India and Weapons of Mass Destruction

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India and weapons of mass destruction

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India

Nuclear program start

date

1967

First nuclear weapon

test

18 May 1974 (Smiling Buddha)

First fusion weapon

test

11 May 1998 (declared)[1]

Last nuclear test 13 May 1998

Largest yield test 2060 kt total in Pokhran-II(yield

is disputed)[2][3]

Total tests 6

Peak stockpile 80100 (2011 est.)[4]

Current stockpile 80100 (2011 est.)[4]

Maximum missile 2500 km (Agni II)
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range

NPT signatory No

Weapons of mass destruction

WMD world map

By type

Biological

Chemical

Nuclear

Radiological

By country

Albania

Algeria

Argentina

Australia

Brazil

Bulgaria

Burma

Canada

PRC

France

Germany

India

Iran

Iraq

Israel

Japan

Libya

Mexico

Netherlands
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_China_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WMD_world_map.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_China_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction


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North Korea

Pakistan

Poland

Romania

Russia

Saudi Arabia

South Africa

Sweden

Syria

ROC (Taiwan)

Ukraine

United Kingdom

United States

Proliferation

Chemical

Nuclear

Missiles

Treaties

List of treaties

Book

Category

v

t

e

Nuclear weapons

Background

History
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Warfare

Arms race

Design

Testing

Effects

Delivery

Espionage

Proliferation

Arsenals

Terrorism

Opposition

Nuclear-armed states

United States

Russia

United Kingdom

France

China

Israel

India

Pakistan

North Korea

South Africa (former)

v

t

e

India possessesnuclear weapons and maintains short- and intermediate-rangeballisticmissiles, nuclear-capableaircraft,surface ships, and submarines under development as

possible delivery systems and platforms. Although it lacks an operational ballistic missilesubmarine, India has ambitions of possessing anuclear triad in the near future when Arihantthe lead ship of India'sArihantclass ofnuclear-powered submarines formally joins the Indian

Navy in 2012 after undergoing extensive sea-trials. Though India has not made any officialstatements about the size of its nuclear arsenal, recent estimates suggest that India has

between 80 and 100 nuclear weapons,[4] consistent with earlier estimates that it had producedenough weapons-grade plutonium for up to 75110 nuclear weapons.[5] Production ofweapons-grade plutonium is believed to be taking place at the Bhabha Atomic ResearchCentre, which is home to the CIRUS reactor, acquired from Canadaand shut down in 2010,to the indigenous Dhruva reactor, and to aplutonium separation facility.[6] As of 1999, India

was estimated to have 4200 kg of separated reactor-grade plutonium from itspower reactors,which is equivalent to roughly 1000 nuclear weapons.[7][8]
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India is not a signatory to the 1968Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which Indiaargues entrenches the status quo of the existing nuclear weapons states whilst preventinggeneral nuclear disarmament.[9] India tested a nuclear device in 1974 (code-named "SmilingBuddha"), which it called a "peaceful nuclear explosion." The test used plutonium producedin the Canadian-supplied CIRUSreactor, and raised concerns that nuclear technology

supplied for peaceful purposes could be diverted to weapons purposes. This also stimulatedthe early work of theNuclear Suppliers Group.[10] India performed further nuclear tests in1998 (code-named "Operation Shakti").

India has signed and ratified both the Biological Weapons Convention and theChemicalWeapons Convention.

Contents

[hide]

1 History 2 Doctrine 3 Hardware

o 3.1 Command and control

o 3.2 Weapon type

3.2.1 Chemical weapons 3.2.2 Biological warfare

4 Weapon inventory 5 Delivery systems

o 5.1 Ballistic missiles

5.1.1 Prithvi 5.1.2 Dhanush 5.1.3 Agni

5.1.4 Surya 5.1.5 Shaurya

5.1.6 Sagarikao 5.2 Cruise missiles

5.2.1 Nirbhay

5.2.2 3M-54 Klub 5.2.3 P-70 Ametist

5.2.4 Moskit 5.2.5 Brahmos

o 5.3 Surface to air missile

5.3.1 Akash 6 Delivery mechanisms

o 6.1 Nuclear submarines

6.1.1 Former leasing of Soviet submarines 6.1.2 Arihant class submarine

6.1.3 INS Chakra (Russian submarine K-152 Nerpa) 6.1.4 Cruise missile submarines 6.1.5 Amur class submarines

o 6.2 Frigates, destroyers and aircraft carrierso 6.3 Nuclear-capable aircraft
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7 Ballistic missile defense (BMD) 8 International Response 9 References

