Essential Enneagram: The Definitive Personality Test and Self-Discovery Guide -- Revised & Updated

TheEssentialEnneagram

TheDefinitivePersonalityTestandSelf-DiscoveryGuide—RevisedandUpdated

DavidN.Daniels,M.D.andVirginiaA.Price,Ph.D.

OriginallypublishedasTheStanfordEnneagramDiscoveryInventoryandGuide

Contents

AcknowledgmentsForewordbyHelenPalmer

Section1:HowtoDiscoverYourType

Part1:TheEssentialEnneagram

WhatIstheEnneagram?WhatIsTheEssentialEnneagram?TheProcessofSelf-DiscoveryandSelf-DevelopmentUsingTheEssentialEnneagramEssentialEnneagramTestInstructionsEssentialEnneagramTestLinkingParagraphstoTypesTheEnneagramFigureHowtoProceedUnderstandingtheTypeDeterminationPagesDetailedExplanationoftheTypeDeterminationPagesUnderstandingtheTypeDescriptionPagesDetailedExplanationoftheTypeDescriptionPages

Part2:HowtoDiscoverYourTypeandItsKeyFeatures

TypeOne:ThePerfectionistTypeTwo:TheGiverTypeThree:ThePerformerTypeFour:TheRomanticTypeFive:TheObserverTypeSix:TheLoyalSkepticTypeSeven:TheEpicure

TypeEight:TheProtectorTypeNine:TheMediator

SummaryofTypeDiscriminators

HowtoConfirmandVerifyYourType

HowtoBuildSelf-Understanding

Section2:WhattoDoWhenYouHaveDiscoveredYourType

Part1:GeneralPracticesandPrinciplesforAllTypes

TheGuidelinesforOptimalLearningBreathingandCenteringSteps:BuildingReceptiveAwarenessFiveGeneralPrinciplesElementsofPersonal,Professional,andSpiritualDevelopment:TheUniversalGrowthProcess

Part2:SpecificPracticesforEachType

PracticesforthePerfectionist(TypeOne)PracticesfortheGiver(TypeTwo)PracticesforthePerformer(TypeThree)PracticesfortheRomantic(TypeFour)PracticesfortheObserver(TypeFive)PracticesfortheLoyalSkeptic(TypeSix)PracticesfortheEpicure(TypeSeven)PracticesfortheProtector(TypeEight)PracticesfortheMediator(TypeNine)

AppendixA:AdditionalEnneagramResourcesAppendixB:ValidityoftheEssentialEnneagramTestAbouttheAuthorsCopyrightAboutthePublisher

Acknowledgments

WegreatlyappreciatealltheindividualswhoparticipatedinthedevelopmentofThe Essential Enneagram, originally published as The Stanford EnneagramDiscovery Inventory and Guide (SEDIG), especially the Enneagram teacherswho participated in typing hundreds of individuals. Special thanks go to JudyDanielsforhermanyhoursoftechnicalsupportandencouragement.Major assistance in writing, formatting, and editing was provided by Peter

Enemark,CarolynM.Dawn, andKitSnyder.Assistance in technical anddataanalysiswasprovidedbyGhassanGhandourandMichaelMenke.Ouroriginalpublisher,RobbMostofMindGarden,Inc.,providedinspiration

andsupportaswellasguidanceindesignandmarketing.Weextendourthankstoourpublisher,HarperOne,toJohnLoudon,whohelpedusmoveforwardwithourwork;toTerriLeonard,executivemanagingeditor,whoencouragedusalongtheway; toKrisAshley, for her encouragement, upbeat attitude, and constantavailability; to Laura Lee Mattingly and Amanda Wood for their work andsupportonthisupdatedandrevisededition,andtoEricBrandtforencouragingthisupdateandrevision.We used the methods of the Narrative Tradition of Self-Discovery and the

substantiveway of understanding theEnneagram developed byHelen Palmer.The Essential Enneagram is based on the understandings and philosophy ofHelen Palmer, whose support, encouragement, and guidance we deeplyappreciate.Heartfeltthanksgotomyteachingcolleagues,PeterO’HanrahanandTerry Saracino, for their extensive contribution to my understanding of theEnneagram. I am especially grateful to Terry for cocreating the UniversalGrowthProcesswithme.Lastly,Iameternallygratefultomycoauthorandfriend,VirginiaPrice,who

passed away before this revision and update was envisioned. She remains aninspirationandguide.

DavidN.Daniels,M.D.

Foreword

The Essential Enneagram offers a groundbreaking and original approach to akeyprobleminpersonalitystudy.Howdoyoucorrectlyfindyourplacewithinarich and complex system when the choice itself requires knowing yourselfbeforehand?Inbringingtheircombinedtalentsanddeepscholasticcommitmentto the question of self-identification, David Daniels and Virginia Price havemade it a whole lot easier to correctly discover your Enneagram personalityprofile,thusopeningawealthofinformationforbothpsychologicalandspiritualdevelopment.Theirinnovativemethodlookslikeaguidedtourtodiscovering,confirming,

and verifying your personality type. You are provided with key checkpointsalong theway tomakesureyoustayon track,anda setof sensitive,practicalexercises toaidyourpersonaldevelopmentonceyou’vediscoveredyour type.David and Virginia are the first authors to bring both scientific validity andreliability studies to the Enneagram. Their method of determining personalitytypeisbasedonsevenyearsofresearchwithmorethan900subjects.InSection1,theyprovideyouwiththeuser-friendly,short-paragraphtestthat

theirsubjectsused.Theynextshowyoutheprobabilitythatthetypeyouchoseis correct, and probabilities are the absolute best that any depth psychometricinstrument can provide.You are then shownhow to confirmyour choice, andexactlywhatstepstotakeifthischeckpointleadsyoutobelieveyouarenotthetypeyouoriginallychose.Onceyou’recertainofyourEnneagramprofile,youmoveaheadtoSection2,

wheretheauthorsgiveexcellentdailypracticesthatassistyouinbecomingmoreconsciouslyawareofhowyourtypeisorganized,itspositivefeatures,andhowto break free of the limits your type imposes upon you. The EssentialEnneagramisbasedonprinciplesofself-awarenessthatIhavelongadvocated.Byprovidingelegantandprecisedescriptionsofhowdifferent typesofpeopleare organized and motivated, this book guides you in exploring how yourplacementofattentionanduseofenergyfocusesyourworldview,howyoudealwith stress and anger, and what you can do to develop yourself and receivesupportfromothers.I first had the pleasure of teaching with David when we initiated the

EnneagramProfessionalTraining in 1988, using the panelmethodof personalinquiry. During our now many years of collaboration, I have consistently

experienced his inspired clinical acumen, warmth and care, and profoundunderstanding of human behavior and development. He is perhaps the mostpersonallyrespectedcontributorintoday’semergingfieldofEnneagramstudies.Virginia likewise brings extraordinary insight and clinical expertise to this

work.Formorethantwentyyearsshehaspioneered,andauthoredseveralworksabout, the theoretical and practical aspects of modifying type A personalitybehavior. Her research and clinical experience, her understanding of thetheoretical basis of personality function, and excellent writing skills havecontributedgreatlytothisfieldofstudy.The section of this book entitled “What toDoWhenYouHaveDiscovered

YourType”isrootedinDavid’sandVirginia’sextensiveclinicalexperienceandtheirunderstandingofpeoplefromtheinsideout.Theirpresentationofgeneralmethodsforpersonalchangeandtheir type-specificpracticesareexceptionallyvaluable.This long-awaited work is a must for anyone interested in effective

communication,compassionate relationships, freedomfromtheconfinementofrepetitivebehavior,and,ultimately,thefreedomtobeacompletehumanbeing.

HelenPalmerJanuary2000Berkeley,California

SECTION1:HowtoDiscoverYourType

PART1:THEESSENTIALENNEAGRAMWHATISTHEENNEAGRAM?

The Enneagram is a powerful and dynamic personality system that describesnine distinct and fundamentally different patterns of thinking, feeling, andacting. “Ennea” is Greek for nine, and “gram” means a figure or somethingwritten.Hence,theEnneagrampersonalitysystemisrepresentedbyadiagramofa nine-pointed star within a circle. Each of the nine patterns is based on anexplicit perceptual filter and associated driving emotional energy. This iscongruentwiththewayourneuronsoperateaccordingtotheinterwovenflowofinformation and energy. These patterns determine what individuals of eachpersonalitytypepayattentiontoandhowtheydirecttheirenergyandbehavior.Underlyingeachoftheninepatternsisabasicproposition,orbelief,aboutwhatweneedinlifeforsurvivalandsatisfaction.Eachoneofusdevelopedoneoftheninepatternstoprotectaspecificaspect

of the self that felt threatenedasourownpersonalitywasdeveloping.Asyoudiscover yourEnneagrampersonality type, youwill discovermore about youroriginal whole self. You will also understand more about the unconsciousmotivationfromwhichyouoperate.DiscoveringyourEnneagrampersonalitytypecanhelpyoulearnhowtobring

positivechangeintoyourlife.Itcanhelpchangethewayyourelatetoyourselfandothersaswellasgiveyouagreaterunderstandingofthecircumstancesandissuesfacingyou.Moreover, itcangiveyoupowerfulassistance in integratingthepersonal and spiritual aspectsofyour life, integrationbeing the linkageofdifferentiatedelements.

WhatIsTheEssentialEnneagram?We developed The Essential Enneagram as a simple and accurate way forindividuals to identify their Enneagram personality type and as a guide forfurtherpersonal,professional,andspiritualdevelopment.TheEssentialEnneagramTestconsistsofnineshortparagraphsthatdescribe

thefundamentalsofeachoftheninepersonalitytypes.Youadministerthistesttoyourselfbyreviewingthenineparagraphsandchoosingthethreeparagraphsthat seemmost likeyou.Next, youput the three selectedparagraphs inorder,beginningwiththeonethatisthemostlikeyou.Thisprocesstakesonlyashorttimetocomplete.Youthenproceedwithanadventureinself-discoverybyfollowingtheprocess

described in thisbook,whichguidesyou through thebasic terminologyof theEnneagram, the determination of your personality type, a comprehensivedescription of your type, the key discriminators differentiating each type fromevery other type, and a series of practices for self-development—includingpracticestailoredspecificallytoyourtype.A distinctive feature of the Essential Enneagram Test is its validation by

extensive research.We conducted a validity study of just under one thousandindividuals.TheresultsofourresearchshowthattheEssentialEnneagramTesthasahighlevelofvalidityandreliability.WehaveincludedasummaryofthisresearchinappendixB.By using The Essential Enneagram in the way described here, you can

discover,confirm,andverifyyourEnneagrampersonalitytypewithahighlevelofconfidence.Pleasebear inmindthat thepurposeof theEnneagramand thisbookisnottolabelyoubuttoaidyouinyourjourneyofself-understandingandself-development.Remember that you are a human being that just happens tohave a personality structure or type.By knowing yourEnneagram personalitytype,youcanbecomeawareofthehabitsofyourpersonalitythatlimityou,andyoucanfreeyourselffromthosehabits.

TheProcessofSelf-DiscoveryandSelf-DevelopmentUsingTheEssentialEnneagramThe Essential Enneagram will guide you step-by-step through the process oftakingtheEnneagrampersonalitytest,discoveringandconfirmingyourcorrecttypeandpursuingapathof self-developmentonceyouknowyourpersonalitytype.Herewe provide an overview of that process.When you have read thisoverview,keepreadingandyouwillseehowtobegin.

TakingtheEssentialEnneagramTest

First,youwillreadtheEssentialEnneagramTestinstructionsandtakethetest, which involves reading nine short paragraphs and choosing three ofthem.ThenyouwillturntoPart1tofindouthowtheparagraphsyouchosearelinkedtotheEnneagramtypes.

DiscoveringandConfirmingYourCorrectType

TheTypeDeterminationpagesandtheTypeDescriptionpagesarethetwokeytoolsyouwillusetodiscoverandbegintoconfirmyourtype.Youwill

finditusefultoreadtheexplanationsofboththeTypeDeterminationpagesandtheTypeDescriptionpages.ThengototheTypeDeterminationpagesofthetypeassociatedwithyourfirst-choiceparagraph.TheTypeDeterminationpageswillguideyoutotheappropriate Type Description pages and provide instructions on how toconfirmyourcorrecttype.Youcanfurtherconfirmyourcorrecttypebyreferringtothe“SummaryofTypeDiscriminators,”beginningonPart1.Thefinalstepistoread“HowtoConfirmandVerifyYourType”onPart1.

WhattoDoWhenYouHaveDiscoveredYourType

First,readthefivegeneralprinciplesthatapplytoallnineEnneagramtypesandfollow,asdesired,thepracticesbasedonthosefiveprinciples.Then read and follow the five self-development practices associatedwithyourspecifictype.

HowtoBeginFollow the instructionsbelowandcomplete theEssentialEnneagramTestonPart1.

EssentialEnneagramTestInstructionsFollowingarenineparagraphsthatdescribeninedifferentpersonalitytypes.None of these personality types is better or worse than any other. Eachparagraphismeant tobeasimplesnapshotofoneof thenineEnneagramtypes.No paragraph is intended to be a comprehensive description of anindividual’spersonality.

1. Readthedescriptionsandpickthethreeparagraphsthatfityoubest.Eachof the nine paragraphsmay describe you to some degree, but choose thethreethatseemmostlikeyou.

2. Number these paragraphs from 1 to 3, with 1 being the paragraph thatseemsmost likeyou,2 theparagraphnextmost likeyou, and3 the thirdmostlikeyou.

In making your selections, consider each paragraph as a whole ratherthan considering each sentence out of the context of its paragraph. Ask

yourself,“Doesthisparagraphasawholefitmebetterthananyoftheotherparagraphs?”Ifyoufinditdifficulttochoosethethreeparagraphsmostlikeyou,think

about which descriptions someone close to you would select to describeyou. Because personality patterns are usually most prominent before webeginworkonpersonaldevelopment,youmayalsoaskyourselfwhichofthese patternswould have best described you before you began any suchwork.

RecordingYourSelectionsAfterreadingtheparagraphsandselecting the threemost likeyou, recordtheparagraphsyouselected:Firstchoice:

A B C D E F G H I

Secondchoice:

A B C D E F G H I

Thirdchoice:

A B C D E F G H I

3.Onceyouhavechosen the threeparagraphsand recorded them, turn toPart1tofindouthowthoseparagraphsarelinkedtotheEnneagramtypes.

EssentialEnneagramTest

A.Iapproachthingsinanall-or-nothingway,especiallyissuesthatmattertome.Iplacealotofvalueonbeingstrong,honest,anddependable.Whatyou see is what you get. I don’t trust others until they have proventhemselves to be reliable. I like people to be directwithme, and I knowwhensomeoneisbeingdevious,lying,ortryingtomanipulateme.Ihaveahardtimetoleratingweaknessinpeople,unlessIunderstandthereasonfortheirweaknessorIseethat they’retryingtodosomethingaboutit. IalsohaveahardtimefollowingordersordirectionifIdonotrespectoragreewith the person in authority. I ammuch better at taking chargemyself. Ifind it difficult not todisplaymy feelingswhen I amangry. I amalwaysready to stick up for friends or loved ones, especially if I think they arebeing treatedunjustly. Imaynotwin everybattlewithothers, but they’llknowI’vebeenthere.B.Ihavehighinternalstandardsforcorrectness,andIexpectmyselftolive

upto thosestandards. It’seasyformetoseewhat’swrongwith thingsastheyareandtoseehowtheycouldbeimproved.Imaycomeacrosstosomepeople as overly critical or demanding perfection, but it’s hard forme toignoreoracceptthingsthatarenotdonetherightway.Ipridemyselfonthefact that ifI’mresponsiblefordoingsomething,youcanbesureI’lldoitright.Isometimeshavefeelingsofresentmentwhenpeopledon’ttrytodothings properly or when people act irresponsibly or unfairly, although Iusuallytrynottoshowittothemopenly.Forme,itisusuallyworkbeforepleasure,andIsuppressmydesiresasnecessarytogettheworkdone.C. I seem to be able to see all points of view pretty easily. I may evenappearindecisiveattimesbecauseIcanseeadvantagesanddisadvantagesonallsides.Theability toseeallsidesmakesmegoodathelpingpeopleresolve their differences. This same ability can sometimes leadme to bemore aware of other people’s positions, agendas, and personal prioritiesthanofmyown.Itisnotunusualformetobecomedistractedandthentogetoff taskon the important things I’m trying todo.When thathappens,my attention is often diverted to unimportant, trivial tasks. I have a hardtimeknowingwhatisreallyimportanttome,andIavoidconflictbygoingalongwithwhatotherswant.Peopletendtoconsidermetobeeasygoing,pleasing,andagreeable.Ittakesalottogetmetothepointofshowingmyangerdirectlyatsomeone.Ilikeforlifetobecomfortableandharmoniousandforotherstobeacceptingofme.D.Iamsensitivetootherpeople’sfeelings.Icanseewhattheyneed,evenwhen I don’t know them. Sometimes it’s frustrating to be so aware ofpeople’sneeds,especially theirpainorunhappiness,becauseI’mnotabletodoasmuchforthemasI’dliketo.It’seasyformetogiveofmyself.IsometimeswishIwerebetteratsayingno,becauseIendupputtingmoreenergy into caring for others than into taking care ofmyself. It hurtsmyfeelingsifpeople thinkI’mtryingtomanipulateorcontrol themwhenallI’m trying to do is understand and help them. I like to be seen as awarmhearted and good person, but when I’m not taken into account orappreciated I can become very emotional or even demanding. Goodrelationshipsmeanagreatdealtome,andI’mwillingtoworkhardtomakethemhappen.E. Being the best at what I do is a strongmotivator forme, and I havereceivedalotofrecognitionovertheyearsformyaccomplishments.Igetalot done and am successful in almost everything I take on. I identifystrongly with what I do, because to a large degree I think your value is

basedonwhatyouaccomplishandtherecognitionyougetforit.Ialwayshavemore to do thanwill fit into the time available, so I often set asidefeelings and self-reflection in order to get things done. Because there’salways something to do, I find it hard to just sit and do nothing. I getimpatient with people who don’t use my time well. Sometimes I wouldrather just takeoveraproject someone iscompleting tooslowly. I like tofeelandappear“ontop”ofanysituation.WhileIliketocompete,Iamalsoagoodteamplayer.F.Iwouldcharacterizemyselfasaquiet,analyticalpersonwhoneedsmoretimealonethanmostpeopledo.Iusuallyprefertoobservewhatisgoingonratherthanbeinvolvedinthemiddleofit.Idon’tlikepeopletoplacetoomany demands on me or to expect me to know and report what I amfeeling. I’mable toget in touchwithmy feelingsbetterwhenalone thanwith others, and I often enjoy experiences I’ve had more when relivingthemthanwhenactuallygoingthroughthem.I’malmostneverboredwhenalone,becauseIhaveanactivementallife.Itisimportantformetoprotectmytimeandenergyand,hence,toliveasimple,uncomplicatedlifeandbeasself-sufficientaspossible.G. Ihaveavividimagination,especiallywhenitcomestowhatmightbethreatening to safety and security. I can usually spot what could bedangerousorharmfulandmayexperienceasmuchfearasifitwerereallyhappening or just question or challenge the situation and not experiencefear. Ieither tend toavoiddangeror tend tochallenge ithead-on. In fact,sometimesIdonotexperiencemuchfearsinceIgo intoactionwith littlehesitation. My imagination also leads to my ingenuity and a good, ifsomewhatoffbeat,senseofhumor.Iwouldlikeforlifetobemorecertain,butingeneralIseemtodoubtorquestionthepeopleandthingsaroundme.Icanusuallyseetheshortcomingsintheviewsomeoneisputtingforward.Isuppose that,asaconsequence, somepeoplemayconsiderme tobeveryastute. I tend to be suspicious of authority and am not particularlycomfortablebeingseenas theauthority.Because Icanseewhat iswrongwith the generally held view of things, I tend to identify with underdogcauses.OnceIhavecommittedmyselftoapersonorcause,Iamveryloyaltoit.H. I am an optimistic person who enjoys coming up with new andinterestingthingstodo.Ihaveaveryactivemindthatquicklymovesbackandforthbetweendifferent ideas. I like togetaglobalpictureofhowalltheseideasfittogether,andIgetexcitedwhenIcanconnectconceptsthat

initiallydon’tappeartoberelated.Iliketoworkonthingsthatinterestme,and I have a lot of energy todevote to them. I have ahard time stickingwithunrewardingandrepetitivetasks.Iliketobeinonthebeginningofaproject, during the planning phase, when there may be many interestingoptionstoconsider.WhenIhaveexhaustedmyinterestinsomething,itisdifficultformetostaywithit,becauseIwanttomoveontothenextthingthathascapturedmyinterest.Ifsomethinggetsmedown,Iprefertoshiftmy attention to more pleasant ideas. I believe people are entitled to anenjoyablelife.I.Iamasensitivepersonwithintensefeelings.Ioftenfeelmisunderstoodand lonely, because I feel different from everyone else.My behavior canappear like drama to others, and I have been criticized for being overlysensitiveandoveramplifyingmyfeelings.Whatisreallygoingoninsideismylongingforbothemotionalconnectionandadeeplyfeltexperienceofrelationship. I have difficulty fully appreciating present relationshipsbecauseofmytendencytowantwhatIcan’thaveandtodisdainwhatIdohave.The search for emotional connection has beenwithme allmy life,and the absence of emotional connection has led to melancholy anddepression.IsometimeswonderwhyotherpeopleseemtohavemorethanIdo—better relationships and happier lives. I have a refined sense ofaesthetics,andIexperiencearichworldofemotionsandmeaning.

Important:PleasebesureyouhavecompletedtheEssentialEnneagramTestbeforereadinganyfurther.

LinkingParagraphstoTypesFindthetypesthatcorrespondtoeachoftheparagraphsyouchose.

TestParagraphAEnneagramTypeType8TypeDeterminationPagesTypeEight:TheProtector

TestParagraphBEnneagramTypeType1TypeDeterminationPagesTypeOne:ThePerfectionist

TestParagraphCEnneagramTypeType9TypeDeterminationPagesTypeNine:TheMediator

TestParagraphDEnneagramTypeType2TypeDeterminationPagesTypeTwo:TheGiver

TestParagraphE

EnneagramTypeType3TypeDeterminationPagesTypeThree:ThePerformer

TestParagraphFEnneagramTypeType5TypeDeterminationPagesTypeFive:TheObserver

TestParagraphGEnneagramTypeType6TypeDeterminationPagesTypeSix:TheLoyalSkeptic

TestParagraphHEnneagramTypeType7TypeDeterminationPagesTypeSeven:TheEpicure

TestParagraphIEnneagramTypeType4TypeDeterminationPagesTypeFour:TheRomantic

TheEnneagramFigure

“Ennea”isGreekfornine,and“gram”meansfigureorsomethingwritten.Theword “Enneagram” then refers to a nine-pointed star that is shown inside acircle.Thearrowson thisdiagram indicate the stress and security types associated

witheachEnneagrampersonalitytype.Thestresstypeisinthedirectionofthearrow, and the security type is away from the arrow. See Part 1 for anexplanationofsecurityandstresstypes.

