Roles and Duties-nam n Commonwealth

8/8/2019 Roles and Duties-nam n Commonwealth

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1.0 Introduction

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was established as 25 countries with three observer

countries attended the first conference of the Conference Heads of State or Government of

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in Belgrade, Yugo slavia began on September 1 to 6, 1961.

NAM was founded by President Tito (Yugoslavia), President Nasser (Egypt) and

Prime Minister Nehru (India) and supported by Indonesian President Soekarno and

President of Ghana is Nkrumah. Movement as a result of the Cold War in the late 1940s until

Early 1990s The purpose of the NAM, declared after the declaration of Havana i n 1979 is to

ensure the independence, sovereignty, integrity and security of independent countries in the

fight against imperialism, colonised, neo -colonisme, the separation of race and racial hostility

from foreign nations, personnel and dominate of power and political groups.

NAM was founded in Bandung, Indonesia in 1955 despite a neutral term comes from

the idea of Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru in his speech in Colombo, Ceylon (Sri

Lanka). DI Colombo, Nehru introduced five basic pillars of international relations in which it is

also known as Panchseel the integri ty respect of, each other not invaded the country, does

not interfere with the inter -local relations

Have 53 member countries. Not all members recognize the British queen, Queen

Elizabeth II as head of state. The countries that take a head of state known as the

Commonwealth Government or Commonwealth Realm. However, the majority of members

are republics, and others have their own king. Such as Malaysia, Brunei, Tonga, with King

as its own monarchy. However, all members consider Queen Elizabeth II as Head of the

Commonwealth.

After the British colonial countries achieved independence, the Commonwealth was

formed to unite the countries are former British colonies. Commonwealth established in

1926 the idea of Lord Rosebury. The participation of Malaysia started as soon as achieving

independence in 1957. The main goal of the Commonwealth body is to create friendship and

unity, economic development, education, defence, agriculture and good legislation. Termsand conditions of membership of the Commonwealt h must be an independent, common

standard and allegiance to the King of Britain.


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2.0 Relation with the International Organization of Malaysia

2.1 Background of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was created and founded during the collapse of the

colonial system and the independence struggles of the peoples of Africa, Asia, Latin America

and other regions of the world and at the height of the Cold War. During the early days of the

Movement, its actions were a key factor in the decolo nization process, which led later to the

attainment of freedom and independence by many countries and peoples and to the

founding of tens of new sovereign States. Throughout its history, the Movement of Non -

Aligned Countries has played a fundamental role i n the preservation of world peace and

security.

While some meetings with a third -world perspective were held before 1955,

historians consider that the Bandung Asian -African Conference is the most immediate

antecedent to the creation of the Non -Aligned Movement. This Conference was held in

Bandung on April 18-24, 1955 and gathered 29 Heads of States belonging to the first post -

colonial generation of leaders from the two continents with the aim of identifying and

assessing world issues at the time and pursui ng out joint policies in international relations.

The principles that would govern relations among large and small nations, known as

the "TenPrinciples of Bandung" , were proclaimed at that Conference. Such principles were

adopted later as the main goals and objectives of the policy of non -alignment. The fulfillment

of those principles became the essential criterion for Non -Aligned Movement membership; it

is what was known as the "quintessence of the Movement" until the early 1990s.

In 1960, in the light of the results achieved in Bandung, the creation of the Movement

of Non-Aligned Countries was given a decisive boost during the Fifteenth Ordinary Session

of the United Nations General Assembly, during which 17 new African and Asian countries

were admitted. A key role was played in this process by the then Heads of State and

Government Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Shri Jawaharlal

Nehru of India, Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia and Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, who later

became the founding fathers of the movement and its emblematic leaders.

Six years after Bandung, the Movement of Non -Aligned Countries was founded on a

wider geographical basis at th e First Summit Conference of Belgrade, which was held on

September 1-6, 1961. The Conference was attended by 25 countries: Afghanistan, Algeria,

Yemen, Myanmar, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana,


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Guinea, India, Indonesia, Ira q, Lebanon, Mali, Morocco, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,

Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia. The Founders of NAM have preferred to declare it as

a movement but not an organi zation in order to avoid bureaucratic implications of the latter.

The membership criteria formulated during the Preparatory Conference to the Belgrade

Summit (Cairo, 1961) show that the Movement was not conceived to play a passive role in

international politics but to formulate its own positions in an independent manner so as to

reflect the interests of its members.

