Risk Factors and Veterinary Outcomes for Snare-Related ... UN Sustainable... · Endangered Mountain...
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Marlene K. Haggblade 1 , Woutrina A. Smith 1 , Jean Bosco Noheri 2 , Kirsten V.K. Gilardi 1,2 1 UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 2 Gorilla Doctors Aims: ① To determine risk factors for ensnarement. ② To beKer understand how factors associated with veterinary intervenMon impact the one-month survival of mountain gorillas. Hypotheses: ① Risk factors including age, sex, season, and co-morbidity are associated with increased risk of ensnarement. ② For ensnared individuals, co-morbidity, snare-type, Mme-to- intervenMon, wound treatment, and wound severity affect the gorilla’s likelihood of lasMng physical impairment or death one-month post-intervenMon. • We would like to thank Joost Philippa, Mike Cranfield, and ClemenMne Usanase for their help throughout the study. • Financial support was provided by the Students Training in Advanced Research program and the UC Davis Summer Externship commiKee. Risk Factors and Veterinary Outcomes for Snare-Related Injuries in Endangered Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS DISCUSSION AIMS & HYPOTHESES RESULTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • Mountain gorillas are criMcally endangered. • Extreme conservaMon efforts have helped increase their populaMon from 250 animals (1980) to 880 animals (2011). • Major threats include habitat encroachment, zoonoMc disease, poliMcal instability, and snare-related trauma. • In Rwanda, all mountain gorillas live in Volcanoes NaMonal Park where, unfortunately, hunters can illegally set snares for forest wildlife. • Gorilla Doctors provides veterinary care for mountain gorillas in Rwanda, DemocraMc Republic of Congo, and Uganda (Fig. 1). • Between 1995 – 2015 Gorilla Doctors has performed 132 medical intervenMons in Rwanda, including 37 for snare- related trauma. Design: RetrospecMve case- control study of 132 mountain gorillas. Study site: Volcanoes NaMonal Park, Rwanda (Fig. 2). StaQsQcs: Regression analyses of risk factors associated with case or control outcome using Stata soeware. ① Risk factors - snare entrapment outcome: • Cases: snared gorillas (n=37). • Controls: gorillas that received intervenMons for other reasons (e.g., respiratory disease) (n=95). • Risk factors: age, sex, season, and co-morbidity. ② Clinical intervenMon factors - survival status outcome: • Cases: snared gorillas who died or suffered physical impairment one-month post intervenMon (n=5). • Controls: snared gorillas that survived and fully recovered one-month post intervenMon (n=32). • Clinical factors: co-morbidity, Mme to intervenMon, use of anesthesia, treatment protocol, and wound severity. Fig 1. Gorilla intervenMon. Fig 3. Lee panel: rope (top) versus wire (boKom) snare. Right panel: mild (top) versus severe (boKom) wounds. Fig 2. Study site – Volcanoes NaMonal Park, Rwanda. StaQsQcally Significant* Results: ① Risk factors that increase chance of snare entrapment: • Young age: gorillas <8 years old. ② Clinical intervenMon factors that lead to impaired survival status: • Co-morbidity: presence of simultaneous disease. • Delayed intervenQon: intervenMons that took ≥3 days to execute. • Severe wounds: with necroMc and ischemic Mssue (Fig. 3). *StaMsMcal significance defined as P<0.05 • Clear success of Gorilla Doctors: Of the 132 intervenMons in Rwanda, all but 19 individuals recovered completely (an 86% success rate). • Focus future monitoring efforts on younger animals: With 86% of snared cases occurring in gorillas less than 8 years old, encourage vigilant monitoring of this age-class. • Strive for rapid response: Timely clinical intervenMons and careful daily observaMons could improve one-month survival status. • Strengths of study: Robust sample size (n=132) for invesMgaMng an important cause of morbidity in an endangered species. • Weaknesses of study: Due to limitaMons of available data, we were restricted to assessing survival status at one-month. • Future work: BeKer understand the long term impacts of ensnarement on survival status and reproducMve success.
Transcript of Risk Factors and Veterinary Outcomes for Snare-Related ... UN Sustainable... · Endangered Mountain...
MarleneK.Haggblade1,WoutrinaA.Smith1,JeanBoscoNoheri2,KirstenV.K.Gilardi1,21UCDavisSchoolofVeterinaryMedicine,2GorillaDoctors
Aims:① Todetermineriskfactorsforensnarement.② TobeKerunderstandhowfactorsassociatedwithveterinary
intervenMonimpacttheone-monthsurvivalofmountaingorillas.
