Robotics Ieee

7/29/2019 Robotics Ieee

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ADHIYAMAAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

HOSUR

TOPIC: Robotics

DEPARTMENT:

Paper by:

S.RAMYA

K.SHEELA

III YEAR

E.mail: [email protected]


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ABSTRACT:

The rapid

development of robotic

technology has gone far

beyond the traditional

industrial robots which rely

on limited human-robot

interaction techniques to the

recent development of

animal-like entertainment

robots, which engage in

significant peer-to-peer

(human-robot) interaction

and manifest a wide range

of social features including

personality. Personality is

an essential feature for

creating socially interactive

robots and study on this

dimension will facilitate

enhance human-robot

interaction. Using AIBO,

developed by SONY, this

study examines the

personality dimension in

human-robot interaction.

In order to test the

hypothesis that people

would not only recognize

robots personality but also

socially respond to such

personality

accordingly, a balanced, 2

(AIBO personality: introvert

vs. extrovert) x 2 (participant

personality: introvert vs.

extrovert) between-subjects

experiment (N=48) was

conducted. We believe that

with accurate identification

of AIBOs personality types,

the matched and

mismatched personalities

between robots and

participants will make

difference in participants

perception of AIBO (i.e.

AIBOs intelligence, pet-

likeness, physical

attractiveness, social

attractiveness), perception


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of the interaction (i.e.

enjoyable, interesting, fun,

entertaining,

boring(reversed coded) and

exciting), their self bonding

to AIBO, their likeability of it

and their social presence.

Implications of the current

study on human-robots

interaction and personality

literature will be discussed.


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Contents

1 Definitions

o 1.1 Defining characteristicso 1.2 Etymology

2 Social impact

3 Technological trends

o 3.1 Technological development

o 3.2 Research robots

o 3.3 Varying cultural perceptions

4 Contemporary uses

o 4.1 General-purpose autonomous robots

o 4.2 Dedicated robots

4.2.1 Increased productivity, accuracy, and endurance

4.2.2 Some examples of factory robots

4.2.3 Dirty, dangerous, dull or inaccessible tasks

5 Potential problems

6 Timeline

7 History

o 7.1 Early modern developments

o 7.2 Modern developments

8 Literature

9 Notes and references

10 Further reading

11 External links


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INTRODUCTION:

A robot isa virtual or mechanical art

ificial agent. In practice, it

is usually an electro-

mechanical

machine which is guided

by computer or electronic

programming, and is thus

able to do tasks on its

own. Another common

characteristic is that by its

appearance or

movements, a robot often

conveys a sense that it

has intent or agencyof its

own.

Definitions

The word robotcan refer

to both physical robots

and virtual software

agents, but the latter are

usually referred to as bots.[There is no consensus on

which machines qualify

as robots, but there is

general agreement among

experts and the public that

robots tend to do some or

all of the following: move

around, operate a

mechanical limb, sense

and manipulate their

environment, and exhibit

intelligent behavior,especially behavior which

mimics humans or other

animals.

There is conflict about

whether the term can be

applied to remotely

operated devices, as themost common usage

implies, or solely to

devices which are

controlled by their

software without human

intervention InSouth

Africa, robotis an

informal and commonly

used term for a set of

traffic lights.

Stories of artificial

helpers and companions
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and attempts to create

them have a long history

but

fullyautonomous machine

only appeared in the 20th

century. The

first digitally operate and

programmable robot,

the Unimate, was

installed in 1961 to lift

hot pieces of metal from a

die casting machine andstack them. Today,

commercial and industrial

robots are in widespread

use performing jobs more

cheaply or with greater

accuracy and reliability

than humans. They are

also employed for jobs

which are too dirty,

dangerous or dull to be

suitable for humans.

Robots are widely used

in manufacturing,

assembly and packing,

transport, earth and space

exploration, surgery,

weaponry, laboratory

research, and mass

production of consumer

and industrial goods.

It is difficult to compare

numbers of robots indifferent countries, since

there are different

definitions of what a

"robot is.

The International

Organization for

Standardization gives a

definition of robot in ISO

8373: "an automatically

controlled.

reprogrammable,

multipurpose,

manipulator

programmable in three or

more axes, which may beeither fixed in place or

mobile for use in

industrial automation

applications."] This

definition is used by

the International

Federation of Robotics,

the European Robotics

Research

Network (EURON), and

many national standards

committees.
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The Robotics Institute of

America (RIA) uses a

broader definition: a robot

is a "re-programmable

multi-functional

manipulator designed to

move materials, parts,

tools, or specialized

devices through variable

programmed motions for

the performance of a

variety of tasks." The RIAsubdivides robots into

four classes: devices that

manipulate objects with

manual control,

automated devices that

manipulate objects with

predetermined cycles,

programmable and servo-

controlled robots with

continuous point-to-point

trajectories, and robots of

this last type which also

acquire information from

the environment and

move intelligently in

response.