Thus, the primary of objectives of the non -aligned countries focused on the support

of self-determination, national independence and the sovereignty and territorial integrity of

States; opposition to apartheid; non -adherence to multilateral military pacts and the

independence of non -aligned countries from great power or block influences and rivalries;

the struggle against imperialism in all its forms and manifestations; the struggle against

colonialism, neocolonialism, raci sm, foreign occupation and domination; disarmament; non -interference into the internal affairs of States and peaceful coexistence among all nations;

rejection of the use or threat of use of force in international relations; the strengthening of the

United Nations; the democratization of international relations; socioeconomic development

and the restructuring of the international economic system; as well as international

cooperation on an equal footing.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the Movement of Non -Aligned Countries played a key

role in the struggle for the establishment of a new international economic order that allowed

all the peoples of the world to make use of their wealth and natural resources and provided a

wide platform for a fundamental change in i nternational economic relations and the

economic emancipation of the countries of the South. During its nearly 50 years of

existence, the Movement of Non -Aligned Countries has gathered a growing number of

States and liberation movements which, in spite of their ideological, political, economic,

social and cultural diversity, have accepted its founding principles and primary objectives

and shown their readiness to realize them. Historically, the non -aligned countries have

shown their ability to overcome thei r differences and found a common ground for action that

leads to mutual cooperation and the upholding of their shared values.


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But what is at issue when the results of the distribution of natural resources found in

Antarctica is only made by 16 countries, members of the original agreement, although 12

other countries is a member of the joint. In contrast, only 12 countries are only allowed to

make any study without having the power to vote or make decisions. This is contrary to the

original goals of the Antarctic treaty should be managed by an international regime for the

benefit of all. According to Malaysia, minerals regime was an attempt by members of an

agreement to expand their power. The objective of the concept of common heritage has

been expressed by Malaysia is that all that is in Antarctica could be used by the entire world.

Malaysia wants the benefits enjoyed with fairly. Malaysia wants to ecology and the

environment in Antarctica maintained and conserved for future generations. Things are

raised by Malaysia to the NAM. Not only for the NAM, but also for the United Nations.

2.2.2 Malaysia has state to help the developing countri es in terms of Financial,

Investment and Monetary Issues .

Statement by Tan Sri Syed Hamid Albar, former Foreign Minister of Malaysia on behalf of

the NAM at the Ministerial Meeting of the Asian -African Sub-Regional Organization

Conference (AASROC). He clearly state that the rapid development of the developing

countries requires an enabling economic and financial environment at the international level,

beginning with a reform and restructuring of the international economic and financial

system. There is obviously an urgent need to address systemic concerns such as the need

to ensure the effective and full participation of the developing countries in the norm -setting

and decision-making processes of the system.

In the wake of the Asian financial crisis, a more transparent and democratic structure

should be in place that would protect developing countries against the excessive volatility of

short-term capital flows and international speculation. Transparency of capital flows, more

effective regulation of the operation of financial institutions, early warning system and an

enhanced crisis management system must be in place to ensure greater stability and

predictability of the financial markets thereby mitigating the possible adverse impact of

financial crises among developing countries that might occur in the future. Clearly, the bitter

lessons learnt from the Asian financial crisis can be shared with African countries so that

they could exercise greater vigilance against the possibility of it occurring in A frica. What

happened in Asia could also happen in Africa, unless regulations are put in place.


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During the era of the reign of Tun Dr. Mahathir, he maintained his support for a

neutral policy. NAM seen to be a sound platform with a third world country. Cri tics of the first

world country of Malaysia are under the leadership of Tun Dr. Mahathir when he was a

spokesman for upholding the rights and position of the third world. Tun Dr. Mahathir is also

the only Asian leader who consistently championed the issues of third world.

This is clearly seen when at the Seventh Conference of NAM in New Delhi on 1984,

Malaysia has proposed to defend the interests of developing countries. Malaysia has been

praised because of his Tun Dr. Mahathir on his courage to condemn the Vietnamese for

Transgressors in Cambodia. Action in Vietnam was blatant breach of Principle Independent.

Reports received said the Foreign Minister of Vietnam has been out of the conference hall

after Tun Dr. Mahathir condemns the actions of his country. Tun Dr. Mahathir urges Vietnam

to come out of Cambodia. Criticism of Tun Dr Mahathir has praised the President of

Pakistan, Zia ul -Haq on the courage.

