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Page 1: Rome: Importance n “successor” to Greece n “carrier” of Greek civilization n political model for later Europe n measure of success for nations and individuals.

Rome: ImportanceRome: Importance

“successor” to Greece “carrier” of Greek civilization political model for later Europe measure of success for nations and

individuals

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Importance, con’tImportance, con’t

model for later monarchies model for later, mixed constitutions

– Great Britain, U.S., etc. model for most European legal systems model for the concept of citizenship

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Roman HistoryRoman History

The Regal Age: ca. 779-509 B.C. The Republic: 509-27 B.C. The Empire: 27 B.C.-1453 A.D.

– Early Empire: 27 B.C.-325 A.D.– Later Empire: 325 A.D.-1453 A.D.

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Location Location

Italy Tiber River between Etruscan and Greek cities part of the Latin League

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Early historyEarly history

Indo-European entered Italy ca. 2000 B.C. settled south of the Tiber primitive institutions

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The KingsThe Kings

Seven kings Romulus historical kings?

– the Etruscan kings – the last three

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The RepublicThe Republic

revolution patricians (2-4%) and plebeians (96-

98%) constitutional government

– influenced by Athens?– the constitution of Cleisthenes?

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OfficesOffices

2 consuls 2 praetors aediles quaestors dictator

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Important institutionsImportant institutions

the assemblies the elective offices patron-client relationships The Twelve Tables

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Struggle of the OrdersStruggle of the Orders

struggle for political participation plebeian institutions: the tribunes the secessions the compromises

– no political violence until 133 B.C.

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Roman ExpansionRoman Expansion

conquest of Veii: Rome’s “Trojan War” gradual expansion for a century the Latin League

– extension of citizenship– Romans, half-citizens, Latins, allies– continuous expansion

Celts, Samnites, etc.

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Expansion, con’tExpansion, con’t

Etruscans Greeks Carthage ???

– three Punic Wars– 254, 220, 146 B.C.

control of Western Mediterranean

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Expansion, con’tExpansion, con’t

the Hellenistic Monarchies the Greek Federal Leagues lots of wars, Romans are dragged in...a lot Romans get tired of it control of most of the Med. basin by 100

B.C. but still essentially a city-state

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Roman ReligionRoman Religion

rustic Italian cults overlay of Greek religion Etruscan influences Romans as “pack rats”

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Roman artRoman art

best we don’t even talk about that

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Roman architectureRoman architecture

great skill engineers and architects roads, cities concrete

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Roman LiteratureRoman Literature

copied from Greek models interests in rhetoric, law, and satire Stoic and Epicurean philosophy

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The Late Republic: 133-27 B.C.The Late Republic: 133-27 B.C.

introduction of violence into domestic politics

competition for status and recognition civil war

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Important FiguresImportant Figures

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Marius and Sulla Pompey the Great, Marcus Crassus,

Julius Caesar– First Triumvirate

Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, Octavian Caesar– Second Triumvirate

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Gaius Marius

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Gaius JuliusCaesar

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Pompey the

Great

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Cicero

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Octavian Augustus

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Octavian as pontifex maximus

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Marc Antony

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The EmpireThe Empire

unification of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe

extended citizenship empire-wide commerce Roman law tolerance for local autonomy

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The Julio-ClaudiansThe Julio-Claudians

Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero

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ChangesChanges

reduction of political competition end to expansion reduction in the army further extension of citizenship

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The FlaviansThe Flavians

Year of the Four Emperors (69 A.D.) Vespasian Titus Domitian

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The Antonines: the Good EmperorsThe Antonines: the Good Emperors Edward Gibbon the height of the Empire the culmination of the pax Romana succession by adoption of the most

competent

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The Good EmperorsThe Good Emperors

Nerva Trajan

– strong military leader Hadrian

– excellent administrator– Hellenophile

Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius

– the embodiment of the philosopher king

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The Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of Christianity

Jesus of Nazareth– teacher, prophet, revolutionary– the Jesus Movement

Paul of Tarsus– cultural mixture: Jewish and Greek– founder of Christianity

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Rise of Christianity, con’tRise of Christianity, con’t

disappearance of Jewish followers: 70 A.D.

growth of the Pauline church the poor, women, children, slaves no success among men, the educated,

etc. benefits of Roman infrastructure and the

pax Romana

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Roman suspicionRoman suspicion

the First Jewish War “eastern religion”

– corrupted the mos maiorum– that is, “traditional family values”

rumors of orgies and cannibalism Second Jewish War Trajan’s Rescript

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The Crisis of the Third Century

End of the practice of adoption The Severian Emperors

– the army as a social class– abandonment of the Augustan constitution– collapse of the senate and other organs of

state– collapse of the civil adminstration

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Crisis, con’t

collapse of society– breakdown of social classes

collapse of the economy– collapse of trade and coinage

barbarian invasions civil wars

– Thirty emperors– The Danubian emperors (soldiers)

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Crisis, con’t

Aurelian - restituor orbis Decius - persecutions of those who

corrupt traditional family values Diocletian

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Diocletian and Reform

The Tetrarchy The Annona The Edict of Maximum Prices The “new provinces” The “eastern frontiers” The “new capitals” The “persecutions”

– Edict of Toleration, 311

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Constantine

The divided empire, united The Battle of the Milvian Bridge The “conversion of Constantine” The Edict of Milan - 314 The First Ecumenical Council The New Capital

– Constantinople

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Books for you to read

H.H. Scullard and M. Cary. A History of Rome to 325

J.B. Bury. The Later Roman Empire A.H.M. Jones. The Later Empire J.J. Norwich. A Short History of Byzantium E. Gruen. The Last Generation of the Roman

Republic Michael Crawford. The Roman Republic Colin Wells. The Roman Empire Averil Cameron. The Later Roman Empire

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More Books

M. Gelzer. Caesar C. Meier. Caesar A. Everitt. Augustus E. Gruen. Diaspora: Jews among the

Greeks and Romans W.G. Kummel. Introduction to the New

Testament Keith F. Nickle. The Synoptic Gospels

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And more books…. Joel Carmichael. The Birth of Christianity A. Schweitzer. The Quest for the Historical

Jesus W. Barnes Tatum. The Quest for Jesus M. Grant. Jesus: An Historians Review of the

Gospels M. Grant. The Jews in the Roman World M. Grant. St. Paul E.P. Sanders. The Historical Figure of Jesus Paula Fredrickson. Jesus of Nazareth King of

the Jews

Page 69: Rome: Importance n “successor” to Greece n “carrier” of Greek civilization n political model for later Europe n measure of success for nations and individuals.

More….

Bart Ehrman. Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millenium

Geza Vermes. Jesus the Jew L. Michael White. From Jesus to Christianity S.G.F. Brandon. The Trial of Jesus of

Nazareth Hyam Maccoby. Mythmaker: Paul and the

Invention of Christianity Morton Smith. Jesus the Magician

Page 70: Rome: Importance n “successor” to Greece n “carrier” of Greek civilization n political model for later Europe n measure of success for nations and individuals.

And yet more… www.etsu.edu/cas/history/religionsbib.ht

m R. Helms. Gospel Fictions R. Helms. Who Wrote the Gospels H.Y. Gamble. The Canon of the New

Testament D.A. Carson. The King James Debate:

A plea for realism


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