HowtoProceedBythistimeyouhavetakentheEssentialEnneagramTestandlinkedyourfirst-,second-,andthird-choiceparagraphstotheirrespectiveEnneagramtypes.Now you are ready to read the explanation of the Type Determination and

TypeDescriptionpages,whicharecritical todeterminingyour type.TheTypeDetermination andTypeDescription pages are themain part ofThe EssentialEnneagram guide to personality type. To identify, confirm, and verify yourcorrecttype,it iscrucialtounderstandtheterminologyandformatoftheTypeDeterminationandTypeDescriptionpages.

UnderstandingtheTypeDeterminationPagesTheTypeDeterminationpagestellyouwhattheprobabilityisthattheparagraphyouselectedasyourfirstchoiceisyourcorrectpersonalitytype.Italsotellsyouwhat theprincipal alternativepossibilities are foryourcorrect typegivenyourfirst-choice paragraph. This quantitative information will help you determineyourcorrectpersonalitytype.The probabilities that appear on the Type Determination pages were

discovered through extensive research conducted on the Essential EnneagramTest.AsummaryofthatresearchcanbefoundinappendixB.Figure1 showsyou the layout of theTypeDeterminationpages.Adetailed

explanationofthesepagesfollowsfigure1.

Figure1—TypeDeterminationPagesLayout

EnneagramTypeThenumberanddescriptive titleofeachEnneagram

type.TypeDetermination These two facing pages that help you determine

whichtypesarelikelytobeyouractualtype.ConnectedTypes The four personality types that are associated with

yourbasictype.Non-connectedTypes The personality types that most often manifest

characteristicssimilartoyourbasictype.ProbabilityofTypesTheprobabilitythatyoumightbeatypeotherthan

theoneassociatedwithyourfirst-choiceparagraph.MythsAboutTypeStereotypesaboutthetypesthatleadtofalsebeliefs

andtoinadvertentrejectionofthetype.AdjectivesDescribing theType The adjectives that serve as a useful

supplementindeterminingtype.

DetailedExplanationoftheTypeDeterminationPagesThefollowingparagraphsrefertofigure1.

TitleofTypeThetitleofeachtypeisself-evident.

TypeDeterminationThe first two facing pages for each type are labeled Type Determination

because they help you determine if the type you chose as your first choice isyour correct type. These pages show the probability that you are in fact yourfirst-choice type. They also show the probabilities that you might be anothertype—morespecifically,theprobabilitythatyoumightbeoneoftheconnectedtypes or one of the non-connected look-alike types associated with your firstchoice.Youmightalsobeyoursecond-orthird-choicetype.

ConnectedTypesEach Enneagram personality type has four connected types (the twowings

andthesecurityandstresstypes).ThesearethefourpersonalitytypesassociatedwitheachbasicpersonalitytypeaccordingtoEnneagrampersonalitytheory.TheTypeDeterminationpagesshowthefourconnectedtypesforeachcorrespondingEnneagram type. Remember that you may be one of the connected typesassociatedwithyourfirstchoice.

WingsTwoof theconnected typesarecalledwings.Theyare thepersonality types

oneithersideofyourtypeontheEnneagramdiagram.Forexample,ifyouareaPerformer(TypeThree), thenthetwopersonalitytypesthatareyourwingsaretheGiver (TypeTwo) and theRomantic (TypeFour). If you are theMediator(Type Nine), then your two wings are the Protector (Type Eight) and thePerfectionist(TypeOne).AccordingtoEnneagramtheory,yourpersonalitytypeisinfluencedbyoneorbothofthepersonalitytypesthatareyourwings.

SecurityTypeandStressTypeTheothertwoconnectedtypesarecalledthesecuritytypeandthestresstype.

Yourstresstypeisthepersonalitytypeyoushiftintowhenyoufeelstressedand

pressuredorwhenyouaremobilizingforaction.OntheEnneagramfigure,thestresstypeisindicatedbythedirectiontowhichthearrowpoints.Yoursecuritytypeisthepersonalitytypeyoushifttowardwhenyoufeelrelaxedandsecureor,paradoxically, when you feel overwhelmed or exhausted.On the Enneagramfigure,thesecuritytypeisthedirectionawayfromthearrow.EachEnneagramtypehasitsownsecuritytypeanditsownstresstype.Whenyoushiftintoyourstresstypeoryoursecuritytype,youmayshoweitherthehigherqualitiesorthelowerqualitiesofthattypedependingonthecircumstances.Althoughtheexistenceofconnectedtypesinfluencingyouractualpersonality

type tends tocomplicate theprocessof identifyingyourcorrect type, theyalsomaketheEnneagramsystemofpersonalityarichanddynamicsystemandhelpaccountforthefactthateachofusisunique.

Non-connectedTypesNon-connectedtypesarepersonalitytypesontheEnneagramthatcanbeara

definite similarity or even look alike for some reason other than that they arewingsorstressorsecuritytypes.WhenyouchooseparagraphsontheEssentialEnneagramTestthatseemmostlikeyou,youmayinadvertentlychooseoneofyournon-connectedlook-aliketypesinsteadofyouractualtype.TheproceduredescribedontheTypeDeterminationpageswillhelpyoudiscoverifatypeyouchooseonthetestisyourcorrectpersonalitytypeoralook-alikeofyourcorrectpersonalitytype.

ProbabilityofTypesResearchwith theEssential EnneagramTest shows the probability that you

areaparticulartypegiventheparagraphyouselectedasyourfirstchoice.EachType Determination section includes a table listing these probabilities. Forexample,lookatPart1,TypeOne.IfonehundredpeoplechooseparagraphBastheirfirstchoiceontheEssentialEnneagramTest,thensixty-sixofthosepeoplewill have TypeOne as their eventual correct type.However, eight of the onehundred people will eventually find that Type Four is their correct type, andanother eight will find that Type Six is their correct type. Furthermore, someotherswilldiscoverthattheyareoneoftheirlowerprobabilitytypes,eithertheirsecondorthirdchoice,oralook-aliketype.

MythsAbouttheTypeStereotypes develop about eachof the types that involve false beliefs about

thetype.Sometimesthisleadstomisunderstandingsaboutthetypeandrejectionofthetypeasthecorrecttype.Whenyouarechoosingatype,besuretoinclude

consideration of the false beliefs ormisconceptions about the type. Then youwillnotinadvertentlyrejectthistype.

AdjectivesDescribingtheTypeTheseadjectivescanhelpintypedeterminationifmostofthemdescribeyou,

thuspointingtoagoodfit.Sincesomeare“negative”descriptors,assessinghowwell theydescribeyou requiresbeing candid andwilling tobenonjudgmentaltowardyourself.Weallhavesome“negative”characteristics.

UnderstandingtheTypeDescriptionPagesThe Type Description pages provide you with a detailed description of theproperties and characteristics of each of the nine Enneagram types. Thisqualitativeinformationwillhelpyouconfirmthatyouhaveselectedyourcorrectpersonalitytype.ThewealthofinformationontheTypeDescriptionpageswillhelp you understand your typemore clearly and thoroughly.These pages alsodescribethepathofpersonaldevelopmentforeachtype.Figure 2 shows you the layout of the Type Description pages. A detailed

explanationofthesepagesfollowsfigure2.

Figure2—TypeDescriptionPagesLayout

EnneagramTypeThenumberanddescriptive titleofeachEnneagram

type.TypeDescription These two facing pages that provide details on the

personalitytype.TheBasicPropositionDescription of the evolution of the personality

typeandthecorebeliefsofthetype.PrincipalCharacteristicsDescriptionofthebasiccharacteristicsofthe

strategythatthetypehasdeveloped.Stress,Anger,andDefensivenessDescriptionofthecauseandnatureof

stressandangerforthetype.PersonalDevelopmentKeyinformationaboutpersonaldevelopmentfor

thetype.

DetailedExplanationoftheTypeDescriptionPagesThefollowingparagraphsrefertofigure2.

TitleofTypeThetitleofeachtypeisself-evident.

TypeDescriptionThesecondtwofacingpagesforeachtypearelabeledTypeDescriptionpages

because theydescribeeachpersonality type indetail.Thesepagesalso includeideasabouthowtouseknowledgeofyourpersonalitytypeforself-development.EachoftheTypeDescriptionpagesfollowsalogicalsequence,beginningwiththebasicpropositionofeachtype.

TheBasicPropositionThebasicpropositionconsistsofthreeparts:

ThefundamentalprincipleIlostsightof:Abasictruthaboutlifethatmyearlyexperiencesandnaturaltendenciesledmetolosesightofwhilemypersonalitywasforming.WhatIcametobelieveinstead:Thecorebeliefthatgrewoutofmyearlyexperiencesandnaturaltendenciesthatcausedtheoriginalfundamentalprincipletofadeintothebackground.TheadaptivestrategyIdevelopedasaresultofthisbelief:The adaptive and copingor survival strategy I developedbecauseof this corebeliefinordertopreserveasenseofsecurity,love,andworth.

PrincipalCharacteristicsThe second section of the Type Description pages describes the principal

characteristicsassociatedwiththestrategyeachtypedeveloped.

Becauseofthisstrategy,myattentionison:Whateverisrequiredtosupportandsustaintheparticularadaptiveandsurvivalstrategyofmytype,includingmy“blindspots”—thatwhichisnotseen.Iputmyenergyinto:

Whateverisrequiredbymyhabitofattention,sincebehaviorfollowsattentionandassociatedemotionalenergy.IdoeverythingIcantoavoid:Whateverwould threaten the basic adaptive and survival strategy ofmy type,includingmydeepestconcernsandfears,manyofwhichareunconscious.Mystrengths:The positive qualities that develop out of and are associatedwith the specificadaptiveandsurvivalstrategyofmytype.Mycommunicationstyle:Thewaymytypeexpressesitself,bothpositivesandnegatives.

Stress,Anger,andDefensiveness

Thethirdsectiondiscussesthestress,anger,anddefensivenessassociatedwitheachtype:Whatcausesmestress:The situations and circumstances that cause stress and distress for mypersonalitytype.Whatmakesmeangryanddefensive:Thespecificfactors,usuallyhurtfeelingsandexperiencedviolations,thatevokeangerinmytype.Thenatureofmyangeranddefensiveness:Theformthattheangryordefensiveresponsesofmytypeusuallytakes.

PersonalDevelopmentThefourthsectionpresentsinformationaboutpersonaldevelopmentforeach

type.

Theultimategoalofmydevelopment:Recalling and recovering the fundamental principle I lost sight of during thedevelopmentofmypersonality.HowIcanfurthermypersonaldevelopment:Thetype-specificawareness,steps,practices,andacceptancerequiredtofurthermypersonal development (see also “What toDoWhenYouHaveDiscoveredYourType,”whichbeginsonPart2.)Whathindersmypersonaldevelopment:The specific factors and resistance that impede my personal development,includingthecorebeliefthathindersmydevelopment.

Howotherscansupportmydevelopment:The kind of encouragement and actions of others that are appropriate formytype.

PART2:HOWTODISCOVERYOURTYPEANDITSKEYFEATURES

NowturntotheTypeDeterminationpagesassociatedwiththeEnneagramtypethatcorrespondstoyourfirst-choiceparagraph.Thereyouwillfindinstructionsonhowtoproceedindiscoveringyourtype.Keepanopenmindasyou take the steps todiscoveryour type.Try to stay

away frompremature judgments; that is,wait until afteryouhave readall theTypeDescriptionpagesofyourlikelytypes.WhiletheEssentialEnneagramTestis highly accurate, it cannot guarantee that you will correctly select yourpersonalitytype.Rememberthatyourintuitioncanbeausefultooltohelpyouknowwhatyourcorrecttypeis.Continueyour learningbyconfirmingyour typeforyourself,verifyingyour

type with others, and observing your own thoughts, feelings, and physicalsensations.Theseprocessesaredescribedin“HowtoConfirmandVerifyYourType,”onPart1,andin“HowtoBuildSelf-Understanding,”onPart1.Youcanalso learnmore about your Enneagram type from the books, tapes, and otherEnneagramresourceslistedinappendixA.Then begin the work of personal and professional development using the

knowledgeofyourEnneagramtype.Thesection“WhattoDoWhenYouHaveDiscovered Your Type” suggests a number of practices that will help youbecomemore aware of how your personality functions, take action to changeyourhabitualbehavior,previewandreviewyourprogress inself-development,practiceapplicationofthe“4As”oftheUniversalGrowthProcess,andreflectontheultimategoalofyourdevelopment.Aboveall,rememberthatyouaremorethanapersonalitytype:youarealsoa

human being who just happens to have a habit of mind as an adaptive andsurvivalstrategy.TheEnneagramisaboutdiscovering the“box”youare insothat you can get out of the confines of that “box” and become amorewholehumanbeing.

TypeOne:ThePerfectionistTypeDetermination

ConnectedTypesWingMediator9WingGiver2SecurityTypeEpicure7StressTypeRomantic4

Non-connectedTypesMostCommonLook-alikeTypesPerformer3

LoyalSkeptic6

Protector8

ProbabilityofTypesTypestoconsidergiventhatPerfectionistwasyourfirstchoice66%Perfectionist18%Romantic48%LoyalSkeptic67%Giver25%Mediator9

If the paragraph about the Perfectionistwas your first choice, there is a 66percentprobabilitythatthisisyourtype.ReadthePerfectionistTypeDescriptionpagesthatfollowtoseeiftheyaccuratelydescribeyourpersonality.Thesepagescanalsohelpyougaininsightintohowyouperceivetheworldandwhatyoucandotoenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.If you are not certain that the description of the Perfectionist type fits you,

then consider your second and third paragraph choices and the other probabletypesidentifiedonthefacingpage.ComparethesetypestothePerfectionistbyreviewing the TypeDescription pages for your other likely possibilities. Alsoconsiderthemythsabouttypeandthekeyadjectivesforyourlikelytypes.Whetheryouarereadytoconfirmyourchoiceoftype,orarestillunsure,turn

to theTypeDiscriminatorpagesbeginningonPart1.Thesepages identify thecharacteristicsthatdistinguisheachtypefromeveryothertype.

MythsAbouttheTypeOnesareoftendescribedas“neat freaks”andas inflexible. In fact,whatOnesrigidly adhere to and judge as right orwrong depends on the content of eachOne’s internal standards,which can vary greatly. Thus, for example, if aOneholds the standard that being flexible is the right way to be and maintainingneatnessandorder isawasteof time, then thatpersonwillnotbeparticularlyneatandwillbejudgmentalabouttheinflexibilityofothers.

AdjectivesDescribingtheTypeConscientious, responsible, improvement-oriented, consistent, self-controlled,precise, high standards, clear, detail-oriented, and caring, but also sometimescritical,inflexible,opinionated,judgmental,resentful,andself-judging.

TypeOne:ThePerfectionistTypeDescription

TheBasicPropositionThefundamentalprincipleIlostsightof:Wearealloneandareperfectasweare.WhatIcametobelieveinstead:Peoplearenotacceptedforwhotheyare.Theirgoodbehaviorisexpectedandtaken for granted.Their bad behavior and impulses are judged negatively andpunished.TheadaptivestrategyIdevelopedasaresultofthisbelief:I learned to gain love and self-regard by being good, responsible, andconscientious,doingthingsthecorrectway,meetingmyhighinternalstandards,and following the rules. I suppressed anger and developed tension andresentment.

PrincipalCharacteristicsBecauseofthisstrategy,myattentionison:Right and wrong, what should be corrected. The rightness and wrongness ofotherpeople’sbehaviorcomparedtomine.Self-criticismandothers’criticismofme.My“blind spots”are thegrayzonebetweenblackandwhiteandoften tobothurgeanddesire.Iputmyenergyinto:Getting things right. Issuesabout integrity.Maintainingstandards judged tobeimportant. Being responsible and self-reliant. Suppressing personal needs andnaturaldesires.IdoeverythingIcantoavoid:Makingmistakes.Losingself-control.Violatingsocialnorms.Atthecore,beingsowrong/badthatI’mtotallyunworthyofloveandregard.Mystrengths:Integrity.Concernforimprovement.Puttingforthalotofeffort.Idealism.Self-reliance.Industriousness.Keeperofhighstandards.Self-restraint.Beinghighlyresponsible.Mycommunicationstyle:Being precise, clear, direct, and oriented toward right andwrong.Othersmay

perceivemeasoverlydetailed,judgmental,critical,limiting,orclosed-minded.

Stress,Anger,andDefensivenesWhatcausesmestress:Notbeingabletoquietmyinternalcriticandtheassociatedanxietyandworry.Feeling overburdened by a sense of personal responsibility andconscientiousness.Toomucherrortocorrect.Toomuchthatmustbedoneright.Tryingtoletgoofresentmentsandassociatedtension.Othersblamingmeornottakingresponsibilityfortheirmistakes.Whatmakesmeangryanddefensive:Unfairness.Irresponsibility.Thingsbeingdonethewrongway.Theignoringordisobeyingofrulesandstandards.Beingunjustlycriticized.Thenatureofmyangeranddefensiveness:Resentment.Self-justification.Tensionandtightness.Blamingothers.Outburstsofindignation.

PersonalDevelopmentTheultimategoalofmydevelopment:Torealizethatweareallperfectasweare(completeandwhole),thatourworthandwell-beingareinherentandnotdependentonourbeingrightorwrong.HowIcanfurthermypersonaldevelopment:ObservingthewayIconstantlymonitorgoodandbad.Appreciatingthatthereismore than one right way and that others’ “wrong” ways may simply beindividual differences. Accepting “imperfections” in myself and others.Practicing forgivingmyself and others, and letting go of judgments.Allowingfree time for pleasure and relaxation. Questioning rigid rules and internalstrictness.Usingresentmentasacluetosuppressedwantsorneeds.Integratingmydesiresandnaturalimpulsesintomylife.Whathindersmypersonaldevelopment:Myinternalcriticnotacceptingmyselforothersasgoodenough.Worryaboutgetting it right leading to procrastination or toomuch attention to detail. Toomuchworkandtoolittleplay.Atthecore,thebeliefthatImustbegood/righttobeworthyandloved.Howotherscansupportmydevelopment:Encouragingmetogoeasyonmyselfandtotaketimeformyself.Providingmewith a nonjudgmental viewpoint. Remindingme that the goal in life is to behuman,nottobewithoutfault.

TypeTwo:TheGiverTypeDetermination

ConnectedTypesWingPerfectionist1WingPerformer3SecurityTypeRomantic4StressTypeProtector8

Non-connectedTypesMostCommonLook-alikeTypesEpicure7

Mediator9

ProbabilityofTypesTypestoconsidergiventhatGiverwasyourfirstchoice65%Giver28%Epicure78%Mediator97%Romantic45%Perfectionist1

IftheGiverparagraphwasyourfirstchoice,thereisa65percentprobabilitythatthisisyourtype.ReadtheGiverTypeDescriptionpagesthatfollowtoseeifthey accurately describe your personality. These pages can also help you gaininsight intohowyouperceive theworldandwhatyoucando toenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.If you are not certain that the description of the Giver type fits you, then

consideryoursecondand thirdparagraphchoicesand theotherprobable typesidentifiedonthefacingpage.ComparethesetypestotheGiverbyreviewingtheType Description pages for your other likely possibilities. Also consider themythsabouttypeandthekeyadjectivesforyourlikelytypes.Whetheryouarereadytoconfirmyourchoiceoftype,orarestillunsure,turn


MythsAbouttheTypeItisoftenthoughtthatTwosjustgivetogetandunderneathareveryneedy.Infact, Twos often give generously and only appear extra-needy because theyrepresssomuchneedanddesire,makingthemappearextra“thirsty”orneedy.

AdjectivesDescribingtheTypeCaring, helpful, supportive, relationship-oriented, tuned to others’ feelings,optimistic,generous,likable,nurturing,advicegiving,andresponsible,butalsosometimes prideful, intrusive, dramatic, often unable to say no, indirectregardingownneeds,andover-accommodating.

TypeTwo:TheGiverTypeDescription

TheBasicProposition

ThefundamentalprincipleIlostsightof:Everyone’sneeds are equally and freelymet in thenatural flowof giving andreceiving.WhatIcametobelieveinstead:.Toget,youmustgive.Tobeloved,youmustbeneeded.TheadaptivestrategyIdevelopedasaresultofthisbelief:IlearnedtogetmypersonalneedsfulfilledbybeingneededandbygivingotherswhatIfelttheyneededandwanted,andIexpectedthattheywouldthendothesameforme.Idevelopedfeelingsofprideinbeingindispensable.

PrincipalCharacteristicsBecauseofthisstrategy,myattentionison:Theneedsandwantsofothers,especiallyofpeopleIcareaboutandwouldliketo have care about me. Relationships. The moment-to-moment feelings andemotionsofothers.My“blind spots” aremyownneeds andmy intrusivenessintothelivesofothers.Iputmyenergyinto:Sensing the emotional needs of others and doing what pleases them. Feelinggoodaboutbeingable tomeetothers’needssowell.Creatinggoodfeelings inothers.Maintainingothers’acceptanceandapproval.Romanticattachment.IdoeverythingIcantoavoid:Disappointing others. Feeling unappreciated. At the core, being useless anddispensable,hencesubjecttorejection.Mystrengths:Being giving and helpful. Being generous. Being sensitive to the feelings ofothers. Being supportive. Being appreciative. Being romantic. High energy.Exuberance.Expressiveness.Mycommunicationstyle:Beingfriendly,open,expressive,focusedonothers,andquicktosupportorgiveadvice. Others may perceive me as intrusive, overly helpful, nagging, or

controlling.

Stress,Anger,andDefensivenessWhatcausesmestress:Feelingneededbysomanypeopleandprojects.Confusionaboutmyownneeds.Being needy myself and having unmet needs. Emotional upheavals resultingfrominvestingsomuchinrelationships,especiallychallengingones.Whatmakesmeangryanddefensive:Feelingunappreciatedoruncaredfor.Feelingcontrolled.Unmetpersonalneedsandwants.Peoplenotcaringforandsupportingothers.Thenatureofmyangeranddefensiveness:Intense, often sudden, emotional outbursts. Saying what others need to give,evenblamingothers.Crying.

PersonalDevelopmentTheultimategoalofmydevelopment:Torealize thatweareall loved forwhoweare,not forhowmuchwegiveorhowmuch we are needed by others. To know that there is a natural flow ofgivingandreceiving.HowIcanfurthermypersonaldevelopment:Realizing that being loved does not depend on changing myself for others.Gaining clarity aboutwho the realme is and aboutmyownwants andneeds.UsingangerandrisingdistressassignalsthatIamneedy.AcknowledgingthatIamnotindispensableandthatthisisokay.Allowingmyselftogiveandreceivewithout expectations. Practicing setting limits and boundaries on my giving.Noticingwhenmyhelpfulnessseemsintrusiveorcontrollingtoothers.Whathindersmypersonaldevelopment:RationalizationsaboutwhatIhavetodoforothersbeforeIcandoanythingformyself.Pridethatpreventsmefromadmittingmyownneeds.Feelingsofguiltabout being selfish when I pay attention to my needs. Difficulty in receivingfromothers.Atthecore,thebeliefthatIamlovedandapprovedbasedonwhatIgive.Howotherscansupportmydevelopment:Appreciatingmyindependentselfinsteadofbeingseducedbyordependentonthe help I give. Paying attention to my real needs and asking about them.Reinforcingme for saying no when appropriate. Express appreciation for mygiving.