2.2.3 Expresses its opposition to terrorism.

NAM Summit in Jakarta in 1992, former Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir had expressed

criticism of the military repression against the people of Bosnia and Serbia. Far Eastern

Economic Review has become a critic Tun Dr. Mahathir as the front page and sees her as "a

new voice for the Third World" or "little Sukarno."

Some examples of atrocities committed by the Serbian forces were slaughtering for

three years starting in 1992. The number of Muslims killed by Serb forces in the past three

years is not less than 200,000 people. About 2 million Muslims were driven from their

homes. Muslims sent to concentration camps owned by Serbs have been beaten with a very

horrible.

At the XIII Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non -Aligned

Movement (NAM), meeting on Kuala Lumpur from 20 -25 February 2003, considered with

grave concern the precarious and rapidly deteriorating situation arising from the looming

threat of war against Iraq. Malaysia and millions countries are expressed their concerns and

reject war.


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In the NAM meeting, Malaysia has condemned the U.S. invasion of Iraq. Tun

Mahathir has stated that;

The westerners claim to have great civilization but they behave like

stone-age people whenever they are confronted with problems. They kill

and overthrow governments to achieve their goals

2.2.4 Putrajaya Declaration: Declares NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) Institute

Empowering of Women.

Putrajaya Declaration is a continuation of the Nairobi Declaration and the Beijing

Declaration. Putrajaya Declaration proclaimed the NAM Ministerial Meeting the

Advancement of Women from 7 to 10 May 2005 in Kuala Lumpur . The establishment of a

gender development center for NAM member countries is the result of the proposed ex -

Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato 'Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in his speech during the

opening stages of the Meeting of Ministers of NAM members on the empowerment of

women in 2005.

To realize this vision, NIEW was officially established on 1 July 2006 under the

ministry of women, family and community, Malaysia. This conference, organized by the NAM

(Non-Aligned Movement) Institute for the Empowerment of Women, seeks to address the

impact of conflict and displacement on the health and well -being of women. It also provides

a platform to explore more effective Measures and programs to protect them as well as

design more strategic programs to enhance their well -being and health.

The objective of the declaration:

i) Empowering Women

ii) Encouraging Women to Participate in Various Sectors

iii) Strengthen the Position of Women


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In this declaration, has discussed and lists nine things that can empower women in the era

of globalization and the 21st century. The nine matters are:

i) Women, poverty and economic development.

ii) Women in power and decision making.

iii) Women and education.

iv) Women and health.

v) Women, media and ICT.

vi) Women and armed conflict (relating to violations and violence committed by Israel

against Palestinian women and Syria).

vii) Violence against women.

viii) Women and the situation.

ix) Mainstream gender equality in

Ultimately, the conference hopes to be able to set the wh eels in motion towards

engaging displaced women in decision -making regarding their safety and well -being, as well

as see their participation post -conflict reconstruction. Through a series of expert group

meetings, panel discussions, round table discussions and workshops, this conference will

bring together field workers, women front -liners, NGOs, international and regional

organizations, government authorities, academics and other resource people committed to

enhancing the lives which have been disrupted by conflict, natural disasters and social and

political upheaval. Together, these participants hope to highlight relevant issues and

concerns, build momentum for change by focusing on critical issues and finally, take steps

towards including women in decisio n-making and peace-building efforts.

2.2.5 Establish a South-South Commission/ cooperation

In September 1986, South -South Commission was established during the Conference of the

Non-Aligned Movement of the then Prime Minister, Dr. Mahathir Mohammad. The

Commission is working to formulate policy and practical interests of developing countries. A

country south of the countrys poor. Many poor countries and developing situated in the

southern hemisphere. Thus, the term "South" is used for these countries . Southern countries

with low living standards and often suffer poverty, famine, and epidemic diseases. Most of

the southern countries are rich in raw materials and supply it to countries to the industrial

north.


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As a poor country, the southern countries are not able to process raw materials into

finished goods. Plus, the price of raw materials is controlled by the northern countries.

Northern countries refuse to see progress in the southern states because of fears they will

provide competition. Therefore , the establishment of South -South Commission, the southern

countries will be developed with the assistance of the NAM. The importance that countries of

the developing south will be championed by NAM.

Malaysia has carried out cooperation with the private South-South Commission.

