also continue by moving across that level to a behavior that, in turn, triggers another secondary fear, which in turn, creates another secondary desire, and so on. The whole time the ego is trying to make the basic fear and the secondary fears not true. Level 4 moves one into the average levels. At Level 4 one is a well functioning human with a “happy ego”. Again, using the Two as an example, if they begin to feel that others are not cooperating with them, they can move down another level. When this begins to happen, according to Riso & Hudson (2003b), you have the opportunity to receive a “wake-up call” while still in Level 4. For example, when the Two accesses the secondary desire at Level 4 it is that they want to be close to others. However, if they begin to feel that they have to go more than half


way to establish this state, their attitude becomes solicitous. If they are aware, or present, they will recognize this and take steps to reflect and adjust their attitude and become more well intentioned. This would keep them relatively stable in Level 4. (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003a, 2003b)

If they are not aware, they can move into the behavior of people-pleasing and become ingratiating. The healthy Two will focus on the person, whereas the average Two begins to focus on the relationship over the person. This can lead to the secondary fear that the people they love will love someone else more than them. This, in turn, can lead them to the secondary desire of Level 5: they want to be needed and they will make themselves necessary to others. As they descend to Level 5, which is the Level most “normal” people inhabit, they begin to try to control their environment. “The person must now get others to accept and reinforce the self-image and fulfill ego needs. Defense mechanisms cause interpersonal and intrapsychic conflicts and increasing anxiety if they fail” (Riso & Hudson, 1996, p. 467).

When under intense or chronic stress at Level 5, they definitely begin to move with their line of disintegration to their stress point (See Figure 3, p. 8). The Two, before they move to Eight (their stress point), will exhaust all of their resources as a Two. Also, they will most likely move into their strong Wing and begin to tap into those resources before moving toward their number of disintegration. They do this in a lateral movement level-wise. In other words, a Two at Level 5 will take on traits of its strong Wing at Level 5. The same rule holds when they finally move into their stress point. For example, the Two would finally take on the traits of an Eight at Level 5. In Enneagram jargon this is referred to as “Two going to Eight.”

Moving to the stress point is actually an extremely effective coping mechanism, especially in the average levels. It can usually support the ego long enough to reestablish stasis and avoid another actual descent down a level. It is at these times that one might “dip down” a level or event two, taking on some of the traits of that lower level of development for a while (a minute, hour, week, or even a month), but eventually come back to reside at your personal center of gravity (Hudson, 2003).

If, however, one descends into Level 6, the level of overcompensation, their life is definitely not working well. This is the area in which one hits a red flag fear. If they are aware and present, they can recognize the red flag of pathology and reverse the downward trend. If they are not aware, however, they become more egocentric, conflicted and defensive. The Two might say, “I’m having a bad day, so I can act belligerent and bilious.” In fact, they will feel entitled to act in this manner. People at Level 6 begin to practice the “Leaden Rule”, that is “I will do unto others what I fear they will do unto me.” (Riso & Hudson, 2003b)

Unfortunately, the further down the Levels one descends the less conscious and aware they are. They become a reaction machine, and more desperate to establish some sense of balance. The more desperate they become, the unhealthier they become. At Level 7, they have moved into dangerous territory. They feel personally violated from real or perceived trauma. There may actually be a change in brain chemistry – this is the level where clinical depression begins. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b)

The next level down, Level 8, is one of full-blown pathology. Delusional thinking is a hallmark. From here, Level 9 is easy to reach. It is a level of pathological destructiveness to self or others. Psychotic breaks are not unusual at this level. At this level, one has finally manifested the basic and secondary fears – they have created their self-fulfilling prophecy of destruction. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b)


“But”, as Riso and Hudson (2003b) are fond of saying, “it doesn’t have to go this way!” If one learns to be present, one can move up the levels instead of down.

During the Certification Training, several days were spent taking each number through the entire process of disintegration using the above method. Table 2 (p. 11) is a composite of the nine types grouped in their respective Triads (listed on the far right). The columns describe the pervasive trait exhibited in the grouped Level of Development: Healthy, Average, and Unhealthy. For more definitive descriptors of all 9 Levels of Development for each personality type, review Table 3 (p. 12). For more clarification, Table 6 on the next page progresses you through the downward devolution of a Nine.

Table 6 ~ Core Dynamics Progression

Personality Type Nine: The Peacemaker

Italics are from personal notes

Parental Orientation: Attachment with both parents

Behavior Terms Attitude Terms Desires Fears HEALTHY LEVELS 1. Level of Liberation SELF-ACTUALIZATION: BASIC FEAR: Indomitable All-embracing Self-determining Dynamic Connected Independent Autonomous

Self-Remembering “Present” Awake Exuberant Serene Self-aware Alert

Let’s go of their identification with a particular self-image, that their participation in the world is unimportant Abe Lincoln Nelson Mandella

Of loss and separation (of being cut off from everything) Fear of annihilation

2. Level of Psychological Capacity BASIC DESIRE: SECONDARY FEARS: Peaceful (I am) Relaxed Steady Stable Gentle Natural Easy-going Kind “Seeker” – very attracted to spirituality

Unselfconscious Receptive Optimistic Humble Guileless Contemplative Impressionable Sensual Non-verbal – very attracted to non-verbal cues/tactile healers

To have inner stability (“peace of mind”)

Wholeness

Of losing their peace of mind

“I won’t be knocked off balance.” At this level Nines bring peace – they change the environment

Wrong Turn: the self is not the object of my consciousness. Assent: At any level you can begin the assent with awareness & presence.