10 External links

[edit] History

As early as 26 June 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru, soon to be India's first Prime Minister,announced:

As long as the world is constituted as it is, every country will have to devise anduse the latest devices for its protection. I have no doubt India will develop herscientific researches and I hope Indian scientists will use the atomic force forconstructive purposes. But if India is threatened, she will inevitably try to defendherself by all means at her disposal.[11]

India's nuclear program started on March 1944 and itsthree-stage indigenous efforts intechnology were established by dr. Homi Bhabha when he founded the nuclear researchcenter, the Institute of Fundamental Research.[12][13] India's loss of territory to China in a briefHimilayan border war in October 1962, provided the New Delhi government impetus fordeveloping nuclear weapons as a means of deterring potential Chinese aggression.[14]

Shakti I: a thermonuclear devicedetonated on 11 May 1998 as part of the Pokhran-IItests.The nuclear yield was reported to be 45 kt.[15]

India's first nuclear test occurred on 18 May 1974.[16] Since then India has conducted anotherseries of tests at the Pokhran test range in the state ofRajasthan in 1998. India has anextensive civil and military nuclear program, which includes at least 10 nuclear reactors,

uranium mining and milling sites, heavy waterproduction facilities, a uranium enrichmentplant, fuel fabrication facilities, and extensive nuclear research capabilities.
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In 1998, as a response to the continuing tests, the United States and Japan imposed sanctionson India, which have since been lifted.[citation needed]

[edit] Doctrine

India has a declared nuclearno-first-usepolicy and is in the process of developing a nucleardoctrine based on "credible minimum deterrence." In August 1999, the Indian governmentreleased a draft of the doctrine[17][dead link] which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely fordeterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only". The document alsomaintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with

punitive retaliation should deterrence fail" and that decisions to authorize the use of nuclearweapons would be made by the Prime Minister or his 'designated successor(s).'" [17]

According to the NRDC, despite the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan in2001-2002, India remains committed to its nuclear no-first-use policy.

IndianNational Security AdvisorShivshankar Menon signaled a significant shift from "Nofirst use" to "no first use against non-nuclear weapon states" in a speech on the occasion ofGolden Jubilee celebrations ofNational Defence College in New Delhi on 21 October 2010,a doctrine Menon said reflected India's "strategic culture, with its emphasis on minimaldeterrence."[18][19][dead link]

[edit] Hardware

[edit] Command and control

India'sStrategic Nuclear Command was formally established in 2003, with an Air Forceofficer, Air Marshal Asthana, as the Commander-in-Chief. The joint services SNC is thecustodian of all of India's nuclear weapons, missiles and assets. It is also responsible forexecuting all aspects of India's nuclear policy. However, the civil leadership, in the form ofthe CCS (Cabinet Committee on Security) is the only body authorized to order a nuclearstrike against another offending strike: In effect, it is the Prime Ministerwho has his finger"on the button."

[edit] Weapon type

[edit] Chemical weapons

In 1992 India signed the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), stating that it did not havechemical weapons and the capacity or capability to manufacture chemical weapons. By doingthis India became one of the original signatories of the Chemical Weapons Convention[CWC] in 1993,[20]and ratified it on 2 September 1996. According to India's ex-Army ChiefGeneral Sunderji, a country having the capability of making nuclear weapons does not needto have chemical weapons, since the dread of chemical weapons could be created only inthose countries that do not have nuclear weapons. Others suggested that the fact that India hasfound chemical weapons dispensable highlighted its confidence in the conventional weaponssystem at its command.
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In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons (1,044 tonnes ofsulphurmustard).[21][22] By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemicalweapons/material stockpile and was granted extension for destroying (the remaining stocks

by April 2009) and was expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that timeframe.[21]

India informed the United Nations in May, 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of

chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. Withthis India has become third country after South Korea and Albania to do so.[23][24] This wascross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations.

India has an advanced commercial chemical industry, and produces the bulk of its ownchemicals for domestic consumption. It is also widely acknowledged that India has anextensive civilian chemical and pharmaceutical industry and annually exports considerablequantities of chemicals to countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, and Taiwan.[25]

[edit] Biological warfare

India has a well-developedbiotechnology infrastructure that includes numerouspharmaceutical production facilities bio-containment laboratories (including BSL-3 and BSL-4) for working with lethalpathogens. It also has highly qualified scientists with expertise ininfectious diseases. Some of Indias facilities are being used to support research anddevelopment for BW defense purposes. India has ratified the BWC and pledges to abide byits obligations. There is no clear evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, that directly pointstoward an offensive BW program. New Delhi does possess the scientific capability andinfrastructure to launch an offensive BW program, but has chosen not to do so. In terms ofdelivery, India also possesses the capability to produce aerosols and has numerous potentialdelivery systems ranging from crop dusters to sophisticated ballistic missiles.[26]

