099_Small Ruminant Health

Small Ruminant Herd Small Ruminant Herd HealthHealth

Nicole Ferguson, DVM, MSNicole Ferguson, DVM, MS

Goat HealthGoat Health DiarrheaDiarrhea

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal nematodesnematodes

CoccidiosisCoccidiosis ClostridiumClostridium SalmonellaSalmonella Johne’s diseaseJohne’s disease

RespiratoryRespiratory OPPOPP PasteurellaPasteurella

NeurologicNeurologic CAECAE Meningeal wormMeningeal worm Pregnancy Pregnancy

toxemiatoxemia TetanusTetanus PolioencephalomPolioencephalom

alaciaalacia ListeriosisListeriosis

Urinary stonesUrinary stones Caseous Caseous

lymphadenitislymphadenitis Foot rotFoot rot MastitisMastitis

Gastrointestinal NematodesGastrointestinal Nematodes

Gastrointestinal nematodesGastrointestinal nematodes Trichostrongylus, HaemonchusTrichostrongylus, Haemonchus Common cause of diarrhea in all agesCommon cause of diarrhea in all ages May cause anemia (low red blood cell count) May cause anemia (low red blood cell count)

and low protein with severe infestationand low protein with severe infestation Most common cause of poor productionMost common cause of poor production

Low weight gain, thin, decreased milk Low weight gain, thin, decreased milk productionproduction

Parasites develop resistance to the Parasites develop resistance to the commonly used dewormerscommonly used dewormers

May be difficult to effectively treatMay be difficult to effectively treat


Gastrointestinal nematodesGastrointestinal nematodes Need to do sequential fecal egg counts to Need to do sequential fecal egg counts to

determine resistancedetermine resistance– Prior to dewormingPrior to deworming– 10-14 days after deworming10-14 days after deworming– Need 95% reduction in egg countsNeed 95% reduction in egg counts

Do not rotate dewormersDo not rotate dewormers Use a new dewormer when resistance Use a new dewormer when resistance

developsdevelops Cull animals with recurrent parasite Cull animals with recurrent parasite

problemsproblems


““Bottle jaw” reflecting protein loss due to blood Bottle jaw” reflecting protein loss due to blood

lossloss

Pale mucous membranes reflecting anemia due to blood lossPale mucous membranes reflecting anemia due to blood loss

CoccidiosisCoccidiosis

CoccidiosisCoccidiosis Most common cause of diarrhea between 3 Most common cause of diarrhea between 3

weeks and 5 months of ageweeks and 5 months of age Adults are not clinically affected if their Adults are not clinically affected if their

immune system is normalimmune system is normal Caused by protozoal parasites (Caused by protozoal parasites (EimeriaEimeria)) Poor growth, weight loss, diarrheaPoor growth, weight loss, diarrhea Very common in confinement operationsVery common in confinement operations

CoccidiosisCoccidiosis

CoccidiosisCoccidiosis Diagnose with direct Diagnose with direct

fecal smear or flotationfecal smear or flotation Treat with supportive Treat with supportive

carecare Anti-coccidial drugsAnti-coccidial drugs Management changesManagement changes

– Sound managementSound management– Improve hygiene Improve hygiene

practicespractices– Use of coccidiostatsUse of coccidiostats– Reduce stressReduce stress

Bacterial DiarrheaBacterial Diarrhea

Bacterial causesBacterial causes SalmonellaSalmonella

– Cause of watery diarrhea in all agesCause of watery diarrhea in all ages– Treat with supportive careTreat with supportive care– Animals may carry the bacteria without being sickAnimals may carry the bacteria without being sick

Clostridium (enterotoxemia)Clostridium (enterotoxemia)– Common, frequently fatal diseaseCommon, frequently fatal disease– Clostridium perfringensClostridium perfringens type D most common type D most common– Associated with sudden feed changes, lush Associated with sudden feed changes, lush

pasture, high carbohydrate dietpasture, high carbohydrate diet– Difficult to treatDifficult to treat– Prevent with vaccinationPrevent with vaccination