3. Level of Social Value SECONDARY DESIRES: SECONDARY FEARS: Comforting Mediating Supportive Healing Reconciling Level-headed Imaginative Synthesizing Adventure Fun

Unselfish Inclusive Patient Steadfast Forgiving Uncritical Unpretentious “balanced” Energy Creativity “healing touch”

To create and maintain peace and harmony in their environment “get hands dirty” Calm in emergencies Has own voice even in unpopular situations Hugh Downs, Monet Jim Henson

Of conflicts (internal and external)

“We can all get along.” Walt Disney-created his idealized world Seem “2-ish” “Happy Days” was a Nine time

THE AVERAGE LEVELS 4. Level of Imbalance Social Role: Nobody Special SECONDARY DESIRES: SECONDARY FEARS: Agreeable Compliant Excusing Conventional Pleasant “Fitting in” Respectable Loyal

Self-effacing Accommodating Idealizing others* Sentimental Unquestioning Simplifying Philosophizing Discounting self Dutiful

To avoid conflicts (by acquiescing to others” “Inner Sanctum” Saying “yes” when you mean “NO!” – can become habit. Most likely to look like a Two at this level.

Of any significant change/disruptions in their world

Self-assertion = aggression “I don’t care. Whatever you want is fine with me.” “Why can’t we all get along?”

Inertia begins to set in here for taking care of self – gets worse as Nine goes down the scale.

5. Level of Interpersonal Control SECONDARY DESIRES: SECONDARY FEARS: Complacent Comfort-seeking Habitual Busy work Into routines Wool-gathering Puttering “Auto-pilot” Defensive Even keel Manana

Disengaged Selective attention Passive-aggressive - “I dare you to underestimate me!” Unresponsive Resisting Unreflective Stoical Beliefs as defense Anxious Neutrality/indifference

To maintain things as they are – to be undisturbed (out of the flux of life) 8-9-1 all want respect, the more you get disrespected, the more you go down the scale.

Of having to exert themselves in any way; of leaving their comfortable patterns Will be convinced it doesn’t matter, but it is only an escape.

“I’ll deal with that a little later …” “What’s all the fuss about?” Develop an air tight philosophy: I go with the flow/ 6 of 1, ½ doz. of the other This keeps people “off my back” ALWAYS “has an answer”

WAKE-UP CALL HERE


6. Level of Overcompensation SECONDARY DESIRES: SECONDARY FEARS: Appeasing Ignoring Sins of omission Deflecting Suppressive Dismissing “Killing time” Stubborn Belligerent

Resigned Minimizing Unrealistic Indifferent Apathetic Wishful thinking Suppressing anger “peace at any price” Short-tempered

To downplay the importance of problems in their world Getting farther removed from belly energy

Of being forced to deal with their problems LEADED RULE begins to be practiced: Cutting off people in life

“If you can’t say something nice, don’t say anything at all.” People start getting upset with Nines at this level. Nines go into “turtle mode”: Banging on shell won’t bring them out. Often impose “no talk” rule. Withdrawn types (4, 5, 9) confuse imagination with interiority

THE UNHEALTHY LEVELS 7. Level of Violation SECONDARY DESIRES: SECONDARY FEARS: Neglectful Irresponsible Ineffectual Low-energy Addictive “Door mats” Listless Highly resistant Unpredictable

Repressed Unavailable Obstinate Stonewalling Willfully blind Depressed Feel powerless Anhedonic – without pleasure/flat affect Panicky

To defend their illusion that everything is OK Major intervention required at this point

Of acknowledging reality at all – particularly their own role in problems Avoidance of guilt & reality Starting to lose the capacity to function

“Why is everyone trying to upset me?” “The more you bring it up, the less I’m going to do it.” Moments of tremendous rage: “Get the F- - - off me!” 8. Level of Delusion & Compulsion SECONDARY DESIRES: SECONDARY FEARS: Disoriented “Shut down” Helpless Depersonalized Amnesiac Confused Irrational

Ophelia in Hamlet

Dissociating Complete denial Affectless Desolate Numb Lost Feel persecuted

To block out of awareness anything that could affect them Movies: Long Days Journey Into Night; Requiem for a Dream

That what has happened cannot be undone – fear of reality itself Deflated, depressed, Delayed reactions – not spontaneous (like shell-shocked)

“None of this is real – it’s all just a dream.”

RED FLAG Forced by reality to be present


9. Level of Pathological Destructiveness SECONDARY DESIRES: SECONDARY FEARS: “Disappearing” Empty shells Fragmenting Wasted Inert, vacant Subpersonalities Self-punishing

Self-abandoning Catatonic Regressive Shattered Devastated Vacant Self-abasing

To eliminate their awareness (to save their illusions) Can become autistic - stare

The Basic Fear is realized – that they have become lost and separated from self and others

BUT – IT DOESN’T HAVE TO BE THIS WAY!

Parental Orientation ~ Origins of Type ~ Childhood Patterns At this point in time, the development or assignment of the true origin of type of an individual is a mystery. There have been a variety of proposals offering rationales on how we become our type, “but none can provide any substantive proof or validity. These often compelling arguments include qualities of parenting, genetics, reincarnation, and souls choosing their types.” (Riso & Hudson, 2003a, p. 50).

In 1987, Riso provided some plausible explanations in his first book, Personality Types (reprinted 1996). At that time he suggested that the types were “generated by particular orientations to parental figures in childhood. These were based on observations and discussions with friends, colleagues, and workshop attendees” (Riso & Hudson, 2003a, p. 50). In this description, Riso said that a certain type had “positive, negative, or ambivalent” attitude toward the “mother, father, or both” parents. Riso felt his ideas were only “partially complete”, but considered this a “first stab” at answering a question expressed by every serious student of the Enneagram. (Riso & Hudson, 2003a, p. 50-51) In 1992, a student of Riso & Hudson’s, Tom Markey, took Riso’s concept of a child being “positive, negative, or ambivalent” to the “mother, father, or both”, and changed the wording to “connected, disconnected, or ambivalent” to the “nurturing-figure, protective-figure, or both.” (Riso & Hudson, 2003a, p. 52). This new languaging made more sense and overcame some of the contradictions contained in Riso’s original premise. Riso and Hudson have come to the conclusion that the patterns described are probably less the origin of type, but more probably a “consistent orientation toward self, others, and the environment at a very deep level.” With this in mind, they now refer to these as “parental orientation” as opposed to “childhood origins” (Riso & Hudson, 2003a, p. 53). The parental orientation provides significant information about the dominant “object relations” of an individual. This parental orientation is demonstrated in Table 7 (below).