Consistent concept of Pakistan, the private sector has implemented several measures to

complement government efforts in the south -south cooperation. In the plan, the South -South

Association (MASSA) has 86 individual members and cor porate investment MASSA, namely

South-South Corporation Berhad (MASSCORP). Several joint projects have been

implemented including the Industrial Zone in Danang in Vietnam, Micasa Hotel in Yangon,

Myanmar, housing and commercial development project in Santi ago, Chile, and leather

industry in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

2.2.6 Approve Boycott of Israel Goods and Products.

At the XIV Ministerial Conference of The Non -Aligned Movement (NAM) on 2004 at

Putrajaya has impose sanctions on Israel. The members of the NAM Com mittee on

Palestine are Algeria, Bangladesh, Colombia, Cuba, India, Indonesia, Malaysia , Palestine,

Senegal, South Africa and Zimbabwe while Angola, Chile, Pakistan and the Philippines are

NAM Caucus members of the UN Security Council. Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Sri

Lanka are invited guests as they play an important role towards solving the Palestinian

issue.

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) called on its member states to bar all products

and goods emanating from Israeli settlements at the end of the fourteenth Ministerial

Conference of the Non-Alignment Movement (Mid-Term Review) in Durban, South Africa.

The call for measures was issued by the Committee on Palestine of the Non -Alignment

Movement. The NAM declaration called for its members to "decline entry to Israel settlers

and to impose sanctions against companies and entities involved in t he construction of the

wall.


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With regard to member states, the ministers called upon them to undertake

measures, including by means of legislation, collectively , regionally and individually, to

prevent any products of the illegal Israeli settlements from entering their markets," said the

declaration. The International Court of Justice, the UN's highest legal body, ruled last month

that parts of the Separation Bar rier built on occupied Palestinian territory were illegal and

should be torn down.

2.2.7 Declaration of Palestine

At the XIV Ministerial Conference of Non -Aligned Movement (NAM), headed by the prime

minister at that time, Dato Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, the conference has discussed

about Palestine. The Ministers considered the developments regarding the critical issue of

the construction by Israel, the occupying power, of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian

Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, including the Advisory Proceedings of the

International Court of Justice, undertaken pursuant to the request for an advisory opinion

from the Court made by the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly in its

resolution ES-10/14 of 8 December 2003.

The Ministers received the Advisory Opinion with the highest respect, fully accepted

the authoritative findings and conclusions of the Court and considered this strong and

comprehensive Opinion to represent an historic opportunity for a necessary return to the rule

of international law in all efforts to justly and peacefully address the question of Palestine

and resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Ministers recalled in particular the Court's

conclusion that "the construction of the wall being buil t by Israel, the occupying Power, in the

Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and its associated

regime, are contrary to international law".

In this regard, the Ministers underscored the Court's findings regarding the v iolations

of international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law, by Israel,

the occupying Power, including, inter alia, the finding that the construction of the wall and its

associated regime: create a 'fait accompli' on the g round which would be tantamount to de

facto annexation; severely impede the exercise by the Palestinian people of its right to self -

determination and therefore violate that right; have led to the destruction or requisition of

properties in contravention of relevant provisions of the Hague Regulations and the Fourth

Geneva Convention; and violate the Palestinian people's freedom of movement and the right

to work, to health, to education and to an adequate standard of living.


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The Ministers turned their consi deration to the overall plight of the Palestinian people

and their prolonged struggle to achieve their inalienable rights, including the right to self -

determination. The Ministers stressed that the main danger to the realization of the national

rights of the Palestinian people and the achievement of the two -State solution is the settler

colonialism and the construction of the Wall being carried out by Israel, the occupying

Power, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. They reiterat ed that

the complete cessation of all settlement activities and of the construction of the Wall is

essential for the survival of the Road Map. The Ministers reaffirmed the many relevant

Security Council resolutions on such illegal Israeli measures, includi ng measures taken by

the occupying Power to change the status, character and demographic composition of

Jerusalem, which are null and void, and called for the full implementation of those

resolutions and as well as full compliance with the Advisory Opinion of the International

Court of Justice in this regard.

The Ministers condemned the confinement of President Yasser Arafat for more than

two and half years by the occupying Power and the repeated threats against his life, safety

and well-being. They expressed solidarity with the democratically -elected President of the

Palestinian Authority and stressed the necessity for ending both the confinement and

threats, which are contrary to the right of the Palestinian people to freely choose their own

leader and are severely hampering the proper functioning of the Palestinian Authority and

potential progress in the peace process. The Ministers determined to undertake another visit

to the Occupied Palestinian Territory by a delegation of the Committee on Palestine in the

near future.

