Rise of Chemistry and Biology

YSU – Weapons of Mass Destruction

On-Line Sessions

Who absolutely needs the sessions on disk?

What Could be Used as a Weapon?

What are some toxic metals?

Organic Chemistry

C C

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Organic Chemistry

C C

H

H

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Germany Led the Race

• Petroleum

• Coal Tar– We smell it near coke ovens– We smell it in seal-coat for the driveway

Chemicals From Base Substances

• Benzene

• Toluene

• Xylenes

• Ethylbenzene

• Phenol

Benzene

Organic Structures

Toluene

Ethyl Benzene

Xylenes

Aniline

Adolf von Baeyer

Craked the chemical “code” for aniline.

Naphthalene

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

This is very similar to ethyl chlorohydrin, a precursor to chemical mustard.

Chlordane

Thiodiglycol

HO-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-OH

In 1886 Victor Meyer, unaware, created mustard thiodiglycol by adding 2 simple Cl atoms

Ethyl chlorohydrin, reacted with sulfur creates this molecule.

Mustard Thiodiglycol

CH2CH2Cl

CH2CH2Cl

S

Properties3.3.1 Colour Colourless or yellow liquid (1 atm. and 15°C).

3.3.2 State/form Oily liquid at 1 atm. and 15°C.

3.3.3 Description Melting point: 13 to 14°C Boiling point: 215 to 217°C Vapour pressure at: 0°C 0.025 mm 30°C 0.090 mm Solubility: very sparingly in water; soluble in fats and organic solvents. Heavier than water. Weak mustard or garlic like odour.

IPS INCHEM

Ypres, April 22, 1915

• Cl2• Organized by Fritz Haber

• Employed 5730 cylinders

• Release zone 6 km long

• 800/2000 casualties

PPE

At first, rags, soaked in urine or bicarbonate were used to neutralize chlorine. By the end of 1915 more efficient masks and supplemental oxygen

began to become available.

Delivery

Early chemical attacks employed pressurized cylinders and gases were released in tandem. This caused logistic problems and backlash.

Later mortars were filled with gas. The wepon could then be launched with a mortar cannon such as a Stokes Mortar Gun.

Other Respiratory Irritants

• Phosgene

• Chloropicrin

• Sn Tetrachloride

• Chloracetone

• Arsine

• HCN

Pulmonary Edema

Profuse Secretions

O2 Inhibition

U.S. Finds Success

America’s secret chemical weapon the pesticide DDT. DDT is largely credited with helping Allied forces with World War II.

What other project failed numerous times but was finally successful on account of DDT?

Nerve Agents

• 1934 Gerhard Schrader

• German G-Series

• Tabun

• Sarin

• Soman

• V-series– 1950’s Sweden (lower VP)

Later Chem Events

• Korea

• Vietnam

• Iran-Iraq – 1981

• Khamisiya, Iraq – 1991

• Tokyo - 1995

Bio Review

• Koch Postulates – 1986– Disease not in healthy animal– Isolate + grow in culture– Must produce disease in animal– Should be able to be reisolated

First “Program”

• <1930 Most Nations Feared Boomerang

• Japanese ’32-’45– Unit 731– In Occupied China– Plague, cholera, hemorrhagic fevers– 10,000 Chinese perished– Civilian-based attacks

Bioweapons in the 1900’s

• ’40 Japan dropped ceramic bomblets• ’39-’50 U.S. begins development

– Anthrax, plague, cholera, typhus, yellow fever, typhoid, tuleremia, brucellosis, glanders

– Plant + animal pests

Bioweapons in the 1900’s

• Soviet Union– First stifled due to Tofim Lysenko– Stalin’s Death– BTWC – signed in 1972– 1979 Svedlovsk release– Defectors: Vlad Pasechnik, Ken Alibek– Biopreparat – cover for BW program

Illicit Use

• Rajneeshees– Salmonella

• Aum Shinrikyo– Anthrax– Plague

• U.S.– 2001

Housekeeping

• No SLP for Module 1• I will post SLP assignment for

mod 2• Wednesday – guest

– Herb Layman – President, U.S. Micro

– >35 years in microbiology– Microbiology Refresher