TypeThree:ThePerformerTypeDetermination

ConnectedTypesWingGiver2WingRomantic4SecurityTypeLoyalSkeptic6StressTypeMediator9

Non-connectedTypesMostCommonLook-alikeTypesEpicure7Perfectionist1Protector8

ProbabilityTypesTypestoconsidergiventhatPerformerwasyourfirstchoice54%Performer313%Epicure79%Perfectionist17%Giver25%Protector85%Mediator9

If the Performer paragraph was your first choice, there is a 54 percentprobability that this is your type. Read the Performer TypeDescription pagesthatfollowtoseeif theyaccuratelydescribeyourpersonality.Thesepagescanalsohelpyougaininsightintohowyouperceivetheworldandwhatyoucandotoenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.IfyouarenotcertainthatthedescriptionofthePerformertypefitsyou,then

consideryoursecondand thirdparagraphchoicesand theotherprobable typesidentified on the facing page. Compare these types to the Performer byreviewing the TypeDescription pages for your other likely possibilities. Alsoconsiderthemythsabouttypeandthekeyadjectivesforyourlikelytypes.Whetheryouarereadytoconfirmyourchoiceoftype,orstillunsure,turnto

the Type Discriminator pages beginning on Part 1. These pages identify thecharacteristicsthatdistinguisheachtypefromeveryothertype.

MythsAbouttheTypeThreesareoftenperceivedascaringonlyabouttheirowngoals,efficiency,andimage,butinfact,Threescanbeextremelycaringpeoplewhobringapositive,can-do attitude todoing for others. In addition, thedeceptiveness attributed toThrees is not about deceit, but about being out of touch with their own truefeelings,whichoftenarenotfarfromawareness.

AdjectivesDescribingtheTypeIndustrious, fast-paced, goal-focused, results-and success-oriented, efficient,confident,enthusiastic,high-energy,caringthroughdoing,ambitious,go-getter,and optimistic, but also sometimes impatient, inattentive tofeelings/relationships, competitive, rushed, self-promoting, driven, andoverextended.

TypeThree:ThePerformerTypeDescription

TheBasicPropositionThefundamentalprincipleIlostsightof:Everythingworksandgetsdonenaturallyaccordingtouniversallaws.WhatIcametobelieveinstead:What gets done is dependent on each person’s individual effort. People arerewardedforwhattheydo,notforbeingwhotheyare.TheadaptivestrategyIdevelopedasaresultofthisbelief:Ilearnedtogetloveandapprovalbyachievingsuccess,byworkinghardtobethebest,andbymaintainingagoodimage.Idevelopedaself-driving,go-aheadenergythatmaskedmyowntruefeelings.

PrincipalCharacteristicsBecauseofthisstrategy,myattentionison:All the things thathave tobedone: tasks,goals,andfutureachievements.Themostefficientsolutions.Howtobethebest.My“blindspots”arefailure,deeperfeelings,andexaggeration.Iputmyenergyinto:Gettingthingsdonequicklyandefficiently.Stayingactiveandbusy.Competing.Achievingrecognitionandcreditforaccomplishments.Adjustingtowhateverisrequiredforsuccess.Promotingmyself.Lookinggood.IdoeverythingIcantoavoid:Failing to achieve my goals. Being overshadowed by others. Losing face.Experiencing uncomfortable feelings. Having the doubts that can arise frominactivity or from slowingmy pace.Dealingwithwhatevermight distractmefromgettingthingsdone.Atthecore,beingincompetentorincapacitated.Mystrengths:Being personable. Enthusiasm. Leadership. Self-assurance. Being practical,competent,andefficient.Inspiringhope.Poise.Mycommunicationstyle:Direct, topic-focused, fast-paced, and confident. Others may perceive me asimpatient, unfeeling, overly efficient and restrictive, and overriding of others’views.

Stress,Anger,andDefensivenessWhatcausesmestress:ThepressurethatcomesfrombasinghowgoodIfeelaboutmyselfonhowmuchIgetdoneandonstatus,prestige,andpower.Notknowingmyrealfeelingsandvalues.Doingtoomuch.Impendingfailure.Whatmakesmeangryanddefensive:Obstacles: anyone or anything that threatens or thwarts the successfulachievementofmygoals.Incompetence.Indecisiveness.Inefficiency.Criticism.Thenatureofmyangeranddefensiveness:Impatience.Irritability.Occasionaloutbursts.

PersonalDevelopmentTheultimategoalofmydevelopment:Torealizethatlovecomesfromwhoweare,notwhatwedo,andthateverythingthatneedstobedonegetsdoneaccordingtonaturallawsanddoesnotdependonourindividualeffort.HowIcanfurthermypersonaldevelopment:Moderatingmypacebypracticingpatienceandallowingthingstobeastheyare.Welcoming in my emotions. Asking myself what really matters. Practicinglookinginwardformyownidentityapart fromsuccessandtheexpectationsofothers.Settinglimitsandboundariesonwork.Allowingmyselftolistenandbereceptive. Developing empathy and understanding. Realizing that love comesfrombeing,notfromdoingandhaving.Whathindersmypersonaldevelopment:Impatienceindealingwithmyownandothers’feelings.Workingandoverdoingtothepointoffatigueandexhaustion.Notslowingdown.Atthecore,believingthatloveandrecognitioncomefromdoing,notfrombeing.Howotherscansupportmydevelopment:Encouragingmetopayattentiontofeelingsandrelationships.ShowingmetheycareaboutmeforwhoIam,notforwhatIhaveaccomplished.Beingsupportivewhen I tell them what is really true for me. Letting me know what is reallyimportanttothem.Remindingmetoslowdownandsmelltheroses.

TypeFour:TheRomanticTypeDetermination

ConnectedTypesWingPerformer3WingObserver5SecurityTypePerfectionist1StressTypeGiver2

Non-connectedTypesMostCommonLook-alikeTypesLoyalSkeptic6Mediator9Epicure7

ProbabilityofTypesTypestoconsidergiventhatRomanticwasyourfirstchoice61%Romantic411%Perfectionist17%LoyalSkeptic67%Mediator95%Epicure7

If the Romantic paragraph was your first choice, there is a 61 percentprobabilitythatthisisyourtype.ReadtheRomanticTypeDescriptionpagesthatfollowtoseeiftheyaccuratelydescribeyourpersonality.Thesepagescanalsohelpyougaininsightintohowyouperceivetheworldandwhatyoucandotoenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.IfyouarenotcertainthatthedescriptionoftheRomantictypefitsyou,then

consideryoursecondand thirdparagraphchoicesand theotherprobable typesidentifiedonthefacingpage.ComparethesetypestotheRomanticbyreviewingtheTypeDescriptionpagesforyourotherlikelypossibilities.Alsoconsiderthemythsabouttypeandthekeyadjectivesforyourlikelytypes.Whetheryouarereadytoconfirmyourchoiceoftype,orarestillunsure,turn


MythsAbouttheTypeMany people believe that Fours are dominated by their feelings and can’t becountedupon. In fact,Foursoftenstaysteadydespite theirstrongfeelingsandaccomplish a great deal with dedication as long as they are moved by theactivity.Theyevenhaveaknackformakingtheordinaryextraordinary.

AdjectivesDescribingtheTypeIdealistic, deeply feeling, sensitive, empathetic, caring, intense, specialnessoriented,creativedisposition,authentictoself,introspective,andexpressive,butalso sometimes dramatic, moody, changeable, self-conscious, unsatisfied, andself-absorbed.

TypeFour:TheRomanticTypeDescription

TheBasicPropositionThefundamentalprincipleIlostsightof:Atthecore,everyonehasadeepandcompleteconnectiontoallothersandallthings.WhatIcametobelieveinstead:People experience a painful loss of their original connections, leaving themfeelingabandonedandfeelingthattheyaremissingsomethingimportant.TheadaptivestrategyIdevelopedasaresultofthisbelief:Ilearnedtokeepsearchingforanidealloveorperfectcircumstancetomakemefeelloved,whole,andcompleteagain.Idevelopedfeelingsoflongingandenvyforwhatwasmissing.

PrincipalCharacteristicsBecauseofthisstrategy,myattentionison:Whatispositiveandattractiveaboutthefutureandthepast.Whatismissingordistant that I long for and feel lonely without. What is aesthetic and deeplytouchingormeaningful.My“blindspots”arewhatispresentandordinary.Iputmyenergyinto:Arangeofintensefeelingsassociatedwithwhatseemstobemissingorlackinginmy life.Finding love,meaning, and fulfillment through self-expression anddeepconnection.Endeavoringtobeauniqueindividual.IdoeverythingIcantoavoid:Being rejected, abandoned, not heard, or insignificant. Feeling that I do notmeasure up. Feeling that there is something wrong with me. The mundane.Peopleandexperiencesthatlackemotionaldepth.Atthecore,endinguptotallydeficientandhenceabandoned.Mystrengths:Sensitivity. A creative orientation. Being attuned to feelings. A capacity toempathize with suffering. Intensity. Passion. Romantic idealism. Emotionaldepth.Authenticity.Introspection.Mycommunicationstyle:Expressive of feelings, possibility-oriented, personal, and self-focused. Others

mayperceivemeasoverlydramatic,self-absorbed,unsatisfiedwithresponses,andemotionallyintense.

Stress,Anger,andDefensivenessWhatcausesmestress:People and experiences not living up to my romantic ideals or desire forintensity.Wantingmorethanisavailable.EnvyingwhatothershavethatIdonothave or what they are that I am not. Unmanageable feelings, especially inemotionalcrises.Whatmakesmeangryanddefensive:Peoplewhodisappointme,letmedown,orleaveme.Rememberingsuchpeoplefrommy past. Being slighted, rejected, or abandoned. Feelingmisunderstood.Phoniness and insincerity. Not being treated as special or unique. Repeatedlyfeelingunfulfilled.Thenatureofmyangeranddefensiveness:Fieryoutbursts,sinkingintoemotionordissolvingintotears.Depression.

PersonalDevelopmentTheultimategoalofmydevelopment:To realize that in the present moment we are loved and completely whole,lackingnoessentialqualityoringredient,andthatweareinterconnectedandatonewithalllife.HowIcanfurthermypersonaldevelopment:Focusingonwhat is positive in life right now rather than onwhat ismissing.Maintaining a consistent course of action despite fluctuating and intensefeelings.Cultivatinghappiness inothers inorder tobecomelessself-absorbed.Delaying reactive actionuntil intense emotions begin to subside.Appreciatingordinaryeverydayexperiences.Disidentifyingself-esteemfromspecialnessandtheextraordinary.Whathindersmypersonaldevelopment:Letting my strong feelings run the show and falling into inaction. Resistingchanging “who I am” for fear of losingmy individuality. Feeling that Iwon’tmeasure up. Feeling that the world will let me down. Getting self-absorbed.Downplaying improvement that isnotdramatic andbecomingdiscouraged.Atthecore,believingthatImustbeandfindtheultimateidealinordertobeloved.Howotherscansupportmydevelopment:Encouraging me to keep my attention on what is positive in the present.

Honoringmy feelings andmy idealism.Revealing their real feelings and truereactions. Letting me see that they really understand me instead of trying tochangeme.

TypeFive:TheObserverTypeDetermination

ConnectedTypesWingRomantic4WingLoyalSkeptic6SecurityTypeProtector8StressTypeEpicure7

Non-connectedTypesMostCommonLook-alikeTypesPerfectionist1

Mediator9

ProbabilityofTypesTypestoconsidergiventhatObserverwasyourfirstchoice65%Observer511%LoyalSkeptic611%Mediator9

If the Observer paragraph was your first choice, there is a 65 percentprobabilitythatthisisyourtype.ReadtheObserverTypeDescriptionpagesthatfollowtoseeiftheyaccuratelydescribeyourpersonality.Thesepagescanalsohelpyougaininsightintohowyouperceivetheworldandwhatyoucandotoenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.Ifyouarenotcertainthat thedescriptionof theObserver typefitsyou, then

consideryoursecondand thirdparagraphchoicesand theotherprobable typesidentifiedonthefacingpage.ComparethesetypestotheObserverbyreviewingtheTypeDescriptionpagesforyourotherlikelypossibilities.Alsoconsiderthemythsabouttypeandthekeyadjectivesforyourlikelytypes.Whetheryouarereadytoconfirmyourchoiceoftype,orarestillunsure,turn


MythsAbouttheTypeSomepeoplebelievethatFivesarenotgiving,trulystingy,andoverlyreserved.ButFivesarenotstingysomuchasunwilling tobesharingofselfwhen theyexperiencetoomanyemotionalclaimsor intrusions.Indeed,Fivescanbeverygiving and engaged.They justwant to know the extent of the claimson theirtimeandenergy,toknowtheparameters,sotospeak.

AdjectivesDescribingtheTypeSelf-sufficient, undemanding, quietly caring, knowledgeable, investigative,inquisitive, objective, systematic, analytic, thoughtful, good in a crisis, andunobtrusive, but also sometimes withholding, non-sharing, detached,unassertive,remote,miserlywithfeelings,andoverlyprivate.

TypeFive:TheObserverTypeDescription

TheBasicPropositionThefundamentalprincipleIlostsightof:Thereisanamplesupplyofalltheknowledgeandenergyeveryoneneeds.WhatIcametobelieveinstead:The world demands too much from people and/or gives them too little,potentiallyleavingthemdepleted.TheadaptivestrategyIdevelopedasaresultofthisbelief:I learned to protect myself from intrusive demands and being drained of myresources by becoming private and self-sufficient. I did this by limiting mydesiresandwantsandbyaccumulatingalotofknowledge.Idevelopedasenseofavarice,butonlyforthingsIcouldnotdowithout.

PrincipalCharacteristicsBecauseofthisstrategy,myattentionison:The intellectual domain. Facts. Analysis and compartmentalized thinking.Intrusionsordemandsonme.My“blindspots”areabundance,self-deprivation,andnaturalsupportfromothers.Iputmyenergyinto:Retracting in order to observe. Learning all there is to know about a subject.Thinking and analyzing in advance. Dampening and reducing feelings.Remaining self-contained to conserve energy. Maintaining sufficient privacy,boundaries,andlimits.IdoeverythingIcantoavoid:Strong feelings, including my own, especially fear. Intrusive or demandingpeople or circumstances. Feelings of inadequacy and emptiness. At the core,endinguptotallydrainedordepletedandhenceunabletocopewithlife.Mystrengths:Scholarliness.Beingknowledgeable.Thoughtfulness.Calmnessincrisis.Beingrespectful.Keepingconfidences.Dependability.Appreciationofsimplicity.Mycommunicationstyle:Content-focused,unemotional,factual,clear,analytical,andterseyetsometimeswordy. Others may perceive me as emotionally disconnected, aloof,

overanalytical,ordistant.

Stress,Anger,andDefensivenessWhatcausesmestress:Failing to maintain sufficient privacy, boundaries, and limits. Becomingfatigued.Having desires, needs, andwants that lead to dependency. Trying tolearneverythingthereistoknowbeforetakingaction.Toomuchemotion.Whatmakesmeangryanddefensive:Beingconsideredfactuallyincorrect.Demands,intrusions.Toomuchemotionalinput.Nothavingenoughprivatetimetorestoremyenergy.Thenatureofmyangeranddefensiveness:Self-containment and withholding or withdrawing. Tension and disapproval.Shortburstsoftemper.

PersonalDevelopmentTheultimategoalofmydevelopment:To realize that there is a natural and sufficient supply of what is needed tosupportandsustainlifeandthatstayingengagedinlifewillprovideresources,nurturance,andenergy.HowIcanfurthermypersonaldevelopment:Allowingmyselftoexperiencefeelingsinsteadofdetachingandretreatingintomy mind. Recognizing that withdrawing and withholding invite intrusion.TakingactionintherealizationthatIhaveampleenergyandsupporttocarryitoff,consequentlypracticingabundance.Findingwaystoengageinconversation,to express myself, and to reveal personal matters. Practicing not needing toknow.Whathindersmypersonaldevelopment:Minimizing needs and detaching from the ongoing flow of life. Missingopportunities to do thingswith others. Isolatingmyself frommy feelings andfrom connecting with others. Not recognizing fear or anger in myself. Beingreluctanttodiscussandrevealpersonalmatters.Beingexcessivelyanalytical.Atthecore,believingthatImustprotectmyselffromdepletioninaworldthattakestoomuchandgivestoolittle.Howotherscansupportmydevelopment:Respectingmyneed for privacy and space.Making clear distinctions betweentheirrequestsandtheirdemands.Providingmoderatefeedbackabouttheirownfeelingsandconcerns.Encouragingmetobeself-disclosingandtoexpressmy

feelings in the here and now. Appreciating my sensitivity. Appreciating myabilitytoliveandletlive.

TypeSix:TheLoyalSkepticTypeDetermination

ConnectedTypesWingObserver5WingEpicure7SecurityTypeMediator9StressTypePerformer3

Non-connectedTypesMostCommonLook-alikeTypesRomantic4Protector8

ProbabilityofTypesTypestoconsidergiventhatLoyalSkepticwasyourfirstchoice66%LoyalSkeptic68%Observer58%Mediator95%Romantic45%Epicure7

If the Loyal Skeptic paragraphwas your first choice, there is a 66 percentprobabilitythatthisisyourtype.ReadtheLoyalSkepticTypeDescriptionpagesthatfollowtoseeif theyaccuratelydescribeyourpersonality.Thesepagescanalsohelpyougaininsightintohowyouperceivetheworldandwhatyoucandotoenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.Ifyouarenotcertain that thedescriptionof theLoyalSkeptic typefitsyou,

then consider your second and third paragraph choices and the other probabletypesidentifiedonthefacingpage.ComparethesetypestotheLoyalSkepticbyreviewing the TypeDescription pages for your other likely possibilities. Alsoconsiderthemythsabouttypeandthekeyadjectivesforyourlikelytypes.Whetheryouarereadytoconfirmyourchoiceoftype,orarestillunsure,turn


MythsAbouttheTypeAccording to some people, Sixes are shrinking violets, pessimistic, and non-trusting. In fact, Sixes often face hazards and difficulties fearlessly to provethemselves capable. Far from being pessimistic, they mostly find positivesolutions to thehazards theyexperience in life.And theycanbevery trustingandtrustworthyastheygainconfidenceinanotherpersonorasituation.

AdjectivesDescribingtheTypeTrustworthy, loyal, responsible, inquisitive, dutiful, good friend, caring,collaborative,analytical,andpersevering,butalsosometimesoverlydoubtfulorskeptical, uncertain, worrying, vigilant, sometimes challenging and/or fearful,either overly cautious or overly risk-taking, and questioning to the point ofblame

TypeSix:TheLoyalSkepticTypeDescription

TheBasicPropositionThefundamentalprincipleIlostsightof:Weallbeginwithfaithinourselves,inothers,andintheuniverse.WhatIcametobelieveinstead:Theworld is unpredictable and hazardous, hence people often can’t trust oneanother.TheadaptivestrategyIdevelopedasaresultofthisbelief:Idevelopedoneoftwostrategiestoseeksecurityandcertaintyasasubstituteforbasictrustandtoavoidfeelingfear.Phobicoraccommodatingstance:WhileIbecamedoubting,vigilant,andquestioning,Ialsolearnedtoobeyauthorityandto avoid perceived threats and hazards.Counterphobic or challenging stance:While I became doubting, vigilant, and questioning, I also learned to defyauthorityandtobattleperceivedthreatsandhazards.

PrincipalCharacteristicsBecauseofthisstrategy,myattentionison:What could go wrong or be hazardous. Potential pitfalls, difficulties,incongruities. Implications, inferences,andhiddenmeanings.My“blindspots”aremagnificationofhazardsandnegativesandinitiallynotseeingpositives.Iputmyenergyinto:Doubting,testing,andlookingfordoublemessages.Figuringthingsoutthroughlogical analysis. Playing the devil’s advocate. Showing strength. Gainingsecurity by obtaining the goodwill of others, being loyal to others, anddedicatingmyselftoworthyandoftenunderdogcauses.IdoeverythingIcantoavoid:Beinghelplessornotincontrolinthefaceofdangerandharm.Succumbingtodangerorharm.Gettingstuckindoubtandcontrarythinking.AlienatingpeopleI depend on by contradicting or opposing them. At the core, ending updependentandhelpless.Mystrengths:Trustworthiness. Loyalty. Thoughtfulness. Questioning mind. Warmth.Perseverance.Responsibility.Protectiveness.Intuition.Wit.Sensitivity.

Mycommunicationstyle:Rapid or hesitant, thoughtful to the point of over-explaining,questioning/doubting, engaging yet often contrary, and information-oriented.Others this may perceive me as overly concerned, challenging, doubting,controlling,andattimespessimistic.

Stress,Anger,andDefensivenessWhatcausesmestress:The pressure I put on myself in my efforts to deal with uncertainty andinsecurity.Difficultieswithauthority.Tryingtomaintainthetrustandgoodwillofotherswhileexperiencingmistrustandambivalencetowardthem.Whatmakesmeangryanddefensive:Untrustworthiness, betrayal. Feeling cornered, controlled, or pressured.Interactionswith others that feel too demanding.Authorities I can’t count on.Others’lackofresponsivenesstome.Thenatureofmyangeranddefensiveness:Wit.Sarcasm.Bitingremarks.Accusations.Defensivelashingout.

PersonalDevelopmentTheultimategoalofmydevelopment:Torealizethatitisnaturaltohavefaithinourselvesandinoneanotherandthatwecanembraceandsupportlifewithoutdoubtandmistrust.HowIcanfurthermypersonaldevelopment:Beingandactingasmyownauthority.Reclaimingfaith inmyself,others,andtheuniverse.Acceptingthatsomeuncertaintyandinsecurityisanaturalpartoflife.Checkingoutmyfearsandconcernswithothers.Recognizingthatstayingbusy isaway to reduceawarenessofanxiety.Recognizing thatboth fightandflight are reactions to fear.Moving aheadwith positive action in spite of thepresenceoffearandthuscultivatingcourage.Whathindersmypersonaldevelopment:Doubtandambivalence.Wantingtoomuchcertainty.Beingoverlycontrollingoroverprotective.Disbeliefinmyowncapacitiesanddecisions.Lettingworst-casescenariosdominatemythinking.Atthecore,believingImustgaincertaintyandsecurityinahazardousworldthatjustcan’tbetrusted.Howotherscansupportmydevelopment:Being consistent and trustworthy with me. Being self-disclosing andencouraging me to be self-disclosing. Countering my doubts and fears with

positiveandreassuringalternativesthatarerealistic.

TypeSeven:TheEpicureTypeDetermination

ConnectedTypesWingLoyalSkeptic6WingProtector8SecurityTypeObserver5StressTypePerfectionist1

Non-connectedTypesMostCommonLook-alikeTypesGiver2

Performer3

Mediator9

ProbabilityofTypesTypestoconsidergiventhatEpicurewasyourfirstchoice52%Epicure78.5%Protector87%Giver27%Observer57%LoyalSkeptic66%Mediator95.5%Perfectionist1

If the Epicure paragraph was your first choice, there is a 52 percentprobabilitythatthisisyourtype.ReadtheEpicureTypeDescriptionpagesthatfollowtoseeiftheyaccuratelydescribeyourpersonality.Thesepagescanalsohelpyougaininsightintohowyouperceivetheworldandwhatyoucandotoenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.If you are not certain that the description of theEpicure type fits you, then

consideryoursecondand thirdparagraphchoicesand theotherprobable typesidentifiedonthefacingpage.ComparethesetypestotheEpicurebyreviewingtheTypeDescriptionpagesforyourotherlikelypossibilities.Alsoconsiderthemythsabouttypeandthekeyadjectiesforyourlikelytypes.Whetheryouarereadytoconfirmyourchoiceoftypeorarestillunsure,turn


MythsAbouttheTypeManypeoplebelievethatSevenscan’tkeepcommitmentsandtrytogetoutofdifficult or trying situations. In fact, Sevens can sometimes end up staying inrelationshipsthatarenotgoodforeitherpersonbecausetheycanalwaysseethepositivepossibilities.Andwhensomethingmeansa lot toSevens, theycanbecountedon tostickwithasituationor joband tomakepersonalsacrificesandcommitmentstodoso.