Johne’s DiseaseJohne’s Disease

Johne’s diseaseJohne’s disease Also known as paratuberculosisAlso known as paratuberculosis Caused by bacterium Caused by bacterium Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium avium

subspecies subspecies paratuberculosisparatuberculosis Most common in mature animalsMost common in mature animals Progressive weight loss more common than Progressive weight loss more common than

diarrheadiarrhea Usually good appetite despite weight lossUsually good appetite despite weight loss Diarrhea may be seen in advanced casesDiarrhea may be seen in advanced cases No treatmentNo treatment

Johne’s DiseaseJohne’s Disease

Can be spread to other ruminants and Can be spread to other ruminants and pseudoruminantspseudoruminants

DiagnosisDiagnosis Fecal cultureFecal culture

– Lengthy: weeks – monthsLengthy: weeks – months– A negative result does not rule out the diseaseA negative result does not rule out the disease

SerologySerology– ELISAELISA– AGIDAGID

NecropsyNecropsy– Thickening of the ileum (part of the small intestine)Thickening of the ileum (part of the small intestine)– Enlarged lymph nodes in the abdomenEnlarged lymph nodes in the abdomen– Corrugated (thickened) intestinal liningCorrugated (thickened) intestinal lining

Bacterial PneumoniaBacterial Pneumonia

PasteurellaPasteurella Common cause of pneumoniaCommon cause of pneumonia Stress inducedStress induced

– Poor ventilation, crowding, parasitism, Poor ventilation, crowding, parasitism, malnutrition, transportmalnutrition, transport

Fever, nasal discharge, lethargic, off feed, Fever, nasal discharge, lethargic, off feed, increased respiratory rate and effort, coughincreased respiratory rate and effort, cough

AntibioticsAntibiotics– Penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, tylosinPenicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, tylosin

Improve managementImprove management

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)(OPP)

Chronic progressive or atypical pneumoniaChronic progressive or atypical pneumonia Lentivirus Lentivirus Closely related to CAEClosely related to CAE Lethargy, progressive emaciation, Lethargy, progressive emaciation,

increased respiratory effort despite good increased respiratory effort despite good appetite and normal temperatureappetite and normal temperature

Signs last from 3-6 months and may Signs last from 3-6 months and may persist for yearspersist for years

Diagnosis by ELISA, AGID, PCRDiagnosis by ELISA, AGID, PCR No treatmentNo treatment Prevention: test and cullPrevention: test and cull

Viral and Mycoplasmal Viral and Mycoplasmal PneumoniasPneumonias

Parainfluenza type 3Parainfluenza type 3 Respiratory syncytial virusRespiratory syncytial virus HerpesvirusesHerpesviruses Mycoplasma ovipneumoniaMycoplasma ovipneumonia

Primary organism responsible for theses enzootic, Primary organism responsible for theses enzootic, chronic nonprogressive or atypical pneumoniaschronic nonprogressive or atypical pneumonias

All of the above share similar clinical signs: All of the above share similar clinical signs: fever, increased respiratory rate and fever, increased respiratory rate and effort, coughing, nasal dischargeeffort, coughing, nasal discharge

TreatmentTreatment Supportive careSupportive care Mycoplasma: oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, florfenicolMycoplasma: oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, florfenicol

NeurologicNeurologic

VirusesViruses CAECAE

ParasitesParasites Meningeal wormMeningeal worm

BacteriaBacteria TetanusTetanus ListeriosisListeriosis

MetabolicMetabolic Pregnancy toxemiaPregnancy toxemia PolioencephalomalaciaPolioencephalomalacia

CAECAE

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virusCaprine arthritis encephalitis virus Several forms:Several forms:

Arthritis (most common form)Arthritis (most common form) PneumoniaPneumonia NeurologicNeurologic MastitisMastitis Weight lossWeight loss

CAECAE

ArthritisArthritis Adults (≥ 1 year of Adults (≥ 1 year of

age)age) Most common in the Most common in the

kneesknees One or many joints One or many joints Painful and Painful and

debilitatingdebilitating

PneumoniaPneumonia AdultsAdults Chronic, progressive Chronic, progressive

pneumoniapneumonia

CAECAE

NeurologicNeurologic Young goats 2-6 months of age most commonYoung goats 2-6 months of age most common Most are dairy breedsMost are dairy breeds Progressive paralysis of the limbsProgressive paralysis of the limbs May also include head tilt, blindness, head May also include head tilt, blindness, head

tremor, circling, inability to swallow, and tremor, circling, inability to swallow, and other signsother signs