There is no one definition

of robot which satisfies

everyone, and many

people have their own.[6] For example, Joseph

Engelberger, a pioneer in

industrial robotics, once

remarked: "I can't define a

robot, but I know one

when I see

one." According

to Encyclopaedia

Britannica, a robot is "any

automatically operated

machine that replaceshuman effort, though it

may not resemble human

beings in appearance or

perform functions in a

humanlike manner".[] Merriam-Webster descri

bes a robot as a "machine

that looks like a human

being and performs

various complex acts (as

walking or talking) of a

human being", or a

"device that automatically

performs complicated

often repetitive tasks", or

a "mechanism guided by

automatic controls".[9]

Modern robots are

usually used in tightly
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controlled environments

such as on assembly

lines because they have

difficulty responding to

unexpected interference.

Because of this, most

humans rarely encounter

robots.

However, domestic

robots for cleaning and

maintenance are

increasingly common inand around homes in

developed countries,

particularly in Japan.

Robots can also be found

in the military.

Defining characteristics

While there is no single

correct definition of

"robot,"[10]a typical robot

will have several, or

possibly all, of the

following characteristics.

It is an

electric machine whichhas some ability to

interact with physical

objects and to be given

electronic programming

to do a specific task or to

do a whole range of tasks

or actions. It may also

have some ability to

perceive and absorb data

on physical objects, or on

its local physical

environment, or to

process data, or to

respond to various

stimuli. This is in contrast

to a simple mechanicaldevice such as a gearor

a hydraulic pressor any

other item which has no

processing ability and

which does tasks through

purely mechanical proces

ses and motion.

Mental agency

For robotic engineers, the

physical appearance of a

machine is less important
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than the way its actions

are controlled. The more

the control system seems

to have agency of its own,

the more likely the

machine is to be called a

robot. An important

feature of agency is the

ability to make choices.

Higher-level cognitive

functions, though, are not

necessary, as shownby ant robots.

A clockworkcar is

never considered a

robot.

A remotely

operated vehicle is

sometimes considered

a robot (ortelerobot)

A car with an

onboard computer,

like Bigtrak, which

could drive in a

programmable

sequence, might becalled a robot.

A self-controlled

carwhich could sense

its environment and

make driving

decisions based on

this information, such

as the 1990s driverless

cars ofErnst

Dickmanns or the

entries in the DARPA

Grand Challenge,

would quite likely be

called a robot.

A sentient car, like

the fictional KITT,

which can make

decisions, navigate

freely and converse

fluently with a human,

is usually considered a

robot.

Physical agency

However, for

many laymen, if a

machine appears to be

able to control its arms or

limbs, and especially if it
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleroboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigtrakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Dickmannshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Dickmannshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laymanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleroboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigtrakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Dickmannshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Dickmannshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layman


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appears anthropomorphic

orzoomorphic (e.g. ASIM

O orAibo), it would be

called a robot.

Aplayer piano is

rarely characterized as

a robot.

A CNC milling

machine is very

occasionally

characterized as arobot.

A factory

automation arm is

almost always

characterized as an

industrial robot.

An autonomous

wheeled or tracked

device, such as a self-

guided rover or self-

guided vehicle, is

almost always

characterized as a

mobile robot or

service robot.

A zoomorphic me

chanical toy,

like Roboraptor, is

usually characterized

as a robot.[13]

A mechanical

humanoid,

like ASIMO, is almost

always characterized

as a robot, usually as a

service robot.

Even for a 3-axis CNC

milling machine using the

same control system as arobot arm, it is the arm

which is almost always

called a robot, while the

CNC machine is usually

just a machine. Having

eyes can also make a

difference in whether a

machine is called a robot,

since humans

instinctively connect eyes

with sentience. However,

simply being

anthropomorphic is not a

sufficient criterion for

something to be called arobot. A robot must do

something; an inanimate

object shaped like
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ASIMO would not be

considered a robot.

Etymology

A scene from Karel

apek's 1920 play R.U.R.

(Rossum's Universal

Robots), showing three

robotsThe word robotwas

introduced to the public

by Czech writer Karel

apek in his playR.U.R.

(Rossum's Universal

Robots), published

in 1920. The play begins

in a factory that makes

artificial people

calledrobots, but they are

closer to the modern ideas

of androids, creatures

who can be mistaken for

humans. They can plainly

think for themselves,

though they seem happy

to serve. At issue is

whether the robots are

being exploited and the

consequences of their

treatment.

However, Karel apek

himself did not coin the

word. He wrote a short

letter in reference to

an etymology in

the Oxford English

Dictionary in which he

named his brother, the

painter and writerJosef

apek, as its actualoriginator. In an article in

the Czech journalLidov

noviny in 1933, he

explained that he had

originally wanted to call

the

creatures laboi (from Lat

inlabor, work). However,

he did not like the word,

and sought advice from

his brother Josef, who

suggested "roboti". The
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word robota means

literally work, labor or

serf labor, and

figuratively "drudgery" or

"hard work" in Czech and

many Slavic languages.