Hypotheses:① Riskfactorsincludingage,sex,season,andco-morbidityare
associatedwithincreasedriskofensnarement.② Forensnaredindividuals,co-morbidity,snare-type,Mme-to-
intervenMon,woundtreatment,andwoundseverityaffectthegorilla’slikelihoodoflasMngphysicalimpairmentordeathone-monthpost-intervenMon.
• WewouldliketothankJoostPhilippa,MikeCranfield,andClemenMneUsanasefortheirhelpthroughoutthestudy.
• FinancialsupportwasprovidedbytheStudentsTraininginAdvancedResearchprogramandtheUCDavisSummerExternshipcommiKee.
RiskFactorsandVeterinaryOutcomesforSnare-RelatedInjuriesinEndangeredMountainGorillas(Gorillaberingeiberingei)inRwanda
INTRODUCTION MATERIALS&METHODS DISCUSSION
AIMS&HYPOTHESES RESULTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• MountaingorillasarecriMcallyendangered.
• ExtremeconservaMoneffortshavehelpedincreasetheirpopulaMonfrom250animals(1980)to880animals(2011).
• Majorthreatsincludehabitatencroachment,zoonoMcdisease,poliMcalinstability,andsnare-relatedtrauma.
• InRwanda,allmountaingorillasliveinVolcanoesNaMonalParkwhere,unfortunately,hunterscanillegallysetsnaresforforestwildlife.
• GorillaDoctorsprovidesveterinarycareformountaingorillasinRwanda,DemocraMcRepublicofCongo,andUganda(Fig.1).
• Between1995–2015GorillaDoctorshasperformed132medicalintervenMonsinRwanda,including37forsnare-relatedtrauma.
Design:RetrospecMvecase-controlstudyof132mountaingorillas.
Studysite:VolcanoesNaMonalPark,Rwanda(Fig.2).
StaQsQcs:RegressionanalysesofriskfactorsassociatedwithcaseorcontroloutcomeusingStatasoeware.
① Riskfactors-snareentrapmentoutcome:• Cases:snaredgorillas(n=37).• Controls:gorillasthatreceivedintervenMonsforotherreasons
(e.g.,respiratorydisease)(n=95).• Riskfactors:age,sex,season,andco-morbidity.
② ClinicalintervenMonfactors-survivalstatusoutcome:• Cases:snaredgorillaswhodiedorsufferedphysical
impairmentone-monthpostintervenMon(n=5).• Controls:snaredgorillasthatsurvivedandfullyrecovered
one-monthpostintervenMon(n=32).• Clinicalfactors:co-morbidity,MmetointervenMon,useof
anesthesia,treatmentprotocol,andwoundseverity.Fig1.GorillaintervenMon.
Fig3.Leepanel:rope(top)versuswire(boKom)snare.Rightpanel:mild(top)
versussevere(boKom)wounds.
Fig2.Studysite–VolcanoesNaMonalPark,Rwanda.
StaQsQcallySignificant*Results:
① Riskfactorsthatincreasechanceofsnareentrapment:• Youngage:gorillas<8years
old.② ClinicalintervenMonfactorsthat
leadtoimpairedsurvivalstatus:• Co-morbidity:presenceof
simultaneousdisease.• DelayedintervenQon:
intervenMonsthattook≥3daystoexecute.
• Severewounds:withnecroMcandischemicMssue(Fig.3).
*StaMsMcalsignificancedefinedasP<0.05
• ClearsuccessofGorillaDoctors:Ofthe132intervenMonsinRwanda,allbut19individualsrecoveredcompletely(an86%successrate).
• Focusfuturemonitoringeffortsonyoungeranimals:With86%ofsnaredcasesoccurringingorillaslessthan8yearsold,encouragevigilantmonitoringofthisage-class.
• Striveforrapidresponse:TimelyclinicalintervenMonsandcarefuldailyobservaMonscouldimproveone-monthsurvivalstatus.
• Strengthsofstudy:Robustsamplesize(n=132)forinvesMgaMnganimportantcauseofmorbidityinanendangeredspecies.
• Weaknessesofstudy:DuetolimitaMonsofavailabledata,wewererestrictedtoassessingsurvivalstatusatone-month.
• Futurework:BeKerunderstandthelongtermimpactsofensnarementonsurvivalstatusandreproducMvesuccess.
![Ranging and Grouping Patterns of a Western Lowland Gorilla ... · mountain gorillas [Jungers and Susman, 1984], the extremely folivorous and ter-restrial adaptation of mountain gorillas](https://static.fdocuments.in/doc/165x107/5e690aa9160ddf70c94ac5c5/ranging-and-grouping-patterns-of-a-western-lowland-gorilla-mountain-gorillas.jpg)