The Ministers stressed that a vital role should continue to be played by the

Movement and entrusted the Chair, assisted by the Committee on Palestine, to lead the

efforts of the Movement with regard to the question of Palestine and peace in the region.

They stressed the importance of ongoing contact and dialogue at the Ministerial level with

the members of the Quartet as well as the permanent members of the Security Council. In

this regard, they expressed their appreciation to the members of the NAM Caucus of the

Security Council for their efforts in the Council with regard to the question of Palestine. They

further reaffirmed the need to undertake the necessary contacts with the relevant parties in

the peace process with a view to facilit ating the achievement of a just, durable and

comprehensive peace.


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The Ministers reaffirmed the need for early convening of a special meeting of

regional and international groupings aimed at building a broad partnership for achieving a

peaceful solution to the Israeli -Palestinian conflict, further mobilizing the international

community in support of the two-State solution, based on the pre -1967 borders and on

international law, and the right of all states and peoples in the region to live in peace and

security free from violence and terrorism. They underlined the importance of the work of

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO), Civil Society Organizations and Peace Groups in

the region and encouraged the work of these, in particular on the Palestinian and Isr aeli

sides.

The Ministers concluded by reiterating their commitment to a peaceful solution to the

Israeli-Palestinian conflict and by reaffirming their unwavering support for the realization of

the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including t he right to self-determination and

to sovereignty in their State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital.

2.3 The Benefit of NAM in Malaysia

2.3.1 NAM dominate World Power

Summit on the 13th Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) with all 116 members of the movement

who expressed concern over the dominance of a single world cannot afford more in control.

Some of the country, the government and the representatives of NAM member countries

also pledged to strengthen the organization so that it remains relevant to the challenges of

the new world order. What is clear, during the summit that the level of senior officials, foreign

ministers and heads of state and government, is not difficult fo r them to achieve results in a

variety of issues including the conflict in Iraq, Palestine and North Korea.

Field ended with a pass and receive Kuala Lumpur Declaration on NAM Re -

nourishment, the Final Document and the Statement on Iraq and Palestine. Questions NAM

are not relevant to the question, but the movement is more relevant to defending and

protecting the interests of Southern countries. What is clear in Kuala Lumpur Declaration,

NAM leaders to reject any form of violence but called for dialogue a nd diplomacy to maintain

world peace.


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Declaration which outlines a strategy for continued proliferation of the NAM Summit

in conjunction with the 13 movement and the emphasis on strengthening the solidarity of

NAM to help the UN as the sole world governing body contain U.S. power, especially i n

terms of political, social, economic, and military. It also outlines the need to defend and

promote the relationship various parties to ensure that the new world order that is fair,

balanced, and resilient to the developing countries can be formed.

Malaysia initiatives who want to discuss specif ically the question of Iraq was

approved by unanimous consent that the Iraq conflict is not resolved by the U.S. military

alone, but must go through the UN. NAM Statement on Palestine passed decided boycott

Israeli products in protest against the occupation and the violent actions of the Zionist regime

in Palestine. The NAM leaders also urged the International Criminal Court (ICJ), which act

against war crimes committed by the regime since the occupation of Palestin e in 1967.

The Declaration also states that NAM must respond to current global developments

in ways that will ensure it remains relevant and useful to member countries. In addition, the

declaration also stressed the need for a new technological innovatio n is more easily

accessible to developing countries in their efforts to modernize and enrich all to achieve

economic development targets.

3.0 Relations with the International Organiz ation of Malaysia

3.1 Background of the Commonwealth Association

Malaysia has been a member of the Commonwealth since independence in 1957.Once the

Commonwealth has become the second most important organization in Malaysia's foreign

policy after the United Nations (UN). But by the 1980s, it has become the fourth. Histor y of

relations between Malaysia and the Commonwealth may be unique in that although

Malaysia has few was critical of the role and integrity in public, but Malaysia is still one of the

most active members of the Commonwealth in conferences organized by theCommonwealth. In fact, Malaysia has played host to the Conference of Heads of

Government of the Commonwealth or a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting

(CHOGM) in 1989 and the Commonwealth Games in 1998. Thus, outside policy since

independence has been affected by the membership in the Commonwealth.


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At the time of the Cold War, when hostilities between East and West blocks,

especially in the 1960s relations between Malaysia and the Commonwealth is strong. This

relationship includes three main aspects, na mely security, economy and development.

However, the current relations between Malaysia and the Commonwealth are more focused

in terms of economic cooperation. In addition, the Commonwealth also serves as an

international forum for developing countries to speak.

