Rome: Republic
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Transcript of Rome: Republic
S S W H 3 : T H E S T U D E N T W I L L E X A M I N E T H E P O L I T I C A L , P H I L O S O P H I C A L , A N D C U LT U R A L I N T E R A C T I O N O F
C L A S S I C A L M E D I T E R R A N E A N S O C I E T I E S F R O M 7 0 0 B C E T O 4 0 0 C E
A. C O M PA R E T H E O R I G I N S A N D S T R U C T U R E O F T H E G R E E K P O L I S , T H E R O M A N R E P U B L I C , A N D T H E R O M A N
E M P I R EC . A N A LY Z E T H E C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F H E L L E N I S T I C A N D
R O M A N C U LT U R E ; I N C L U D E L A W, G E N D E R , A N D S C I E N C E
Rome: Republic
Rome Geography
Italy
Tiber River
The Alps
Mediterranean
Early Republic
Latin & Etruscan immigrants est. Rome in 1000 BCE
Initially kings ruledBuilt Forum
Open air; center of public life (gov’t, law, business)
Citizens drive out last king
Declare gov’t a democratic republic Citizens vote for leaders Citizens were free-born
men
Social Classes in Rome
Patricians Wealthy Owned land Made laws
Plebeians Artisans, farmers,
commoners/everybody else (majority)
Could vote Could not hold office
Rebellion & Government Changes
Plebeians rebelPatricians give them more
power
Plebeian Accomplishments:Tribune – elected
representative who protect the rights of plebeians from unfair patrician officials
Twelve Tables – written law code (all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law)
Government
Consul – 2 Rule army, directed
gov’t 1 year term, veto
power Senate – 300
Legislative (made laws)
Assemblies – Lots Voice of people
Dictator – 1 Absolute power Consuls choose 6 month term during
times of crisis
Rise & Fall of the Roman Empire
S S W H 3 T H E S T U D E N T W I L L E X A M I N E T H E P O L I T I C A L , P H I L O S O P H I C A L , A N D C U L T U R A L I N T E R A C T I O N O F C L A S S I C A L M E D I T E R R A N E A N S O C I E T I E S F R O M
7 0 0 B C E T O 4 0 0 C E . A . C O M P A R E T H E O R I G I N S A N D S T R U C T U R E O F T H E G R E E K P O L I S , T H E
R O M A N R E P U B L I C , A N D T H E R O M A N E M P I R E . B . I D E N T I F Y T H E I D E A S A N D I M P A C T O F I M P O R T A N T I N D I V I D U A L S ; I N C L U D E
S O C R A T E S , P L A T O , A N D A R I S T O T L E A N D D E S C R I B E T H E D I F F U S I O N O F G R E E K C U L T U R E B Y A R I S T O T L E ’ S P U P I L A L E X A N D E R T H E G R E A T A N D T H E I M P A C T O F
J U L I U S A N D A U G U S T U S C A E S A R . E . A N A L Y Z E T H E F A C T O R S T H A T L E D T O T H E C O L L A P S E O F T H E W E S T E R N
R O M A N E M P I R E .
Collapse of the Republic
Why does the republic collapse? Large size of territory Economic Turmoil
Gap between rich & poor Rich land owners lived on
estates & used slave labor Small farmers couldn’t compete sell land homeless
Military Upheaval Generals take power & pay poor
to work as soldiers Soldiers loyal to generals instead
of Republic
Julius Caesar
Military geniusConsul for 1 yearConquers Gaul (France)People & troops love himPompey (political rival)
jealousCaesar marches to Rome w/
his armyPompey flees & is later
defeated44 B.C.E. declares himself
dictator for life
Caesar’s Reforms
Expanded Senate Increased pay for
soldiers Started colonies Created jobs Citizenship
Photo: Brutus & Cassius plot
Caesar’s assassination in
the Roman Forum
After Julius Caesar’s Death…
Civil war breaks outTriumvirate (rule of three):
Octavian (Caesar’s grandson) Mark Antony (general) Lepidus (politician)
Triumvirate fight with each other for power: Octavian is victorious
Octavian & Empire
Becomes “Augustus” – exalted one; Rome’s first emperor
27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E. “Pax Romana” = Roman peace
Set up a civil service – paid workers to manage gov’t affairs
“Pax Romana” Ends180 C.E. after
Marcus Aurelius
Rulers cannot handle Empire’s size
Century of Crisis
Foreign invasion trade affected inflation (rising prices)
Soil over-farmed famine
Military not loyal Mercenaries (foreign soldiers who were paid) no loyalty to Rome
Emperors Try Reform
Diocletian 248 C.E.Limits freedomDoubles militaryControls inflationDivides the Empire:
East – spoke Greek West – spoke Latin
Constantine 330 C.E. Moves capital to
Byzantine (East) Names capital after self
– Constantinople Ends persecution of
Christians in empire
Eastern & Western Roman Empire
West Collapses
Why? Invasions:
Huns invade Germanic homelands
Germanic tribes move south
Sack and overtake Rome
Last Roman emperor ousted by the Germanic tribes in 476 A.D.
Eastern Empire Survives
Byzantine (Byzantium)
Preserves Greek/Roman culture
Lasts until 1453 when Ottoman Turks take over
The Spread of Christianity