Rome: From Republic to Civil War
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Transcript of Rome: From Republic to Civil War
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Rome: From Republic to Civil War
OUTLINE•Royal Rome (753-509 BC)•Early Roman Republic (509-287 BC)•Roman Conquests•Impact of Conquests•Continued Upheaval•Downfall of the Republic
IDENTIFICATIONSImperium
Roman SenateRoman Republic
ConsulPatricianPlebeians
Punic WarsSulla
Julius Caesar
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Italy, 380 BC
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Royal Rome (753-509 BC)Structure of the Political Order
King (rex)King (rex)– Power of the Power of the imperiumimperium
Senate (Conscript Fathers)Senate (Conscript Fathers)– Main arbiter of powerMain arbiter of power
Centuriate AssemblyCenturiate Assembly– Elects senior magistratesElects senior magistrates– Invests magistrates with Invests magistrates with imperiumimperium
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Struggle of Orders (5th-3rd c. BC)
Twelve Tables: codified law, c. 450 BCTwelve Tables: codified law, c. 450 BC Plebeian Assembly, Tribunes of the Plebeian Assembly, Tribunes of the
PeoplePeople Licinian-Sextian Laws (367 BC)Licinian-Sextian Laws (367 BC)
– Established the right of Plebeians to hold Established the right of Plebeians to hold office of Consuloffice of Consul
Hortensian Law (287 BC) Hortensian Law (287 BC) – Plebiscites have the force of law on all Plebiscites have the force of law on all
citizenscitizens
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Structure of GovernmentStructure of Government Other Magistrates
– Censors: census and tax functions
– Usually ex-consuls
– Praetors: judicial & military functions
– Quaestor: financial administrator
– Aediles: municipal official
– Lictors: minor officials, carry fasces, not elected
Consuls: 2 elected yearly– imperium
Senate (life terms for 300)– Old royal council, now
advisory body Centuriate Assembly:
tradition of clan and military organization
Plebeian assembly: elects 10 tribunes yearly– veto power, persons
sacrosanct, intermissio
The patron / client relationship was the fundamental relationship governing all careers and social interaction in Rome: Almost all Romans were both clients and patrons
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Evolution of the Republic
509 BC: Roman Republic 500-287: Struggle of the Orders 450 BC: Twelve Tables
– Intermarriage permitted– Debt bondage eliminated
367 BC: Consulship open to Plebeians 287 BC: Rise of Tribunes and Plebeian
authority
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Roman MagistraciesRoman Magistracies
Consuls: 2 elected annuallyConsuls: 2 elected annually– Exclusively from the patrician class Exclusively from the patrician class
until 367 BCuntil 367 BC– Held power of the Held power of the imperiumimperium– Chief executives of RepublicChief executives of Republic– Eponymous-the year they served Eponymous-the year they served
bears their namesbears their names– Usually achieve office at age 35-40Usually achieve office at age 35-40
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Praetor—judges and military officersPraetor—judges and military officers– Often rule various aspects of society, i.e. Often rule various aspects of society, i.e.
governors of territories and of Romegovernors of territories and of Rome– Reach office at age 30-35Reach office at age 30-35
Aediles—in charge of city servicesAediles—in charge of city services– Grain supply, water, weights & Grain supply, water, weights &
measures, city watch, entertainmentmeasures, city watch, entertainment– Reach office at age 25-30Reach office at age 25-30
Quaestors—financial and tax officialsQuaestors—financial and tax officials– Reach office at age 20-25Reach office at age 20-25
Censor—former consulsCensor—former consuls– Elected every five years to take censusElected every five years to take census– Establish eligibility of senatorsEstablish eligibility of senators
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Fasces: Symbol of State AuthorityFasces: Symbol of State Authority
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Tribune—officer of the Plebian Tribune—officer of the Plebian AssemblyAssembly– Had to be a plebeianHad to be a plebeian– Ten elected annuallyTen elected annually– Responsible for protecting rights of Responsible for protecting rights of
the peoplethe people– Can veto (“I forbid” in Latin) any act of Can veto (“I forbid” in Latin) any act of
Senate deemed harmful to popular Senate deemed harmful to popular interestinterest
– ““intercessio” authority to intervene intercessio” authority to intervene between citizen and magistrate to between citizen and magistrate to prevent abuse of powerprevent abuse of power
– Sacrosanctity: person of Tribune Sacrosanctity: person of Tribune inviolateinviolate
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Organization of theOrganization of the Early Roman RepublicEarly Roman Republic (509-287 BC) (509-287 BC)
Senate selected (by Senate selected (by censor) for lifecensor) for life
Assemblies (all citizens)Assemblies (all citizens)– Centuriate Assembly (6th Centuriate Assembly (6th
c. BC)c. BC) Organization of the Organization of the