Traditionally the robota

was the work period a serf

had to give for his lord,

typically 6 months of the

year. Serfdom was

outlawed in 1848in Bohemia, so at the time

apek wroteR.U.R.,

usage of the

term robota had

broadened to include

various types of work, but

the obsolete sense of

"serfdom" would still

have been known.

The word robotics, used

to describe this field of

study, was coined by

the science

fiction writerIsaac

Asimov.

Social impact

As robots have become

more advanced and

sophisticated, experts and

academics have

increasingly explored the

questions of what ethics

might govern robots'

behavior,[18]and whether

robots might be able to

claim any kind of social,

cultural, ethical or legal

rights.[19] One scientific

team has said that it is

possible that a robot brainwill exist by 2019.Vernor

Vinge has suggested that

a moment may come

when computers and

robots are smarter than

humans. He calls this "the

Singularity." He suggests

that it may be somewhat

or possibly very

dangerous for

humans. This is discussed

by a philosophy

calledSingularitarianism.

In 2009, experts attended

a conference to discuss

whether computers and

robots might be able to

acquire any autonomy,
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and how much these

abilities might pose a

threat or hazard. They

noted that some robots

have acquired various

forms of semi-autonomy,

including being able to

find power sources on

their own and being able

to independently choose

targets to attack with

weapons. They also notedthat some computer

viruses can evade

elimination and have

achieved "cockroach

intelligence." They noted

that self-awareness as

depicted in science-fiction

is probably unlikely, but

that there were other

potential hazards and

pitfalls. Various media

sources and scientific

groups have noted

separate trends in

differing areas which

might together result in

greater robotic

functionalities and

autonomy, and which

pose some inherent

concerns.

Some experts and

academics havequestioned the use of

robots for military

combat, especially when

such robots are given

some degree of

autonomous functions.

There are also concerns

about technology which

might allow some armed

robots to be controlled

mainly by other

robots The US Navy has

funded a report which

indicates that as military

robots become morecomplex, there should be

greater attention to

implications of their

ability to make

autonomous

decisions. Some public

concerns about

autonomous robots have

received media attention,

especially one

robot, EATR, which can

continually refuel itself
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using biomass and

organic substances which

it finds on battlefields or

other local environments.

The Association for the

Advancement of Artificial

Intelligence has studied

this topic in depth and its

president has

commissioned a study to

look at this issue.

Some have suggested a

need to build "Friendly

AI", meaning that the

advances which are

already occurring with AI

should also include an

effort to make AI

intrinsically friendly and

humane. Several such

measures reportedly

already exist, with robot-

heavy countries such as

Japan and South

Korea having begun topass regulations requiring

robots to be equipped

with safety systems, and

possibly sets of 'laws' akin

to Asimov's Three Laws

of Robotics. An official

report was issued in 2009

by the Japanese

government's Robot

Industry Policy

Committee. Chinese

officials and researchers

have issued a report

suggesting a set of ethical

rules, as well as a set of

new legal guidelines

referred to as "RobotLegal Studies." Some

concern has been

expressed over a possible

occurrence of robots

telling apparent

falsehoods.

Technological trends

Technological

development

Overall trends

Japan hopes to have full-

scale commercialization

of service robots by 2025.

Much technological

research in Japan is led by

Japanese government

agencies, particularly the

Trade Ministry.
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As robots become more

advanced, eventually

there may be a standard

computer operating

system designed mainly

for robots. Robot

Operating System (ROS)

is an open-source set of

programs being

developed at Stanford

University,

the MassachusettsInstitute of

Technology and

theTechnical University

of Munich, Germany,

among others. ROS

provides ways to program

a robot's navigation and

limbs regardless of the

specific hardware

involved. It also provides

high-level commands for

items like image

recognition and even

opening doors. When

ROS boots up on a robot's

computer, it would obtain

data on attributes such as

the length and movement

of robots' limbs. It would

relay this data to higher-

level algorithms.

Microsoft is also

developing a "Windows

for robots" system with its

Robotics Developer

Studio, which has been

available since 2007.

New functions and

abilities

The Caterpillar Company

is making a dump truck

which can drive itself

without any human

operator.

Research robots

While most robots today

are installed in factoriesor homes, performing

labour or life saving jobs,

many new types of robot

are being developed

in laboratories around

the world. Much of the

research in robotics

focuses not on specific

industrial tasks, but on

investigations into new

types of robot, alternative

ways to think about or
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design robots, and new

ways to manufacture

them. It is expected that

these new types of robot

will be able to solve real

world problems when

they are finally realized

A

microfabricated

electrostatic gripper

holding some silicon

nanowires.

Nanorobots: Nan

orobotics is the still

largely hypothetical

technology of creating

machines or robots at

or close to the scale of

a nanometer(109met

ers). Also known

as nanobots ornanite

s, they would be

constructed

from molecular

machines. So far,

researchers have

mostly produced only

parts of these complex

systems, such as

bearings, sensors,

and Synthetic

molecular motors, but

functioning robots

have also been made

such as the entrants to

the Nanobot Robocup

contest. Researchers

also hope to be able tocreate entire robots as

small

as viruses orbacteria,

which could perform

tasks on a tiny scale.