Table 7 Parental Orientation Chart

Connected Disconnected Ambivalent

Nurturing-Figure 3 7 8

Protective-Figure 6 1 2

Both 9 4 5

Adapted from Personality Types, (Riso & Hudson, 1996), p. 448

In neo-analytic terminology, it is said that “the essence of who we are cannot be understood without understanding our relations with significant others.” (Friedman & Shustack, 2003, p. 139). This approach is called object relations. Most object relations theorists believe that “the self is socially constructed as a function of specific interpersonal interactions, rather than something that emerges naturally through biological development.” (Kernberg, 1984, in Friedman & Shustack, 2003, p 139). The ego is the personality structure that develops to deal with the real world (Freud, 1917/1924, in Friedman & Shustack, 2003). Another way of explaining object relations is that for there to be an “ego” (I), there must be an “other” (not I). At birth there is an unconscious sense of other (mom and dad). They are superimposed over everything. Our view of God resembles this construct. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b) Riso and Hudson (2003b) believe that the “lens” by which we view the “others” in our lives is present at birth (nature). It determines how we view our relationship with our nurturing and/or protective figures. It does not, however, nullify the impact of parental influence after birth (nurture). For example, a Seven is said to be “disconnected” from the nurturing figure. While the Seven’s mother may be an extremely loving and caring parent, the Seven won’t view it in that light. While he may not feel “abandoned” by his mother, he will have a certain “disconnect” with her. His “view” of how he was treated by his mother may not resemble the reality of the situation. This parental orientation of the Seven determines the basic fear of “being deprived”, which leads to the basic desire, “to be satisfied”, and the progression begins.

However, if parented well, and there are no other significant negative influences affecting his growth and development, his assent up the levels of development will be easier than if he was abandoned or abused by his mother. In the latter case, he will most likely start his adult life at much lower level of development.

The Triads

The types are further divided into three triads that are closely related and referred to as three centers of intelligence: the instinctive, or gut, triad (8, 9, 1); the feeling, or heart, triad (2, 3, 4); and the thinking, or head, triad (5, 6, 7). (Figure 4 on the next page) These designations are well accepted and universally taught by all Enneagram teachers (Daniels & Palmer, n.d.; Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1999; Rohr & Ebert, 2000). These basic components of the human psyche represent each personality’s fundamental psychological orientation and it is within this


orientation that ego creates its defense mechanisms to protect itself. Within these orientations, each Triad possesses an underlying emotional construct (anger, shame, and fear) with which individual must deal with. (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 1999)

Furthermore, according to Riso and Hudson (1999), “the three personality types in each Triad are not arbitrary. Each type results from a dialectic, consisting of a thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, of the psychological faculty characterizing that Triad.” (p. 28). To achieve self-actualization, one must unite the three Triads. The head and gut centers must come together at the heart. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b)

Figure 4 ~ The Triads

The Instinctive Triad (Eight, Nine, & One).Oscar Ichazo referred to the Instinctive Triad as the “trouble with being” group. Eights, Nines, and Ones wrestle with the idea of being in the world. They reason that if Self is body, how can I be safe since the body is impermanent? Gurdjieff taught that “a person must be before they do”, and this Triad struggles with this notion. (Riso & Hudson, 2003a, 2003b) Riso and Hudson (1999) say that the Eight, Nine, and One are “concerned with maintaining resistance to reality (creating boundaries for the self that are based on physical tensions). These types tend to have problems with aggression and repression. Underneath their ego defenses they carry a great deal of rage.” (p. 51). The Instinctive Triad strives for autonomy, and develops anger - even rage - when they don’t achieve it. Much like the teachings in martial arts, they must learn to center their energy, their presence, in their belly in order to be confident and efficient. When “in the belly”, there is a sense of “I am”. When an Eight, Nine, or One steps out of this center it can spell catastrophe. The ego compensates by creating boundaries, and this trio begins to separate from the environment and the personality constricts. When confident and relaxed, they are in a natural flow. If they lose their confidence, they exert a constant force of will to compensate for any loss of natural flow. Riso refers to the Instinctual Triad as the “I don’t want to be messed with


group.” (2003b). That is, they want to affect the world without having the world affect them. An example of the Instinctive Triad’s conundrum is attitude that, “I will function and be disconnected”. This is challenged by “I need connection or I can’t function.” (Riso & Hudson, 2003b) The term inertia is often used when referring to this group. Like inertia, they can be hard to get moving, but once moving, their force is extremely difficult to stop. Nine’s, for example, are noted for their passive aggressive behavior when angered. Regarding inertia, an angry Nine might say, “You can’t move me. Go ahead and try.” And, then they would assume a false pride for their behavior. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b) Members of this Triad strive for autonomy, and they feel compelled to function on their own. While true autonomy is the autonomy of being, the ego’s idea of autonomy is separateness. As children, they will want to “do it myself” whether the skill is well learned or not. As adults, under stress they revert to self-reliance and usually only trust themselves. The master emotion of this Triad is anger. Riso and Hudson (1996, 2003b) feel that rage is an even better descriptor. While everyone is instinctually angry when a boundary is invaded, this triad can develop “constipated anger” and want to “destroy” when pushed too far. When “terrified”, they will unleash it. Eights will act out the anger. As they feel it, they must discharge it. This keeps them from feeling the rage. Nines suppress and deny the anger until they explode. One’s have a tendency to either vent or resist their anger. As a result they justify it when vented and repress it as they resist venting. (Riso & Hudson, 2003a, 2003b)

