Ruminant Herd Health · Farm Biosecurity •Sanitize boots, hands, and wear clean clothes...
Transcript of Ruminant Herd Health · Farm Biosecurity •Sanitize boots, hands, and wear clean clothes...
Ruminant Herd Health
Dr. Lauren Lyzenga
Abbotsford Veterinary Clinic
Goals:
• Biosecurity!
• Prevent disease
- Nutrition
- Housing
- Vaccinations
- Parasite control
• Identify and treat sick animals early
By Jacquie Wingate from Recovery, usa - Flickr, CC BY-SA 1.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3474660
Farm Biosecurity• Sanitize boots, hands, and wear clean clothes
– Between farms; between healthy and sick animals
– Visitors
• Wear gloves/sleeves when handling sick or birthing animal
• Healthy animals first, sick animals last
• Single use needles
• Sanitize equipment between animals
Nutrition
• Forages
• Salt and minerals
• Supplemental protein and energy
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Forages
• Cattle: 1.5 – 2.5% of body weight per day (dry matter)
• Small ruminant: 1.5 – 3.5% body weight
• Pasture: grass vs legumes? maturity?
• Hay• Grass hays: good maintenance diet
• Legume hays (alfalfa, clover): high protein and calcium
• Silage/balelage/ haylage• Nutritious; spoilage problems
Pastures
• Overstocking pastures and poor maintenance leads to:
– compaction and damage to pastures
– lack of adequate nutrition
– manure management and run-off issues
– Parasite overload
• Dry lot or indoor areas
– Confine animals when too wet, too dry, or pasture eaten down
Pasture rotation
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Dry lots and indoor housing
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Feed to Body Condition!
• Look and Feel
• Dairy breeds vs meat breeds
Supplemental Protein and Energy
• Who?
– Breeding, late pregnancy and lactating animals
– Growing animals
– Low body condition (BCS <2.5 - 3)
• What? Grains, pellets or tex mix
• Check label for species!
– Cattle feed should not be given to sheep and goats
Salt, Minerals, Vitamins
• Blocks or loose minerals
– Check label for species
• Sheep are sensitive to copper
– Selenium!
cattle, horses, goats and pigs
http://www.ranch-way.com/products/horse-feed/ranch-way-easy-feed-organic-12-10-all-stock-mineral
Salts, Vitamins, Minerals
• Protein licks with minerals and vitamins
• Injectable vitamin supplements:
– Only if inadequate in diet (poor forage, winter, no other supplements)
– Vitamins A & D
– Mu-Se (Vitamin E and Selenium)
– Pre-breeding, mid – late pregnancy, weanlings
Vaccinations
• Small ruminants (sheep, goats, camelids)
– CDT vaccine: Tetanus and Clostridium perfringenstype C & D
• Cattle
– Respiratory combination vaccine (Express)
– Clostridial combination vaccine (Covexin Plus)
– Additional: intranasal vaccines for viral and bacterial pneumonias, scour prevention vaccines
Internal Parasites
• Routine deworming
• Pasture management
• Animal assessment – FAMACHA (anemia)
– Body condition
– Fecal consistency (diarrhea)
– Bottle jaw
– Hair coat
• Fecal sample monitoring
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Organic dewormers
• Diatomaceous earth – not for internal use!