Possible applications

include micro surgery

(on the level of

individual cells), utilit

y fog, manufacturing,

weaponry and

cleaning. Some people

have suggested that if

there were nanobots

which could

reproduce, the earth

would turn into "grey

goo", while others

argue that this
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hypothetical outcome

is nonsense.[49][50]

Soft

Robots: Robots

with siliconebodies

and flexible actuators

(air

muscles, electroactive

polymers,

and ferrofluids),

controlled using fuzzy

logic and neural

networks, look and

feel different from

robots with rigid

skeletons, and are

capable of different

behaviors.

ReconfigurableRobots: A few

researchers have

investigated the

possibility of creating

robots which can alter

their physical form to

suit a particular

task like the

fictional T-1000. Real

robots are nowhere

near that sophisticated

however, and mostly

consist of a small

number of cube

shaped units, which

can move relative to

their neighbours, for

example SuperBot.

Algorithms have been

designed in case any

such robots become a

reality.

A swarm of robots

from the Open-

source Micro-

robotic Project

Swarm

robots: Inspired

by colonies of insects such

as ants and bees,

researchers are

modeling the behavior

of swarms of

thousands of tiny

robots which together

perform a useful task,

such as finding

something hidden,

cleaning, or spying.

Each robot is quite
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-48%23cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-48%23cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-49%23cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_artificial_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_artificial_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroactive_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroactive_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrofluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Reconfiguring_Modular_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Reconfiguring_Modular_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-1000http://www.isi.edu/robots/superbot.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-48%23cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-49%23cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_artificial_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_artificial_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroactive_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroactive_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrofluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Reconfiguring_Modular_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Reconfiguring_Modular_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-1000http://www.isi.edu/robots/superbot.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bees


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simple, but

the emergent

behaviorof the swarm

is more complex. The

whole set of robots

can be considered as

one single distributed

system, in the same

way an ant colony can

be considered

a superorganism,

exhibiting swarmintelligence. The

largest swarms so far

created include the

iRobot swarm, the

SRI/MobileRobots

CentiBots

project[54] and the

Open-source Micro-

robotic Project swarm,

which are being used

to research collective

behaviors. Swarms are

also more resistant to

failure. Whereas one

large robot may fail

and ruin a mission, a

swarm can continue

even if several robots

fail. This could make

them attractive for

space exploration

missions, where

failure can be

extremely costly.

Haptic interface

robots: Robotics also

has application in the

design of virtual

reality interfaces.

Specialized robots are

in widespread use in

the haptic research

community. These

robots, called "haptic

interfaces," allow

touch-enabled user

interaction with real

and virtualenvironments.

Robotic forces allow

simulating the

mechanical properties

of "virtual" objects,

which users can

experience through

their sense oftouch.

Haptic interfaces are

also used in robot-

aided rehabilitation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superorganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-53%23cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot-aided_rehabilitation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot-aided_rehabilitation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superorganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-53%23cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot-aided_rehabilitation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot-aided_rehabilitation&action=edit&redlink=1


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Varying cultural

perceptions

Roughly half of all therobots in the world are

in Asia, 32% in Europe,

and 16% inNorth

America, 1%

in Australasia and 1%

in Africa.[59] 30% of all

the robots in the world are

in Japan. This means that

Japan has the most robots

in the world out of all the

countries, and is in fact

leading the world's

robotics. Japan is actually

said to be the robotic

capital of the world.

In Japan and South Korea,

ideas of future robots

have been mainly

positive, and the start of

the pro-robotic society

there is thought to be

possibly due to the

famous 'Astro Boy'. Asian

societies such as Japan,

South Korea, and more

recently, China, believe

robots to be more equal to

humans, having them care

for old people, play with

or teach children, or

replace pets etc.[63] The

general view in Asian

cultures is that the more

robots advance, the better,

which is the opposite of

the Western belief.

"This is the opening of an

era in which human

beings and robots can co-

exist," says Japanese firm

Mitsubishi about one of

the many humanistic

robots in Japan.[64] South

Korea aims to put a robot

in every house there by2015-2020 in order to

help catch up

technologically with

Japan.

Western societies are

more likely to be against,

or even fear thedevelopment of robotics,

through much media

output in movies and

literature that they will

replace humans. Some
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-58%23cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-58%23cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-62%23cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-63%23cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-63%23cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-58%23cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-62%23cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-63%23cite_note-63


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believe that the West

regards robots as a 'threat'

to the future of humans,

partly due to religious

beliefs about the role of

humans and

society. Obviously, these

boundaries are not clear,

but there is a significant

difference between the

two cultural viewpoints.

Contemporary uses

At present there are 2main types of robots,

based on their

use: general-purpose

autonomous robots and

dedicated robots.

TOPIO, a humanoid robot

developed by TOSY that

can playping-

pong.

