ROMEROMEPart 1Part 1

The EnvironmentThe EnvironmentTHE LANDTHE LAND

o “The Boot” – Peninsula

o More land for farming than Greece

CLIMATECLIMATEo Similar to Greece

BODIES OF WATERBODIES OF WATERo Tiber Rivero Mediterranean Sea

MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINSo The Alps (Northern)o Apennine Mountain

range divides Italy east from west.

o Not as mountainous as Greek mountains.

Carthage

““Rome Before Rome”Rome Before Rome”GreeksGreeks

o Hellenistic Era has Hellenistic Era has huge impact on huge impact on Rome. What was Rome. What was spread by spread by Alexander again?Alexander again?

o Sculpture, Sculpture, architecture, and architecture, and literature, passed literature, passed on Phoenician on Phoenician alphabetalphabet

EtruscansEtruscanso Find Rome a Find Rome a

village but leave village but leave it a cityit a city

o TogaTogao Army structureArmy structure

Roman Daily LifeRoman Daily LifeIN EARLY TIMESIN EARLY TIMES600 B.C. to c.1 A.D.600 B.C. to c.1 A.D.

o The Twelve Tables (Innocent till proven guilty)

o Hmm… is it really innocent till proven guilty or Guilty till proven innocent?

o Patriarchal Societyo PaterfamiliasPaterfamilias (The dominant male

figure) was in chargeo Women: Take care of house and

have kids

THE IMPERIAL AGE THE IMPERIAL AGE c.1 A.D. to C. 500 A.D.c.1 A.D. to C. 500 A.D.

o Women gained more powero Could Own lando Could Have Jobs

o The ForumThe Forum: was the main marketplace and business center

o Busy place with a lot going on…

o Shopping, trading, speaking?

o Like the Greeks, the Romans liked to argue persuasively

Roman Social ClassesRoman Social Classes

Patricians Patricians o Wealthy o Land owners who

became Rome’s ruling class.

o Had power to hold higher office positions

Plebeians Plebeians o Middle/Lower Classo Small farmers,

merchants, craftspeople

o InitiallyInitially, PatriciansPatricians and PlebeiansPlebeians could not marry one another.

o Both classes could vote but only the patricianspatricians could hold office.

o Would this be a reason for concern?

o The struggle between these two will drag on for centuries, but will eventually lead to political gains for the plebeiansplebeians.

Education in RomeEducation in RomeSchool LessonsSchool Lessons

I.I. School was School was notnot free. free. II.II. Reading, Writing Reading, Writing

and Counting and Counting III.III. Read scrolls - books. Read scrolls - books. IV.IV. Wrote on boards Wrote on boards

covered with waxcovered with waxV.V. They used pebbles They used pebbles

to do math to do math problems. problems.

VI.VI. Learned Roman Learned Roman numeralsnumerals

VII.VII.Recited lessons had Recited lessons had to be memorized. to be memorized.

Moral LessonsMoral Lessonso Education Goal: Education Goal:

Effective speaking Effective speaking o A Roman boy's A Roman boy's

education took place education took place at home. at home.

o Roman lawRoman lawo HistoryHistoryo CustomsCustomso Physical training- to Physical training- to

prepare for war. prepare for war. o Obedience to Obedience to

authority and authority and truthfulness were the truthfulness were the most important most important lessons to be taught.lessons to be taught.

GovernmentGovernment

First, what is the difference between a

DEMOCRACY & REPUBLIC??

The Rise of the RepublicThe Rise of the RepublicI.I. ConsulsConsulsII.II. PraetorsPraetorsIII.III. QuaestorsQuaestorsIV.IV. AedilesAedilesV.V. Tribunes of Tribunes of

the Plebsthe PlebsVI.VI. CensorsCensorsVII.VII. SenateSenateVIII.VIII.Centuriate Centuriate

AssemblyAssemblyIX.IX. Council of Council of

the Plebsthe Plebs

I.I. Ran government, ran armiesRan government, ran armiesII.II. Administered Laws -Judge-Administered Laws -Judge-III.III. Financial director -Treasurer-Financial director -Treasurer-IV.IV. Building and MaintenanceBuilding and MaintenanceV.V. Duty: Protect Plebs-Civil Duty: Protect Plebs-Civil

Rights Ex: (Intermarriage)Rights Ex: (Intermarriage)VI.VI. Census of property & Census of property &

citizenscitizensVII.VII.300 serve for life- 300 serve for life-

advise/pass advise/pass VIII.VIII.Org. by classes based on Org. by classes based on

wealth. wealth. Fixed for majority. Fixed for majority. War? War? IX.IX. Tribune and Council worked Tribune and Council worked

together to pass laws together to pass laws concerning Plebs. concerning Plebs.

Senatus Populus Que Romanus(Senate and the People of Rome)

Conquest of the Conquest of the Mediterranean Mediterranean

THE PUNIC THE PUNIC WARSWARS

(264 B.C.- 146 B.C.)(264 B.C.- 146 B.C.)Between Rome & CarthageBetween Rome & Carthage

11stst Punic War Punic WarBattle over SicilyBattle over Sicily

22ndnd Punic War Punic WarBattle for RomeBattle for Rome

33rdrd Punic War Punic WarBattle for CarthageBattle for Carthage

Where is Carthage?Where is Carthage?