In addition, the Commonwealth Association serves as a platform for Malaysia to

voice his opinion at the international level. The main issue that has been voiced by Malaysia

in the Commonwealth of the Apartheid policy of resistance, drugs, environmen t, and

relations between developing countries to developed countries. This chapter discusses the

role of the Commonwealth as a platform for Malaysia in the voice of international

issues. Malaysia would like to create a positive image and is seen as a "cham pion" among

developing countries. Thus, the Commonwealth is one track that has been used to achievethis objective.

Therefore, the purpose of the Commonwealth Association was established are:

i. Strengthening ties and solidarity among member states.

ii. Forming the integration under one organization and cooperate in various fields

among member.

iii. Welfare of member countries to develop member countries.

iv. Convenience and good service from the British Government, particularly to market

products in the British Commonwea lth countries.

v. Experts in various fields to discuss to improve the expertise of the members.

vi. Provide educational facilities to member countries through the Commonwealth

Education Plan.

3.1.1 List of member countries of Association of the Commonwealth:

1. Antigua and Barbuda

2. Australia

3. The Bahamas

4. Bangladesh

5. Barbados

6. Belize

7. Botswana

8. Brunei Darussalam

9. Cameroon

10. Canada

11. Cyprus

12. Dominica

13. The Gambia

14. Ghana

15. Grenada

16. Guyana


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17. India

18. Jamaica

19. Kenya

20. Kiribati

21. Lesotho

22. Malawi

23. Malaysia

24. Maldives

25. Malta

26. Mauritius

27. Mozambique

28. Namibia Nauru

29. New Zealand

30. Nigeria

31. Pakistan

32. Papa New Guinea

33. St Kitts and Nevis

34. St Lucia

35. St. Vincent and the Grenadines

36. Samoa

37. Seychelles

38. Sierra Leone

39. Singapore

40. Salomon Islands

41. South Africa

42. Sri Lanka

43. Swaziland

44. Tonga

45. Trinidad and Tobago

46. Tuvalu

47. Uganda

48. United Kingdom

49. United Republic

50. United Republic of Tanzania

51. Vanuatu

52. Rwanda

53. Zambia

3.2 The role and duties of Malaysia in the Association of Commonwealth

3.2.1 Expresses dissatisfaction and opposition to the A partheid policy

Policy of Apartheid is a policy that occurred in South Africa. This policy is a policy that

damned because it involves the suppression of the highest level where the original

indigenous rights denied in whole by immigrants. This is a discriminatory policy that

distinguishes people based on skin colour. Apartheid policies widely implemented by the

seventh Prime Minister of South Africa, which Hendricks Frensch Verwoerd who is

white. This policy assumes that black people have lower standards than white people in

terms of political, economic, social, educational and cultural.

As such, Malaysia was hard against the policies carried out by the government of

South Africa this. First Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al -Haj was

the leader of Association of Comm onwealth countries who opposed Policy of Apartheid by


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At the Conference the Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) in 2009 in

Trinidad and Tobago, Prime Minister of Malaysia, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak with other

Commonwealth leaders attended a discussion about global climate change. He said many

Commonwealth countries; especially developing countries are victims of small islands to

climate change. This was caused by global warming may cause a small island chain would

be flooded and water to disaster to bring great. Therefore, the Prime Minis ter has expressed

an opinion in which the small island countries should get a larger allocation from the

Commonwealth Association for the fight against global warming. Malaysia is concerned in

this global warming by joining the Climate Change Summit in Cop enhagen. In this

conference, Malaysia has pledged to reduce carbon emissions by 40 percent with transfer of

technology subject to the receipt of adequate funding and developed countries and industrial

economies.

3.2.3 Organising Conference Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) in

Kuala Lumpur

Every two years, Heads of Government Conference to be held in Commonwealth member

countries. The conference is often held to discuss matters of common interest among

member countries. As such, Malaysia has also h osted the Conference on the

Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) held in Kuala Lumpur in 1989. In this

conference, Malaysia has been vocal in raising issues related to environmental and human

rights. The issues presented in accordance with the producti on of the Langkawi

Declaration. Langkawi Declaration is the agreement signed in Langkawi on the responsibility

of the Commonwealth countries to control and overcome the problem of pollution. In

addition, as a result of the deterioration and environmental p ollution, the Heads of

Commonwealth Member States has identified several programs or actions include:

i. The establishment of an international fund for environmental protection.

ii. Forestry management and agriculture in developed countries and developing world.

iii. Reduction of marine pollution.

iv. Overcome the problem of ozone layer depletion.