Robots can be

classified by

theirspecificity of

purpose. A robot

might be designed to

perform one particular

task extremely well, or a

range of tasks less well.

Of course, all robots by

their nature can be re-

programmed to behave

differently, but some are

limited by their physical

form. For example, a

factory robot arm canperform jobs such as

cutting, welding, gluing,

or acting as a fairground

ride, while a pick-and-

place robot can only

populate printed circuit

boards.

General-purpose

autonomous robots are

robots that can perform a

variety of functions

independently. General-
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purpose autonomous

robots typically can

navigate independently in

known spaces, handle

their own re-charging

needs, interface with

electronic doors and

elevators and perform

other basic tasks. Like

computers, general-

purpose robots can link

with networks, softwareand accessories that

increase their usefulness.

They may recognize

people or objects, talk,

provide companionship,

monitor environmental

quality, respond to

alarms, pick up supplies

and perform other useful

tasks. General-purpose

robots may perform a

variety of functions

simultaneously or they

may take on different

roles at different times of

day. Some such robots try

to mimic human beings

and may even resemble

people in appearance; this

type of robot is called

a humanoid robot.

A general-purpose robotacts as a guide during the

day and a security guard

at night

Dedicated robots

Main articles: Domestic

robotandIndustrialrobot

In 2006, there were an

estimated

3,540,000 service

robots in use, and an

estimated

950,000 industrial robots.[68]A different estimate

counted more than one

million robots in

operation worldwide in

the first half of 2008, with

roughly half in Asia, 32%

in Europe, 16% in North

America, 1%

in Australasia and 1% in

Africa.[69] Industrial and

service robots can be

placed into roughly two
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classifications based on

the type of job they do.

The first category

includes tasks which a

robot can do with greater

productivity, accuracy, or

endurance than humans;

the second category

consists of dirty,

dangerous or dull jobs

which humans find

undesirable.

Increased productivity,

accuracy, and

endurance

A Pick and Place robot in

a factory

Many factory jobs are

now performed by robots.

This has led to cheaper

mass-produced goods,

including automobiles

and electronics.

Stationary manipulators

used in factories have

become the largest market

for robots. In 2006, there

were an estimated

3,540,000 service

robots in use, and an

estimated

950,000 industrial robots.[68]A different estimate

counted more than one

million robots in

operation worldwide in

the first half of 2008, with

roughly half in Asia, 32%

in Europe, 16% in NorthAmerica, 1%

in Australasia and 1% in

Africa.[69]

Some examples of

factory robots

Car

production: Over the

last three decades

automobile factories

have become

dominated by robots.

A typical factory

contains hundreds

ofindustrial

robots working on

fully automated

production lines, with

one robot for every
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ten human workers.

On an automated

production line, a

vehicle chassis on a

conveyor

iswelded, glued,paint

ed and finally

assembled at a

sequence of robot

stations.

Packaging:Industrial robots are also

used extensively for

palletizing and

packaging of

manufactured goods,

for example for

rapidly taking drink

cartons from the end

of a conveyor belt and

placing them into

boxes, or for loading

and unloading

machining centers.

Electronics: Mass

-producedprinted

circuit boards (PCBs)

are almost exclusively

manufactured by pick-

and-place robots,

typically

with SCARA manipul

ators, which remove

tiny electronic

components from

strips or trays, and

place them on to

PCBs with great

accuracy. Such robots

can place hundreds of

thousands of

components per hour,far out-performing a

human in speed,

accuracy, and

reliability.

Automated

guided

vehicles (AGVs): Mo

bile robots, following

markers or wires in

the floor, or using

vision or lasers, are

used to transport

goods around large

facilities, such as

warehouses, container

ports, or hospitals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCARAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCARAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle


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Early

AGV-Style

Robots were

limited to tasks

that could be

accurately defined

and had to be

performed the

same way every

time. Very littlefeedback or

intelligence was

required, and the

robots needed

only the most

basic exteroceptor

s (sensors). The

limitations of

these AGVs are

that their paths are

not easily altered

and they cannot

alter their paths if

obstacles block

them. If one AGVbreaks down, it

may stop the

entire operation.

. Interim AGV-

Technologies develop

ed that deploy

triangulation from

beacons or bar code

grids for scanning on

the floor or ceiling. In

most factories,

triangulation systems

tend to require

moderate to high

maintenance, such asdaily cleaning of all

beacons or bar codes.

Also, if a tall pallet or

large vehicle blocks

beacons or a bar code

is marred, AGVs may

become lost. Often

such AGVs are

designed to be used in

human-free

environments.