The Feeling Triad (Two, Three, & Four). The feeling or heart center of the nine types consists of the Two, Three, and Four. The heart center can inform and transform the personality. The experiences of life “touch us”, and the only way they can touch us is if our hearts are open. These types have trouble opening their hearts for fear it will be broken - as it has surely been broken before. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b)

Riso and Hudson (1999), say that types Two, Three, and Four are “concerned with self-image (attachment to the false or assumed self of personality). They believe that the stories about themselves and their assumed qualities are their actual identity. Underneath their ego defenses these types carry a great deal of shame.” (p. 51).

The types of the Feeling Triad often want to know the meaning of life, “Why am I here?” The Two’s are here for love, Three’s for value, and the Four’s for identity. They also want to know, “Am I wanted?” When they don’t have an answer for these questions, they feel deficient – they feel shame. As a result, shame is the master emotion of this Triad. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b)

Part of the challenge for this Triad is to show themselves without fully being seen. Because they are afraid they will see their own deficiency and shame, they certainly don’t want others to see these deficiencies. When afraid, they turn away. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b)

The Thinking Triad (Five, Six, & Seven). The Thinking, or head Triad is mostly

concerned with making choices. In many instances, the feeling is that the wrong choice will “obliterate me”. Riso and Hudson (1999) say that types Five, Six, and Seven are “concerned with anxiety (they experience a lack of support and guidance). They engage in behaviors that they believe will enhance their safety and security. Underneath their ego defenses these types carry a great deal of fear.” (p. 51). Fear, then, is the master emotion of the Thinking Triad.

The Thinking Triad relates to the world like a blind man trying to explain an elephant. To know more, they must explore more. They think in their mind, and in a sense, they fill up their


minds with thought so they won’t have to think about what mind is. They seek guidance and security and when they don’t have it they experience fear, anxiety, and even terror. This group literally stays in their heads. They don’t trust their intuition because intuition is knowing not thinking – and they must think. Because they think more often than know, they tend to worry about what they do and don’t know. Worry is a common trait in this Triad. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b) The Wings

Once the basic personality type is identified, refinements can be made “since no one is a ‘pure’ personality type” (Riso & Hudson, 1996, p. 43). For example, while the basic type dominates the personality, the numbers adjacent to the type, known as the Wings, add important and/or contradictory elements to the personality (Condon, 2001; Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996). For example, an individual who is a Four would have a Three wing and a Five wing that also influence them.

While both wings may equally influence an individual, this is rare and it is usually accepted in Enneagram circles that one wing dominates. That dominating Wings’ influence can be weak, moderate, or strong. For example, a Nine could have a strong Eight wing or a weak Eight wing.

A unique subtype is created when the dominant wing is taken into consideration. For instance, a Nine with a One wing will look completely different than a Nine with an Eight wing. By the same token, a Nine with a strong One wing can be differentiated from a Nine with a weak One wing. (Riso & Hudson, 1996)

Knowing one’s wing can help individualize the more general core types and narrow down the issues that you must face in order to manifest positive change. The subtleties in these differentiations can be understood better by thinking of each personality type as a color. We can say that a Nine, for instance, is the color blue. While there is only one blue, there is certainly a family of associated shades (Riso & Hudson, 1999). These shades can range from midnight or navy blue to turquoise or teal, yet they are all blue. Just like there is a continuum of the color spectrum, there is a continuum of the personality spectrum. (Riso & Hudson, 1996). The color of one point can bleed into the color of the adjoining point, creating a totally different shade of personality.

Consideration of the Wings is critical when trying to evolve or change. Riso and Hudson (1996, 2003) have created names for the wing subtypes as a way of distinguishing them. (See Table 8 on the next page) A short hand method of describing the wing types is utilized: a “Nine with an Eight wing” is annotated ‘9w8’.


Table 8 Riso-Hudson Subtype Names

8w7 The Maverick Wide-ranging plans and pursuits. More aggressive & demanding.

8 The Leader

8w9 The Bear More domestic, slower pace. Stubborn, resistant to change.

9w8 The Referee Easy-going, practical, grounded, slow moving and sensual.

9 The Peacemaker

9w1 The Dreamer Philosophical, more idealistic, faster pace, tight, driven.

1w9 The Idealist More cerebral, cool, detached. Refinement, standards, nature.

1 The Reformer

1w2 The Advocate More intense and interpersonal, involved, fire-brands and movers.

2w1 The Servant More of the helper, the caretaker, service oriented.

2 The Helper

2w3 The Host/Hostess More sociable, seeking intimacy, less serious.

3w2 The Star Focus on personal qualities, charm, being desirable, liked.

3 The Motivator

3w4 The Professional Focus on tasks, competency, more introverted, moody.

4w3 The Aristocrat Emphasis on taste, refinement, “class”, being accomplished.

4 The Individualist

4w5 The Bohemian Emphasis on being different, “offbeat”, personal expression.

5w4 The Iconoclast Creative innovation, alternate realities, dark fantasies, nihilism.

5 The Investigator

5w6 The Problem-Solver

Exploration, information gathering, analysis, reductionism.