11stst Punic War Punic Waro Romans send army to Sicilyo Carthage believes Sicily is theirso Fight occurs over Sicilyo Romans --Land PowerLand Powero Carthage -Naval Power-Naval Powero Romans realize the same thing as YOU!o Romans need a Navy!o Carthaginian ship washes ashore. o Romans use design and create their own Navy with innovationso GangplankGangplank: Hook on to another ship for soldiers to board the

opposing shipo CorvusCorvus- Bridge that attached to other ships.o Romans win- gain Sicily as a province

22ndnd & 3 & 3rdrd Punic War Punic Waro Carthaginian General, HannibalHannibal, seeks

revengeo HannibalHannibal crosses into Spain, through the

Alps and into Italy.o HannibalHannibal invades Italy but can’t lay siege

to the city. (Many were lost crossing the Alps)

o ““We will either find a way, or make one.” We will either find a way, or make one.” HannibalHannibal

o Scipio AfricanusScipio Africanus decides to invade Carthage rather than fight HannibalHannibal in Italy.

o Carthage recalls Hannibalo HannibalHannibal is attacked from multiple

directions, and is defeated, on the trip home.

o As a result, Rome takes Spain and later would take Carthage (3rd Punic War)

Map of the 2Map of the 2ndnd Punic War Punic War

BuildingsBuildingso The ColosseumColosseum was built of concrete

(an ancient Roman invention) o Romans create apartments (InsulaeInsulae)RoadsRoadso Instead of building new roads, modern engineers

simply covered the ancient roads coat of asphalt. AqueductsAqueductso As cities grew, the ancient Romans needed more

fresh water. o Where aqueducts had to cross valleys, some were

built above ground, on arches. (The Pont du GardThe Pont du Gard) o Aqueducts had to be positioned at a relatively

constant gradient for dozens of miles. o Imagine trying to build something that drops by

only 100 feet in 40 miles....

Roman ArchitectureRoman ArchitectureRoman road in Pompeii

Photo by Paul Vlaar

Construction began around 70 under Vespasian and was

completed in 80 under Titus. It remained in use for 500 years.

AqueductsAqueductsThe Roman waterway system, which brought fresh water to private

homes as well as public baths and fountains, was one of the engineering marvels of the ancient world. The Romans also

developed indoor plumbing and sewers to carry waste away from homes.

The entire system was gravity-fed. Very subtle gradients maintained the flow of water. Occasionally, a system of

pressurized pipe, called an inverted siphon, was used to push the water a short distance uphill.

Roman aqueduct, ca. 19 BCE, Pont du Gard, France

Similar aqueducts

were constructed all over the

empire. Some are still in use

today.

Clay pipes (lower right) tapped into

Aqua Claudia Photo by

Wilke Schram

Trajan’s Trajan’s ForumForum112 - 112 -

113 113 A.D.A.D.

The PantheonThe Pantheon 126 126 A.D.A.D.Today it is a functioning church, known as Chiesa di Santa Maria ad

Martyres.

Rain water appears on the Pantheon floor when it rains outside, as it comes in directly through the cupola opening or oculus. If you look closely at the floor, you can see rain water drains, holes in groups of four, in the floor.

Growing Inequality and Unresto Aristocracy gains more power: Begins to drive

small farmer into povertyo Aristocracy buy out small farmers: 1) creating

a large class of “have-nots.” 2) out of politics o Aristocracy controlled most of the Senateo Two Senators, the Gracchus brothers (Tiberius

and Gaius), wanted to help the landless poor o The Plan: Ask the council of Plebs to pass laws

to take back land from the land owners. (Sound familiar?)

o The result… o The two senators were assassinated!

Issues in the Roman SenateIssues in the Roman Senate

Issues in the Roman ArmyIssues in the Roman Armyo Roman army used to be made up of small farmersRoman army used to be made up of small farmerso Since small farmers were losing their land, generals were Since small farmers were losing their land, generals were

losing soldierslosing soldierso Then…Generals began recruiting volunteers for the army Then…Generals began recruiting volunteers for the army

promising them land in return of servicepromising them land in return of serviceo The strategy forced generals to get involved in politics to The strategy forced generals to get involved in politics to

authorize these promisesauthorize these promises

o The new system gave generals The new system gave generals much more powermuch more power which encouraged generals to take matters into their own which encouraged generals to take matters into their own hands.hands.

The Fall of the Republic The Fall of the Republic

First TriumvirateGovernment Leadership

Of Three

CrassusCrassusCrassusCrassus PompeyPompey Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Wealthiest ManWealthiest ManIn RomeIn Rome

Conquered the Conquered the Pirates and the Pirates and the

MithridatesMithridates

Conquered Gaul Conquered Gaul And won RomanAnd won Roman

Civil WarCivil War

•Competition between leaders and civil war lead to the fall of the Republic•Three Leaders Emerge

Results of the 1st Results of the 1st TriumvirateTriumvirate

o Crassus- Gets killed in battle

o Pompey vs. Caesaro Senators support Pompey

because they believe he is less of a threat to their power.

o Caesar “crosses the Rubicon”

o Pompey- Gets overrun by Caesar

o Caesar- Becomes dictator later to be slain by a “loyal” senator

o Brutus

The 2The 2ndnd Triumvirate TriumvirateSecond TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate

Government Leadership

Of Three

AntonyAntony OctavianOctavian LepidusLepidus

Caesar’s AllyCaesar’s Ally& Assistant& Assistant

Leader of the EastLeader of the EastWould later Ally w/Would later Ally w/

Cleopatra VIICleopatra VII

Caesar’s HeirCaesar’s HeirLeader of the WestLeader of the West

Later becameLater becameAugustusAugustus

Commander of Commander of Caesar’s ArmyCaesar’s Army

The Birth of the EmpireThe Birth of the Empireo Lepidus- falls out of

the runningo Conflict between

Antony and Octaviano Antony allies w/

CleopatraCleopatra; They lose and commit suicide

o Octavian becomes AugustusAugustus (the revered), and the imperator (emperor), and the princeps (the first citizen), and the pontifex maximus (head of state religion)