Newer

AGVs such as the

Speci-Minder,ADAM, Tugand
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exteroceptorshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exteroceptorshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exteroceptorshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exteroceptors


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PatrolBot

Gofer are

designed for

people-friendly

workspaces. They

navigate by

recognizing

natural

features. 3D

scanners or other

means of sensing

the environment intwo or three

dimensions help to

eliminate

cumulative errors i

n dead-reckoning

calculations of the

AGV's current

position. Some

AGVs can create

maps of their

environment using

scanning lasers

with simultaneous

localization and

mapping (SLAM)

and use those

maps to navigate

in real time with

other path

planning and

obstacle avoidance

algorithms. They

are able to operate

in complex

environments and

perform non-

repetitive and non-

sequential tasks

such as

transportingphoto

masks in asemiconductor

lab, specimens in

hospitals and

goods in

warehouses. For

dynamic areas,

such as

warehouses full of

pallets, AGVs

require additional

strategies. Only a

few vision-

augmented

systems currently

claim to be able to

navigate reliably

in such

environments.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_errorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_reckoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomaskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomaskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_errorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_reckoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomaskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomask


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Dirty, dangerous, dull or

inaccessible

tasks

A U.S. Marine

Corps technician prepares

to use a telerobot to

detonate a

buried improvised

explosive

device nearCamp

Fallujah, Iraq

There are many jobs

which humans would

rather leave to robots. The

job may be boring, such

as domesticcleaning, or

dangerous, such as

exploring inside

a volcano Other jobs are

physically inaccessible,

such as exploring

anotherplanet, cleaning

the inside of a long pipe,

orperforming laparoscopic s

urgery.[80]

Telerobots: When

a human cannot be

present on site to

perform a job because

it is dangerous, far

away, or inaccessible,

teleoperated robots, or

telerobots are used.

Rather than following

a predetermined

sequence of

movements, atelerobot is controlled

from a distance by a

human operator. The

robot may be in

another room or

another country, or

may be on a very

different scale to the

operator. For instance,

a laparoscopic surgery

robot allows the

surgeon to work

inside a human patient

on a relatively small

scale compared to

open surgery,

significantly

shortening

recovery
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Fallujahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Fallujahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-daVinci-79%23cite_note-daVinci-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleroboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Fallujahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Fallujahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-daVinci-79%23cite_note-daVinci-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleroboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopic


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time. When disabling

a bomb, the operator

sends a small robot to

disable it. Several

authors have been

using a device called

the Longpen to sign

books

remotely. Teleoperate

d robot aircraft, like

the

PredatorUnmannedAerial Vehicle, are

increasingly being

used by the military.

These pilotless drones

can search terrain and

fire on

targets. Hundreds of

robots such

as iRobot'sPackbot an

d the Foster-Miller

TALON are being

used

in Iraq and Afghanista

n by the U.S.

military to defuse

roadside bombs

orImprovised

Explosive

Devices (IEDs) in an

activity known

as explosive ordnance

disposal (EOD

Automated fruit

harvesting

machines: are being

used to pick fruit on

orchards at a cost

lower than that of

human pickers.

The Roomba domestic v

acuum cleanerrobot does

a single, menial job

In the home: As

prices fall and robots

become smarter andmore autonomous,

simple robots

dedicated to a single

task work in over a

million homes. They

are taking on simple

but unwanted jobs,

such asvacuum

cleaning and floor

washing, and lawn

mowing. Some find

these robots to be cute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRobothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packbothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster-Miller_TALONhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster-Miller_TALONhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_fruit_harvesting_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_fruit_harvesting_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_fruit_harvesting_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roombahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_cleanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_cleanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_cleanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_cleanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRobothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packbothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster-Miller_TALONhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster-Miller_TALONhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_fruit_harvesting_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_fruit_harvesting_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_fruit_harvesting_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roombahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_cleanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_cleanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_cleanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_cleanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower


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and entertaining,

which is one reason

that they can sell very

well.

Elder Care: The

population is aging in

many countries,

especially Japan,

meaning that there are

increasing numbers of

elderly people to care

for, but relatively

fewer young people to

care for them Humans

make the best carers,

but where they are

unavailable, robots are

gradually being

introduced. Duct Cleaning: In

the hazardous and

tight spaces of a

building's duct work,

many hours can be

spent cleaning

relatively small areas

if a manual brush is

used. Robots have

been used by many

duct cleaners

primarily in the

industrial and

institutional cleaning

markets, as they allow

the job to be done

faster, without

exposing workers to

the harful enzymes

released by dust

mites. For cleaning

high-security

institutions such as

embassies andprisons, duct cleaning

robots are vital, as

they allow the job to

be completed without

compromising the

security of the

institution. Hospitals

and other government

buildings with

hazardous and

cancerogenic

environments such as

nuclear reactors

legally must be

cleaned using duct

cleaning robots, in

countries such as

Canada, in an effort to

improve workplace
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation_for_the_elderly_and_disabledhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(HVAC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation_for_the_elderly_and_disabledhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(HVAC)


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safety in duct

cleaning.

Potential problems

Fears and concerns about

robots have been

repeatedly expressed in a

wide range of books and

films. A common theme

is the development of a

master race of consciousand highly intelligent

robots, motivated to take

over or destroy the human

race. (SeeThe

Terminator,Runaway,Bla

de Runner, Robocop, the

Replicators

in Stargate, the Cylons

inBattlestar

Galactica, The

Matrix, THX-1138, andI,

Robot.) Some fictional

robots are programmed to

kill and destroy; others

gain superhuman

intelligence and abilities

by upgrading their own

software and hardware.

