Rocket Propulsion Elements - Buch.de · PDF fileThe liquid propellant rocket engine on the...

ROCKET PROPULSION ELEMENTS

The books cover shows a typical separation of a payload stage or satellite froman upper stage of a space flight vehicle in the vacuum of space. There are tworocket propulsion systems. The liquid propellant rocket engine on the upper stage(on the lower left) has just lifted the satellite into space and has just been shutdown. The reaction control system on the payload stage has four small inclinedthrusters, which can be seen during their firing operation; they are moving thepayload away from the expended upper stage. A small thrusters plume (flame)has a bright, elliptically shaped, hot gas, very small core, which is visible. Thehot exhaust gases disperse from this core in all directions, and this part of theplume is almost invisible.

Rocket Propulsion ElementsEighth Edition
GEORGE P. SUTTONConsultantFormerly Laboratory AssociateLawrence Livermore National Laboratory and formerlyExecutive Director, EngineeringRocketdyne Division of The Boeing CompanyNow Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne
OSCAR BIBLARZProfessor EmeritusDepartment of Mechanical and Astronautical EngineeringNaval Postgraduate School
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Sutton, George Paul.Rocket propulsion elements / George P. Sutton, Oscar Biblarz. 8th ed.
p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-08024-5 (cloth)
1. Rocket engines. I. Biblarz, Oscar. II. Title.TL782.S8 2010629.475dc22
2009042591
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
1 Classification 1
1.1. Duct Jet Propulsion / 21.2. Rocket Propulsion / 41.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion / 14
References / 26
2 Definitions and Fundamentals 28
2.1. Definitions / 282.2. Thrust / 332.3. Exhaust Velocity / 362.4. Energy and Efficiencies / 382.5. Multiple Propulsion Systems / 402.6. Typical Performance Values / 41
Problems / 43Symbols / 45References / 46
3 Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations 47
3.1. Ideal Rocket / 483.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations / 49
v

vi CONTENTS
3.3. Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles / 533.4. Nozzle Configurations / 753.5. Real Nozzles / 853.6. Nozzle Alignment / 96
4 Flight Performance 103
4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight / 1034.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere / 1074.3. Basic Relations of Motion / 1104.4. Space Flight / 1164.5. Flight Maneuvers / 1314.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance / 1374.7. Flight Vehicles / 1394.8. Military Missiles / 1484.9. Flight Stability / 152
5 Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis 158
5.1. Background and Fundamentals / 1595.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions / 1655.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes / 1705.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis / 1755.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations / 176
6 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals 194
6.1. Types of Propellants / 1986.2. Propellant Tanks / 2016.3. Propellant Feed Systems / 2086.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems / 2106.5. Tank Pressurization / 2176.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles / 221

CONTENTS vii
6.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or AttitudeControl / 229
6.8. Engine Families / 2336.9. Valves and Pipelines / 2366.10. Engine Support Structure / 239
7 Liquid Propellants 245
7.1. Propellant Properties / 2467.2. Liquid Oxidizers / 2567.3. Liquid Fuels / 2597.4. Liquid Monopropellants / 2637.5. Gelled Propellants / 2657.6. Gaseous Propellants / 2667.7. Safety and Environmental Concerns / 267
8 Thrust Chambers 271
8.1. Injectors / 2768.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle / 2858.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters / 3018.4. Materials and Fabrication / 3058.5. Heat Transfer Analysis / 3118.6. Starting and Ignition / 3238.7. Random Variable Thrust / 3268.8. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis / 328
9 Liquid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 346
9.1. Combustion Process / 3469.2. Analysis and Simulation / 3509.3. Combustion Instability / 352
Problems / 364References / 364

viii CONTENTS
10 Turbopumps and Their Gas Supplies 366
10.1. Introduction / 36610.2. Descriptions of Several Turbopumps / 36710.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration / 37210.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances / 37610.5. Pumps / 37810.6. Turbines / 38710.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design / 39110.8. Gas Generators and Preburners / 394
11 Engine Systems, Controls, and Integration 399
11.1. Propellant Budget / 39911.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion
Systems / 40111.3. Engine Design / 40311.4. Engine Controls / 41111.5. Engine System Calibration / 42311.6. System Integration and Engine Optimization / 430
12 Solid Propellant Rocket Fundamentals 435
12.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate / 43712.2. Other Performance Issues / 45812.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration / 46312.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain / 47212.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid Propellant Rocket
Motors / 483Problems / 485Symbols / 488References / 489
13 Solid Propellants 492
13.1. Classification / 49213.2. Propellant Characteristics / 498

CONTENTS ix
13.3. Hazards / 50513.4. Propellant Ingredients / 51213.5. Other Propellant Categories / 52213.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors / 52613.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture / 529
14 Solid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 537
14.1. Physical and Chemical Processes / 53714.2. Ignition Process / 54114.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination / 54314.4. Combustion Instability / 545
15 Solid Rocket Components and Motor Design 556
15.1. Motor Case / 55615.2. Nozzles / 56415.3. Igniter Hardware / 57815.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach / 583
16 Hybrid Propellant Rockets 594
16.1. Applications and Propellants / 59616.2. Interior Hybrid Motor Ballistics / 60016.3. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration / 60416.4. Design Example / 60916.5. Combustion Instability / 613
17 Electric Propulsion 622
17.1. Ideal Flight Performance / 62817.2. Electrothermal Thrusters / 63317.3. Nonthermal Electrical Thrusters / 64017.4. Optimum Flight Performance / 656

x CONTENTS
17.5. Mission Applications / 66117.6. Electric Space-Power Supplies and Power-Conditioning
Systems / 663Problems / 667Symbols / 669References / 671
18 Thrust Vector Control 673
18.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle / 67518.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles / 68518.3. Testing / 68718.4. Integration with Vehicle / 687
19 Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems 691
19.1. Selection Process / 69319.2. Criteria for Selecti

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