MastitisMastitis Most commonly young does after kiddingMost commonly young does after kidding Low to no milk productionLow to no milk production Hard udderHard udder

CAECAE

No treatmentNo treatment Method of transmissionMethod of transmission

Consumption of virus-infected colostrum and Consumption of virus-infected colostrum and milkmilk

Direct transmission from goat to goatDirect transmission from goat to goat

DiagnosisDiagnosis Positive antibody response with serum tests Positive antibody response with serum tests

(AGID, ELISA)(AGID, ELISA)

No vaccine is availableNo vaccine is available

Meningeal WormMeningeal Worm

Parelaphostrongylus tenuisParelaphostrongylus tenuis Common parasite in white-tailed Common parasite in white-tailed

deerdeer Does not cause disease in deerDoes not cause disease in deer

Small ruminants accidentally eat Small ruminants accidentally eat slugs/snails that carry the parasiteslugs/snails that carry the parasite

The larvae move along the nervous The larvae move along the nervous systemsystem

Meningeal WormMeningeal Worm

Signs depend on whereSigns depend on where

the parasite migrates tothe parasite migrates to Depression, weakness,Depression, weakness,

paralysis, circling, headparalysis, circling, head

tilt, etc.tilt, etc. TreatmentTreatment

Anti-inflammatoriesAnti-inflammatories DewormersDewormers

– IvermectinIvermectin– FenbendazoleFenbendazole

TetanusTetanus

Caused by bacterium Caused by bacterium Clostridium tetaniClostridium tetani Commonly present in feces and soilCommonly present in feces and soil Infection may set in:Infection may set in:

– After injuryAfter injury– Through the umbilicusThrough the umbilicus– After castrationAfter castration– After dockingAfter docking– After metritis (infected uterus)After metritis (infected uterus)

Seen weeks after injurySeen weeks after injury

TetanusTetanus Stiffness, lamenessStiffness, lameness Generalized stiffness Generalized stiffness

within 24 hourswithin 24 hours Stimulation Stimulation

spasmsspasms If severeIf severe

– Laying on sideLaying on side– Extended neck and Extended neck and

legslegs TreatmentTreatment

– Supportive careSupportive care– Penicillin at high Penicillin at high

dosesdoses– Tetanus antitoxinTetanus antitoxin– Quiet, dark placeQuiet, dark place

ListeriosisListeriosis

Listeria monocytogenesListeria monocytogenes Soil and fecal contaminantSoil and fecal contaminant Proliferates in silage if the pH > 5.0Proliferates in silage if the pH > 5.0 Invades through the gastrointestinal Invades through the gastrointestinal

tracttract Predilection for the CNSPredilection for the CNS Depression, head tilt, dropped jaw, Depression, head tilt, dropped jaw,

inability to eat, facial and vestibular inability to eat, facial and vestibular lesionslesions

ListeriosisListeriosis

Difficult to diagnose pre-mortemDifficult to diagnose pre-mortem CSF tapCSF tap

Elevated proteinElevated protein Elevated white blood cell countElevated white blood cell count Culture unrewardingCulture unrewarding Post-mortem findingsPost-mortem findings

TreatmentTreatment PenicillinPenicillin OxytetracyclineOxytetracycline FlorfenicolFlorfenicol

Public health concernPublic health concern

Pregnancy Toxemia Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis)(Ketosis)

Metabolic disease in pregnant Metabolic disease in pregnant does/ewesdoes/ewes

Insufficient intake of feed to meet the Insufficient intake of feed to meet the energy needs of the doe/eweenergy needs of the doe/ewe

Decreased intake of feed Decreased intake of feed depression, depression, weakness, further decrease in intake of weakness, further decrease in intake of feedfeed

In order to meet the pregnancy needs, In order to meet the pregnancy needs, the doe/ewe will break down fat stores the doe/ewe will break down fat stores release of ketones (toxic by-products) release of ketones (toxic by-products)

Pregnancy ToxemiaPregnancy Toxemia

Ketosis Ketosis altered altered behavior, blindness, behavior, blindness, circling, circling, incoordination, incoordination, tremors, convulsionstremors, convulsions

