Division Of Roman Empire. Byzantine Empire Barbarian Invasions.
Roman Invasions of Scotland - Sydney Unitarian Church · There were Three Roman Invasions of...
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Roman Invasions of Scotland
Presented by William Markham
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There were Three Roman Invasions of Scotland
78 - 84AD Julius Agricola, Governor of Britain
139AD Lollius Urbicus
200AD Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla
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Scotland in Ancient Times
Called Caledonia by the Romans
Inhabited by various tribes, Selgovi, Caledonii
Very warlike
Warriors painted with designs - Picti
Iron Age culture, no cities, mainly villages
No written language
Carved designs on stone
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Campaigns of Agricola, 78 to 84AD
Agricola, Governor of Britain
Invasion ordered by the Emperor Vespasian
Tacitus recorded the invasion in “Agricola”
An army of 20 thousand, including Legionaries and Auxiliary troops
Campaign to complete conquest of entire British Isles
To exploit resources – metal, slaves, recruits
Vespasian
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Invasion path of Agricola
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Roman Marching Camps in Scotland
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Battle of Mons Graupius
First recorded battle on Scottish soil
Exact site not know
30,000 Caledonians vs 20,000 Romans
Speech of Calgacus
Caledonians outflanked by Roman Cavalry
Roman Victory, Caledonians flee
10,000 Caledonians and 350 Roman deaths
Legions not involved, only Auxiliaries and Cavalry
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Artists impression of the battle lines, Mons Graupius
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Roman consolidation and colonisation
Forts established such as at Inchtuthil
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Roman withdrawal from Scotland
Troops needed in Dacia (Romania)
Domitian, Roman Emperor
All forts abandoned
Agricola returns to Rome in triumph
Domitian
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Hadrians Wall
Built in 122AD on the orders of the Emperor, Hadrian
80 miles long
Hadrian’s stops expansion and consolidates
Wall to consolidate Northern Frontier
10,000 Auxiliaries manned wall
Forts along the wall - Housesteads
Hadrian
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Hadrians Wall in Roman times
The Wall as it is today
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Campaigns of Lollius Urbicus, 138AD
Invasion ordered by the Emperor, Antoninus Pius
Romans build wall of turf and timber
Called the Antonine Wall
Between the Clyde and Forth Rivers
Occupied for about 20 years
Wall abandoned and troops withdrawn
Money to Caledonian Chiefs to keep peace
Antoninus Pius
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British Isles at the time of Antoninus Pius
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Antonine Wall
Distance slab on the wall
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Antonine Wall in Roman times
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Septimius Severus, 193-211AD
Governor of Britain requests help against warring Tribes
Severus and Caracalla invade Caledonia
Severus returns but tribes revolt again
“Let no one escape sheer destruction, not even the babe
in the womb of the mother” (Cassius Dio)
Severus dies in Eburacum (York) before second campaign
Caracalla makes peace with Tribes
Septimius Severus
Caracalla
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Roman Fort at Carpow
Crossing of the River Tay (Taum)
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Scottish Campaigns of Severus
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Later Roman Britain
Hadrians Wall becomes the Northern Frontier
Caledonian Tribes form into confederation of Picts (Picti)
268AD Constantius Chlorus defeats Picts
Roman Shore forts to counter Saxon raiders
378AD Thoeodoius crushs Great Barbarian Conspiracy (Picts, Scots, Saxons)
410AD Honorius withdraws Roman Troops from Britain
Hadrians Wall abandoned Honorius
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Roman Scotland in books and film
A historic fictional account of the 9th Roman Legion’s disappearance in Scotland
In reality, this Legion simply disappeared from the Roman Records.
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Recent films