AdjectivesDescribingtheTypeOptimistic, upbeat, charming, caring, exuberant, spontaneous, versatile, joyful,possibility-and pleasure-seeking, synthesizer of ideas, opportunity-oriented,

quickthinker,andadventurous,butalsosometimespain-avoidant,inconsiderate,unfocused,uncommitted,impetuous,authority-rejecting,andself-serving.

TypeSeven:TheEpicureTypeDescription

TheBasicPropositionThefundamentalprincipleIlostsightof:Life is a full spectrum of possibilities to be experienced freely and withsustainedconcentration.WhatIcametobelieveinstead:The world limits people, frustrates them, and causes them pain that can beavoided.TheadaptivestrategyIdevelopedasaresultofthisbelief:Ilearnedtoprotectmyselffromlimitationsandpainbyengaginginpleasurableactivities and by imagining many fascinating possibilities for the future. Ibecameagluttonforinterestingideasandexperiences.

PrincipalCharacteristicsBecauseofthisstrategy,myattentionison:Interesting, pleasurable, and fascinating ideas, plans, options, or projects. Theinterconnectionsandinter-relationshipsamongdiverseareasofinformationandknowledge.WhatIwant.My“blindspots”areactuallimitsandthe“darkside”oflife.Iputmyenergyinto:Enjoying and experiencing life to its fullest. Keeping options open and lifeupbeat. Using my active imagination. Being liked by being charming anddisarming.Maintainingaprivilegedposition.IdoeverythingIcantoavoid:Frustrations, constraints, and limitations. Painful situations or feelings.Boredom.Atthecore,endinguptrappedinsufferingandpain.Mystrengths:Playfulness.Inventiveness.Beingenjoyableandupbeat.Highenergy.Optimism.Loveoflife.Vision.Enthusiasm.Helpfulness.Imagination.Mycommunicationstyle:Exuberant,fast-paced,spontaneous,analytical,andidea-andpossibility-oriented.Othersmayperceivemeasoverlyquicktoshifttopics,self-oriented(indifferenttoothers’input),changeable,andpronetomakingexcuses.

Stress,Anger,andDefensivenessWhatcausesmestress:Copingwith theoverload that results from trying to sampleall that lifehas tooffer.Making the samemistakesover andoverbecauseofmydesire to avoidpain.Makingcommitmentsandthenfeelingtrappedbythem.Whatmakesmeangryanddefensive:ConstraintsorlimitsthatpreventmefromgettingwhatIwant.Peoplewhoarestuck,unhappy,depressed,orinclinedtoblameothers,especiallyiftheyattempttodragmedown.Thenatureofmyangeranddefensiveness:Brief and to the point. Short-lived. Episodic. Impetuous. Put-downs of others.Actingentitledandsuperior.

PersonalDevelopmentTheultimategoalofmydevelopment:Torealizethatinordertoexperiencelifefullywemustbeconsciouslypresentinthe here and now and that we support and sustain ourselves and others bycultivatingthisconsciouspresence.HowIcanfurthermypersonaldevelopment:Noticing when my quest for pleasurable options is a response to fear ofdeprivation,adesire toescapefromresponsibilities thatconstrainmyfreedom,or an escape from pain. Practicing working on one thing at a time until it iscompleted.Livinglifemorefullyinthepresentmomentandlessinthefuture.Appreciating more deeply the feelings and concerns of others and practicingloving-kindness.Realizingthatitislimitingtoseekjustthepositiveandtoavoidpain,loss,andsuffering.Makingandkeepingcommitmentstoselfandothers.Whathindersmypersonaldevelopment:A preoccupation with myself and what I want. Difficulty acknowledginganythingnegativeaboutmyself.Unwillingnesstotakestepsthatinvolvepainorconflict. Being easily distracted and diverted from deeper purposes andcommitments.Atthecore,believingthat toensureagoodlifeImustkeepmyspiritsupandavoidpainandsuffering.Howotherscansupportmydevelopment:SupportingmewhenIslowdownandstickwithmycommitments.Lettingmeknowwhatandhowimportanttheirownneedsandwantsare.Encouragingmetodealwithpain,fear,andrestlessnessratherthanescapingfromthesefeelings.

Helpingmekeepthingssimpleandinthepresent.

TypeEight:TheProtectorTypeDetermination

ConnectedTypesWingEpicure7WingMediator9SecurityTypeGiver2StressTypeObserver5

Non-connectedTypesMostCommonLook-alikeTypesPerfectionist1Romantic4LoyalSkeptic6

ProbabilityofTypesTypestoconsidergiventhatProtectorwasyourfirstchoice37%Protector816.5%LoyalSkeptic616%Perfectionist18%Romantic47%Epicure76%Mediator9

If the Protector paragraph was your first choice, there is a 37 percentprobabilitythatthisisyourtype.ReadtheProtectorTypeDescriptionpagesthatfollowtoseeiftheyaccuratelydescribeyourpersonality.Thesepagescanalsohelpyougaininsightintohowyouperceivetheworldandwhatyoucandotoenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.Ifyouarenotcertainthat thedescriptionof theProtector typefitsyou, then

consideryoursecondand thirdparagraphchoicesand theotherprobable typesidentifiedonthefacingpage.ComparethesetypestotheProtectorbyreviewingtheTypeDescriptionpagesforyourotherlikelypossibilities.Alsoconsiderthemythsabouttypeandthekeyadjectiesforyourlikelytypes.Whetheryouarereadytoconfirmyourchoiceoftypeorarestillunsure,turn


MythsAbouttheTypeAcommonperceptionisthatEightsarejust“outthere”—aggressive,tough,andexcessive.Infact,Eightscanbequitereservedandquietaswellasverygiving,generous, and kindhearted, in part because of Eights’ all-or-nothing style ofrelating, but also in women because of the cultural mandate to tame theirassertiveness.

AdjectivesDescribingtheTypeJustice-seeking,direct,strong,magnanimous,declarative,assertive,self-reliant,confident,intense,protectiveofothers,andtake-charge-andaction-oriented,butalso sometimes heavy-handed, intimidating, excessive, demanding, impatient,dominating,andimpulsive.

TypeEight:TheProtectorTypeDescription

TheBasicPropositionThefundamentalprincipleIlostsightof:Everyone begins in innocence, coming freshly to eachmoment, and everyonecansensetruth.WhatIcametobelieveinstead:It is a hard and unjustworld inwhich the powerful take advantage of others,whichmustberesisted.TheadaptivestrategyIdevelopedasaresultofthisbelief:I learned to become strong and powerful by imposing my own truth and byhidingmyvulnerabilityinordertoprotectmyselfandothersandtogainrespectandasenseofworth.Idevelopedaforceful,big,lustfulenergyandcametorelyonmyowninstincts.

PrincipalCharacteristicsBecauseofthisstrategy,myattentionison:Powerandcontrol.Justiceandinjustice.Deceptionsandmanipulations.All-or-nothingpolarities.Whateverdemandsactionrightnow.My“blindspots”aremyimpactonothers, their truths,andmyownimpulsivenessandtendencytowardexcess.Iputmyenergyinto:Controlanddominanceofmyspaceandinadvertentlyofthepeopleandthingsinmyspace.Takingdirect actionand facingconflict.Protecting theweakandinnocent.Gainingrespectbybeingstrongandjust.IdoeverythingIcantoavoid:Beingweak,uncertain,ordependent.LosingtheregardofpeopleIrespect.Atthecore,endinguptotallyvulnerableandpowerless.Mystrengths:Courage. Persistence. Fairness. Decisiveness. Protectiveness. Self-assertion.Intensity.Friendliness.Magnanimity.Theabilitytoenergizeothers.Mycommunicationstyle:Direct/authoritative, declarative, energetic/zestful, firm, and truth-and justice-oriented. Others may perceive me as overly confrontational, intimidating, not

opentoquestioning(hencediscountingoftheother),andcontrolling.

Stress,Anger,andDefensivenessWhatcausesmestress:Being unable to correct perceived injustice. Having to contain myconfrontational style and having difficulty containing it. Going full-out anddenyingfatigueandpain.Whatmakesmeangryanddefensive:Deceitandinjustice.Manipulation.Peoplewhowon’tstandupfor themselves.Othersnotrespondingtomeortowhathastobedone.Boundariesorrulesthatareunjustortooconstraining.Attemptstocontrolme.Thenatureofmyangeranddefensiveness:Powerful anger expressed in a direct, confrontational style or in guardedwithdrawal.Balancingthebooks(revenge).

PersonalDevelopmentTheultimategoalofmydevelopment:To realize that we are all inherently innocent or un-biased and can naturallysense truth; that approaching each situation with a fresh perspective, free ofpersonalprejudice,enablesustorecognizetruth.HowIcanfurthermypersonaldevelopment:Noticing my intensity and its impact on others. Treating my intensity as anattempttomaskmyvulnerability.Treatingwhatseemslikeweaknessasprogressinlettingmyselfexperiencevulnerabilityandtenderfeelings.Practicingwaitingand listening before taking action as a way to moderate my impulsivity.Applyingonly theappropriateamountof force ineachsituation.Welcomingasense of calm and quiet within. Seeking win-win solutions. Learning tocompromise.Valuingthetruthindifferences.Whathindersmypersonaldevelopment:Refusingtobecontrolledandbeingunawareofcontrollingothers.Anexcessivelifestyle that leads to exhaustion and alienation of others. Self-defeatingbehaviors.Denialofmyfearsandweaknesses,andvulnerability.Notvaluingmyown tenderness and sensitivity. At the core, believing I must be strong andpowerfultoensureprotectionandworthinatough,unjustworld.Howotherscansupportmydevelopment:Standingtheirground.Stayingfirm.Beingforthright.Speakingtheirowntruth.Providing feedback about my impact on them. Supporting me when I reveal

softerfeelingsandvulnerabilities.

TypeNine:TheMediatorTypeDetermination

ConnectedTypesWingProtector8WingPerfectionist1SecurityTypePerformer3StressTypeLoyalSkeptic6

Non-connectedTypesMostCommonLook-alikeTypesGiver2Romantic4Epicure7

ProbabilityofTypesTypestoconsidergiventhatMediatorwasyourfirstchoice68%Mediator97%Perfectionist16%Giver25%LoyalSkeptic65%Epicure7

If the Mediator paragraph was your first choice, there is a 68 percentprobabilitythatthisisyourtype.ReadtheMediatorTypeDescriptionpagesthatfollowtoseeiftheyaccuratelydescribeyourpersonality.Thesepagescanalsohelpyougaininsightintohowyouperceivetheworldandwhatyoucandotoenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.Ifyouarenotcertainthat thedescriptionof theMediator typefitsyou, then

consideryoursecondand thirdparagraphchoicesand theotherprobable typesidentifiedonthefacingpage.ComparethesetypestotheMediatorbyreviewingtheTypeDescriptionpagesforyourotherlikelypossibilities.Alsoconsiderthemythsabouttypeandthekeyadjectiesforyourlikelytypes.Whetheryouarereadytoconfirmyourchoiceoftypeorarestillunsure,turn


MythsAbouttheTypePeople often think of Nines as lazy, slow, unproductive, and lacking inleadershipandeffectiveness.Infact,Nines’inertiaissimplytowardthemselvesastheyputtheirattentionandenergyintoothers’opinionsandagendas.Theyareoften highly productive and effective consensus leaders, aswell as thoughtfulandgiving.

AdjectivesDescribingtheTypeAdaptable, harmony-seeking, pleasing, affable, steadfast, comfortable,accepting, humble, often easygoing, caring, inclusive, and steady, but alsosometimesconflict-avoidant,resistant,self-forgetting,stubborn,andindecisive.

TypeNine:TheMediatorTypeDescription

TheBasicPropositionThefundamentalprincipleIlostsightof:Everyonebelongsequallyinastateofunconditionalloveandunion.WhatIcametobelieveinstead:Theworldmakespeopleunimportantand/orrequiresthemtoblendin,makingcomfortandbelongingasubstituteforloveandworth.TheadaptivestrategyIdevelopedasaresultofthisbelief:Though inertia towardmyownselfandpriorities, I forgotmyselfandmergedwithothers.Isubstitutedinessentialsandsmallcomfortsformyrealprioritiesasasubstituteforunconditionallove.

PrincipalCharacteristicsBecauseofthisstrategy,myattentionison:Others’agendas, requests,anddemands.All the things in theenvironment thatbeckon.My“blindspots”:myownposition,importance,andpriorities.Iputmyenergyinto:Beingsensitive toothersand trying toplease theminsteadofmyself.Keepinglife comfortable and familiar. Maintaining harmony, structure, and routine tomakelifepredictable.Containinganger.Doingthelessessentialandcomfortingactivitiesratherthanthemoreimportantandmoredisturbingones.IdoeverythingIcantoavoid:Conflict, confrontation, feeling uncomfortable. Toomany competing demandson my attention and energy. At the core, ending up dismissed as not worthkeeping.Mystrengths:Attentivenesstoothers.Empathy.Supportiveness.Accountability.Steadfastness.Adaptability.Beingaccepting.Receptiveness.Beingcaring.Mycommunicationstyle:Steady/easygoing, non-confrontational, amiable/friendly, other-directed orfocused,andinclusiveofbothfeelingsandfacts.Toothersthismaybeperceivedas avoiding conflict, indecisive, rambling, over-explaining, and unclear aboutownpositionandrole.

Stress,Anger,andDefensivenessWhatcausesmestress:Taking a position. Saying no to someone and having that person get angry.Havingtomaketimelydecisionsandsetpriorities.DealingwithacommitmentImadethatIdidn’treallywanttomake.Whatmakesmeangryanddefensive:Being treatedasnot important.Feelingcontrolledbyothers.Being forced intofacingconflictandintomakingdecisions.Thenatureofmyangeranddefensiveness:Passive aggression, manifested as stubbornness or resistance. Occasionally“boilingover”andexploding.

PersonalDevelopmentTheultimategoalofmydevelopment:To realize that we all are unconditionally and equally loved (accepted andappreciated for who we are) and that our worth and well-being come fromwithin.HowIcanfurthermypersonaldevelopment:Paying attention tomyownneeds andwell-being.Using anger/resistance as asignal that I feel discounted and that something inside me matters. NoticingfeelingsImaybeblockingoutwhenIturnfrommyrealprioritiestosubstitutes,such asTV, food, errands, or chores.Noticingwhenmy ruminating keepsmefrom setting priorities and taking action on them. Accepting discomfort andchangeasanaturalpartof life.Practicing lovingmyselfkindlyandequally tolovingothers.Whathindersmypersonaldevelopment:FeelingthatIdon’tcount.FeelingthatIdon’tdeservetopursuemyownagenda.Giving everything equal importance and, consequently, missing my realpriorities. Avoiding the discomfort and disruption required for change. At thecore,believingthattobevaluedandlovedImustblendinandgoalongtogetalong.Howotherscansupportmydevelopment:Encouragingmetoexpressmyownposition.AskingmewhatIwantandwhatisgoodforme,andgivingmetimetofigureouttheanswer.SupportingmewhenIact responsibly toward myself. Allowing me to acknowledge my anger.Encouragingmetosetandkeepmyownboundaries,limits,andpriorities.

SummaryofTypeDiscriminatorsFollowing are the shared characteristics and key discriminators for eachpairofconnectedandnon-connectedtypesontheEnneagram,thirty-sixinall.Theconnectedtypesarethosethatshareawingwitheachotherorthathaveasecurity-stressconnection.Non-connectedtypesoftensharecertaincharacteristicsthatcanmakethemlookaliketoo.

Thetwotypesarewings.Thetypesaresecurityandstresstypesofeachother.Thetwotypesarenon-connectedtypesthatcanlookalike.TypesOne andTwo. Perfectionists andGivers look alike because, as

wingsofeachother,theypossesssomeofthesamepersonalitytraits.Bothcanhavehighstandardsofgiving,focusintenseenergyontheimprovementor well-being of others, and know what is best for others. Both typesdefinitelysuppressor repress theirownneedsanddesires.Theydiffer inthatPerfectionistsconcentrate,ofteninflexibly,onothers’needsbasedon their own inner standards,whileGivers, in their focus on others’needs,oftenalterthemselvesinordertomakeothershappy.Althoughbothtypesstriveforself-sufficiencyandindependence,Giversareveryrelationship-oriented and often find themselves overconnected andevenindispensabletoothers.TypesOneandThree.PerfectionistsandPerformerscanbeconsidered

look-aliketypesbecausetheyarebothachievers.Bothcanbegoal-oriented,competency-oriented, and success-oriented with workaholic tendencies.ThedifferencesarethatPerfectionistsaremorelikelytobehoundedbytheir innercritic,whichmotivatesthemtodowhatisjudgedrightbythehigh standardsof thecritic,whilePerformersaremoredriven tosucceedandtochangetheirimageandapproach,evencuttingcornersif necessary, to get to the goal and be recognized for theiraccomplishments. Types One and Four. Perfectionists and Romantics share some

personality traits because the Perfectionist is the security type of theRomantic and the Romantic is the stress type of the Perfectionist. Both

often express idealism, intensity, sensitivity, integrity, authenticity, self-reproach, and a concern for self-improvement. Perfectionists in stressbecomediscouragedandfeeldeficient.Romanticsinsecuritycanexpressacritical idealismanddemandperfectionor exactness.Theydiffer in thatPerfectionists’ idealism concerns correct behavior and “getting itright,” while Romantics’ idealism revolves around possibilities forultimate fulfillment. Furthermore, Perfectionists generally are self-restrained, suppressing personal desires, while Romantics experiencestrong longingsanddesires,sometimestothepointofself-absorption.PerfectionistscannotexpresstheirdesiresasreadilyasRomanticsdo.TypesOne and Five. Perfectionists and Observers can be considered

look-alike types because they both are intellectual, competency-oriented,andcanbecomeretractedor internalizedwhentrying tofigure thingsout.Perfectionists, however, are quite intense, suppress their desires, andseek to improve themselves and others,whileObservers detach fromfeelingsinordertoprotectthemselvesfrombeingintrudeduponandtoconserve energy. In general, Observers have “a live-and-let-live”attitudeandrestricttheirjudgmentstointellectualmatters,knowledge,and competence, while Perfectionists’ judgments extend to the entirerange of human activity covered by their internal standards of rightandwrong.TypesOneandSix.PerfectionistsandLoyalSkepticscanbeconsidered

look-alike types because both types can be very watchful, anxious andworried,and intenton figuring thingsout.Whatdistinguishes these twolook-alike types is thatLoyal Skeptics, bydoubting, try to figure outwhatcouldgowrong,whattheworst-casescenariomightbe,andhowtogaina sense of safety and certainty.Perfectionists, by judgingandcomparing, try to figureouthow topreventmistakes,how to correctwhat is wrong, and how to avoid self-criticism and criticism fromothers.Perfectionists’onerightwaybringsclarity,whilethedoubtingandquestioningmindofLoyalSkepticshindersclarity.TypesOneandSeven.PerfectionistsandEpicurespossesssometraitsin

commonbecausethePerfectionististhestresstypeoftheEpicureandtheEpicureisthesecuritytypeofthePerfectionist.Bothareidealistswhowanta better world, who show intensity and helpfulness, and who value self-reliance. Perfectionists feeling secure often release themselves from theirfeelings of responsibility, relaxing into pleasure, personal desire, andplayfulness. Epicures in stress can become quite critical, exacting, and

determined.However,whilePerfectionistsdonotseekpleasureandarequite austere, Epicures definitely do seek pleasure and are evenhedonistic.Thus,Perfectionistsareseriousandself-restrainedandlimittheir desires. In contrast, Epicures are fun-loving and expansive andspurnlimits.TypesOneandEight. Perfectionists andProtectors canbe considered

look-alike types because both are Body Center types and are concernedwithrightness,justice,truth,andfairness.Protectors,however,statetheirtruth openly, express their anger directly, and go from impulse toaction easily. Perfectionists suppress anger and impulse, becomingresentfulandtenseuntilasenseofrighteousnessallowstheirangertospillout.TypesOneandNine.PerfectionistsandMediatorslookalikebecauseas

wingsofeachotherandasBodyCentertypestheysharesomeofthesamepersonality traits. They easily forget or suppress their own needs anddesires. They value steadiness, organization, and routine, and they workhard for others with care and a concern for harmony. However,Perfectionists hold to their positions and standards, often rigidly,wanting others to change, while Mediators readily adapt andaccommodatetoothers’positions,oftenlosingsightoftheirown.Thus,Perfectionists appear tense and press for change,whileMediators goalong with the agendas of others, adapting more readity to theirrequestsandclaims.Types Two and Three. Givers and Performers look alike because as

wingsofeachotherandasHeartCentertypestheysharecertainpersonalitytraits. Both have active, “doing” energy, and both are oriented towardaccomplishmentandhelping.Theyareexuberant,practical,andapproval-seekingandoftenalterthemselvestofitwhateverimageisrequired.Whatdistinguishes these two types is that Givers habitually focus onrelationships and on others’ feelings and needs, in contrast toPerformers,whopushasidefeelingsandhabituallyfocusontasksandgoalsandgettingrecognitionfortheiraccomplishments.TypesTwoandFour.GiversandRomanticshavesomepersonalitytraits

in common because theGiver is the stress type of theRomantic and theRomanticisthesecuritytypeoftheGiverandbothareHeartCentertypes.Both are attuned to feelings. Both are sensitive, relationship-oriented,helpful, and emotionally intense. Both have a romantic flare and are

concerned with image. Givers feeling secure become more internalized,self-oriented,nostalgic,anduniquelycreative.Romanticsinstressbecomemorepleasing,outer-directed,focusedonothers,andgiving.Theydifferinthat Givers are more outer-directed and other-referencing. Giversfocus on others’ needs with active energy and alter themselves asnecessarytomeetthoseneeds.Incontrast,Romanticsaremoreinner-directed, self-referencing, and subject to feeling “down.” Romanticsfocus on their own specialness or authenticity and are subject toexperiencingfeelingsofdeficiency.TypesTwoandFive.GiversandObserverscanbeconsideredlook-alike

typesbecausebothtypesaresensitivetotheclaimsandneedsofimportantothers,arequitegiving,anddonotattendtotheirownfeelings.However,forObserverstheperiodsofgivingandrespondingtoclaimsmadebyothersare intermittentandpunctuatedbydistinctperiodswhen theymove away and disconnect in order to recharge and protect theirpersonal boundaries. Givers, on the other hand, sustain the givingmode,mostlymovingforwardtoconnectwithothersinordertomeetothers’needsandoftenlosetheirpersonalboundariesintheprocess.TypesTwoandSix.GiversandLoyalSkepticscanbeconsideredlook-

alikesbecauseboth types canbewarmand friendly, anxious, sensitive toothers,deferringtowhatotherswantorneed,anddisarmingorseductive.(This is especially true of the more phobic, or accommodating, Six.)However, Givers move forward with active energy, focusing on theneedsofimportantothersandoftenfeelingindispensable,whileLoyalSkepticswarilyholdsomethingback,doubtorquestionthemselvesandothers,andspurnindispensability.LoyalSkepticswillpleaseotherstogaincertaintyandsecurityratherthantogainloveandasenseofself-worth.Incontrast,Givers’self-identityisinvestedingiving.TypesTwoandSeven.GiversandEpicurescanbeconsideredlook-alike

types because both types are active, upbeat, energetic, charming andseductive, friendly, selective in relationships, and eager to be liked.Theydiffer in thatEpicuresmaintain their separateness, and stayorientedprimarily to themselves and towhat they like,want, andneed,whileGivers move toward others and stay oriented primarily to the likes,wants, andneeds of others.Epicures can easily get absorbed in theirownintellectualpursuits,incontrasttoGivers,whoalterthemselvestomeettheemotionalneedsofothers.

