Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Roy A. Lacey What do flow measurements tell us about the Hot QCD matter created in RHIC Collisions ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , The Central Question Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , A little Bang occurs in RHIC collisions Gold nucleus Gold nucleus v~0.99c z:collision axis t 0 t = z/c t = -z/c Thermalized partonic Fluid! QGP? Bjorken ~ GeV/fm 3 ~ 35 100 0 Challenge: Develop Constraints for the Properties of the QGP ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Substantial elliptic, hexadecapole, etc flow signals should be present for a variety of particle species Constraints for thermalization, pressure, sound speed, viscosity, etc. From E T Distributions Expect Large Pressure Gradients Hydro Flow Detailed integral and differential Measurements now available for Control Params. Why Flow Measurements? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , 6 How to tell if Flow is Hydrodynamic Fluid hydrodynamics is scale invariant. Important parameters There are several generic scaling predictions that can be readily tested; System size independence Buda Lund Hydro Model nucl-th/ v 2 should scale with KE T ( WHY ? ) P P All scaling tests can be validated Relationship between harmonics is specific Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Eccentricity Scaling ? Data validates the Hydro prediction that v 2 scales with Data validates the Hydro prediction that v 2 scales with a proxy eccentricity & system size Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , There are sound reasons for Proxy scaling! Why proxy Scaling? x k We understand this Molnar et al. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Which scaling ?v2v2 =? Eccentricity Scaling ? Misleading !! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , eccentricity Scaling? Proxy scaling validated The clincher ! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , KE T scaling validated P P KE T Scaling? PHENIX Pub Mesons Baryons Quark Degrees of Freedom Evident Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , A Phase with Quark-like dynamical degrees of freedom Dominates the flow Flow is Partonic and Universal Flow is Partonic and Universal v2 for the follows that of other mesons v2 for the D follows that of other mesons Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , The partonic fluid is Strongly coupled? KE T & n q 2 scaling validated for v 4 Quark recombination extend to lower pT/KE T Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , The partonic fluid is thermalized Quark Degrees of Freedom Evident Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Lessons 1.Dynamic recombination 2. Partonic Thermalization! 3. Strongly coupled QGP The partonic fluid is thermalized Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , nucl-ex/ A Remarkable Scaling of the fine structure of Elliptic Flow is observed at RHIC At midrapidity v 2 (pt,M,b,A)/n = F(KE T /n)*(b,A) This scaling validates the predictions of perfect fluid hydrodynamics and serve as an important constraint for several transport coefficients Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , F. Karsch, hep-lat/ Speed of sound & Pressure Estimate v 2 / for ~ 0.45 GeV/cc s ~ 0.35 0.05 (c s 2 ~ 0.12), so ft EOS See nucl-ex/ for details The EOS is harder than that for the hadron gas but softer than that for QGP no strong first order phase transition Hydro Calculations (Bhalerao et al.) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , F. Karsch, hep-lat/ Saturation of Elliptic flow consistent with a soft EOS associated with Crossover The expected saturation of v 2 Is observed The expected saturation of v 2 Is observed Phys.Rev.Lett.94:232302,2005 Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , ModelComparison Transport Coefficient Estimates - I 1-2 X the conjectured lower bound Lacey et al. PRL 98:092301 Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Transport Coefficient from Transport Thermalization facilitated by 2 3 processes C. Greiner et al Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Small viscosity results in large suppression Small viscosity results in large suppression An estimate of the scattering power Strong Jet Quenching is consistent with a low viscosity partonic fluid Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , x10 x20 QCD Sonic Boom Same-Side Jet High pT trigger Gives sound speed directly; Sets upper limit on viscosity. Setting an upper limit on The viscosity Setting an upper limit on The viscosity Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Same-Side Jet Away-Side Jet High pT trigger Assoc. pTs (2+1) processes efficiently removed via two-event mixing to obtain true three particle correlations Deflected jetMach Cone Validation test of the use of two event mixing to remove 2+1 processes Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Data Simulated Deflected jet Simulated Mach Cone The data validates the presence of a Mach Cone away-side jet Total 3PC jet correlations True 3PC jet correlations QCD Sonic Boom? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Lacey et al. Phys.Rev.Lett.98: Nonaka et al. Curves to guide the eye Low Suggest trajectories close to the critical point ? Suggest trajectories close to the critical point ? hep-ph/ hep-lat/ Hints of the CEP? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , are a potent signals for the CEP are a potent signals for the CEP How to find the CEP? First estimate T ~ ~ MeV Need two energies immediately Meyer Kharzeev-Tuchin Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Epilogue Flow measurements tell us that the hot QCD matter created at RHIC is a strongly coupled plasma that: flows as a (nearly) perfect fluid with systematic patterns consistent with quark degrees of freedom. has a soft EOS and a viscosity to entropy density ratio close to the conjectured quantum bound a value lower than for any other known fluid. A Wealth of other Experimental Results Provide Constraints A Wealth of other Experimental Results Provide Constraints for first estimates of the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties for first estimates of the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of the plasma of the plasma Extracted Transport Coefficients Suggest Decay Trajectories close to the Critical End Point (CEP) First estimate T ~ ~ MeV Need two energies immediately Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Elliptic Flow at SPS (Pb+Pb at 158 GeV, NA49) V2 of K0 (preliminary) - G. Stefanek for NA49 collaboration (nucl-ex/ ) v2 of p, , - C. Alt et al (NA49 collaboration) nucl-ex/ submitted to PRL Scaling ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Is the Matter Short-lived? Two particle Interferometry Studies Source function (Distribution of pair separations) Encodes FSI Correlationfunction Inversion of this integral equation Source Function 3D Koonin Pratt Eqn. New ! Expand R(q) and S(r) in Cartesian Harmonic basis (Danielewicz and Pratt nucl-th/ ) Substitute (2) and (3) into (1) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , L=0 L=2 The basis The Matter is Short-lived? Correlation Moments Fitting with truncated expansion series ! Danielewicz Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Source Function The Matter is Short-lived? Correlation Moments NR R A Broad Distribution of Relative Emission Times Accounts for the data Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Same-Side Jet Away-Side Jet High pT trigger Assoc. pTs Same-Side Jet High pT trigger Deflected jet Mach Cone Normal Jet 3-Particle di-jet correlations allow a distinction between different mechanistic scenarios ! Same-Side Jet High pT trigger Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , D-meson essentially thermal Moore & Teaney Transport Coefficient estimate -II + Molnar Transport Model comparison Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Flow at RHIC ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Eccentricity scaled v 2 -- Hydro Eccentricity scaled v 2 has a relatively strong dependence on c s Bhalerao, Blaizot, Borghini, Ollitrault : Phys.Lett.B627:49-54,2005 Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Apparent Quark number scaling PHENIX preliminary Quark number Scaling Partonic Flow nucl-ex/ Consistent with quark-like degrees of freedom in the initial flowing matter Fries Phys. Rev. C68, 2003 Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , High p T (1) Assoc. p T s (2,3) Same Side Away Side * 12 * 13 * _ = * 12 = Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Scaling breaks Elliptic flow scales with KE T up to KE T ~1 GeV consistent with hydro mass scaling Possible hint of quark degrees of freedom become apparent at higher KE T Baryons scale together Mesons scale together PHENIX preliminary Transverse kinetic energy scaling P P Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Beam Energy dependence The observed saturation of differential elliptic flow suggests a soft EoS Phys.Rev.Lett.94:232302,2005 (PHENIX) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Elliptic flow of D meson The D meson not only flows, it scales over the measured range expected D meson v2 from non-photonic electron v2 (pT < 2.0 GeV/c) Simulations: Shingo Sakai (PHENIX) (See SQM2006, HQ2006 Talks and proceedings for details) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , KE T /n scaling across collision centralities KE T /n scaling observed across centralities Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , KE T /n scaling and system size (AuAu/CuCu) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Pre vs. post hadronic collectivity ? Hadronic re-scattering can influence the flow Different influence for partonic flow Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Why the meson ? meson has a very small for interactions with non- strange particles meson has a relatively long lifetime (~41 fm/c) -> decays outside the fireball Previous measurements have ruled out the K+K- coalescence as meson production mechanism -> information should not be changed by hadronic phase is a meson but as heavy as baryons (p, ) : m()~1.019 GeV/c2 ; (m(p)~0.938 GeV/c2: m()~1.116 GeV/c2) -> very important test for v2 at intermediate pt ( mass or meson/baryon effect?) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Signal + Background Background Before subtraction After subtraction Elliptic flow of resonance particles Using the robust method for study the elliptic flow of resonance particle developed by N. Borghini and J.Y. Ollitrault (Phys.Rev.C70:064905,2004) N. BorghiniJ.Y. Ollitrault Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Elliptic Flow of meson at RHIC v 2 for the follows that of other mesons v 2 /n vs KE T /n scaling clearly works for mesons Favors pre-hadronic scenario ! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , The Charm of D meson flow V 2 of charm quark can provide invaluable access to the diffusion coefficient (D) Heavy quark relaxation time Moore & Teaney Equilibration rate Diffusion Coefficient Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Overall Scaling of Elliptic Flow at RHIC Particles flow with common velocity field Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Transport Coefficient estimate - I Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Elliptic Flow ? (At Duke) At Rhic Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , STA R RHIC Facility Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Why Elliptic Flow ? The dense nuclear overlap is ellipsoid at the beginning of heavy ion collisions Pressure gradient is largest in the shortest direction of the ellipsoid The initial spatial anisotropy evolves (via interactions and density gradients ) Momentum-space anisotropy Expansion dynamics is controlled by the sound speed & the viscosity Rapid Thermalization required Reaction plane X Z Y PxPx PyPy PzPz Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Elliptic Flow ? (At Duke) At Rhic Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Estimating the eccentricity Estimates from Model calculations Integrated v 2 is proportional to the eccentricity Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Substantial elliptic flow observed for a variety of particle species Indication of rapid Thermalization ? Summary of a sampling of the Fine Structure of Elliptic Flow at RHIC V2 =F(pt, mass, centrality, rapidity, system size, beam energy,) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Large Pressure Gradients compatible with perfect fluid hydrodynamics ! Initial hints of perfect fluid hydrodynamics ! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Which Probes ? Elliptic FlowFemtoscopy QCD Sonic Boom Probes derived from the influence of the equation of state on the collective dynamical evolution of the system Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Eccentricity scaling in Hydro Eccentricity scaling observed in hydrodynamic model over a broad range of centralities R: measure of size of system Bhalerao, Blaizot, Borghini, Ollitrault : Phys.Lett.B627:49-54,2005 This is a clear test that can be applied to data ! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Eccentricity scaled v 2 -- Hydro Eccentricity scaled v 2 has a relatively strong dependence on c s Bhalerao, Blaizot, Borghini, Ollitrault : Phys.Lett.B627:49-54,2005 Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , The Femtoscopic Probe Probes derived from the influence of the equation of state Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , The transition from in-plane to out-of-plane and back to in-plane emission Is understood Prologue: Prologue: The Rich Structure of the Integral Flow Excitation Function Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , PRL87, (2001) Central collisions peripheral collisions time to thermalize the system ( 0 ~ fm/c) Bjorken ~ GeV/fm 3 ~ 35 100 0 Extrapolation From E T Distributions The Energy Density is Well Above the Predicted Value for the Phase Transition /crossover ! Phase Transition:Reminder High Energy density matter is created at RHIC! Reminder High Energy density matter is created at RHIC! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Prologue: Prologue: Passing-time scaling of squeeze-out Low Energy: Squeeze-out DATA (KAOS Z. Phys. A355 (1996); (E895) - PRL 83 (1999) 1295 Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Prologue: Prologue: Constraints for the Hadronic EOS Soft and hard EOS Good Constraints for the EOS achieved Danielewicz, Lacey, Lynch Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , initial state pre-equilibrium QGP and hydrodynamic expansion hadronization hadronic phase and freeze-out Conjecture of heavy ion collision Backdrop Courtesy S. Bass Femtoscopy Signatures: Cross-over transition: Z. Fodor and S.D. Katz Strong 1st order QCD phase transition: (Pratt, Bertsch, Rischke, Gyulassy) Second order QCD phase transition: (T. Csrg, S. Hegyi, T. Novk, W.A. Zajc) (Non Gaussian shape) Supercooled QGP (scQGP) (T. Csrg, L.P. Csernai) Femtoscopic signals are subtle paradigm shift Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Extraction of Source function over full beam energy range Imaging & Fitting Moment Expansion Already discussed by Paul Chung Femtoscopy Stratedgy Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , The QCD phase diagram has a rich structure: Studies of the nuclear phase diagram & transport coefficients over a broad range of & T is essential. F. Weber Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Calculation of Correlation Moments: Fitting with truncated expansion series ! 6 independent moments (a) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , A look at the basis L=0 L=2 Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Strategy Get values of Such that Fitwith moments as fitting parameters. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Results - moments Moments are fitted (simultaneously) or imaged ! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Results - moments Sizeable signals observed for l = 2 for all beam energies PHENIX Preliminary Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Results - moments l= 4 moments Sizeable signals observed for l= 4, 6 at RHIC not so at the AGS PHENIX Preliminary Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Results - Source functions AGS & Low energy SPS show Gaussian sources Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , The Charm of D meson flow The D meson not only flows, it scales over the measured range Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Elliptic Flow of meson at RHIC v 2 for the follows that of other mesons v 2 /n vs KE T /n scaling clearly works for mesons Favors pre-hadronic scenario ! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Phase Diagram for H 2 O Studies of the nuclear phase diagram & transport coefficients over a broad range of & T is essential Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Nuclear Matter Phase Diagram The QCD phase diagram has a rich structure: Studies of the nuclear phase diagram & transport coefficients over a broad range of & T is essential. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Nuclear Matter Phase Diagram The QCD phase diagram has a rich structure: Studies of the nuclear phase diagram & transport coefficients over a broad range of & T is essential. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , End Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb , Perspector Data Slide - DO NOT EDIT This slide holds any pictures that are used by 3D images created with Perspector. The slide will not be displayed when the presentation is viewed as a slide show. If you want to send the presentation to someone else for them to watch, you can delete this slide in the copy that you send (but keep your original presentation for future editing).