Adapted from The Wisdom of the Enneagram and Personality Types (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 1999)

Instinctual Variants ~ Instinctual Subtypes The instinctual subtypes were first described by Oscar Ichazo and much of what has been written has been based on “twenty-seven single words of phrases that Ichazo offered as brief names or descriptors of these variants.” (Riso & Hudson, 1996, p 427) Ichazo defines them as:

… three fundamental reactions of our organism in order to sustain life. The interconnections between them produces a corresponding triad in the higher psychological levels, and the sensing of these three organic systems appear as our basic


psychological levels in the form of instinctual centers of attention, whose demands we cannot ignore because they immediately threaten our survival. (Chernick-Fauvre, 2001, p. 1) These instinctual subtypes are taught and recognized by all the major teachers of the

Enneagram. (Chernick-Fauvre, 2001; Condon, 2000; Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996). Katharine Chernick-Fauvre (2001), who has done the most in-depth research in this area to date, states that the “theory being that if all three of these instinctual drives were in balance, we could function ‘perfectly’ or ‘appropriately’ to the needs of each situation.” (p. 2). She goes on to indicate that such a balance is rare and “usually one of these drives is ‘damaged’ and commands and undue amount of our attention; and it is a person’s most ‘damaged’ instinctual drive that is overused and becomes dominant.” (p. 2).

Everyone possesses some degree of each instinct. The instinctual types are described by the most dominant first, then the second, and the third. In Enneagram vocabulary, the instincts are stacked with the most dominant drive on top. The next influential drive is stacked in the middle with the least significant on the bottom. For instance, I am a “Social-Sexual-Self-Pres”. Each Instinct can be stacked two ways, so there are 6 stacks to choose from. (Chernick-Fauvre, 2001; Riso & Hudson, 1996)

Riso and Hudson (1996, p. 426) take issue with the term “subtype” because, they say, a subtype, “by definition”, is dependent on being part of a type. For example, when looking at the Wings, a Nine with a strong One wing actually becomes a subtype of the Nine. The subtype in this instance is dependent upon the predominant type (Nine) for its qualities. This is not the case with the instinctual subtypes. They stand alone, and are independent of the number they are associated with. This is why Riso and Hudson have chosen to refer to them as Instinctual Variants (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003a) This is not the case with other instructors, and while many agree with the accuracy of the observation, tradition trumps reason, and they are still referred to as subtypes by most students and teachers. Semantics aside, the instinctual variants play a significant role in how individuals of a certain type interact with the environment. As mentioned above, these variants are based on three instincts or drives of human behavior: the self-preservation instinct; the social instinct; and the sexual instinct (Chernick-Fauvre, 2001). An ongoing search for survival is what drives the self-preserving instinctual type. This drive is defined by “a need for vigilance, aggression, and protectiveness, and a fundamental sense or feeling that you need to fight to survive, and that you must destroy or move against in order to do so.” Their primary desire is for security, and they will “sacrifice for self” to insure survival. (Chernick-Fauvre, 2001, p. 9) The social instinctual variant is driven by an “ongoing search for community.” “There is an overriding need to belong, especially to a group. There is an underlying preoccupation with the interaction within the group.” Their primary desire is for groups, and they will “sacrifice for the group” to ensure their status. (Chernick-Fauvre, 2001, p. 10) The sexual instinctual variant is driven by the “ongoing search for intimacy and one-to-one relationships.” “Their primary desire is for a mate, which is manifested by an imbalanced need for wholeness, …” They will “sacrifice for the relationship” to ensure connection. (Chernick-Fauvre, 2001, p. 11)

As with most of the constructs involved with the Enneagram, the instinctual variants are also level dependent. The lower one descends the levels of development, “the more the personality will interfere with the natural expression of the instinct.” (Riso & Hudson, 1996, p.


427). What this means is that Self-preservation types will become destructive of their health and security; Social types become antisocial, alienating others; and Sexual types develop problems with the expression of their sexuality. (Chernick-Fauvre, 2001; Riso & Hudson, 1996) Hornevian Groups

The Hornevian Groups were named by Riso and Hudson (1996) in honor of Karen Horney, a Viennese born psychiatrist who replaced Freud’s biological determinism with the idea of basic anxiety – a child’s sense of helplessness and insecurity. This basic anxiety could be directed at almost anyone by focusing the inner turmoil of neurotic apprehension about the “shoulds” in our lives outward, onto the world around us (Friedman & Shustack, 2003, p. 135, 154). Horney saw neurosis as continuous with normal life, a way in which one would attempt to make life bearable. She termed this process “interpersonal control and coping.” Horney developed three broad coping strategies that people utilize to attempt to solve their inner conflicts: passivity or compliance; aggression; and withdrawal. She described compliance as the moving-toward strategy and as a self-effacing solution. Aggression was referred to as moving against and the expansive solution. And, withdrawal was called the moving-away-from and resigning solution. (Boeree, 1997b; Friedman & Shustack, 2003), Riso and Hudson are not the only Enneagram teachers that have integrated Horney’s coping strategies into the Enneagram, but most others align the three strategies directly with the Triads. For example, Rhor (2000), whose lectures on the Enneagram were translated into German, places the hostile or aggressive types firmly in the gut center (Eight, Nine, One). The heart center (Two, Three, Four) is home for the passive/compliant strategy, and the aversion/withdrawal strategies are utilized by the head center (Five, Six, Seven). Riso and Hudson (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003b), however, have noticed the obvious discrepancies in this assignment and have created an entirely new grouping – the Hornevian Groups. (See Figure 5 below). These groups represent the social style of each type: assertive, withdrawn, and compliant. The assertives are the Threes, Sevens, and Eights. These types are “ego-oriented and ego-expansive. They respond to stress and difficulty by building up, reinforcing, or inflating their ego. They expand their ego in the face of difficulty rather than back down, withdraw, or seek protection from others.” (Riso & Hudson, 1999, p. 61). Processing feelings is difficult for all three of these types. In Riso and Hudson’s (1996) characterization, these types will insist or demand that they get what they want. Ones, Twos, and Sixes make up the compliant types. These three types all “share a need to be of service to other people. They are advocates, crusaders, public servants, and committed workers. All three respond to stress by consulting with their superego to find out what is the right thing to do.” This can be accomplished by asking questions of themselves such as, “How can I meet the demands of what others expect of me?” Or, “How can I be a responsible person?” It should be noted that these types are not necessarily compliant to other people. They are, however, extremely compliant to the demands of their superegos. That is they have a need to “obey the internalized rules, principles, and dictates that they have learned from childhood.” (Riso & Hudson, 1999, p. 61). These types will attempt to earn what they want by “placating their superego.” (Riso & Hudson, 1999, p. 63).