armyarmy– Citizen soldiers (self-Citizen soldiers (self-
armed)armed)– Obligation and right to Obligation and right to
serveserve
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The Expansion of RomeControl over Italy 338-265 BC
“All Roads lead to Rome”
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Rome’s new territoriesRome’s new territories
Expansion of Roman CitizenshipExpansion of Roman Citizenship– Municipia (sing.=municipium)Municipia (sing.=municipium)
Cities become “friends of Rome” (Cities become “friends of Rome” (socii))
– Latin rights: Latin rights: Protection from enemiesProtection from enemies Must provide soldiers for legionsMust provide soldiers for legions Share in the spoilsShare in the spoils No voting privilegesNo voting privileges
– Civitas sine sufragiumCivitas sine sufragium
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Punic Wars
Red: Rome & Roman ConfederationBlue: Territories controlled by CarthageGreen: Carthaginian territories lost in the 1st Punic War
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The Punic Wars264-241: First Punic
War starts over Sicily
Naval war: Romans lose at first but devise new tactics to win
Hamilcar Barca leads Hamilcar Barca leads Carthaginian forceCarthaginian force
Carthage pays Carthage pays indemnity of 200K indemnity of 200K pounds of silver,pounds of silver, loses Sicily and Sardinia
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Second Punic War (Second Punic War (218-202 BC)
War starts over SpainInvasion of Italy 216-
205 BCRoman losses at Lake
Trasimene (217 BC) and Cannae (216 BC)
Hannibal and Scipio battle at Zama in 202 BC
Macedonian Campaigns (215-168 BC)
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Second Punic War, 218-202 BC
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Goal to destroy CarthageCato the Censor
“Carthago delenda est”
Carthage must be destroyed)
Conquest of GreeceConquest of Greece
Third Punic War 149-146
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Punic Wars
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Punic Wars:The Struggle with Carthage
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War’s Effects on GovernmentWar’s Effects on Government
How does stratified society maintain political cohesion?
Loss of farms, increase in urban poorInflux of wealth into Rome
SlavesBootyCommercial opportunities in new territories
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Constitutional Conflict
Tiberius GracchusTiberius Gracchus– Tribune (133 BC)Tribune (133 BC)
Issue: Land ReformIssue: Land Reform Legacy of PergamumLegacy of Pergamum Killed in riot 132 BCKilled in riot 132 BC
Gaius GracchusGaius Gracchus– Tribune (123-121 BC)Tribune (123-121 BC)
Equestrians emerge as political forceEquestrians emerge as political force Grain subsidy and land redistributionGrain subsidy and land redistribution
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Consequences of SuccessConsequences of Success
How do military virtues translate into civilian ones?– 133 BC: Tiberius Gracchus and Populist
Reforms– 2nd BC: Era of Generals
Competition—Sulla versus Marius
Threats to Republican Stability
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The Era of the GeneralsThe Era of the Generalsand the Loss of Republican Idealsand the Loss of Republican Ideals
Gaius Marius (157–86 BC)Client Armies
Sulla (138-78 BC)March on Rome: Consul 88 BCCivil War: 83 BCEAppointed Dictator: 82–79 BCSuppression of Traditional RightsProscription (publishing a
notice)
Sulla
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Great Generals don’t make Great Great Generals don’t make Great RepublicsRepublics
Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BCE)adulescens carnifax
Follower of SullaTriumph and Popularity70 BCE: Consul at only 36 years
Defeat of Asia Minor & Seleucid Empire by 62BCE
“Stop quoting the laws to us. We carry swords!”
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Mediterranean World, 220 BC
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Roman Empire, 52 BC
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Late Republic (121-44 BC)
Novus Homo “New Men”Novus Homo “New Men” Gaius Marius (c. 157–86 BC) (c. 157–86 BC)
– Consul (107–100 BC)Consul (107–100 BC)– Client ArmiesClient Armies
Lucius Cornelius Sulla (c. 138–78 (c. 138–78 BC)BC)– Uprisings in Italy (91 BC)Uprisings in Italy (91 BC)– Uprising in Asia Minor (88 BC)Uprising in Asia Minor (88 BC)– Returned to Rome (83 BC)Returned to Rome (83 BC)
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Downfall of the Republic Gnaeus Pompey (106Gnaeus Pompey (106––48 BC)48 BC) First Triumvirate (60First Triumvirate (60––53 BC)53 BC)
– PompeyPompey– CrassusCrassus– Julius Caesar (100Julius Caesar (100––44 BC)44 BC)
Rule of CaesarRule of Caesar– Led army against Rome (49 BC)Led army against Rome (49 BC)– Defeated enemies (45 BC)Defeated enemies (45 BC)– Appointed as dictator (48 BC)Appointed as dictator (48 BC)– Extended tenure (45 BC)Extended tenure (45 BC)– Ides of March (15 March 44 BCIdes of March (15 March 44 BC))
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Roman Empire, 44 BC
©1997 Grolier Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.Rome, Ancient, 44 BC