Examples of popular

media where the robot

becomes evil are 2001: A

Space Odyssey,Red

Planet, ... Another

common theme is the

reaction, sometimes

called the "uncanny

valley", of unease and

even revulsion at the sight

of robots that mimic

humans too

closely.Frankenstein(1818), often called the first

science fiction novel, has

become synonymous with

the theme of a robot or

monster advancing

beyond its creator. In the

TV show, Futurama, the

robots are portrayed as

humanoid figures that live

alongside humans, not as

robotic butlers. They still

work in industry, but

these robots carry out

daily lives.

Manuel De Landa has

noted that "smart

missiles" and autonomous

bombs equipped with

artificial perception can
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Terminatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Terminatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Terminatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_(1984_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robocophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicator_(Stargate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicator_(Stargate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicator_(Stargate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicator_(Stargate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylon_(Battlestar_Galactica)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylon_(Battlestar_Galactica)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylon_(Battlestar_Galactica)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylon_(Battlestar_Galactica)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THX-1138http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Planet_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Planet_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_De_Landahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Terminatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Terminatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_(1984_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robocophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicator_(Stargate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicator_(Stargate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicator_(Stargate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylon_(Battlestar_Galactica)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylon_(Battlestar_Galactica)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylon_(Battlestar_Galactica)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THX-1138http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Planet_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Planet_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_De_Landa


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be considered robots, and

they make some of their

decisions autonomously.

He believes this

represents an important

and dangerous trend in

which humans are

handing over important

decisions to machines.

Marauding robots may

have entertainment value,

but unsafe use of robots

constitutes an actual

danger. A heavy

industrial robot with

powerful actuators and

unpredictably complex

behavior can cause harm,

for instance by steppingon a human's foot or

falling on a human. Most

industrial robots operate

inside a security fence

which separates them

from human workers, but

not all. Two robot-caused

deaths are those of Robert

Williams and Kenji

Urada. Robert Williams

was struck by a robotic

arm at a casting plant

in Flat Rock, Michigan on

January 25, 1979.[90] 37-

year-old Kenji Urada, a

Japanese factory worker,

was killed in 1981; Urada

was performing routine

maintenance on the robot,

but neglected to shut it

down properly, and was

accidentally pushed into

a grinding machine.

Timeline

Date Significance Robot na

First

century

A.D.and

earlier

Descriptions of more than 100

machines and automata, including

a fire engine, a wind organ, a

coin-operated machine, and asteam-powered engine,

inPneumaticaandAutomata by H

eron of Alexandria

1206First programmable humanoid aut

omatons

Boat with

musician

c. 1495 Designs for a humanoid robot Mechani

1738 Mechanical duck that was able toDigesting
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Uradahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Uradahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Rock,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-a-89%23cite_note-a-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-a-89%23cite_note-a-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Uradahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digesting_Duckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Uradahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Uradahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Rock,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-a-89%23cite_note-a-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Uradahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digesting_Duck


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eat, flap its wings, and excrete

1800s

Japanese mechanical toys that

served tea, fired arrows, and

painted

1921First fictional automata called

"robots" appear in the play

1928

Humanoid robot, based on a suit

of armor with electrical actuators,exhibited at the annual exhibition

of the Model Engineers Society in

London

1930s

Humanoid robot exhibited at the

1939 and 1940 World's Fairs

1948Simple robots exhibiting

biological behaviors[92]

1956

First commercial robot, from the

Unimation company founded

by George Devol

Engelberger, based on Devol's

patents

1961 First installed industrial robot

1963 First palletizing robot[94] Palletizer

1973First robot with six

electromechanically driven axes[95]Famulus

1975

Programmable universal

manipulation arm, a Unimation

product

PUMA

History

Main article:History of

robots

Many ancient

mythologies include

artificial people, such as

the mechanical servants

built by the Greekgod Hephaestus (Vulcan t

o the Romans), the

clay golems of Jewish

legend and clay giants of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-91%23cite_note-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Engelbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-93%23cite_note-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-94%23cite_note-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Universal_Machine_for_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Universal_Machine_for_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-91%23cite_note-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Engelbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-93%23cite_note-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-94%23cite_note-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Universal_Machine_for_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem


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Norse legend,

and Galatea, the mythical

statue ofPygmalion that

came to life. In Greek

drama, Deus Ex

Machina was contrived as

a dramatic device that

usually involved lowering

a deity by wires into the

play to solve a seemingly

impossible problem.