TreatmentTreatment Supportive careSupportive care IV glucose (sugar) for IV glucose (sugar) for

energyenergy Increase feed intakeIncrease feed intake C-sectionC-section

Poor prognosisPoor prognosis

PolioencephalomalaciaPolioencephalomalacia

Most common in 2-6 month old Most common in 2-6 month old kids/lambs fed high-grain dietskids/lambs fed high-grain diets

Can occur at any ageCan occur at any age Nutritional factorsNutritional factors

Sudden change in dietSudden change in diet Feed high in molassesFeed high in molasses Moldy hayMoldy hay Rumen acidosis Rumen acidosis Dietary stress of weaningDietary stress of weaning


Feed changes Feed changes changes in the rumen changes in the rumen population of bacteria population of bacteria predominance predominance of bacteria that break down thiamineof bacteria that break down thiamine

Thiamine is require by the brain for Thiamine is require by the brain for sugar metabolismsugar metabolism

High sulfate in diet may also cause thisHigh sulfate in diet may also cause this Interferes with energy production in the Interferes with energy production in the

brainbrain


SignsSigns BlindnessBlindness Abnormal eye positionAbnormal eye position DepressionDepression IncoordinationIncoordination ConvulsionsConvulsions Star-gazingStar-gazing ComaComa

TreatmentTreatment Thiamine replacementThiamine replacement

PreventionPrevention Avoid sudden diet Avoid sudden diet

changechange

Urinary StonesUrinary Stones

Common in bucks/rams and wethersCommon in bucks/rams and wethers CausesCauses

DietaryDietary– High grainHigh grain– High proteinHigh protein– Low hay/grass availabilityLow hay/grass availability– High magnesium dietHigh magnesium diet– Low calcium to phosphorus ratio in dietLow calcium to phosphorus ratio in diet

Limited access to waterLimited access to water Abnormal pH of the urineAbnormal pH of the urine Age of the animal at time of castrationAge of the animal at time of castration Possible geneticsPossible genetics


Straining to urinateStraining to urinate– PosturingPosturing– VocalizingVocalizing– Contracting the Contracting the

abdomenabdomen– Dribbling urineDribbling urine

ColicColic Flagging tailFlagging tail ““Water belly”Water belly”

– Ruptured bladder or Ruptured bladder or urethraurethra


TreatmentTreatment Medical treatmentMedical treatment

– Amputate the urethral processAmputate the urethral process– Ammonium chloride to dissolve stonesAmmonium chloride to dissolve stones– Anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs

Often requires surgeryOften requires surgery PreventionPrevention

Access to fresh, clean waterAccess to fresh, clean water Adjust the levels of magnesium, calcium, Adjust the levels of magnesium, calcium,

phosphorusphosphorus Add ammonium chloride to dietAdd ammonium chloride to diet

Caseous LymphadenitisCaseous Lymphadenitis

Caused by Caused by bacterium bacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosispseudotuberculosis

Abscesses in the Abscesses in the lymph nodes, skin, lymph nodes, skin, internal organsinternal organs

Infection through Infection through skin abrasions and skin abrasions and via the respiratory via the respiratory routeroute

Caseous LymphadenitisCaseous Lymphadenitis SignsSigns

Swelling of the lymph nodesSwelling of the lymph nodes Draining tractsDraining tracts Chronic weight loss if internal Chronic weight loss if internal

abscessationabscessation Reduced productionReduced production

DiagnosisDiagnosis SerologySerology CultureCulture

TreatmentTreatment NoneNone

PreventionPrevention Identify and cull affected animalsIdentify and cull affected animals Disinfect shared equipment Disinfect shared equipment

between animalsbetween animals VaccineVaccine

Foot RotFoot Rot

Contagious disease caused by various Contagious disease caused by various bacteriabacteria

Most commonly transmitted in spring Most commonly transmitted in spring and falland fall

Severity of disease increases with ageSeverity of disease increases with age Usually affects both claws in more than Usually affects both claws in more than

one footone foot Significant lamenessSignificant lameness

Foot RotFoot Rot

TreatmentTreatment Proper hoof trimmingProper hoof trimming Topical antibacterial treatments: antibiotics Topical antibacterial treatments: antibiotics

(tetracycline), antiseptics (copper sulfate)(tetracycline), antiseptics (copper sulfate) Use of foot bathsUse of foot baths