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3.2.4 Provide information on latex to member countries such as Sri Lanka

Since the participation of Malaysia at the Commonwealth Games Association, which has

given many contributions to Malaysia to member countries such as providing information on

how to grow rubber trees and gives examples of good rubber tree seeds to Sri Lanka.

Rubber industry is a result of export crops important in Malaya in the 20th

century. This is due to drop in coffee prices in world markets due to pest attack. Rubber

cultivation in Malaysia is actually coming from Brazil and brought to England by Henry

Wickham to sow in Kew Gardens. Rubber seeds were taken to several countries such as

Malaysia and Sri Lanka. In 1920, Malaya became the world's largest rubber producer, and

this has helped member countries to seek advice from Malaysia in terms of planting and a

good selection of seeds for rubber trees are planted to ensure the quality and produce more

milk rubber.

3.2.5 To organize the Commonwealth Games 1998

Commonwealth Games is a sports organized by the Commonwealth Association and

supported by member countries of the Commonwealth Association. Commonwealth Games

were introduced by the Reverend Astl ey Cooper in 1891 for the British Empire only. In 1911,

the Feast of the British Empire was done in London to celebrate the coronation of King

George as king of the United Kingdom. This celebration was attended by Australia, Canada,

South Africa and United Kingdom. Later the name was changed to British Empire and

Commonwealth Games in 1954. The name was again changed to British Commonwealth

Games in 1970 and finally changed the name to the Commonwealth Games in 1978 and

remains so to this day.

Freeport has a variety of sporting events. The games are held every four years

involving the elite athletes from the Association of Commonwealth countries. Attendances at

the Commonwealth Games are usually more than 5.000 athletes. Commonwealth Games

Federation (CGF) i s the organization responsible for the direction and authority of the

Commonwealth Games. Commonwealth Games held four years in any member country by

rotation, alternate host.


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Some countries do not want to participate in this sport with the British government

that had invaded their country. Consequently, the Commonwealth Games were boycotted by

many countries. Nigeria has boycotted the Commonwealth Games in 1976 because New

Zealand has acted to support apartheid policies in South Africa. In addition, 32 countries

from 59 countries from Africa, Asia and the Caribbean islands to boycott the Commonwealth

Games in 1986 as British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher supported apartheid policy in

South Africa. Isolation also occurred in 1974, 1982 and 1990 bec ause of South Africa.

1998 XVI Commonwealth Games were held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 11 to 21

September 1998 which was the first host nation in Asia in the 20th century. The 16th games

were officiated by Yang di -Pertuan Agong, Al-Marhum Tuanku Ja'afar Ibni Al-Marhum

Tuanku Abdul Rahman on 11 September 1998 and were officially closed by Queen

Elizabeth II. A total of 70 countries participated in the games and a total of 3638 athletes

were participating in a sport full of grand and glorious. 15 sports were contested andMalaysia has managed to collect 10 gold medals.

3.2.6 To be Chairman of the Commonwealth Partnership Program me for Technology

Management (CPTM)

Apart from expressing strong opinions on international issues such as the issue of apartheid

in South Africa, Malaysia has also participated in several activities of the Commonwealth,

including the chairman of the committee to review the role and future of this Commonwealth

Association. In addition, Malaysia is also member of the Commonwealth Sec retariat in

collaboration to develop technical cooperation program comprehensive in the

Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC). In addition, Malaysia has chaired

the Commonwealth Consultative Group on Management of Technology since its inceptio n in

1989 and continues to chair the Commonwealth Coalition for Technology Management

(CPTM), which replaced the Consultative Group in 1995. As such, Malaysia offers training

facilities to train scientists from other developing countries in the Commonwealt h of

agricultural, environmental and remote sensing.


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3.3 Benefits of Organization of Commonwealth Relations in Malaysia

Malaysia is a country that is not a policy of closing the door as practiced by a number of

other countries in the world. As such, Malaysia has relationship with many countries to

improve their countries and to ensure development in line with the modernization of the

world. In addition, the inclusion of Malaysia to the Organisation of the Commonwealth in

1957 after Malaysia a chieved independence in the first; the Commonwealth was many

benefits to Malaysia especially in the defence and economic issues. On this day, a total of

53 member states have entered including the Commonwealth Association of Malaysia.