In the 4th century BC, the

Greek

mathematician Archytas o

f Tarentum postulated a

mechanical steam-

operated bird he called

"The Pigeon".Hero of

Alexandria (1070AD) created numerous

user-configurable

automated devices, and

described machines

powered by air pressure,

steam and water. Su

Songbuilt a clock tower

in China in 1088 featuring

mechanical figurines that

chimed the hours.[98]

Al-Jazari's programmable

humanoid robots

Al-Jazari (11361206),

a Muslim inventorduring

the Artuqid dynasty,

designed and constructed

a number of automated

machines, including

kitchen appliances,

musical automata

powered by water, and the

firstprogrammablehuman

oid robots in 1206.The

robots appeared as four

musicians on a boat in a

lake, entertaining guests

at royal drinking parties.

His mechanism had a

programmable drummachine with pegs (cams)

that bumped into

little levers that

operatedpercussion

instruments. The

drummer could be made

to play different rhythms

and different drum

patterns by moving the

pegs to different locations

Early modern

developments
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex_Machinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex_Machinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Songhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Songhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-97%23cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_inventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artuqid_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex_Machinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex_Machinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Songhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Songhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-97%23cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_inventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artuqid_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument


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which served tea, fired

arrows drawn from a

quiver, and even painted a

Japanese kanji character.

In 1898Nikola

Tesla publicly

demonstrated a radio-

controlled torpedo. Based

on patents for

"teleautomation", Tesla

hoped to develop it into

a weapon system forthe US Navy.

The first Unimate

In 1926, Westinghouse

Electric

Corporation created

Televox, the first robot

put to useful work. They

followed Televox with a

number of other simple

robots, including one

called Rastus, made in the

crude image of a black

man. In the 1930s, they

createda

humanoid robot known

asElektro for exhibition

purposes, including the

1939 and 1940 World's

Fairs.[105][106] In 1928,

Japan's first

robot, Gakutensoku, was

designed and constructed

by biologist Makoto

Nishimura.

The first

electronic autonomous

robots were created

by William Grey Waltero

the Burden Neurological

Institute at Bristol,

England in 1948 and 1949

They were

namedElmerandElsie.

These robots could senselight and contact with

external objects, and use

these stimuli to navigate.

The first truly modern

robot, digitally operated

and programmable, was

invented by George

Devol in 1954 and

was ultimately

called the Unimate.

Devol sold the first

Unimate to General
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-104%23cite_note-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-105%23cite_note-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakutensokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-104%23cite_note-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-105%23cite_note-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakutensokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors


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Motors in 1960, and it

was installed in 1961 in a

plant in Trenton, New

Jersey to lift hot pieces

ofmetal from a die

casting machine and stack

them.

Literature

Robotic

characters, androids (artifi

cial men/women)orgynoids (artificial

women),

and cyborgs (also

"bionicmen/women", or

humans with significant

mechanical

enhancements) have

become a staple of

science fiction.

The first reference in

Western literature to

mechanical servants

appears in Homer'sIliad.

In Book

XVIII,Hephaestus, god of

fire, creates new armor

for the hero Achilles,

assisted by

robots According to

theRieu translation,

"Golden maidservants

hastened to help their

master. They looked like

real women and could not

only speak and use their

limbs but were endowed

with intelligence and

trained in handwork by

the immortal gods." Of

course, the words "robot"

or "android" are not usedto describe them, but they

are nevertheless

mechanical devices

human in appearance.

The most prolific author

of stories about robots

was Isaac Asimov (19201992), who placed robots

and their interaction with

society at the center of

many of his works.

Asimov carefully

considered the problem of

the ideal set of

instructions robots might

be given in order to lower

the risk to humans, and

arrived at his Three Laws

of Robotics: a robot may
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._V._Rieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._V._Rieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics


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not injure a human being

or, through inaction,

allow a human being to

come to harm; a robot

must obey orders given to

it by human beings,

except where such orders

would conflict with the

First Law; and a robot

must protect its own

existence as long as such

protection does notconflict with the First or

Second Law These were

introduced in his 1942

short story "Runaround",

although foreshadowed in

a few earlier stories.

Later, Asimov added the

Zeroth Law: "A robot

may not harm humanity,

or, by inaction, allow

humanity to come to

harm"; the rest of the laws

are modified sequentially

to acknowledge this.

According to theOxford

English Dictionary, the

first passage in Asimov's

short story "Liar!" (1941)

that mentions the First

Law is the earliest

recorded use of the

wordrobotics. Asimov

was not initially aware of

this; he assumed the word

already existed by

analogy with mechanics,

hydraulics, and other

similar terms denoting

branches of applied

knowledge

Conclusion

Today we find most

robots working for people

in industries, factories,warehouses, and

laboratories. Robots are

useful in many ways. For

instance, it boosts

economy because

businesses need to be

efficient to keep up with

the industry competition.

Therefore, having robots

helps business owners to

be competitive, because

robots can do jobs better
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics


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and faster than humans

can, e.g. robot can built,

assemble a car. Yet robots

cannot perform every job;

today robots roles include

assisting research and

industry. Finally, as the

technology improves,

there will be new ways to

use robots which will

bring new hopes and new

potentials.

REFERENCES:

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