• Copper Oxide wire boluses (Copasure is one brand) – 2 gram boluses in adult goat/sheep, 1 gram in lambs
• Concentrated Tannins found in plants
• Big and birdsfoot trefoil, sainfoin, sulla, and sericea lespedeza (legumes)
• Fresh plants or dried
• Likely needs to be a high portion of diet
Lice and mites: Oh my! • Sunlight, stocking density
• Diatomaceous earth on animals/environment
• Pyrethin (from Chrysanthemum plant)
– No synthetic carriers (piperonyl butoxide)
– Powder or spray
• Sulfur + Hydrated lime (hot lime sulfur dip)
• Mineral oil, vegetable oils
• Enzymatic soaps
Fly Control
• Manure disposal
• Fly parasites (wasps)
• Chickens, ducks
– eat fly larva
• Fly tape and traps
• Insecticidals
– Pyrethrin
• Repellant sprays:
– Essential oils: Neem, peppermint, lemon, citronella, eucalyptus, clove, bitter orange, tea tree…
– Apple cider vinegar or Witch hazel
– Mineral or olive oil
– Dish soap
Foot health • Trimming: 1 – 2 times per year for most
• Lameness: examine and treat promptly– Foot rot: swollen foot, stinky and raw between
toes. Trim and clean feet, systemic antibiotics, topical treatment
– Digital dermatitis: warts on the heel of cattle, apply activated copper and zinc chelate gel (Hoof-Sol) and wrap for 2 days. Repeat
– Hoof abscess: carve out with hoof knife, block opposite toe – requires training
Birthing management
• Hygiene
– Bedding, wash vulva and wear sleeves if assisting, dip naval in 7% Iodine
• Colostrum
• Anti-inflammatory after difficult births – both mom and baby!
– Metacam good choice
– Not Banamine (flunixin)
Retained Placenta
• >24 hours after parturition
• Do not attempt to remove
• Trim to prevent dragging
• Keep mother in clean area
• Immune support: Vit A & D and Vit C
• Monitor temperature for fever
– Antibiotics
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Scours
• Hydration!!
– Electrolytes 1-2 times per day (bottle, tube feed, bucket feed)
– Access to fresh water
• Pain management – Metacam
• Severe cases: intravenous fluids & antibiotics
• Prevention: cleanliness, separation of older and younger animals, colostrum intake, scour vaccinations
Pneumonia
• Signs:
– Fever
– Breathing fast or with effort
– Cough, snotty nose
• Treatment
– Antibiotics!
– Anti-inflammatories
• Prevention:
– Ventilation/housing
– Biosecurity
– Colostrum
– Vaccines (cattle)
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Indigestion
• Signs: decreased appetite, abnormal manure (dry, loose, stinky), decreased manure, decreased ruminations, mild bloat
• Common
• Pump with fluids, probiotics, alfalfa meal
• Ginger, cayenne pepper – stimulate motility
Wounds:
• Suturing should be done within 12 hours if needed
• Flush with water and dilute iodine
• Dress with Golden Yellow Wound Ointment or unpasteurized honey
– Anti-bacterial
• Herbs – Yarrow, Plantain
Musculoskeletal and nerve injuries• If animal is unable to stand and walk, need to
be assessed by a veterinarian promptly
• Treatments:
– Acupuncture, chiropractic medicine
– Laser therapy
– Herbs – Corydalis yanhusuo, Comfrey
– Anti-inflammatories (Metacam, Anafen, Dexmethasone, Pre-Def 2X)
Urinary Stones
• Castrated male sheep and goats
• Prevention
– At least 1 month old before castration
– Encourage water intake
– High salt diet
– Calcium:Phosphorous ratio >2:1 in diet
• Avoid feeding grain (high phosphorous)
• Feed calcium – alfalfa, limestone
– Ammonium chloride for high risk
Urinary Stones
• Signs of urinary blockage
– Straining and repeated attempts to urinate, dribbling urine, blood tinged urine, vocalizing, painful, not eating
– Edema, Down, weak, bloated
• Emergency!
• Treatment?
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Mastitis
• Abnormal milk, swollen quarter, pain – Milk out quarter frequently
• Oxytocin if needed
– Massage quarter with peppermint udder ointment
– Mastotreet after milking twice daily in quarter
– Amplimune – immune stimulant, organic certified
• Fever, depression, dehydration– Fluid support
– Intravenous Banamine
– Antibiotics http://cahsspvd.pvamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Mastitis_2.jpg
Metritis
• Watery, brown, stinky discharge from uterus, straining
• Infuse 50% dextrose or Utresept
• Immune support: Vit A & D and Vit C
• Fever, depression:
– Antibiotics: Penicillin for 5 days or ceftiofur(Excede, Excenel)
– Anti-inflammatory