Therefore, the interest earned by Malaysia upon entering this establishment are of interest in

the field of defence, trade, environment and the benefits derived from the Colombo Plan.

3.3.1 Line of Defence

During the Second World War, Malaysia received many threats from the communist ideology

which was brought by the Chinese people at that time due to the many set up evening

classes to spread propaganda and the communist Chinese national. Thus, by the British

Malayan Defence Agreement in 1957, Indonesia received assistance fr om British defence

because Malaysia is a member of the Commonwealth. In addition, Malaysia has also

received help from troops from New Zealand and Australia during the Indonesia -Malaysia

confrontation. The Australian Government has sent three Royal Austral ian Regiment and

Australian Special Air Service Regiment at the request of Malaysia to seek military aid.

Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation began when Malaya, Malaysia declared on 16

September 1963. Confrontation is an Indonesian opposition to the formation of

Malaysia. This is because, President Sukarno who was the President of Indonesia at that

time wants to join Malaysia and Indonesia to make a region called the Indonesia

Raya. Malaysia does not want to join with Indonesia because of the communist movemen t

was strong in the countries of Asia and especially Indonesia, which is a country with a strong

communist ideology of the Communist Party of Malaya. It has prompted Malaysia to become

a country that is pro-Western and anti -communist. This is because Malaysia is a newly

independent country at the time and desperately need help from the West, especially in thefield of defence.


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3.3.2 Trade Area

As one member of the Commonwealth body, also a lot of benefits, including benefits in the

areas of trade. Malaysia is a new independent country certainly need a strong economy to

lead the country and is still subject to the British in charge of economic interest. As such,

Malaysia is a sterling bloc member countries conducting trade in the currency of pounds

sterling. This is because the currency is the pound sterling currency is very strong at that

time.

In addition, Malaysia also benefited in terms of export markets. This is because

Malaysia's exports of goods were subject to lower tax rates in the United Kingdom. This has

been beneficial for the Malaysian economy is not burdened with the tax produced by the

British. In return, Australia has given priority to the activities of British trade. This can be

seen in two of the main export of tin and rubber. Demand from Western countries is caused

by the Industrial Revolution, which increased significantly at the time. Raw material

resources are not available there to be forced to import their goods and raw materials in

Malaysia. Therefore, Malaysia will also benefit by usi ng the goods produced and finished

goods are exported by the British.

3.3.3 Colombo Plan

Colombo Plan was established in Sri rare and a plan made by the Commonwealth

Association in 1950. This plan aims to provide technical assistance by the Commonwealth

countries to the developed countries of the Commonwealth to develop and backward. The

plan also outlines several key goals is to provide financial assistance, education and

technical training to the members of the Commonwealth body.

Therefore, the Colombo Plan has many benefits to the member which includes:

i. Australia, New Zealand, Britain and Canada have given scholarships to Malaysian

students studying in institutions of higher learning in their place.

ii. Donor countries were member financial assistance to Malaysia to set up technical

training centers.

iii. British sending insurance experts and tax to help Malaysia in developing the national

economy.

iv. Assistance from New Zealand to Malaysia in the form of funds for opening new

lands.


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In addition, the program has also funded several projects in Malaysia such as project

east-west highway, road and bridge networks in Sabah and Sarawak as well as several

educational institutions in Sabah and Sarawak. This project has assisted countries in

improving the quality of communication and education in Sabah and Sarawak. As is the

case, as the exchange, Malaysia has been providing research facilities to any member of the

Commonwealth countries who wish to conduct research on rubber, history and languages

under a program known as the Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP).

4.0 Conclusion

Malaysia's foreign policy in the membership of the Commonwealth can be considered as a

whole. Many benefits have been derived from the participati on of Malaysia in the

Commonwealth. Besides that Malaysia could be heard in public in discussing the hot issuesinternationally. In fact, Malaysia is also said to be very brave to express opinions that are

important for certain issues. Malaysia's contribut ion is very much in the membership of the

Commonwealth.

Malaysia also has an important role in highlighting any issues related only since

Prime Minister Dato' Seri Dr. Mahathir again. It is hoped that the Commonwealth can play an

important role on issues r elated to development and environmental. In addition to the

Commonwealth is also expected to help the poor in developing member countries.

With membership from 53 countries around the world, from every continent and with

1.6 billion popul ations, Commonwealth countries believe that they can shows a constructive

example of an important multinational approach to peace and development of the modern

world.

Roles and Duties-nam n Commonwealth

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