Figure 5 ~ The Hornevian Groups

Horney’s moving-away-from types (withdrawns), are the Fours, Fives, and Nines. These types do not differentiate a great deal between their “unconscious, unprocessed feelings, thoughts, and impulses” and their conscious self. They respond to stress “by moving away from engagement with the world and into an ‘inner space’ in their imagination.” (Riso & Hudson, 1999, p. 62). For example, a Four might withdraw into an “idealized or romantic Fantasy Self”; a Five might withdraw into a “complex and cerebral Inner Tinker Toy”; and a Nine will most likely withdraw into a “safe and carefree Inner Sanctum.” (Riso & Hudson, 1999, p. 62). In other words, these types can all zone out and retreat easily into their imaginations. To further understand this concept, we examine the core motivation and style of each type in relation to its Triad. In the Instinctive Triad, “the Eight demands autonomy, the Nine withdraws to gain autonomy (to have their own space), and the One attempts to earn autonomy


(feeling that if they are perfect, others will not interfere with them).” (Riso & Hudson, 1999, p. 63). In the Feeling Triad, “the Two, a compliant type, tries to earn attention (serving and doing thoughtful things for others).” The assertive Three “demands attention (doing whatever wins recognition and attention).” The Four will then “withdraw for attention (in the hopes someone will come and discover them).” (Riso & Hudson, 1999, p. 63). Moving to the Thinking Triad, the Five will withdraw “for security (‘I will be safe if I stay away from others’); the Six tries to earn security (‘I will be safe if I do what is expected of me’); and the Seven demands security (‘I am going after what I need to feel secure’).” (Riso & Hudson, 1999, p. 63). The Harmonic Groups The Harmonic Groups are strictly a construct developed by Riso and Hudson (Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003b) and not part of traditional Enneagram studies. Don Riso initially noticed similarities between certain types and how they coped with conflict. They are utilized more in transformational work because “they indicate how each person copes when they do not get what they want (as indicated by the Triad they are in). Thus they reveal a fundamental way that our personality defends against loss and disappointment.” (Riso & Hudson, 1999, p. 64). The Harmonic Groups are created by choosing the core point of each Triad (Nine, Three, and Six) and linking the point two points away. (See Figure 6 below). Keep in mind that under stress these categorizations are level specific (see Levels of Development). Also, unlike the lines of disintegration (discussed below) we don’t go to or shunt to the number in the Harmonics Group and take on those behaviors or attitudes, we just behave similarly. In other words, in the Positive Outlook Group the Seven will not take on the behavior of the Two, the behavior is just similar.

Adapted from Personality Types, (Riso & Hudson, 1996)

Figure 6 ~ The Harmonic Groups

Harmonics: Positive Outlook Group (Seven, Nine, & Two). The Positive Outlook Group consists of the Nine, Seven, and Two. When this group is engaged, it is because they care – they generally have good intentions. The higher up the levels they progress, the more positive the


outlook. Down the levels, this grouping tends to “not want to hear” the negative. They retreat from “bad vibes” and don’t want to face problems. These three types all have problems balancing the needs of their self with the needs of others. Under stress, the Two will begin to take care of others instead of themselves; the Seven will take care of themselves primarily; and the Nine will take care of neither. The further down the levels they descend under stress, the more they take on the central trait of the core type. In this case, the Seven and the Two, under stress, revert to the underlying anger of the Nine in order to cope. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b) Harmonics: The Intensity Group (Eight, Six, & Four). The intensity group consists of the Six as the core point with the Eight and Four flanking it. These three points all need to have intense feedback emotionally. Nothing can be resolved until they get to their feelings, which have to be “placed upon the table”. They want others to match their level of intensity, and when they don’t get it, they will provoke until they do. This behavior naturally increases the further down the levels of development they go. Sixes are skilled at letting people know how they feel in an unspoken manner. Fours may feel that they are “not being heard” if the person they are engaging doesn’t emotion. And Eights, of course, can be down right confrontational. While all three responses may exhibit themselves as anger, the underlying emotion of the Six - fear - lies at the core. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b). Harmonics: The Competency Group (One, Three, & Five). The competency group is built around the core point Three, and includes the One and Five. Unlike the intensity group, they are not in search of feelings; they are looking for capability and structure - what are the rules? They look for the components of conflict and then they want to understand it, solve it, and move on. While this attitude is a necessary part of conflict resolution, with the competency group, they can become extremely cold and efficient during the process. This group works either strictly within the structures and rules (One), without structures and rules (Five), or within and without the structures and rules (Three), that is, whatever works. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b) Hudson Theorem. When dealing with a two-person relationship, in order to enjoy a healthy and loving relationship, the harmonic component may be the missing link. If you open up your heart to another and get abused, it should tell you something about the relationship and the level of development of the person who abuses you. With this in mind, Russ Hudson developed what he calls “The Hudson Theorem” in order to resolve conflict in a two-person relationship. The Hudson Theorem is: In any conflict the person who is higher up the levels of development has to drop their defenses and address the needs of the other. Hudson goes on to say that the bad news is that you always have to assume that it’s you that is higher up the levels. Furthermore, without presence, none of this is possible. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b) Stress/Security Points: Lines of Disintegration/Integration

The triangle and hexagram contained in the circle and connecting the nine points of the Enneagram, also have an important function. They represent the direction a particular personality type will go when under stress, or in enneagram terminology, disintegration. In the diagram (Figure 3, p. 8) the arrows go in the direction of disintegration. For example, a disintegrating Nine would move towards the Six, who would move towards the Three, and the disintegrating Three would move toward the Nine in unhealthy personality characteristics.