– Copper sulfateCopper sulfate– Zinc sulfateZinc sulfate– FormalinFormalin

VaccineVaccine

MastitisMastitis

Bacterial causesBacterial causes E coli E coli (coliform mastitis)(coliform mastitis) Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus Pasteurella haemolyticaPasteurella haemolytica

Viral causesViral causes CAECAE

Bacterial MastitisBacterial Mastitis

Coliform mastitisColiform mastitis Fever, off feed, depression, lethargy, high Fever, off feed, depression, lethargy, high

heart rate, shockheart rate, shock Decreased milk productionDecreased milk production Heat, swelling, pain, gangrene of the Heat, swelling, pain, gangrene of the

affected glandaffected gland TreatmentTreatment

– Anti-inflammatoriesAnti-inflammatories– AntibioticsAntibiotics– Intravenous fluidsIntravenous fluids

PreventionPrevention– Proper hygieneProper hygiene

Bacterial MastitisBacterial Mastitis

Bluebag mastitisBluebag mastitis Rarely contagiousRarely contagious Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus Pasteurella haemolyticaPasteurella haemolytica Secondary to teat injury and poor hygieneSecondary to teat injury and poor hygiene Marked decrease in milk productionMarked decrease in milk production May result in gangrene of bagMay result in gangrene of bag TreatmentTreatment

– AntibioticsAntibiotics– Anti-inflammatoriesAnti-inflammatories– Culling affected animalsCulling affected animals

Herd Health Herd Health RecommendationsRecommendations

BiosecurityBiosecurity Quarantine new animals for minimum of 3 weeksQuarantine new animals for minimum of 3 weeks Biosecurity goalsBiosecurity goals

1.1. Reduce the introduction of new diseases from an Reduce the introduction of new diseases from an external sourceexternal source

2.2. Reduce the spread of established infectious diseasesReduce the spread of established infectious diseases Monitor for itchiness, lameness, external lumps, Monitor for itchiness, lameness, external lumps,

weight lossweight loss Institute regular vaccination program, deworm, trim Institute regular vaccination program, deworm, trim

the feetthe feet Fecal for parasite count before and after dewormingFecal for parasite count before and after deworming Soak feet in 10% zinc sulfate foot bath for 15 minutesSoak feet in 10% zinc sulfate foot bath for 15 minutes Serology: CLA, CAE, OPPSerology: CLA, CAE, OPP Show animals: isolate from the rest of the herd for a Show animals: isolate from the rest of the herd for a

minimum of 3 weeksminimum of 3 weeks

Animal DensityAnimal Density

Stocking densityStocking density < 60 lbs: minimum 10 sq ft (if alone) to 7.5 < 60 lbs: minimum 10 sq ft (if alone) to 7.5

sq ft (if kept in groups of 5 or more)sq ft (if kept in groups of 5 or more) > 60 lbs: minimum 20 sq ft (if alone) to 15 > 60 lbs: minimum 20 sq ft (if alone) to 15

sq ft (if kept in groups of 5 or more)sq ft (if kept in groups of 5 or more) Meat goats: 6-8 adults/1-2 acresMeat goats: 6-8 adults/1-2 acres Other goats/sheep: 10 adults/1-2 acresOther goats/sheep: 10 adults/1-2 acres

Feeder spaceFeeder space 1.5-2 feet per adult 1.5-2 feet per adult

Vaccination ProtocolVaccination Protocol

Enterotoxemia and tetanus vaccineEnterotoxemia and tetanus vaccine Pregnant does/ewesPregnant does/ewes

Vaccinate during last month of pregnancy Vaccinate during last month of pregnancy

Kids/lambsKids/lambs Vaccinate kids/lambs from vaccinated does/ewes at Vaccinate kids/lambs from vaccinated does/ewes at

1-2 months of age and repeat in 3-4 weeks1-2 months of age and repeat in 3-4 weeks Vaccinate kids/lambs from unvaccinated does/ewes Vaccinate kids/lambs from unvaccinated does/ewes

at 1-3 weeks of age and repeat in 3-4 weeksat 1-3 weeks of age and repeat in 3-4 weeks

Bucks/rams and yearlingsBucks/rams and yearlings Vaccinate at the same time as pregnant does/ewesVaccinate at the same time as pregnant does/ewes Booster once a yearBooster once a year If no history of vaccine, give initial dose then boost in If no history of vaccine, give initial dose then boost in