TypesTwo andEight. Givers and Protectors share some of the sametraits because the Giver is the security type of the Protector and theProtector is the stress type of the Giver. Both show active energy,assertiveness, intrusiveness, generosity, protectiveness toward others, andattraction to power. Givers in stress become more direct and forceful,readilyexpressingangeranddeterminationthattheyknowwhatisneeded.Protectorsfeelingsecurecanbeopenhearted,expressingfeelings,softness,andsensitivitytoothers.However,Giversemploytheiractiveenergytomove toward others with a strong sensitivity to others’ feelings andneeds, altering themselves to please others and repressing their ownneeds.Bycontrast,Protectorsusetheirbigenergytoactforcefullyinawaythatoftenchallengesandintimidatesothers,allthewhileassertingtheirownposition,senseofjustice,wants,andneeds.Types Two andNine. Givers andMediators can be considered look-

alike types because they share the characteristic of pleasing others andmeeting others’ wants and needs. In the process, both orient toward theclaimsmadeonthembyothersandloseawarenessoftheirownneedsandpriorities.Themaindifference is thatGiversmoreactively focus theirattentionandenergyonwhatothersneedandalterthemselvestomeetthoseneeds,whileMediatorsaremorereactive,allowingthemselvestobe pulled bywhatever claims aremade on them.Mediators blend inanddispersetheirenergytomakethingscomfortablewithoutchangingtheir image. Givers can be intrusive, giving too much; in contrast,Mediatorsarenotintrusiveintheirgiving.TypesThreeandFour.PerformersandRomanticslookalikebecauseas

wingsofeachotherandasHeartCentertypestheysharesomepersonalitytraits in common.Both have a concern for approval and recognition, andboth feel it is important to maintain their image. Both are intense andcompetitiveandhaveacreative,inventiveorientation.TheydifferinthatPerformerssustainago-aheadgoalorientation,whichrequiresthemtosuspend their feelings, focus attention outward, and alter themselves,whileRomanticshavedifficultysustainingagoalorientationbecauseoftheir fluctuatinganddeep feelingsbroughtonby theirpreoccupationwithrelationshipsandinwardfocusofattention.Types Three and Five. Performers and Observers can be considered

look-alike types because both can be oriented toward tasks, objectivity,competency,activities,andgettingthingsdone,andat thesametimebothdetachfromtheir feelingsorsuspend their feelingssoasnot tobeoverly

influenced by them. However, Observers are highly mental and areactive and energetic in bursts interspersed with distinct periods ofretraction—time spent recharging and thinking things over. ForPerformers, activity ismuchmore continuous.Performerswill “keepon trucking” with go-ahead energy and concern about presenting agoodimage.TypesThreeandSix.PerformersandLoyalSkepticssharesomeofthe

samepersonalitytraitsbecausethePerformeristhestresstypeoftheLoyalSkeptic and theLoyalSkeptic is the security typeof thePerformer.Bothtypesarepersonable,practical,highlyactive,andhardworking.Performersfeelingsecurearemorequestioning,reflective,andtrustinginotherstogetthingsdone.LoyalSkepticsinstressmoveintoaction,getconcernedwiththeirimage,andpresstogetgoalsaccomplished.TheydifferinthatLoyalSkepticsneedtogetmobilizedforaction,overcomingperceivedpitfallsand doubts, while Performers sustain a goal orientation with theiractive, go-ahead energy. Performers thrive on success, compliments,andrecognition,incontrasttoLoyalSkeptics,whoareuncomfortablewithsuchfeedbackandtendtodoubtit.Types Three and Seven. Performers and Epicures can be considered

look-alike typesbecauseboth types are active, assertive, upbeat, task-andactivity-oriented, and often overbooked. Both tend to avoid “negative”feelings such as sadness and sorrow. They differ in that Epicuresnaturally focuson theirownpleasuresand interestsandexperienceasense of personal entitlement, especially a right to keep their optionsopen,whereasPerformersaredriventosucceedbecause theyneedtomaintain their good image and get external approval for what theyaccomplish in order to sustain their self-worth. Performers strive forefficiency,whileEpicurestendnottobeinterestedinefficiency.TypesThree andEight. Performers and Protectors can be considered

look-alike types because both are assertive, determined, action-and goal-oriented,andwillingtotakecharge.Bothtypescanradiatecompetenceandconfidence andmay inadvertently step on anyonewho gets in theirway.However,Performersshiftgears,alterthemselves,orchangedirection,somewhat like chameleons, in order to get their goals accomplished,while Protectors hold to a position, get confrontational, and expressanger directly and easily. Performers’ anger mostly comes up whentheyfeelobstructedingettingtoagoal.

Types Three and Nine. Performers and Mediators possess somepersonalitytraits incommonbecausethePerformeris thesecuritytypeoftheMediator and theMediator is the stress type of the Performer. Bothtypes are personable, practical, amiable (wanting to be liked), andcompetent,andbothdependonexternalsupportandapproval.Performersinstressaremorelikelytogetdivertedintosecondarytasksandputasidetheir personal agendas and image.Mediators feeling securebecomemoresingularly focused on their own goals, more efficient, and more image-oriented. They differ in that Performers are fast-paced, efficient,focusedonachievinggoals, and impatientwhenobstacles get in theirway.Mediatorsareslower-paced,accommodatereadilytotheopinionsandclaimsmadeonthembyothers,andsubstituteothers’agendasandgoalsfortheirown.TypesFourandFive.RomanticsandObservers lookalikebecauseas

wingsofeachothertheysharesomeofthesamepersonalitytraits.Bothcanbe analytical, introspective, internalized, sensitive, and shy (yet appearsuperior). Depending on how much their wings influence them, someRomanticswillappearmoredetachedandsomeObserversappearmoreintouchwith their feelings.However,Romanticsarethemost feelingandemotional type—they want more from others and have difficultykeepingtheirpersonalboundaries.Incontrast,Observersarethemostdetached type—they want less, stay more self-contained, and keepclearerpersonalboundaries.TypesFourandSix.RomanticsandcounterphobicLoyalSkepticscan

be considered look-alike types because both types tend to be contrary,questionsituationsandmagnifythem,opposeauthority,getreckless,breakrules,defydangers,andhaveperiodsofself-doubt.WhileLoyalSkepticsdon’twant to become trapped in feelings or longings,Romantics areattractedtofeelingsandlongings.Romanticsgetexpansiveandwanttobe affected emotionally. Furthermore, Loyal Skeptics look for whatmightgowronginordertoavertorchallengeit,whileRomanticslookforwhatismissingthatcouldbefulfilling.TypesFourandSeven.RomanticsandEpicurescanbeconsideredlook-

aliketypesbecausetheyarebothintenseandidealisticandwantlifetobeadventuresomeandhighlystimulating.Theybothapproachlifebyfocusingon what they want, think, and feel. However, Epicures are the mostupbeatandpleasure-seekingtypeandavoidpainandnegativefeelingswheneverpossible,whileRomanticsarejusttheopposite.Theytendto

becomemelancholy,tohavedeepfeelings,andtoacceptpainaspartoflife.Types Four and Eight. Romantics and Protectors can be considered

look-alike types because both show intensity, depth, and directness ofexpression (even flamboyance), a lot of energy or emotion, a desire forauthenticity, and tendencies toward recklessness, impulsivity, andopposition. Because Romantics go deeply into their own feelings,however,theyareofteninternallyfocusedandcanfallintoinactionandlose direction, whereas Protectors focus externally, surmount theirfeelings,andsustainactionwithconsiderableenergy.TypesFourandNine.RomanticsandMediatorscanbeconsideredlook-

alike types because they are both relationship-oriented, caring, andempathic. Both can get lost or absorbed in their circumstances, feeldeficient,becomeself-deprecating,andlosetheirimpetusforaction.TheydifferinthatMediatorsareorientedtowardothersandliketoblendinand keep life steady in order to feel comfortable and avoid conflict.Romantics,by contrast, areoriented toward themselves, areattachedtobeingspecialorextraordinary,andreadilygotoextremesordepthsofemotionsinordertofeelvitalandalive.TypesFiveandSix.ObserversandLoyalSkepticslookalikebecauseas

wingsofeachotherandasHeadCentertypes,theysharesomeofthesamepersonalitytraits.Bothcanbeanalytical,reflective, thoughtful,hesitant totake action, and retracted (especially themore phobic or accommodatingSix). They differ in that Observers detach from or dampen theirfeelings, compartmentalize circumstances, and usually delay theirresponses, while Loyal Skeptics react immediately to circumstances,often intensely and with either fear or action, and they magnify thedanger of the circumstances to which they are reacting. Thus,Observers candetach from circumstances,whileLoyal Skeptics havedifficultydoingso.TypesFiveandSeven.ObserversandEpicuressharesomepersonality

traits because the Observer is the security type of the Epicure and theEpicureisthestresstypeoftheObserverandbothareHeadCentertypes.Both are self-reliant, knowledgeable, and inventive, and both love ideas.These two types avoid painful feelings.Observers in stress becomemoreexternalized, social, active, and oriented toward possibilities. Epicuresfeelingsecurebecomemoreinternalized,solitary,observant,andinwardly

oriented.They differ in that Observers avoid strong feelings, containtheir desires and needs, simplify life, and retract to protect theirboundaries. Epicures, on the other hand, actively seek positives,express their desires and needs, get expansive and overbooked, andspurnboundariesandlimits.TypesFiveandEight.ObserversandProtectorssharesomeofthesame

personalitytraitsbecausetheObserveristhestresstypeoftheProtectorandtheProtectoristhesecuritytypeoftheObserver.Bothtypesvaluerespectandtruth,resistcontrol,becomepossessiveofspaceandkeyresources,andarecurious.Observers feelingsecurebecomemoreengagedandoutgoingand express their desires, their feelings, and their anger and position.Protectors in stress become more withdrawn, restrained, and reflective.However,ingeneral,Observersarethemostretracted,contained,andmeasured typeon theEnneagram: theyconserve theirenergy,reducetheir needs, and almost always think before acting. Protectors, bycontrast,arethemostexpansive,expressive,andexcessivetypeontheEnneagram: they expand their energy, directly express their desiresandtheiranger,andoftenactbeforethinking.Types Five and Nine. Observers and Mediators are considered look-

aliketypesbecausebothtypescanberetractedandintroverted,thoughtfuland unobtrusive andmay even seem to be invisible. Both can pull backfrom being overly influenced by their surroundings.They differ in thatObservershabituallydetachfromothersandasserttheirboundariesinself-protection, whereas Mediators are the least able to detach fromothers; theyhabituallyblendwithothersandgoalongwithothers tokeeplifeharmoniousandcomfortable.TypesSixandSeven.LoyalSkepticsandEpicureslookalikebecauseas

wingsofeachotherandasHeadCentertypestheysharesomeofthesamepersonality traits. Both are mentally quick and often sharp-witted,analytical, imaginative,andable toconnectdiverse ideas.LoyalSkepticsput a negative spin on experiences, however, seeing worst-casepossibilities and pitfalls, while Epicures put a positive spin onexperiences,planningformultiplepositivepossibilities.LoyalSkepticswelcome reassuring limits and seek to gain certainty.Epicures abhorlimits and seek to expand their options. ForLoyal Skeptics, pleasureandpersonalwantsaresecondaryconcerns,butforEpicurestheyareprimary.

TypesSixandEight.CounterphobicLoyalSkepticsandProtectorscanbeconsideredlook-aliketypesbecausebothcanbeaggressive,challenging,andconfrontational.Bothcanseemfearless,andbothfightforcauses.Bothshare a view of the world as unfriendly and untrustworthy.Differencesarise,however,inhowthetwotypestakeaction.LoyalSkepticsusuallyhave moments of fear or hesitation before taking action; they maymagnify and experience the hazards, and sometimes they give wayunderpressureasdoubtsandquestionsarise.Bycontrast,Protectorsreact from instinct; they take action without hesitation, minimize ordenydangers,andholdtheirgroundwhiledenyingtheirvulnerability.Sixesseekcertainty,whereasEightsalwayshaveit—asthesayinggoes,theyare“oftenwrongbutneverindoubt.” Types Six and Nine. Loyal Skeptics and Mediators have some

personalitytraitsincommonbecausetheLoyalSkepticisthestresstypeoftheMediator and theMediator is the security type of the Loyal Skeptic.Both Mediators and the more phobic Loyal Skeptics can be agreeable,accommodating, friendly, anxious to please, self-effacing, sensitive, andeager to avoid conflict. Loyal Skeptics feeling secure are more at ease,relaxed, and acceptingof life as it is.Mediators in stressbecome fearful,questioning, wary, and mobilized for action. However, Loyal Skepticskeepsomepersonaldistance,stayingfocusedonpotentialhazardsandwhat could gowrong,whileMediators, themost other-oriented type,often lose themselves in the requests and claims made on them byothers.Mediatorsgoalongwithothersbeforetestingandquestioning,whereas Loyal Skeptics test and question before going along withothers. Loyal Skeptics are fast-paced in their thinking and reacting,whileMediatorstakemoretimetoprocesstheirthoughtsandhenceareslower-pacedmentallyandintheirreactions.TypesSevenandEight.EpicuresandProtectors lookalikebecauseas

wings of each other they share certain personality traits. Both are self-assertive,express theirwantsanddesires,believe in theirownpowerandability,resistlimitsandcontrols,andarepleasure-oriented.Bothhavehighenergy and little inner restraining force. Epicures avoid pain, explainaway or rationalize difficulties, escape conflicts, and go into futureplanning. Protectors, however, accept pain, engage in difficulties,confrontconflictsdirectly,andlivemostlyinthepresent.TypesSevenandNine.EpicuresandMediatorscanbeconsideredlook-

alike types because both want life to be pleasant and upbeat. They are

adaptable and want to be liked and to get along with others. They bothavoid conflict. However, Epicures are more frenetic and fast-paced,whileMediators aremore even-tempered and slower-paced.Epicuresdefinitely are oriented toward themselves, knowing and expressingtheir own wants, agendas, and opinions. In contrast, Mediators areoriented toward others, forgetting or deferring their own wants,agendas,andopinions.TypesEightandNine.ProtectorsandMediators lookalikebecauseas

wingsofeachotherandasBodyCentertypestheysharesomepersonalitytraits. Both enjoy earthy pleasures, have gut reactions, seek comfort, andare friendly and steadfast.Both can get diverted from essential priorities.The key differences are that Protectors welcome conflict and evenanger, whileMediators avoid conflict and anger. Protectors focus ontheir own opinions, often expressing and defending their opinions asfact.Theyaredecisive.Bycontrast,Mediatorsareorientedtowardtheopinions and views of others and can lose their own positions indeferringtoothers.Theyareoftenindecisiveandgoalongwithotherstogetalong.

HowtoConfirmandVerifyYourType

ConfirmingYourTypeforYourselfWhenyouhave reachedapreliminarydecisionabout thepersonality typethat fits you, consider using the following questions to confirm yourdecision:

1. WhenIamunderstressorwhenImobilizeforaction,doIshiftintosomeaspectsofthestresstypeconnectedwiththetypeIbelievetobemycorrectpersonalitytype?

2. When I feel relaxed and secure orwhen I feeloverwhelming stress, do Ishift into some aspects of the security type connected with the type Ibelievetobemycorrectpersonalitytype?

3. Do I exhibit some of the features of one or both of thewings connectedwiththetypeIbelievetobemycorrectpersonalitytype?

VerifyingYourTypeOnce you have discovered and confirmed the personality type that youbelieve best fits you, consider asking someone who knows you well toobjectivelyverifyyourpersonalitytype.HavethatpersonusetheEssentialEnneagram Test as well as the Type Description pages to review thepersonality type you chose and to review the alternative types youconsidered.If you would like to learn more about the Enneagram, please see

appendixA,“AdditionalEnneagramResources.”

HowtoBuildSelf-UnderstandingValueofSelf-ObservationinDiscoveringYourTypeUltimately, you discover your Enneagram personality type and facilitate yourpersonaldevelopmentbyobservinghowyourmindworks,whatyourheartfeels,and what your body experiences. To develop self-awareness and self-understanding requires a good self-observer. Self-observation practices areessentialtotheprocessofpersonal,professional,andspiritualdevelopmentandto the management of personality. Just as physical well-being, fitness, andperformance depend on regular exercise, so mental well-being, fitness, andperformancedependonpracticingregularself-observation.Afundamentalwaytodevelopyourabilitytoobserveyourselfistolearnand

practice the breathing and centering exercise in Section 2. Self-observationpractice facilitates not only the development of receptivity and awareness, butultimately empathy and the ability to reflect in the moment. Self-observationpracticealso is thebasicexercisefornoticingwhereyourattentionandenergygoandwhatthoughts,feelings,andphysicalsensationsyouexperience.Throughthis practice, you can discover your habitual patterns and preoccupations andyourembodiedcorebeliefs.Observingthesepatternsandpreoccupationswillbeveryhelpful in discoveringyourEnneagrampersonality typebecause they arewhat distinguish one personality from another. As you develop the skill ofobserving howyou habitually use your attention and energy, you can learn todirect your attention and energy to where you really want them to go. Self-observation skills are fundamental to developing conscious awareness andconscious conduct. Developing these skills can give anyone the ability to seethemselvesandothersmoreclearlyandkindly.

SECTION2:WhattoDoWhenYouHaveDiscoveredYourType

Thissectionisdividedintotwoparts.Alloftheinformationandexercisesinthefirst part apply equally to all nineEnneagrampersonality types. Part 1 beginswith theguidelines foroptimal learning followedbyabreathingandcenteringexercisetodevelopself-observationandreceptiveawareness.WethendescribefivegeneralEnneagramprinciples thatwill aid you in understandingyourself.Finally, we present the Universal Growth Process (UGP), consisting of the“4As”ofawareness,acceptance,action,andadherence.*Part 2 offers a series of suggested practices that are tailored to each

personalitytypeandprovidesapracticalmeansforpursuingself-development.

PART1:GENERALPRACTICESANDPRINCIPLESFORALLTYPES

TheGuidelinesforOptimalLearningThese guidelines apply to any situation, whether pleasant, challenging, ordistressing.Theyareuniversal.Keeptheminmindasyoudothepracticesinthissection.

Letyourselfbeascenteredandgroundedinthepresentmomentasyoucan.Thebreathingandcenteringpracticethatfollowsprovidesahowto.Allowyourselftohaveanopen,receptive,compassionateheart,beginningwithyourself.Allowyourselftohaveanopen,receptive,andnonjudgingmindthatisnotbusyformingresponsesanddefenses.Letyourselfbecuriousandexploratory,asachildnaturallyis.Anticipatepersonalgainorvalueregardlessofthedifficulty.Be committed to making the necessary effort to learn, since all learningrequireseffort.

BreathingandCenteringSteps:BuildingReceptiveAwarenessThe followingbreathingandcenteringpractice is referred to throughout the

rest of this section. It is a key tool that can help you as you undertake thesuggestedpractices forpersonalandprofessionaldevelopment.Thebenefitsofthis kind of mindfulness practice can be far-reaching both mentally andphysically since it helps you develop more flexibility, adaptability, andunderstanding, as well as the vital skill of reflection, and takes only a fewminutesinyourday.Thispracticeisdesignedtodirectyourattentioninward,toquietyourmind,

andtofocusyourattention.Ifyouwish,youcantapethestepsoutlinedhereandthen listen to them as you practice. You can practice these steps for a fewminutesor for as long asyou like. In thebeginning, ten to twentyminutesofregular daily practice is optimal. Of course, you can do a breathing practicewheneveryoufeelaneed toobserveyour reactivityanddefensiveness, reduceyour desire to act on it, and recenter yourself. When you use the breathingexerciseforthepracticesdescribedlaterinthissection,wesuggestthatyoudoitforjustlongenoughtorecenteryourself.

StepstoTake

1. Sit in a chair comfortablyuprightwithyour legsuncrossedandyour feetflatonthefloor.Closeyoureyesorsoftenyourgazetohelpremoveyourattentionfromyourexternalsurroundings.

2. Putyourattentiononyourbreath,concentratingonitasyoubreatheinandout. Let your mental state be receptive. Follow your breath, letting yourbody relax as youbreathe.Your breath is a good internal reference pointbecause it is always there in everymoment. And your breath provides aneutralfocusbecauseithasnocontentoragendaofitsown.

3. As you follow your breath in and down, let it deepen until it seems todisappear right into the gravitational center of your body in the lowerabdomen. In this place of grounding deep inside, you have a solid basefromwhichtoopenyourheartandbereceptivetoyourselfandothers.

4. When your attention shifts away from your breathing to some thought,feeling,orsensation,justnoticeithappening.Thenletyourattentionreturntoyourbreath.Asyoucontinuetofollowyourbreath,youcanobservethepattern of your preoccupations and reactions, and through awareness andreflection,graduallybecomefreeofthem.

5. When you have completed this practice, bring your attention slowly andgentlybacktoyourexternalsurroundings.Becomeawareofyourselfsittinginthechair,hearthesoundsaroundyou,andopenyoureyes.

FiveGeneralPrinciplesInthissection,wediscussfivegeneralprinciplesrelatedtotheEnneagram.Eachof these five principles has three interrelated components. In learning theprinciples, it may help you to remember that each principle has three parts.Comingtoadeepunderstandingofthesefiveprinciplescanbeveryempoweringtoyouasyoupursueyourpersonalandprofessionaldevelopment.Afterreadingabouteachprinciple,takeafewminutestoconsiderthewaysin

which you could use that principle in your life. Then do the daily practicesassociatedwiththatprinciple.

PrincipleI:ThreeLawsofBehavior

1. Whereveryourpatternofattentionandenergygo,yourbehaviorfollows.2. To change your behavior requires self-observation of your pattern of

attentionandenergy.3. Although self-observation becomes easier as you practice it, it never

becomeshabitual.Self-observationrequirescontinuingpractice.

You can observe for yourself that these three laws of behavior are correct.Theselawsarecentraltoyourdevelopmentandfundamentaltogivingbothyourpersonal, spiritual, andwork livesmoremeaning and fulfillment.The limitingnature of unmanaged habitual personality reactions often leads to conflict,suffering,andevenfailureinyourpersonalandprofessionalrelationships.

PracticeUsingtheThreeLawsofBehaviorOnthedaysyoudothispractice,takeafewminutesattheendofthedayto

reviewthefollowingquestions.Recordyourresponsesinajournalifyoulike.

HowdidIdotodayatstayingawareofmypatternofattentionandenergy?WhenIreactedautomaticallytosomeoneorsomething,wasIabletobringbackmyawarenessandredirectmyattentionandenergy?HowcanIbettermanagemypatternofattentionandenergytomorrow?