Under secure life positions, individuals move toward integration, which is the opposite direction of the arrows in the diagram. (Riso, Hudson, 1996; Palmer 1991)

While this seems initially straightforward, like all constructs of the Enneagram, it is much more complex than it appears. As mentioned in the core dynamics section, when under stress you will first exhaust your type’s resources, then your dominant wing’s reserves. (Hudson, 2003) This is coupled with your instinctual variant (subtype), and you may move through all three levels of the instinctual stack in order to maintain the status quo on your level of development. As you move to your strong wing, you may also change your coping strategy denoted in the Hornevian Groups if your wing is not in the same grouping. Also, there is a change in the harmonic coping strategy as you move to your wing. Finally, after these resources are depleted, you then shunt in your direction of disintegration toward your stress point and take on the qualities of that point at the same level of development you currently reside. While you do not take on the behaviors and attitudes of stress point’s wing(s), you certainly are subject to the Hornevian grouping and the Harmonics of the point. (Riso & Hudson, 2003b)

Personality typing

Overview of Personality Typing One of the complaints of any personality typing system is that it puts people into a box,

and humans, as we know, are much too complicated to be pigeonholed or kept in a box. The uniqueness, originality and peculiarities of each person as an individual make any typology undesirable. However, we all recognize the commonalities that we have in our likes and dislikes, our passions and our defenses, and most of all, the predictability of our actions and behaviors under certain stressful circumstances (Bellotti, 2000; Condon, 2003b; Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996). Since long before psychology became a science, practitioners of the healing arts have looked for a ways to describe individuals and their behaviors, and to predict how people will act and react. This began first with astrology as it connected twelve types of human behavior to the sign of the constellation under which one is born. The Greek physician Hippocrates who lived and practiced medicine over 2,400 years ago, labeled his four temperaments, or humors, (sanguinary, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic), connected them back to bodily fluids (blood, black bile, bile, and mucous), and assigned these descriptors to his patients (Rohr & Ebert, 2000).

In the early part of the twentieth century, one of Sigmund Freud’s apparent goals was to make the unconscious conscious (Boeree, 1997a; Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2002). Because of this attempt, and his subsequent notoriety, his labeling of the unconscious realms of the id, ego, and superego persist today. His labeling of his neurotic patients depended upon which of those three constructs he felt influenced the patient most. Freud’s star pupil, Carl Jung, went much further than Freud. He said there were three pairs of functions that are expressed differently in individuals: extroversion-introversion; perception-intuition; and thinking-feeling. Jung theorized that everyone prefers one of the two possibilities, resulting in eight potential combinations or types, for example: the extroverted-perceptive thinker, or the introverted-intuitive feeler. (Boeree, 1997a; Rohr & Ebert, 2000)

With the onset of World War II, Isabel Briggs Myers, “armed only with a bachelors degree in political science” (CAPT, n.d.), was drawn to Jung’s work and theorized that a psychological instrument that has as its foundation the understanding and appreciation of human differences would be invaluable - it might save lives instead of destroy them. She is credited with discovering a fourth pair of functions, judging-perceiving, and adding it to Jung’s three types.


Together with her mother, Katherine Cook Briggs, she developed the Myers-Briggs Typing Inventory (MBTI) that distinguishes between sixteen personality types. The MBTI is used worldwide throughout industry, and also for spiritual direction. (CAPT, n.d.; Rohr & Ebert, 2000)

Another of Freud’s star pupils, and later one of his greatest critics, was Alfred Adler. Besides being best known for his work describing the inferiority complex, Adler developed four types of personalities that resembled Hippocrates humors: the ruling type, the learning type, the avoiding type, and the socially useful type. (Boeree, 1997c)

Around the same time, psychiatrist Karen Horney studied neurosis and neurotic needs, among other areas of psychology. This led her to develop coping strategies for the anxiety caused by these neuroses: compliance, aggression, and withdrawal. These coping strategies were also called moving-toward, moving-against, and moving-away-from strategies. These strategies are incorporated in the study of the Enneagram (see the Hornevian Groups). (Boeree, 1997b; Riso & Hudson, 1996, 1999; Rohr & Ebert, 2000) The Enneagram as a Personality Typing System

All these models attempt to account for the presupposition that while people are different, many are amazingly similar to one another. The Enneagram is no different, in that proponents contend that everyone fits into one core personality type. What makes the Enneagram different is that it is a dynamic instrument that gives meaning to the patterns in human behavior because at the same time it “types” someone it offers the “possibility of change and liberation from the pressure of determinancy.” (Rohr & Ebert, 2000, p. 4). The Enneagrams’ systemic approach overcomes the pigeonholing that is the downfall of most methods of personality assessments and typology.

The dynamism and versatility of the Enneagram as a typing system is further shown by its multiplicity of subtypes. Each of the nine core personality types has two Wings. With two Wings per core type, there are 18 major subtypes of the original nine types. This multiplies to 54 subtypes when one considers the strong, moderate, or weak influence of that wing. (Riso & Hudson, 1996)

There are three Instinctual Variants (Instincts): Social, Sexual, and Self-preservation (Chernick-Fauvre, 2001; Condon, 2000; Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996, 2003a; Rohr & Ebert, 2000). As noted in the section on instinctual variants, everyone possesses some degree of each instinct. The instincts are stacked with the most dominant on top, and the least dominant on the bottom, sandwiching the second strongest. Remembering that each instinct can be stacked two ways, there are 6 stacks to choose from. Each of the above 54 subtypes might be stacked up to six ways, bringing the subtotal up to 324 variants.