3-4 weeks3-4 weeks

Vaccination ProtocolVaccination Protocol

Caseous lymphadenitisCaseous lymphadenitis May reduce number and severity of diseaseMay reduce number and severity of disease May cause severe local or systemic reactionMay cause severe local or systemic reaction Does not prevent diseaseDoes not prevent disease

Parasite ControlParasite Control

Treat at risk groupsTreat at risk groups Kids/lambs, pregnant and lactating does/ewesKids/lambs, pregnant and lactating does/ewes

Separate groupsSeparate groups Age, sex, stage of pregnancyAge, sex, stage of pregnancy

Separate pasturesSeparate pastures Rotate pasturesRotate pastures Alternate with other speciesAlternate with other species

Horses, cattleHorses, cattle Avoid moist areasAvoid moist areas

Parasite ControlParasite Control

QuarantineQuarantine Manure managementManure management Dose animals appropriatelyDose animals appropriately

Better to over-dose than under-doseBetter to over-dose than under-dose

Avoid treating too often and Avoid treating too often and deworming the entire herddeworming the entire herd

Deworming DrugsDeworming DrugsClass of CompoundClass of Compound Compound (* Compound (*

approved in approved in goats)goats)

Trade NameTrade Name

PhenothiazinePhenothiazine PhenothiazinePhenothiazine VariousVarious

BenizimidazoleBenizimidazole Thiabendazole*Thiabendazole* TBZ, Ominzole, TBZ, Ominzole, ThiabendazoleThiabendazole

MebendazoleMebendazole TelminTelmin

FenbendazoleFenbendazole Panacur, SafeguardPanacur, Safeguard

OxfendazoleOxfendazole BenzelminBenzelmin

OxibendazoleOxibendazole AnthelcideAnthelcide

AlbendazoleAlbendazole ValbazenValbazen

Pro-benzimidazolePro-benzimidazole FebantelFebantel RintelRintel

ImidothiazoleImidothiazole Levamisole*Levamisole* Levasol, Tramisole, RipercolLevasol, Tramisole, Ripercol

AvermectinAvermectin IvermectinIvermectin Ivomec, MoxidectinIvomec, Moxidectin

TetrahydropyrimidiTetrahydropyrimidinene

Morantel*Morantel* Rumital, Rumatel, NematelRumital, Rumatel, Nematel

Drug DosesDrug Doses

Dewormer Goat dose Sheep dose

Ivermectin 1% 1.8 mls 0.9 mls

Albendazole 11.36% 8 mls 4 mls

Fenbendazole 10% 9 mls 4.5 mls

Levamisole 11.7 g packet

Treats 21 animals Treats 21 animals

Oxfendazole 10% 4.5 mls 4.5 mls

Pyrantel 5% 22.5 mls 22.5 mls

Moxidectin 0.5% 1.8 mls 1.8 mls

ALL MEDICATIONS GIVEN BY ORAL DRENCH.ALL MEDICATIONS GIVEN BY ORAL DRENCH. DOSAGES PER 100 LBSDOSAGES PER 100 LBS

Withdrawal Times Withdrawal Times n/a = not available OTC = over the counter PO = by mouthn/a = not available OTC = over the counter PO = by mouth

DrugDrug MeatMeat MilkMilk

OTCOTC Albendazole 7.5 mg/kg Albendazole 7.5 mg/kg POPO

Sheep: 7 daysSheep: 7 days

Goats: n/aGoats: n/aSheep: no Sheep: no valuevalue

Goats: n/aGoats: n/a

OTCOTC Ivermectin 200 µg/kg POIvermectin 200 µg/kg PO Sheep: 11 daysSheep: 11 days



OTCOTC Fenbendazole 5 mg/kg Fenbendazole 5 mg/kg POPO

Sheep: n/aSheep: n/a

Goats: 6 daysGoats: 6 daysSheep: n/aSheep: n/a

Goats: 0Goats: 0

OTCOTC Levamisole 8 mg/kg POLevamisole 8 mg/kg PO Sheep: 3 daysSheep: 3 days



OTCOTC Moxidectin 0.2 mg/kgMoxidectin 0.2 mg/kg Sheep: n/aSheep: n/a

Goats: 14 daysGoats: 14 daysSheep: n/aSheep: n/a

Goats: no Goats: no valuevalue

099_Small Ruminant Health

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