PrincipleII:ThreeCentersofIntelligenceInWestern psychology and education, themind or head has been elevated toprominenceas“the”centerofintelligence.Yetthereisalsoanintelligenceoftheheart (emotional intelligence) and an intelligence of the body (sensations andinstincts). All three of these intelligences—mind, heart, and body—requireongoing cultivation. Recognizing, developing, and valuing all three centers ofintelligencearecrucialtoallofusinreachingafulfillinglife.IntheEnneagram,theinnertriangleoftypes—Three,Six,andNine—arethe

coretypesofthesethreecentersofintelligence.Eachcoretypehastwoadjacenttypes,orwings,thatrepresentvariationsontherespectivecoretype.Eachcoretypeanditstwowingsconstituteatriad.Whilealltypesrelyonallthreecentersofintelligence,eachofthetypesreliesmoreheavilyononeofthecenters—theheart,themind,orthebody,dependingonwhichtriadthetypeisin.Thismeans,forexample, that ifyourtypeis inthementalorheadtriad(Five,Six,Seven),yourelymoreontheHeadCenterofintelligencetoguideyouthanontheHeartCenter of intelligence or the Body Center of intelligence. These centers alsorepresentthethreebasicneedsthatweallhaveforlove(HeartCenter),security(Head Center), andworth (Body Center) and their corresponding three basicemotions found in all mammals of distress, fear, and anger that occurrespectivelywhenlove,security,and/orwortharenotmet.

1. HeartCenter. If youare aHeartCenter type—Two,Three, orFour—youtendtoperceivetheworldthroughthefilterofemotionalintelligence.You

stay attuned to themood and feeling state in others in order tomaintainyourfeelingofconnectionwiththem.Youdependmorethanothertypesontheapprovalandrecognitionofotherstosupportyourself-esteemandyourdesire for love and connection. To ensure that you get that approval andrecognition,youcreateanimageofyourselfthatgetsotherstoacceptyouand seeyouas special.All the typesdependon emotional intelligence todevelop the higher qualities of the Heart Center, such as empathy,understanding, compassion, and loving-kindness. Heart Center types,however,focusmoreontheneedfor love,connection,affection,bonding,image,andapproval.Whenthreatened,distress,panic,andsadnessoccur.

2. HeadCenter.IfyouareaHeadCentertype—Five,Six,orSeven—youtendto filter theworld through themental faculties.Thegoalsof this strategyare to minimize anxiety, to manage potentially painful situations, and togain a sense of certainty through the mental processes of analyzing,envisioning, imagining, and planning. All the types depend on mentalintelligence to develop the higher qualities of the Head Center, such aswisdom, knowing, visioning, and thoughtfulness. But Head Center typesfocus more on the need for security, safety, certainty, assurance,predictability,andopportunity.Whenthreatened,fearandanxietyoccur.

3. BodyCenter. If you are a Body Center type—Eight, Nine, or One—youtend to filter theworld throughan intelligenceofkinestheticandphysicalsensationsandgut instinct.Youusepersonalpositionandpower tomakelife be theway you sense it should be.You devise strategies that ensureyourplaceintheworldandminimizediscomfort.AllthetypesdependontheBodyCenterof intelligence tobe in touchwith theenergyneededforaction, to discern howmuch power to use in situations, and to supply asenseofbeinggrounded in theworld.BodyCenter types,however, focusmoreontheneedforworth,congruence,comfort,harmony,belonging,andrespect.Whenthreatened,angerandrageoccur.

PracticeUsingtheThreeCentersofIntelligenceOnthedaysyoudothispractice,takeafewminutesattheendofthedayto

reflectonthefollowingquestions.Recordyourresponsesinajournalifyoulike.

Givenmyleadcenterofintelligence,howdidIcultivateallthreecentersofintelligencetoday?In what ways did I manifest the higher qualities of each center ofintelligencetoday?

Based on my reflection, what higher qualities do I need to cultivatetomorrow?

PrincipleIII:ThreeLifeForcesKnowingly or unknowingly,we all operate from three life forces all the time,andallofthemareinherentwithinus.

1. Active Force. The active force that provides the energy for action andexpressionalsoanimatesyourthoughts,feelings,andimagination.Allthatyou do and accomplish in the material world uses the active force.Sometimes the active force is referred to as the creative, affirming, orpositiveforce,becauseitmakesthingshappen.Westernculturesespeciallyvaluethisforce.

2. ReceptiveForce.Thereceptiveforcetakesin,processes,anddigestsallthestimulireceivedbyyoursenses.Itisvitaltounderstandingandappreciatingthe world you live in, to communicating effectively, and to taking rightaction.Receptivityisthebasisofempathyandcompassion.Itissometimesreferred toas theunderstandingornegative force,because it takes inand“digests” impressions and because it counters or reacts to active force.Westernculturestendtosubordinatethereceptiveforcetotheactiveforceandeventodevalueit.

3. ReconcilingForce.The reconciling force is the force of consciousness orawareness.Itbringsyouractiveandreceptiveforcesintocorrectproportion—into balance and harmony. In this sense, the reconciling force is themasterforcethatyouneedtodevelopinordertocarryoutrightaction.Thereconcilingforceissometimesreferredtoasthepreserving,neutralizing,orneutral force,because ithasnopositionpersebutbalances theother twoforcesandultimatelysustainsyou.

TheSerenityPrayerexpressesthecentralroleofthesethreelifeforces:

Godgrantmetheserenity toaccept thethingsIcannotchange(receptiveforce), the courage to change the things I can (active force), and thewisdomtoknowthedifference(reconcilingforce).

Mastering these three forces requires recognizing them and understandinghowtheyinteract.Youneedtouseyourcontinuingefforteverydaytobringtheactiveforceandthereceptiveforceintoawarenessandbalance.

PracticeBalancingtheThreeLifeForcesOnthedaysyoudothispractice,takeaminuteortwoatthebeginningofthe

day to become quiet and centered by doing the breathing practice for a shorttime.Thenrepeattoyourselfoneofthesetwostatements:

TodayIwillpracticebeingreceptive to thecommunicationsofothersandawareofmyowninnerexperienceasaguidetomyactions.

TodayIwillpracticebeingawareofmyactiveforceandmyreceptiveforceandworkatbalancingthem.

Periodicallythroughouttheday,reflectonthestatementyouchosetorepeattoyourself.Wesuggestthatyoualternatebetweenthesetwostatementsfromdaytoday.Journalyourresponsestothispracticeifyoulike.

PrincipleIV:ThreeSurvivalBehaviors—TheInstinctualSubtypesHuman evolution requires three basic survival behaviors, referred to in theEnneagramas the instinctualsubtypes: theself-preservationsubtype, thesocialor group subtype, and the one-to-one or intimate subtype. Because these aresurvival behaviors, each Enneagram personality type includes all threeinstinctual subtypes. Although you manifest all three to some degree, youusuallyexpressoneofthesethreeinstinctualsubtypesmorethantheothertwo.Both environmental circumstances and your personality’s type structureinfluence their expression, especially the core emotion associated with youradaptivestrategyandwhatyouputyourenergyinto.

1. Self-Preservation Instinctual Subtype. Your attention and energy go toissues related to personal survival, such as safety, security, comfort,protection,andadequatebasicresourcesoffood,shelter,andwarmth.

2. SocialInstinctualSubtype.Yourattentionandenergygotoissuesrelatedtoyour community and group membership, such as role, status, socialacceptance,belonging,participation,andfellowship.

3. One-to-One Instinctual Subtype. Your attention and energy go to issuesrelated to connection in vital relationships, such as bonding with specialothers,sexualintimacy,attractiveness,closeness,union,andmerging.

Sincethesesurvivalinstinctsaredeeplyrootedinevolution,itisimportanttobecome aware of them operating in your life and how they often drive, evendominate, your behavior. One goal of this awareness is to balance your own

instinctual subtype preoccupations appropriately so that no subtype dominatesyour life. Another goal of this awareness is to be able to accept differencesbetween yourself and others. Without an awareness of the influence of theseinstinctual subtype preoccupations, you can experience an imbalance in whatyour energy is devoted to, and you can experience misunderstandings andconflictwithotherswhosepreoccupationdiffersfromyours.

PracticeDevelopingSubtypeAwarenessOn the days you do this practice, set aside a fewminutes to reflect on the

followingquestionsaboutsubtypebehaviors.Rememberthatallthreeinstinctualsubtypebehaviorsarepresentinourlives.Journalyourresponsesifyoulike.

How do the self-preservation, social, and one-to-one instinctual subtypesmanifestthemselvesinmylife,andwhichonetendstopredominate?How does my more prominant instinctual subtype preoccupation causedifficultyinmyrelationships,andhowdoesitbenefitthem?What do I need to do, or stop doing, to bring balance intomy life withrespecttotheinstinctualsubtypes?

PrincipleV:ThreeLevelsofKnowingandLearningWeallhavethreeinterrelatedwaysofknowingandlearning,anditisusefultobe able to distinguish among them. Although the higher levels are moreadvancedandrequiremoreskill,eachwayhasvalue.

1. KnowingBasedonYourHabitofMind:IncrementalLearning.Thislevelofknowingandlearningisbasedonyourpersonalitytypeandisdeterminedlargelybythecorebeliefsandattentionalstyleofyourtype.Thisleveloflearning occurs almost automatically through the five senses. It requireslittle personal awareness because it is based on the habitual thoughts,feelings, and sensations of your type. Once you have identified yourpersonality type, you can use a number of different strategies to promoteyour personal growth. See thePersonalDevelopment section of theTypeDescriptionpagesforalistofthesestrategies.

2. Knowing Based on Conscious Awareness: Reconstructive Learning. Thislevelofknowingand learning requires thatyouconsciouslyobserveyourthoughts, feelings, and sensations. Maintaining awareness of the biasesgenerated by your type’s core beliefs, adaptive strategy, and attentionalstyle gives you choice. This level of knowing involves questioning and

reflecting on your usual assumptions and replacing your automaticreactionswith conscious and deliberate choices. Towork at this level ofknowing and learning, you need to internalize the material on the TypeDescriptionpagesandthepracticesthatappearinthissection.

3. Direct Knowing: Transformational Learning. The third level of knowingand learning harnesses the specific energy of your type and uses it as atransforming agent to transcend your type and its core beliefs, adaptivestrategy, and attentional style. Direct knowing is based on a level ofawareness that allows even action to precede, not follow, the usualthoughts, feelings, and sensations of your type. Direct knowing, ortransformational learning, requires that youbewilling to experience yourlife fromaperspective that isnotbasedona fixedpositionor identity. Itrequires that you take an openly receptive stance fromwhich personalitybiases can drop away. From this stance, your intellectual curiosity andemotional openness enable you to experience life directly without thedistortionorbiasofyourtype.TheEnneagramprovidesyouwithspecificwaystopursuethisworkoftransformation.Tomasterthislevelofknowingand learning is a lifelong endeavor and entirely voluntary. “The ultimategoalofmydevelopment”intheTypeDescriptionpagesandthereflectionpracticesinthissectionprovideanoverviewofthetransformationtasks.

ElementsofPersonal,Professional,andSpiritualDevelopment:TheUniversalGrowthProcessThe Universal Growth Process (UGP) is a practical and powerful model forpersonal development that interweaves four components or processes—awareness, acceptance, action, and adherence. All of these “4As” arerequiredforeffectiveandlastingchange.Moreover, theyarealwayspresent tosomeextent,andtheyaresimpletolearnandrecall,whichfurtherincreasestheirvalue.

Awareness

Use the breathing and centering practice described earlier or your ownpractice to increase your receptivity and grounded presence. This isfundamental to self-observing your adaptive strategy,with its interwovenpatternofattentionandenergy;toworkingwithyourstressandanger(yourreactivity);tograspingandreleasingfromnolongervalidcorebeliefs;andto heightening your flexibility, adaptability, and understanding. Change,growth,anddevelopmentdependonawareness.Andthepracticeprovidesa

basis for reflection “on the spot” when you are faced with challenges,distress,orreactivity.

Acceptance

Open your heart to yourself and others to accept whatever arises in themoment.Thismeansmanifestingcompassionbyadoptingakindandcaringattitude towardyourselfandothers.Acceptance includesbefriendingyourreactivity and working with judgments of self and others and with theassociated feelingsandsensations.Acceptancedoesnotmeanagreeingorcondoning.Remember thatyoucanworkonly fromwhereyouare, sinceeveryoneisinadifferentplaceinhisorherjourney.

Action

Actioninvolvesthreeinterrelatedsteps.1.Pause.Noticeyourreactions,upsets,anddistressandthenpause,bybreathingandcentering,tocollectyourenergybackintoyourself—intothegravitationalcenter of your body in the belly—so as to contain it when it wants todischargeintooldhabitualreactionsandbehaviors.Brieflyput:Notice→pause→collectenergy→contain.

2.Inquiry.Next practice thoughtful and gentle reflection and inquiry in order todiscover,discern,andworkwithwhateverreactivity—suchasupset,anger,ordistress—ortheme,especiallytypesturcture,thatarisesinthemoment.ThisiswheretheEnneagramunderstandingsprovideultimatevalue.Adopta stance of genuine curiosity to know the truth. Inquiry involvesconsideringwhatyourusual reactivityandautomatic responsesareabout.Theseresponsesarekeystodevelopmentandchangebecausetheymainlyinvolve:Ourkey identifications, our core beliefs, and the associated concerns andfeelingsdeeplyembeddedinourtypestructureOurpersonalstoriesandwounds

3.ConsciousConduct.Let your “inner coach” be your mentor by gently encouraging you intoconsciousconduct,whichmanifestsintwointerrelatedforms:Releasingintoacceptancebystayingwiththeexperienceorfeltsenseof→

loosening→ letting go→ and reexperiencing the fundamental principleyoulostsightof(seePracticeReflectingforeachtypeinSpecificPracticesection that follows). Remember that the higher qualities in the ultimategoal of your development don’t come and go—your being in touchwiththemcomesandgoes.Takingactionbystayingwiththeexperienceorfeltsense→ofloosening→andmovingintocompassionateactionrespectfulofselfandother.

Adherence

Adherence simplymeanscommitment to theprocessof the “4As”and todailypractice.Weallhavemanyopportunitieseachdaytorecommitaswegoonautomaticandgetreactive.Motivationforadherencecarrieswith itexpectation of benefit and ultimately a hope for greater happiness. Thus,intention is an irreducible ingredient.Adherencehonors theprinciple thatnewlearningisacombinationofobservation,experience,andpractice,forweallhavemindsandbodiescharacterizedbyneuroplasticity—theabilityto formnewneural pathways.Through adherenceyou can internalize theUniversalGrowthProcessofthe“4As”andcarryoutregularassessmentofyourgrowth.

PART2:SPECIFICPRACTICESFOREACHTYPE

Foreachoftheninepersonalitytypes,youwillfindfivespecificpractices:

Practicereceptiveawareness.Thispracticebuildsyourself-observerandfocusesonakeyaspectofyourtype.

Practice taking action. This practice focuses on changing a habitualbehaviorassociatedwithyourtype.

Practice previewing and reviewing your progress. This practice givesyoutheopportunitytoworkonthecentralissueofyourtype.Thisisakeypracticefordevelopment.

Practice the “4As” of awareness, acceptance, action, and adherence.This practice builds up your acceptance and personalmastery by helpingyou befriend your reactivity, anger, and defensiveness and developconscious conduct through both letting go and taking compassionate andrespectful action. See the preceeding section on the Universal GrowthProcessonPart2foradetaileddescription.

Practicereflecting to reclaimyourhigherqualities.Thispractice leadsyoutoreclaimthefundamentalprincipleassociatedwithyour typeandtopursuetheultimatetaskofself-developmentforyourtype.

PracticesforthePerfectionist(TypeOne)Werecommendthatyoubeginbychoosingjustonepracticetoworkonbeforeyoumoveontotheothers.Itmaytakeyouaweekorsowitheachpracticetoexperience a sense of progress.Youmight find it helpful to keep a journal torecordyourdailyresponsestothesepractices.Andyoumaywanttorecordthesepracticessothatyoucanlistentothemashelpfulreminders.

PracticeReceptiveAwarenessPay particular attention to your inner critic and its incessant demands. Stopseveral times a day for a minute or so to reflect by breathing down and in,allowingyourself tobecomeawareand receptive.Thenconsider the followingquestions:

Howhave I been judgingmyself andothers?Howconstantly present hasthevoiceofjudgmentbeen?Howhasmyinnercriticmademefeel?Whatbodilysensationsgowithjudgments?Inwhatwayshasmyinnercriticbeen

affectingmybehavior?

PracticeTakingActionRecall that Perfectionists tend to be dominated by the demands of their innercritic to alwaysdowhat is correct and responsible.Consequently, theyendupsuppressingtheirpersonalneedsandtheirnaturaldesiresforpleasure.Hereisapractice:

Each day, I will consciously and deliberately include time for personalneeds, natural desires, and pleasurable activities (at least some ofwhichhave nothing to do with self-improvement per se) and I will scheduleinviolatetimefortheseactivities.Iwilldomybest tonoticewhen internal resistance todoingenjoyable

things comes up and use this resistance as a signal to go ahead and dothem.

To check your progress, notice if you are experiencing a better balance ofworkandpleasureinyour life.Remember thatPerfectionistscangetsodrivenby their senseof responsibilityand theirdrive todoworkbeforepleasure thattheynevergettothepleasure.

PracticePreviewingandReviewingYourProgress

Preview:When you first get up in the morning, center yourself by practicing the

breathingexerciseforafewmoments.Thensaytoyourself:

TodayIwillpracticeacceptingmyownandothers’mistakesanderrorsaspartofthenaturalflowoflife.Iwillpracticeappreciatingdifferentpointsofview,differentvalues,anddifferentwaysofdoingthings.Icandothisbynoticing and releasing resentments when they arise, hence practicingforgiveness. I will try to bring a sense of harmony and balance betweenworkandpleasureintomylifetoday.

When you do this practice, adopt the stance that the changes you arepreviewingarealreadytrueaboutyou,sincewhatyoucametobelieveandtheassociatedadaptivestrategybasicallyarenolongertrue.

Review:In the evening each day, take a fewminutes to review your progress. Ask

yourself,withanopenmindandheart:

How did I do today at accepting mistakes and errors? At appreciatingdifferences?Atforgiving?Atexperiencingasenseofharmonyandbalancebetweenworkandpleasure?DidIgetcaughtupinfeelingresentfulaboutothers’mistakesanderrors?

Usewhatyou learn from this review toguideyour thoughtsandactions forthenextday’spreviewandreviewpractice.

Practicethe“4As”ofAwareness,Acceptance,Action,andAdherenceYoucando thispractice anumberof times eachday, theoretically asoften asyounoticeyour reactivity.Note that the“4As”process isclearlyembedded inthis practice. It may help in doing this practice to use “I” instead of “you”statements. In committing to this practice, you virtually make life yourmindfulnesspractice.Hereisthepractice:When you get upset or reactive, notice that the source of your distress is

unfairness,irresponsibility,orsomethingthatcannotbecorrected,fueledbyyourtensionandsuppressedangerandresentment.Pausetocollectbackandcontain theenergyofyour reactivitybybreathing

downintoyourbelly.Throughnonjudgmental inquiry, can you become aware that your reactivity

comesfromyourcorebeliefthatyoumustberight,good,andresponsibletobeworthy and that you must avoid being so wrong and bad that you end upunworthy?With discernment can you realize that this beliefmost likely is just an old

habit of mind and gently coach yourself into letting go and appreciatingdifferencesandacceptinglifeasitis?Canyoualsogently coachyourself intoaction that is respectful toyourself

andothersandintegratespleasurewithhealthyrestraint?Remind yourself to notice and absorb how acceptance of self and others is

receivedandwelcomed.

PracticeReflectingtoReclaimYourHigherQualitiesAt least once aweek, take a fewminutes in a quiet place to reflect upon andcontemplate both the fundamental principle and the ultimate task forPerfectionists. A natural outdoor setting is an ideal place to do this. Simplyreflectonthefollowing:

The fundamental principle that Perfectionists lose sight of and need toreclaimisthatwearealloneandweareperfectasweare.Therefore,theultimatetaskforPerfectionistsistoreclaimperfectionbyregainingasense

that life is as it is, not divided into right and wrong as Perfectionistsperceiveittobe.Thisultimatetaskismoreeasilyaccomplishedwhenyouaccept differences and mistakes, experience compassion and forgivenesstowardyourselfandothers,andallowyourselftimetorelaxandenjoylife.

Then explore what adopting these truths wouldmean to your life. You arelikelytoexperienceincreasingacceptanceoflifeasitis—theinnerpeacefulnessandserenitythatnaturallyresultfromthispractice.

PracticesfortheGiver(TypeTwo)Werecommendthatyoubeginbychoosingjustonepracticetoworkonbeforeyoumoveontotheothers.Itmaytakeyouaweekormorewitheachpracticetoexperience a sense of progress.Youmight find it helpful to keep a journal torecordyourdailyresponsestothesepractices.Andyoumaywanttorecordthesepracticessothatyoucanlistentothemashelpfulreminders.

PracticeReceptiveAwarenessPayparticularattentiontohowmuchyourattentionandenergygototheneedsandfeelingsofothers.Stopseveraltimesadayforaminuteorsotoreflectbybreathingdownandin,allowingyourselftobecomeawareandreceptive.Thenconsiderthefollowingquestions:

Howmuchofmyattentionandenergyhavegoneintorespondingtoothers’wants,needs,andfeelings?WhathaveIdonewhenI’veseenthatsomeoneorsomethingneedsmyhelp?InwhatwayshaveIbeenadaptingmyselftomeet others’ expectations? What happens inside me when I don’t feelappreciated?

PracticeTakingActionRecallthatGiverstendtobelievetheymustfulfillothers’needsinordertogainapprovalandlove.Hereisapractice:

EachdayIwillmakeaconsciousefforttoaskmyselfwhatIwantandneedfrom both myself and others, and deliberately make my own wants andneedsapriority.I will do my best to notice that when a feeling of selfishness or guilt

comesupitcanstopmefromtakingcareofmyselfor fromaskingwhatIneedfromothers.IfInoticearisingemotionalintensityinmyself,Iwillusethis feeling as a clue that I amnot paying sufficient attention tomyownwantsandneeds.

Tocheckyourprogress,notice ifyouarereallyfeelingnurtured.RememberthatGivers have a powerful tendency to repress their own needs and becomeabsorbedinfulfillingothers’needs.




Today I will practice giving and receiving equally asmy own needs andothers’ needs become apparent to me. I will practice doing this with anopenandgenerousheart. Icando thisby taking time todevelopmyownindependenceandautonomy,bynurturingmyowninterests,andbylookingoutformyownwell-beingasconscientiouslyasIlookoutfortheinterestsandwell-beingofothers.




HowdidIdotodayingivingandreceivingequally?HowdidIdoinbeingopen and generous toward myself as well as others? Did I take time tofulfillmyowninterestsandneeds?WhatdidIallowmyselftoreceivefromothers?DidIgetcaughtupinfeelingpridefulorindispensable?