Each number resides in a Triad that shows where an individuals’ chief imbalances lie (Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996; Rohr & Ebert, 2000). They also belong to one of three Hornevian groups that indicate social style, and they also possess a Harmonic Pattern that indicates how a person copes when they don’t get what they want (Riso & Hudson, 1999). The Triads, the Hornevian Groups, and Harmonics are straightforward and you are one of three possibilities in each group. Because of this, they are extremely informational, but don’t actually create a separate construct or subtype.

However, you can add 9 Levels of Development for each type to these 324 subtypes (Riso & Hudson, 1996). Now you have a potential of 2916 subtypes. Each core type also has a number (type) that it integrates to when very healthy, and disintegrates to when under acute or chronic


stress – the Stress and Security points. (Riso & Hudson, 1996) When you shunt to your number of disintegration, for example, it is generally at the same Level of Development, so this only adds 18 more subtypes. This brings the total up to 2934 subtypes.

Since by all accounts, the personality and therefore Enneagram types seem to be universally cross cultural (Maslow, 1970 in Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2002; Palmer, 1991; Riso & Hudson, 1996; Rohr & Ebert, 2000), it is with great confidence that I feel the vast majority of the world’s population could be typed – or placed in a box – by one of the 2934 Enneagram subtypes.

Summary The ultimate goal when using the Enneagram is to grow and heal spiritually in order to

self-actualize. Practical goals for coaching and mental skills trainers include personal development and enhancing performance through self-regulation, self-control, and self-mastery. To achieve self-actualization or just improve performance, one must look at personality as a dynamic subsystem of the whole human who is a physical, psychological, social, and spiritual being. In turn, the human being can also be considered a dynamic subsystem interacting with others who are also subsystems in larger systems such as relationships, families, teams, organizations, communities, and humankind.

Other personality typologies are methods as opposed to dynamic systems. These methods are confining constructs that presume a certain personality type must act in a certain way. Because of this, they are limited in what they reveal about an individual and they provide little insight into intervention strategies for coaches and psychologists - they can do little more than pigeonhole an individual. Conversely, as shown above, the Enneagram provides many viewpoints for understanding an individual and providing intervention. For example, the levels of development assist in determining whether an individual is coachable (e.g. levels above 6) or pathological (levels below 6) and whether intervention by a psychologist or psychiatrist is indicated. Another example is the disintegration and integration concepts (see above section Stress/Security Points), which indicate how individuals react under stress (following the arrows in Figure 3, p. 12) and what they need to do to reverse the disintegration process (going against the arrow in Figure 3).

The Enneagram is a systems approach that provides a comprehensive, flexible, and functional way to structure thinking about personal growth and development. It provides for the expansion of awareness through self-regulation, self-control, and self-mastery, which are key components for enhanced performance. It also encourages the self-knowledge that is the essence of personal growth and development and the foundation of self-actualization and transcendence.


Appendix

Pre-requisites for Part I Training Participants were to have previously read Riso and Hudson’s books: Personality Types (1987), Understanding the Enneagram (1990), Discovering Your Personality Type (1992), Enneagram Transformations (1993), and The Wisdom of the Enneagram (1999). Participants were given a 402 page workbook: Enneagram professional training manual, (Riso &Hudson, 2003). The table of contents for the workbook follows:

Table of Contents

Introduction The Instinctive Triad Roster, Schedule 3 Type Eight 118Blank Enneagrams 6 Type Nine 146The Jesuit Notes 10 Type One 177

The Levels of Development The Feeling Triad The Core Dynamics 16 Type Two 205The Theory of the Levels 17 Type Three 234The Enneagram of the Nine Levels 40 Type Four 260

Resources I: Mechanics & Background The Thinking Triad

Type Five 288Childhood Patterns (Parental Orientation)

50 Type Six 318

The Wings 60 Type Seven 345History and Origins of the System 67

Resources II: Related Topics and Articles Resources III: Supplemental Materials

Articles 77 Enneagram Book Bibliography 372Legal Issues 89 Myers-Briggs Correlations 376Fourth Way Terminology 104Fourth Way Bibliography 110

Expanded Worksheets (Workshop Notes)

380

Oldham & Morris (DSM III) 113

Enneagram Institute Information 390


References

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http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/adler.html CAPT, n.d. The story of Isabel Briggs Myers. Retrieved Nov. 9, 2003, from

http://www.capt.org/The_MBTI_Instrument/Isabel%20Myers.cfm Chernick-Fauvre, K. (2001). Enneagram instinctual subtypes (4 ed.). Menlo Park, CA:

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References Riso, D., & Hudson, R. (1999). The wisdom of the enneagram: The complete guide to

psychological and spiritual growth for the nine personality types. New York: Bantam Books.

Riso, D., & Hudson, R. (2003a). Enneagram professional training manual. Paper presented at the Part 1 training, Menlo Park, CA.

Riso, D., & Hudson, R. (2003b). Enneagram: Level I certification training. Menlo Park, CA: The Enneagram Institute.

Rohr, R., & Ebert, A. (2000). Discovering the enneagram: An ancient tool for a new spiritual journey. New York: Crossroad.

Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art & practice of the learning organization. New York: Currency & Doubleday.

von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General systems theory: Foundations, development, applications. New York: Braziller. New York: Braziller.

Whitchurch, G. G., & Constantine, L. L. (1993). Systems theory. In P. G. Boss, W. J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W. R. Schumm & S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual approach (pp. 325-352). New Work: Plenum.

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