Workingwiththe“4As”ofAwareness,Acceptance,Action,andAdherenceYoucando thispractice anumberof times eachday, theoretically asoften asyounoticeyour reactivity.Note that the“4As”process isclearlyembedded inthis practice. It may help in doing this practice to use “I” instead of “you”statements. In committing to this practice, you virtually make life yourmindfulnesspractice.Hereisthepractice:Whenyougetupsetorreactivenotice thatyouarefeelingfrustratedinyour

desiretohelpandinyourconvictionthatyouknowbestwhatisneededinthe

situation,fueledbyafeelingofprideandasenseofindispensability.Pausetocollectbackandcontain theenergyofyour reactivitybybreathing


comesfromyourcorebeliefthatyoumustfulfilltheneedsofothersinordertobelovedandapprovedandtoavoidfeelinguselessandhencedispensable?With discernment can you realize that this beliefmost likely is just an old

habit ofmind and gently coach yourself into lettinggo of it, realizing that inrelationshipsitisjustasgoodtoreceiveasitistogive?Canyoualsogently coachyourself intoaction that is respectful toyourself

andothersandopenheartedly integratesyourandothers’needs?Thenyoucanengageinwhatreallyisneededfreelyfromyourownseparateself.Remindyourselftonoticeandabsorbthatlovenaturallyflowsbothfromand

toyou.

PracticeReflectingtoReclaimYourHigherQualitiesAt least once aweek, take a fewminutes in a quiet place to reflect upon andcontemplateboththefundamentalprincipleandtheultimatetaskforGivers.Anatural outdoor setting is an ideal place to do this. Simply reflect on thefollowing:

Thefundamentalprinciple thatGiverslosesightofandneedtoreclaimisthateveryone’sneedscanbeequallyandfreelymet.Therefore,theultimatetaskforGiversistorealizethatbeinglovedandreceivingapprovalarenotdependent on being needed and don’t depend on how much you give toothers.Thisultimatetaskismoreeasilyaccomplishedwhenyourealizethatpayingattentiontoyourownpersonalwantsandneedsandreceivingwhatyouwantandneedfromothersisasimportantastakingcareofthewantsandneedsofothers.

Then explore what adopting these truths wouldmean to your life. You arelikely to experience an increasing sense of calm, freedom, and humility orhumblenessthatnaturallyresultfromthispractice.

PracticesforthePerformer(TypeThree)Werecommendthatyoubeginbychoosingjustonepracticetoworkonbeforeyoumoveontotheothers.Itmaytakeyouaweekormorewitheachpracticetoexperience a sense of progress.Youmight find it helpful to keep a journal torecordyourdailyresponsestothesepractices.Andyoumaywanttorecordthesepracticessothatyoucanlistentothemashelpfulreminders.

PracticeReceptiveAwarenessPayparticularattentiontoyourfeelingsandyourtendencytoputthemasideinfavorofefficientaction.Stopseveraltimesadayforaminuteorsotoreflectbybreathingdownandin,allowingyourselftobecomeawareandreceptive.Thenconsiderthefollowingquestions:

WhatfeelingshaveoccurredinmesinceIlaststoppedtocheck?Whattaskswas I putting my energy into when these feelings came up?How have Iavoided or suspended these feelings? Have I taken any time to slow mypaceand“smelltheflowers”?

PracticeTakingActionRecallthatPerformersoftensuspendoravoidfeelingsbecausefeelingsseemtogetinthewayofefficientaction.Hereisapractice:

EachdayIwillmakeaconsciousefforttomoderatemypaceatworkandinmypersonallife.Iwilldomybesttonoticemyhard-drivingenergy,mytimeurgencyand

impatience, and my preoccupation with things to do. Knowing that mytendencyistodoeverythingfast,Iwillstopmyselfforafewmoments,andbreathedeeplyandslowly,allowingmyattention to followmybreath intothecenterofmybodyandaway from thedemandsof theworld.Then, inthisquieterstate,Iwilldeterminetopracticeamoremoderatepace.

Tocheckyourprogress,noticeifyouaretakingthetimetobeawareofyourownfeelingsandtoreallylistentoothers.RememberthatPerformerscangetsofocusedonsettingmultiplegoalsandachievingresultsthattheyscreenouttheirownfeelingsandwhatothersaretryingtocommunicatetothem.




Today I will practice knowing that getting things done is not solelydependent on my own effort and efficiency. I will practice letting go ofconstantdoingandbecomemoreconsciousofwhat I reallyneed todo. Icandothisbystayingintouchwithmyfeelingsandlettingthemguideme.

When you do this practice, adopt the stance that the changes you are

previewingarealreadytrueaboutyou,sincewhatyoucametobelieveandtheassociatedadaptivestrategybasicallyarenolongertrue.



Howdid I do todayat distinguishingbetweenwhat I could let goof andwhat Icouldaccomplish?Howreceptivewas I tomyreal feelingsand tomaintainingapaceinharmonywithmywholebeing?


Workingwiththe“4As”ofAwareness,Acceptance,Action,andAdherenceYoucando thispractice anumberof times eachday, theoretically asoften asyounoticeyour reactivity.Note that the“4As”process isclearlyembedded inthis practice. It may help in doing this practice to use “I” instead of “you”statements. In committing to this practice, you virtually make life yourmindfulnesspractice.Hereisthepractice:

When you get upset or reactive,notice that you are being thwarted in youreffortstoaccomplishyourtasksandgoalsandtogetapprovalbydoingthings,andthatyourfrustrationisbeingfueledbyyourgo-aheadenergy,whichblocksyourheartfeltfeelings.Pausetocollectbackandcontain theenergyofyour reactivitybybreathing


comesfromyourcorebeliefthatyougainloveandapprovalprimarilythroughwhatyoudoandaccomplishandbyhowwellyouavoidbeingincompetentandanutterfailure?Withdiscernment can you realize that this beliefmost likely is just an old

habitofmindandgentlycoachyourselfintolettinggo,realizingthatlovecomesfrombeingaswellasfromdoing?Canyoualsogently coachyourself intoaction that is respectful toyourself

and others and integrates feeling with action? Notice your pace and slow itdown;easeuponthepressureyouputonyourself.Letyourheartbereceptivetoyourowntruefeelingsandtoothers.Remindyourselftonoticeandabsorbtherealitythatloveisnotdependenton

whatyouaccomplish.

PracticeReflectingtoReclaimYourHigherQualitiesAt least once aweek, take a fewminutes in a quiet place to reflect upon andcontemplateboththefundamentalprincipleandtheultimatetaskforPerformers.A natural outdoor setting is an ideal place to do this. Simply reflect on thefollowing:

ThefundamentalprinciplethatPerformerslosesightofandneedtoreclaimis that everything works and gets done naturally according to universallaws,notsimplybytheindividualeffortsofthedoer.Therefore,theultimatetaskforPerformersistoknowthatrecognitionandlovecomefromwhoyouare,notfromwhatyoudo.Thisultimatetaskismoreeasilyaccomplishedwhenyouacceptthatconstantaccomplishmentisnotwhatlifeisabout.

Then explore what adopting these truths would mean to your life. Thispracticeislikelytohelpyouexperienceamoderatedpaceaswellastheveracityofyourowntruefeelingsthatnaturallyresultfromthispractice.

PracticesfortheRomantic(TypeFour)Werecommendthatyoubeginbychoosingjustonepracticetoworkonbeforeyoumoveontotheothers.Itmaytakeyouaweekormorewitheachpracticetoexperience a sense of progress.Youmight find it helpful to keep a journal torecordyourdailyresponsestothesepractices.Andyoumaywanttorecordthesepracticessothatyoucanlistentothemashelpfulreminders.

PracticeReceptiveAwarenessPayparticular attention to howmuch timeyou spendmissing and longing forthings that feel importantbutarenotpresent inyour life.Stopseveral timesadayforaminuteorsotoreflectbybreathingdownandin,allowingyourselftobecomeawareandreceptive.Thenconsiderthefollowingquestions:

WhathaveIbeenfeelingdisappointedabout?WhathaveIbeenfeelingthatthere’snotenoughofinmylife?Howhaswhatseemsspecialorideal,butnot available, been influencingme?Howhasmy attention been going towhat ismissing rather thanwhat is present?How have I abandonedmyheart, my good feeling about myself? What or who have I beenexperiencingasjustfineandnotlackinginanyway?

PracticeTakingAction

Recall that Romantics often get so absorbed in what would be ideal but islacking that they tend to miss what is positive about the present. Here is apractice:

Each day I will consciously embrace and appreciate the ordinaryexperiences of everyday life. I will appreciate the little things, such asnecessary daily tasks, ordinary encounters with others, and whateverbeautyisaroundme.WhenInoticemyattentiondriftingawaytowhatismissingorIbeginto

feel disappointed with the way things are, I will do my best to use thisexperienceasasignaltoreturnmyattentiontothepresentandtomaketheordinarymeaningful.

To check your progress, notice if you are experiencing the present asmorefulfilling and less disappointing. Remember that Romantics, because theirattention isabsorbed inpastand future ideals,often fail toappreciatemuchofordinaryeverydaylife.




Today Iwill practice living in emotional balanceand sustaininga steadycourseofaction,despiteanyfluctuatingfeelingsIexperience.Icandothisby not being swayed by strong emotions or dominated by what isdisappointing,andbyappreciatingwhat ispositiveandmeaningful in theflowoflife.




HowdidIdotodayatappreciatingwhatispresentandfulfillinginmyliferather than lamentingwhat is absent and disappointing?Did I sustain asteady course of action despite fluctuating feelings? Did I resist getting

absorbedinstrongfeelingsoflongingorenvy?DidIexperiencemoreofasenseofwholeness?


Workingwiththe“4As”ofAwareness,Acceptance,Action,andAdherenceYoucando thispractice anumberof times eachday, theoretically asoften asyounoticeyour reactivity.Note that the“4As”process isclearlyembedded inthis practice. It may help in doing this practice to use “I” instead of “you”statements. In committing to this practice, you virtually make life yourmindfulnesspractice.Hereisthepractice:When you get upset or reactive notice that you are concerned about

disappointments and what you feel is missing from your life and that yourfeelingsarefueledbyyourdeeplongingandenvyforwhatothersseemtohave.Pausetocollectbackandcontain theenergyofyour reactivitybybreathing


comesfromyourcorebeliefthatinordertobetrulylovedyoumustobtaintheidealloveorsituationandavoidthefeelingthatyouarelackinganddeficient?Withdiscernment can you realize that this beliefmost likely is just an old

habit ofmind andgently coachyourself into lettinggo, realizing that life andlovearebasedonwhatispresent,notwhatismissing?Noticethatyourintenseemotions come froman inner sense of loss, of lacking.Steadyyourself in thepresentwithwhatishereandnow.Canyoualsogently coachyourself intoaction that is respectful toyourself

andotherswithafocusonwhatispresent,notwhatismissing?Remind yourself to notice and absorb that wholeness exists in what you

alreadyareandinyouracceptanceofothersastheyare.

PracticeReflectingtoReclaimYourHigherQualitiesAt least once aweek, take a fewminutes in a quiet place to reflect upon andcontemplateboththefundamentalprincipleandtheultimatetaskforRomantics.A natural outdoor setting is an ideal place to do this. Simply reflect on thefollowing:

ThefundamentalprinciplethatRomanticslosesightofandneedtoreclaimisthateveryonecanhaveadeepandcompleteconnectiontoallothersandall things. Therefore, the ultimate task for Romantics is to realize that asense of wholeness and love come from appreciating what is already

presentinthehereandnow.Thisultimatetaskismoreeasilyaccomplishedwhenyourealize that feelingsof somethingmissingareaconsequenceofidealizingthepastandthefutureinsteadoffocusingonsatisfactioninthepresent.

Then explore what adopting these truths wouldmean to your life. You arelikelytoexperiencethesenseofgratitudeforwhatisandevenequanimitythatnaturallyresultfromthispractice.

PracticesfortheObserver(TypeFive)Werecommendthatyoubeginbychoosingjustonepracticetoworkonbeforeyoumoveontotheothers.Itmaytakeyouaweekormorewitheachpracticetoexperience a sense of progress.Youmight find it helpful to keep a journal torecordyourdailyresponsestothesepractices.Andyoumaywanttorecordthesepracticessothatyoucanlistentothemashelpfulreminders.

PracticeReceptiveAwarenessPay particular attention to your tendency to limit your emotional involvementand connection by detaching from your feelings and disengaging from others.Stopseveraltimesadayforaminuteorsotoreflectbybreathingdownandin,allowingyourself tobecomeawareand receptive.Thenconsider the followingquestions:

HowhaveIbeenlimitingmyemotionalinvolvement?Myengagementwithandconnectiontoothers?InwhatwayshaveIbeenavoidingmyownandothers’ feelings? When others have expressed their emotions, have Idetachedandwithdrawnintomymind?

PracticeTakingActionRecallthatObserversoftendetachfromtheirfeelingsanddisengagefromothersbecausetheyareconcernedthatothersmightintrudeuponthemanddemandtoomuchofthem.Hereisapractice:

EachdayIwillmakeaconsciousefforttopracticeasenseofabundance.Iwillactfromthepositionthatthereareampleresourcesandenergy.Iwillgivemoreofmyselfandreceivemorefromtheworldaroundme.I will do my best to observe and counter my tendency to withdraw to

conserveenergy,andusethisasasignaltostaypresentandconnected.

To check your progress, notice if you are staying more connected to yourfeelingsandmoreengagedwithothersratherthanrevertingtoyourinclination

to retract or withdraw. Remember that a sense of abundance seems counter-instinctivetoObservers,whoareconcernedaboutscarcityandthedepletionofenergy in aworld theybelieve takes toomuchandgives too little.Andallowyourselftorealizethatretractingactuallyrobsyouofenergy.




TodayIwillpracticestayingengagedinwhatisgoingonaroundme.Iwillpracticemaintainingmyconnectiontoothersandtomyownfeelings.Icando this by observing my tendency to withdraw and disconnect and bycounteractingthistendency.




HowdidIdotodayatkeepingmyselfengagedintheflowoflife?WhatdidIdotostayconnectedtoothersandtomyfeelings?HowdidIreversemyself-protectivetendencytoretractandwithdraw?



When you get upset or reactive, notice that your tendency to detach fromfeelings and protect yourself from intrusion gets fueled by the energy of your

withdrawalandbyavariceforwhatyoujustcan’tdowithoutisbeingblocked.Pausetocollectbackandcontain theenergyofyour reactivitybybreathing


comes fromyour core belief that youmust protect yourself from aworld thatdemandstoomuchandgivestoolittleinordertoassurelifeandsecurityandtoavoidbeingdrainedoflifeenergy?Withdiscernment can you realize that this beliefmost likely is just an old

habitofmindandgentlycoachyourselfintolettinggo,realizingthattheflowoflifeprovidesampleenergy foryou to fullyengage inyour feelingsandaffirmlife?Canyoualsogently coachyourself intoaction that is respectful toyourself

and others and provides mutual support and engagement? Let yourself act incongruencewithbothheadandheart.Remind yourself to notice and absorb how you are fulfilled, not emptied,

throughthisprocess.

PracticeReflectingtoReclaimYourHigherQualitiesAt least once aweek, take a fewminutes in a quiet place to reflect upon andcontemplateboththefundamentalprincipleandtheultimatetaskforObservers.A natural outdoor setting is an ideal place to do this. Simply refect on thefollowing:

ThefundamentalprinciplethatObserverslosesightofandneedtoreclaimisthat thereisanamplesupplyofall theknowledgeandenergyeveryoneneeds.Therefore,theultimatetask forObserversistostayengagedintheflow of life, supplying and receiving energy freely. This ultimate task ismore easily accomplished when you experience the fact that stayingconnected with your feelings and with others does not deplete you butinsteadsupportsyou.

Then explore what adopting these truths wouldmean to your life. You arelikely toexperience thefreer flowof lifeenergyandsenseofengagementandsupportfromothersthatnaturallyresultsfromthispractice.

PracticesfortheLoyalSkeptic(TypeSix)Werecommendthatyoubeginbychoosingjustonepracticetoworkonbeforeyoumoveontotheothers.Itmaytakeyouaweekormorewitheachpracticetoexperience a sense of progress.Youmight find it helpful to keep a journal torecordyourdailyresponsestothesepractices.Andyoumaywanttorecordthese

practicessothatyoucanlistentothemashelpfulreminders.

PracticeReceptiveAwarenessPayparticularattentiontohowmuchyourattentionandenergygotoimaginingworst-case scenarios and selecting information that supports negative, harmfulpossibilities.Stopseveraltimesadayforaminuteorsotoreflectbybreathingdownand in,allowingyourself tobecomeawareand receptive.Thenconsiderthefollowingquestions:

Whatharmfulorhazardousoutcomeshavecometomymind?Whathasfeltthreatening to me? Unpredictable? Untrustworthy? How have I beenwatchful,wary,cautious,orchallenging?Whatself-doubtsandworst-casescenarioshavebeenpreoccupyingme?HowhaveIbeendwellingonwhatcouldgowrong?

PracticeTakingActionRecall thatLoyalSkeptics tend toquestion, doubt, and fearor challengewhatcouldgowrongbecauseofalossoftrustinthemselvesandothers.Hereisthepractice:

EachdayIwillmakeaconsciousefforttotakeappropriateactiondespitedoubtor fear. Iwilldomybest to facewhatseemlikehazards,notavoidthem(aphobicresponse)orchallengethem(acounterphobicresponse).WhenI feelapprehensive,anxious,or fearful(phobic)—ortense,hyper,

or challenging (counterphobic)—I will do my best to center and groundmyselfbybreathingdeeplyand thenmove forward intoaction, remindingmyselfthatfeardoesnothavetogoawaybeforeIgointoaction.

To check your progress, notice if you are taking appropriate actionwithouthavingtofirstdispelfearorexcessivelytestandvalidateyourcourseofaction.Remember thatLoyalSkepticshabituallyavoidhazards(aphobicresponse)orchallengethem(acounterphobicresponse).Asawayofcopingwithdoubtandfear, phobic Sixes seek security and counterphobic Sixes defy security. Flightandfightarebothresponsestoperceivedhazards.




TodayIwillpracticeactingwithfaithinmyselfandtrustinothers,justasapersonwhoalreadyhas thesequalitieswouldact. Icando thisby takingactionbefore I haveproof or certaintyaboutmy courseof actionandbybelievinginmyownresourcesandabilities.




HowdidIdo todayathaving faith inmyselfand trust inothers?InwhatwaysdidImoveforwardintoactionwithouthavingtodispelfearorgaincertaintyaboutmycourseofaction?HowwelldidIsteadymyattentiononwhatispositive?


PracticeWorkingwiththe“4As”ofAwareness,Acceptance,Action,andAdherenceYoucando thispractice anumberof times eachday, theoretically asoften asyounoticeyour reactivity.Note that the“4As”process isclearlyembedded inthis practice. It may help in doing this practice to use “I” instead of “you”statements. In committing to this practice, you virtually make life yourmindfulnesspractice.Hereisthepractice:

When you get upset or reactive, notice that you are focused on andmagnifyinghazardsandmistrustingwhatandwhomyoucancounton,fueledbyunderlying fear and doubt. If you lean toward the counterphobic, notice yourcontrarythinkingandneedtofacechallenges.Pausetocollectbackandcontain theenergyofyour reactivitybybreathing


comes from your core belief that you must seek certainty and security in ahazardousandunpredictableworldandavoidbecominghelplessanddependentinthiskindofworld?With discernment can you realize that this beliefmost likely is just an old

habitofmindandgentlycoachyourself into lettinggoof it, realizing thatyouhavelostyourfaithinyourselfandtrustinothers?Canyoualsogently coachyourself intoaction that is respectful toyourself

and others and provides trust-based support? Allow the energy in yourimaginings,your“negativespin”on life, tobe turned intoanability tosee thepositives.Andfromabaseoftrust,remindyourselftonoticeandabsorbthatthereisno

substituteforrealfaithinyourselfandtheuniverse.

PracticeReflectingtoReclaimYourHigherQualitiesAt least once aweek, take a fewminutes in a quiet place to reflect upon andcontemplate both the fundamental principle and the ultimate task for LoyalSkeptics.Anaturaloutdoorsettingisanidealplacetodothis.Simplyreflectonthefollowing:

The fundamental principle that Loyal Skeptics lose sight of and need toregainisthatwecanallhavefaithinourselves,inothers,andintheworld.Therefore, the ultimate task for Loyal Skeptics is to trust self and others.Thisultimatetaskismoreeasilyaccomplishedwhenyounoticeyourdoubtor fear and calm it,when youmove ahead in spite of lingering doubt orfear,whenyoudon’tautomaticallychallengehazards,andwhenyouacceptuncertaintyasanaturalpartoflife.

Then explore what adopting these truths wouldmean to your life. You arelikely to experience the inner assurance, calmness, and quieter mind thatnaturallyresultfromthispractice.

PracticesfortheEpicure(TypeSeven)Werecommendthatyoubeginbychoosingjustonepracticetoworkonbeforeyoumoveontotheothers.Itmaytakeyouaweekormorewitheachpracticetoexperience a sense of progress.Youmight find it helpful to keep a journal torecordyourdailyresponsestothesepractices.Andyoumaywanttorecordthesepracticessothatyoucanlistentothemashelpfulreminders.

PracticeReceptiveAwarenessPayparticularattention tohowmuchyourattentionandenergygo toplanningforpleasurable,positivepossibilities.Stopseveraltimesadayforaminuteorsoto reflect by breathing down and in, allowing yourself to become aware andreceptive.Thenconsiderthefollowingquestions:

Howhave I been turningmymind to newand interesting activitieswhenfaced with something potentially negative? How have I circumventedfrustrations?Whatvariousoptionsandopportunitieshavebeenabsorbingmyattentionandenergy?HowhaveIbeenescapingwhatmightbepainful?

PracticeTakingActionRecall that Epicures try to avoid fear, pain, and limitations by generatingmultiplepositiveoptionsforthemselves.ButEpicuresactuallylimitthemselvesby habitually steering away from anything that could involve distress, fear, orpain.Hereisapractice:

EachdayIwillconsciouslypracticefollowingthroughoneveryagreementImakeandonalltheresponsibilitiesIhaveundertaken,despitethepainsandfrustrationsImayexperience.Iwilldomybesttorecognizemytendencytoescapewhatfeelslimiting

ornegative,andnoticehowIcomeupwithgoodreasonsandalternativesfor gettingout ofwhat doesn’t seemor feel positive. Iwill domybest tonotice when something (like this practice) starts to seem frustrating andlimitingtome.Iwillusethatasasignalto“holdmyfeettothefire”—tocontinuewhatIhavestarted.

To check your progress, notice if you are fulfilling the agreements andresponsibilitiesthatyoufindtedious,frustrating,orunpleasant.Noticetoohowthis feels. Remember that the Epicure strategy of keeping life upbeat andboundless can make you susceptible to the desire to escape from painful orfrustratingsituations.


Preview:Whenyoufirstgetupinthemorning,centeryourselfbypracticingthebreathingexerciseforafewmoments.Thensaytoyourself:

Today I will practice keeping my attention and energy in the presentmoment, nomatter what frustrations and painful feelings life presents tome. I will also practice keeping others in mind, and not just my ownagenda. I cando thisbyacceptingallof life in thehereandnowandbystaying aware of my tendency to divert my attention and energy intoplanningforpleasurableoptionsandfutureopportunities.

When you do this practice, adopt the stance that the changes you are

previewingarealreadytrueaboutyou,sincewhatyoucametobelieveandtheassociatedadaptivestrategybasicallyarenolongertrue.



How did I do today at keeping my attention and energy in the presentmoment?HowdidIdoatkeepinginmindthewell-beingofothersaswellasmyownwell-being?HowwelldidIkeepmycommitment todoing thispractice? In what ways did I allow myself to experience and stay withfrustratingandpainfulexperiences?



Whenyougetupsetor reactive,notice thatyouareexperiencing limitationson your freedom and your effort to keep life up and flowing and that yourfrustrationisfueledbygluttonyofthemindforpositiveoptions,opportunities,andadventures.Pausetocollectbackandcontain theenergyofyour reactivitybybreathing


comesfromyourcorebeliefthatyoumustkeeplifeupandopeninordertohavethegoodandsecurelifeandavoidorescapebeingstuckinpainandsuffering?Withdiscernment can you realize that this beliefmost likely is just an old

habit of mind and gently coach yourself into letting go, realizing that thewholenessoflifeincludespainandsadnessaswellaspleasureandjoy?Canyoualsogently coachyourself intoaction that is respectful toyourself

andothersandopenheartedlyhonorsalloflife?Deepen your concentration and focus and remind yourself to notice and

absorbthathonoringthefulllifemeansembracingalloflife,itssorrowsaswell

asitsjoys,itslimitsaswellasitspossibilities.

PracticeReflectingtoReclaimYourHigherQualitiesAt least once aweek, take a fewminutes in a quiet place to reflect upon andcontemplateboththefundamentalprincipleandtheultimatetaskforEpicures.Anatural outdoor setting is an ideal place to do this. Simply reflect on thefollowing:

ThefundamentalprinciplethatEpicureslosesightofandneedtoregainisthatlifeisafullspectrumofpossibilitiestobeexperienceddeeplyandwithsustained concentration. Therefore, the ultimate task for Epicures is toacceptthatacompletelifecontainsaspectrumofjoyandsorrow,pleasureand pain, opportunity and limitation. This ultimate task is more easilyaccomplished when you accept all of life in the present moment, keepgroundeddespiteuncomfortableemotionsortedioustasks,andstaypresenttobothyourselfandotherswithfocusedconcentration.

Then explore what adopting these truths wouldmean to your life. You arelikelytoexperiencethegreaterwholeness,acceptanceofalloflife,anddeepersenseofjoythatnaturallyresultfromthispractice.

PracticesfortheProtector(TypeEight)Werecommendthatyoubeginbychoosingjustonepracticetoworkonbeforeyoumoveontotheothers.Itmaytakeyouaweekormorewitheachpracticetoexperience a sense of progress.Youmight find it helpful to keep a journal torecordyourdailyresponsestothesepractices.Andyoumaywanttorecordthesepracticessothatyoucanlistentothemashelpfulreminders.

PracticeAwarenessPayparticularattentiontoboththepositiveandnegativeimpactofyourenergyon others. Stop several times a day for aminute or so to reflect by breathingdownand in,allowingyourself tobecomeawareand receptive.Thenconsiderthefollowingquestions:

What has been the impact ofmy energy and theway I expressmyself onothers? In what ways have I evoked resistance or confrontation?Have Icaused others to back off fromme or towithdraw into themselves?HowhaveIbeenexcessive?Tooloud?Tooinvasive?

PracticeTakingAction

RecallthatProtectorshaveabig,forcefulenergythatothersoftenexperienceasexcessive,ortoomuch,evenwhenProtectorsareholdingsomeofitback.ManyProtectorsaresimplyunawarethattheirimpactmaybeoverwhelmingtoothers.Hereisapractice:

Eachday,Iwillmakeaconsciousefforttomoderatemyurgetousedirectactiontoexpressmydesiresandmysenseofjusticeandtruth.Iwilldomybesttonoticehowtheurgetoexpressmyselfcomesfrommy

gut, frommy body. Iwill containmy initial impulse to take direct actionwhile I consider the possible consequences, and ask myself if a moremoderateapproachwouldbebetter.

To check your progress, notice if you are respecting others’ boundaries andpositionsorifyouareinadvertentlyimposingyourwillonthem.RememberthatProtectors often take an all-or-nothing approach to relating to others, whichmakesitdifficultforthemtobemoderate.



TodayIwillpracticecomingtoeachsituationmoreopentoothers’differentpositions and different energy. I will practice being more aware andacceptingofmyownnaturalvulnerabilitiesandtenderfeelings.ItiscrucialthatIrecognizemydenialofvulnerabilityandmyownsofterfeelings,sincethisdenialresultsindeeplyembeddedhabitsthatdon’tservemewell.




HowdidIdotodayinapproachingeachsituationopentoothers’differentpositions and energy? How was I at accepting my own naturalvulnerabilitiesandtenderfeelings?HowdidIdoatnoticingmyimpactonothers?



When you get upset or reactive,notice that you are experiencing blocks toyour sense of truth and justice and associated issues of power and control, allfueledbyyourbig,excessiveenergycalledlust.Pausetocollectbackandcontain theenergyofyour reactivitybybreathing


comesfromyourcorebeliefthattogainworthandrespectandtonotbetakenadvantage of you must be strong, powerful, and invulnerable and avoidbecomingweakandpowerless?Withdiscernment can you realize that this beliefmost likely is just an old

habitofmindandgentlycoachyourselfintolettinggo,realizingthatyoururgetotakechargeandimposeyoursenseofjusticeisjustyourversionofthetruthand theway you protect yourself from being vulnerable,which to youmeansweak.Canyoualsogently coachyourself intoaction that is respectful toyourself

andothersandthroughawarenessapplyforceorenergybefittingthesituation?Let yourself be vulnerable to and affected by the experience of each person’struthandworth.Remindyourself tonoticeandabsorb thatyouareempoweredbyrespecting

boundaries,moderatingyourimpactonothers,andvaluingothers’views.

PracticeReflectingtoReclaimYourHigherQualitiesAt least once aweek, take a fewminutes in a quiet place to reflect upon andcontemplateboththefundamentalprincipleandtheultimatetaskforProtectors.A natural outdoor setting is an ideal place to do this. Simply reflect on thefollowing:

ThefundamentalprinciplethatProtectorslosesightofandneedtoregainisthatweareallinitiallywithoutguileandthatwecanallsensethetruth.

Therefore, the ultimate task for Protectors is to reclaim the originalinnocence of coming to each situation without prejudging it oroverpoweringitandtorealizethattruthflowsfromuniversallaws,notfrompersonal views. This ultimate task ismore easily accomplishedwhen youapproacheachsituationwithanappropriateenergy,orforce,andwithanequalrespectforyourselfandothers.

Then explore what adopting these truths wouldmean to your life. You arelikelytoexperiencethemoreopenheartedconnections,heightenedrespectforallbeings,andevenabidingcalmthatnaturallyresultfromthispractice.

PracticesfortheMediator(TypeNine)Werecommendthatyoubeginbychoosingjustonepracticetoworkonbeforeyoumoveontotheothers.Itmaytakeyouaweekormorewitheachpracticetoexperience a sense of progress.Youmight find it helpful to keep a journal torecordyourdailyresponsestothesepractices.Andyoumaywanttorecordthesepracticessothatyoucanlistentothemashelpfulreminders.

PracticeReceptiveAwarenessPayparticularattentiontohowmuchyourattentionandenergyarepulledbyandthendispersed into themanyclaimsmadeuponyou, leading to indecisivenessandover-accommodation.Stopseveraltimesadayforaminuteorsotoreflectby breathing down and in, allowing yourself to become aware and receptive.Thenconsiderthefollowingquestions:

How have all the people and things around me been pulling at andcompeting for my attention? How indecisive have I been? In what wayshave I gone alongwith others’ agendas and plans? Inwhatways have Ibeensidetrackedintofocusingonsecondaryprioritiesorinessentials?

PracticeTakingActionRecall thatMediators tend tohave their attentionpulledby everything aroundthem, which allows them to blend in and feel a sense of belonging. Thisexperience of belonging gives Mediators a sense of their importance, whichservesasasubstitutefortheirownrealvalueandimportance.Hereisapractice:

Eachday, Iwillmakeaconsciouseffort toplacemyattentiononwhat isimportant tome and to usemy energy formy own priorities, despite thediscomfortorconflictthatmightarisefromdoingthis.IwilldomybesttonoticethatIexperiencediscomfortasuneasinessin

mygut,andbeawarethatgoingalongwithothers’agendasanddivertingmy attention to small pleasures or secondary tasks only reduces thediscomfort temporarily. I will hold my ground, to acknowledge myimportanceasanindividual,andtoexpressmyselfaccordingly.

Tocheckyourprogress,noticeifyouarefollowingyourownprioritiesandifthis is helping to restore your sense of your importance as an individual.Evaluate how you are facing potential and actual situations of conflict ordiscomfort.RememberthatMediatorstendtoavoidconflictandtoseekcomfortasastrategyforcopingwiththebeliefthattheirownprioritiesandopinionsarenotimportant.



TodayIwillpracticetrulylovingmyselfinwaysequaltomyloveofothers.I will practice appreciating my good qualities. When I need to make adecision, I will try to give my own opinion as much importance as theopinionsofothers.Icandothisbysettingmyownpersonalprioritiesandbyrespectingmyownlimitsandboundaries.




In what ways did I express self-love and self-regard today? How did Irespect my own limits and boundaries? How did I do in setting andcarrying out my own personal priorities? Did I treat myself as beingequallyimportantasothers?


Workingwiththe“4As”ofAwareness,Acceptance,Action,andAdherence

Youcando thispractice anumberof times eachday, theoretically asoften asyounoticeyour reactivity.Note that the“4As”process isclearlyembedded inthis practice. It may help in doing this practice to use “I” instead of “you”statements. In committing to this practice, you virtually make life yourmindfulnesspractice.Hereisthepractice:

Whenyougetupsetorreactive,noticethatyouarefeelingpushedintoactionorconflictbeforeyouknowwhatyouwantorneedandthatthisfeelingisfueledbyaninertiatowardselfthatcausesyoutoforgetyourownpriorities.Pausetocollectbackandcontain theenergyofyour reactivitybybreathing


comesfromyourcorebeliefthatyouaren’timportantorthatyouhavetoblendin and hence just go along and get along and avoid conflict in order to be ofworthorimportance?Withdiscernment can you realize that this beliefmost likely is just an old

habitofmindandgentlycoachyourselfintolettinggo,realizingthatyouneedtoloveandvalueyourselfjustasmuchasyouloveandvalueallothers?Canyoualsogently coachyourself intoaction that is respectful toyourself

andothersandthattakesintoaccountyourownprioritiesandimportanceaswellasthoseofothers?Letyourselfhonoryourboundariesandlimits.Remindyourselftonoticeandabsorbthatyoumustbeequallyforyourselfas

wellasforothersinordertoliveinharmonyandpurpose.

PracticeReflectingtoReclaimYourHigherQualitiesAt least once aweek, take a fewminutes in a quiet place to reflect upon andcontemplateboththefundamentalprincipleandtheultimatetaskforMediators.A natural outdoor setting is an ideal place to do this. Simply reflect on thefollowing:

ThefundamentalprinciplethatMediatorslosesightofandneedtoregainisthat everyonebelongsequally ina stateofunconditional loveandunion.Therefore,theultimatetaskforMediatorsistoreclaimunconditionalself-loveandasenseofimportanceequaltothatofothers.Thisultimatetaskismoreeasilyaccomplishedwhenyoupayattentiontoyourownpositionandprioritiesandwhenyouactinthewaysthatareessentialtoyourownwell-beingaswellasthewell-beingofothers.

Then explore what adopting these truths wouldmean to your life. You are

likelytoexperiencethenewfoundself-regard,freedomtoexpressyourself,andloveoflifethatnaturallyresultfromthispractice.

AppendixA:AdditionalEnneagramResources

TheresourceslistedherearefromtheEnneagramintheNarrativeTraditionofSelf-Discovery ofHelen Palmer andDavidDaniels. Teaching and learning inthis tradition involves using the panel interviewingmethod and the process ofinquiryandelicitation,mindfulnesspractices,smallgroupexercises,andlecture.Thismethodembodiestheprincipleofself-discoveryasthefirststepinpersonaldevelopment. The Essential Enneagram is based on this principle of self-discovery.TheNarrativeTraditionmakesitpossibleforallindividualstospeakforthemselvesastheyaretothemselves.

OurOrganization,Classes,andTrainingsEnneagramWorldwideandtheEnneagramProfessionalTrainingProgram1442-AWalnutStreet,Suite#75

Berkeley,CA94709E-mail:[email protected]: (866)366–8973 (toll-free in theUnitedStates)or (513)829–3457SanFranciscoBayAreaphone:(510)234–1600

Web site: www.Enneagramworldwide.com. Features hundreds of pages ofcontent,includingaconciseintroductiontotheEnneagramanditsvalue,the“Tour of the Types,” all forty-five combinations of relationships, type andinstinctual subtype determination, numerous products, and listing ofprograms,trainings,andclasses.

Website:www.Enneagram.com.FeaturesHelenPalmer’sonlinecourse,articles,teachingschedule,andavarietyofproducts.

BooksThese titles are available through www.enneagramworldwide.com orAmazon.comandatbookstores.

TheEnneagram:UnderstandingYourselfandtheOthersinYourLifebyHelenPalmer.SanFrancisco:HarperSanFrancisco,1988.

The Enneagram in Love and Work by Helen Palmer. San Francisco:HarperSanFrancisco,1995.

ThePocketEnneagram byHelenPalmer. SanFrancisco:HarperSanFrancisco,1995.

TheEnneagramAdvantagebyHelenPalmer.NewYork:HarmonyBooks,1998(limitedavailability).

DVDsTheseDVDsareavailablethroughwww.ennegramworldwide.com.Breaking Out of the Box: Discovering the Enneagram, developed for publictelevision;featuringHelenPalmer;producedbyMichaelSchwarz,apremiertelevisionproducer.Avibrantandinformativeintroduction.

NinePaths toaProductiveandFulfillingLife:AComprehensiveOverviewoftheEnneagramandTheEnneagramintheWorkplace:NinePathstoEffectiveLeadershipandPerformance,featuringDavidDanielsandCourtneyBehm.

Nine Paths, which is systematic, comprehensive and fast-moving, provides afundamentalintroductiontotheEnneagramwithclipsofexemplars,narration,graphics, and lectures. The Enneagram in the Workplace shows successfulbusinessexemplarscoveringleadershipthemesandchallenges.Includestwo16-pageDiscussionGuides.

MenandWomeninRelationship,producedbyHelenPalmer,exploresmaleandfemalepointsofviewinrelationships,presentsthewaysinwhichtypeshowsupinrelationships,andisidealforshowingthedimensionsofrelationship.

Tour of the Types with Short Cuts, produced by Helen Palmer, presentsexemplars of the types and discusses habitual patterns and themes; it alsofeaturesshortcutversionsthatareexcellentforuseinintroductoryclasses.

AudiosandCDsThese CDs are available through www.enneagramworldwide.com. TheEnneagram:Eight-HourIntroductionbyHelenPalmer.ProducedbySoundsTrueRecordings.

TheInstinctualSubtypes:TheEnneagram’sHiddenForce:AConversationwithDavidDaniels,featuringPeterO’Hanrahan,andexemplarsofthetypes.Conversations with David: A periodic audio product featuring David DanielsandspecialguestsexploringavarietyofkeyEnneagramtypes.

OrganizationsAssociationofEnneagramTeachersintheNarrativeTradition(AET)TeachersandparticipantsintheNarrativeTraditiontrainingsP.O.Box68Topsfield,MA01983Website:www.aetnt.comE-mail:[email protected]

InternationalEnneagramAssociation(IEA)

4100ExecutiveParkDrive,Suite16

Cincinnati,OH45241Phone:(513)232-5054Website:www.internationalenneagram.org

Newsletters/PeriodicalsTALK Newsletter/Journal of the Association of Enneagram Teachers in theNarrativeTradition(AET)

101ElizabethWay

SanRafael,CA94901E-mail:[email protected]

EnneagramMonthly748WaysideRoadPortolaValley,CA94082Phone:(650)851-4806E-mail:[email protected]

AppendixB:ValidityoftheEssentialEnneagramTest

We designed a simple paragraph test based on logical constructs of the nineEnneagrampersonalitytypesderivedfromthetheoreticalworkofHelenPalmerandDavidDaniels.Eachparagraphincludes:

TheoverallworldviewofthetypeTheattentionalstyleThedominantmentalandemotionalbiasesThecentralpreoccupationsThepositiveattributesofthetype

Weasked representativesofeachpersonality type to reviewandrevise theirrespective paragraphs to ensure that the paragraphswere congruentwith theiractualexperienceofbeingthattype.Wethenreviewedtheirrevisionstoensurethattheparagraphswereaccuratefromatheoreticalstandpointandwereequallysociallydesirable.We established the validity of the Essential EnneagramTest by testing 970

individuals throughout theUnitedStateswhoenrolledinEnneagramclassesorvolunteered for typing interviews. These individuals did not know theirEnneagrampersonalitytypeandwereunfamiliarwiththeEnneagram.Sixty-fivepercentofthesamplewerewomen,and35percentweremen.Wecomparedeachindividual’sEssentialEnneagramTestself-ratingtooneof

two“goldstandard”ratings:

Oneofthegoldstandardsusedwasadiagnostictypinginterviewconductedby a certified Enneagram teacherwho did not know how the individualshadratedthemselves.The other gold standard was the individual’s own reevaluation on theAssessment Inventory after taking a ten-week Enneagram course or itsequivalent.

The two gold standards produced similar results. These results confirm thevalidityoftheEssentialEnneagramTest—thatis,theprobabilitythatuserswillaccuratelyselecttheirpersonalitytypefromamongthenineparagraphs.Weanalyzedtheresultsforeachofthenineparagraphsseparately.Eachofthe

nineparagraphs,orpersonalitytypes,hasitsownprobabilityofbeingaccuratelydistinguished among the nine Enneagram personality types. The Type

Determination pages in The Essential Enneagram show the accuracy of eachparagraph.Forexample, thePerfectionistparagraphhasa66percentaccuracy.This means that two-thirds of the people who selected the Perfectionistparagraph as their typewere also identified as this type by the gold standard,either by an expert’s rating through a structured interview or by their ownreevaluationofthemselvesfollowinganEnneagramcourse.PeoplesometimeschooseaparagraphintheEssentialEnneagramTestthatis

not their correct personality type but is one of the look-alike types associatedwith theirpersonality typeor isoneof the fourpersonality typesconnected totheir personality type. For this reason, we also calculated the probability ofindividualsbeingeachoftheothereighttypesiftheirself-ratingwasnotcorrectwhen compared to the gold standard. The Type Determination pages in TheEssentialEnneagramshowtheseotheranalyses.Forexample,8percentof thesubjectswhochosethePerfectionistparagraphwereactuallytheRomantictype,8 percent were the Loyal Skeptic type, 7 percent were the Giver type, and 5percent were the Mediator type. The remaining 6 percent of those whocharacterizedthemselvesasPerfectionistweredistributedamongtheremainingfourtypes.The Type Determination pages list the probability of the type that subjects

chose being their correct type. They also list the probabilities of other typesbeingsubjects’correcttypeinstead.TheTypeDeterminationpagesincludestep-by-stepinstructionsfortestingtheaccuracyofone’schoices.Theoverallpatternisameasureofvaliditybasedonthefollowingstatisticalanalyses.We analyzed each Enneagram paragraph with respect to sensitivity,

specificity, predictive value of positives, predictive value of negatives, testefficiency, and Cohen’s Kappa test for intraclass correlation. We computedKappa statistics for the test across all nine scales as ameasure of overall testconcordance.Testvalidityasmeasuredbycongruencyofrespondents’answersto the gold standard was statistically and clinically significant. The overallKappa for the entire test was 0.5254 (p < 0.0001), considered a significantdegreeofconcordance.Allanalysesof individual itemsexhibitedconcordanceor intraclass correlations significant at p < 0.0001. We performed reliabilityanalysis with a small naive group of graduate students (n = 62). We gavealternativeversionsoftheinventoryfourweeksapartwithoutanintroductiontotheEnneagramandwithoutintroducinganyotherbias.Theanalysisrevealedasignificantconcordance,Kappa=0.589(p<0.0001).

AbouttheAuthors

DAVID DANIELS, M.D., is a clinical professor of psychiatry at StanfordUniversityMedicalSchool,andisaleadingdeveloperoftheEnneagram.

VIRGINIA PRICE, Ph.D., (1942–2005) was a psychologist with a privatepractice in Palo Alto. She wrote Type A Behavior Pattern, a book widelyregardedasalandmarkinitsfield.

Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favoriteHarperCollinsauthor.

Copyright

THE ESSENTIAL ENNEAGRAM: The Definitive Personality Test and Self-Discovery Guide—Revised and Updated. Copyright © 2009 by David N. Daniels, M.D., andVirginia A. Price, PhD. All rights reserved under International and Pan-AmericanCopyrightConventions. By payment of the required fees, you havebeengrantedthenon-exclusive,non-transferablerighttoaccessandreadthetextof this e-book on-screen.No part of this textmay be reproduced, transmitted,down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced intoany information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means,whether electronicormechanical, nowknownorhereinafter invented,withouttheexpresswrittenpermissionofHarperCollinse-books.

AdobeDigitalEditionSeptember2009ISBN978-0-06-198569-0

10987654321

AboutthePublisher

AustraliaHarperCollinsPublishers(Australia)Pty.Ltd.25RydeRoad(POBox321)Pymble,NSW2073,Australiahttp://www.harpercollinsebooks.com.au

CanadaHarperCollinsPublishersLtd.

55AvenueRoad,Suite2900

Toronto,ON,M5R,3L2,Canadahttp://www.harpercollinsebooks.ca

NewZealandHarperCollinsPublishers(NewZealand)LimitedP.O.Box1Auckland,NewZealandhttp://www.harpercollins.co.nz

UnitedKingdomHarperCollinsPublishersLtd.

77-85FulhamPalaceRoad

London,W68JB,UKhttp://www.harpercollinsebooks.co.uk

UnitedStatesHarperCollinsPublishersInc.

10East53rdStreet

NewYork,NY10022http://www.harpercollinsebooks.com

*TheUniversalGrowthProcesswascocreatedwithmyteachingassociate,TerrySaracino,MA,MBA.

TableofContentsCoverTitlePageContentsAcknowledgmentsForewordbyHelenPalmerSection1

Part1WhatIsTheEssentialEnneagram?TheProcessofSelf-DiscoveryandSelf-DevelopmentUsingTheEssentialEnneagramEssentialEnneagramTestInstructionsEssentialEnneagramTestLinkingParagraphstoTypesTheEnneagramFigureHowtoProceedUnderstandingtheTypeDeterminationPagesDetailedExplanationoftheTypeDeterminationPagesUnderstandingtheTypeDescriptionPagesDetailedExplanationoftheTypeDescriptionPages

Part2TypeOneTypeTwoTypeThreeTypeFourTypeFiveTypeSixTypeSevenTypeEightTypeNine

SummaryofTypeDiscriminatorsHowtoConfirmandVerifyYourTypeHowtoBuildSelf-UnderstandingSection2

Part1TheGuidelinesforOptimalLearning

BreathingandCenteringStepsFiveGeneralPrinciplesElementsofPersonal,Professional,andSpiritualDevelopment

Part2PracticesforthePerfectionist(TypeOne)PracticesfortheGiver(TypeTwo)PracticesforthePerformer(TypeThree)PracticesfortheRomantic(TypeFour)PracticesfortheObserver(TypeFive)PracticesfortheLoyalSkeptic(TypeSix)PracticesfortheEpicure(TypeSeven)PracticesfortheProtector(TypeEight)PracticesfortheMediator(TypeNine)

AppendixAAppendixBAbouttheAuthorsCopyrightAboutthePublisher

Essential Enneagram: The Definitive Personality Test and Self-Discovery Guide -- Revised & Updated

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