No information exists in the public domain suggesting interest by the Indian government indelivery of biological agents by these or any other means. To reiterate the latter point, inOctober 2002, Indian President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam asserted that "we [India] will not make

biological weapons. It is cruel to human beings..."[26]

[edit] Weapon inventory

In 2005, it was estimated that India had between 40 and 50warheads.[27]

In November 2008, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists estimated that India hasabout 70 assembled nuclear warheads, with about 50 of them fully operational. [28]

A report by David Albright, published by the Institute for Science and InternationalSecurity in 2000, estimated that India at end of 1999 had 310 kilograms ofweapons-grade plutonium, enough for 65 nuclear weapons. He also estimated that India had4,200 kg of reactor grade plutonium which is enough to build 1,000 nuclear weapons.[29][30]By the end of 2004, he estimates India had 445 kilograms of weapons-grade

plutonium which is enough for around 85 nuclear weapons, if 5 kg is required each.[31]

As of February 2011, the Federation of American Scientists estimated that India had astockpile of 80-100 weapons.[32]
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FormerResearch and Analysis Wingofficial J.K. Sinha, claimed that India is capableof producing 130 kilograms of weapons-grade plutonium per year from six"unsafeguarded" reactors not included in the nuclear deal between India and theUnited States.[33]

On 24 July 2012, two U.S. scientists estimated that India has an arsenal of 80-100nuclear weapons and has not converted its entire stockpile of 520 kg of weapon grade

plutonium into weapons. They also stated that the construction of a second plutoniumproducing reactor at Vishakapatnam and commissioning of the fast breeder reactornear Kalpakkam would significantly increase India's plutonium production capacity.[34]

[edit] Delivery systems

Below is the list of missiles currently in India's inventory or under development that can carry

nuclear warheads. Information on the missiles is given below.

Agni II was India's first long range missile

Agni missile range.

India's nuclear capable missiles

Name Class Range Payload Status

Agni-I SRBM 700 km 1,000 kg Operational

Agni-II MRBM2,000 km - 3,000km

500 kg - 1,000kg

Operational

Agni-III IRBM 5,000 km 2,490 kg Inducted

Agni-IV MRBM3,000 km - 4,000km

500 kg - 1,500kg

Induction by 2014-15

Agni-V ICBM5,000 km - 5,800km

1,500 kg+ Induction by 2014-15

Agni-VI ICBM8,000 km -10,000 km

1,000 kg - 1,400kg

Under development

Dhanush SRBM 350 km 500 kgDeveloped but notused
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NirbhaySubsonic CruiseMissile

1,000 km 1000 kg Under development

Brahmos ISupersonic CruiseMissile

290 km 300 kg Operational

Brahmos II

Hypersonic Cruise

Missile 290 km 300 kg Under development

P-70 Ametist Anti-shipping Missile 65 km 530 kg Operational

P-270 MoskitSupersonic CruiseMissile

120 km 320 kg Operational

Popeye ASM 78 km 340 kg Operational

Prithvi-I SRBM 150 km 1000 kg Operational

Prithvi-II SRBM 250 km 500 kg Operational

Prithvi-III SRBM 350 km 500 kg Operational

Sagarika (K-15)

SLBM700 km - 2,200km

150 kg - 1000kg

Awaiting ArihantSSBN's

K-4 mk. 1 SLBM 3,500 km150 kg - 1000kg

Under trials

K-4 mk. 2 SLBM 5,000 km 1000 kg Under development

K-5 SLBM 6,000 km 1000 kg Under development

Shaurya TBM700 km - 2,200km

150 kg - 1,000kg

Operational

[edit] Ballistic missiles

Under former president Dr. Abdul KalamIndia pursued theIntegrated Guided Missile

Development Program (IGMDP) which was an Indian Ministry of Defense program for thedevelopment of a comprehensive range of missiles, including the intermediate range Agnimissile (Surface to Surface), and short range missiles such as the Prithvi ballistic missile(Surface to Surface), Akash missile (Surface to Air), Trishul missile (Surface to Air) and NagMissile (Anti Tank). Other projects suchIndian Ballistic Missile Defense Programhavederived from the IGMDP. In 2005, India became only the fourth country to have AntiBallistic capability when India tested two systems the AAD and PAD.[35]
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Prithvi I

India has methodically built an indigenous missile production capability, using itscommercial space-launch program to develop the skills and infrastructure needed to supportan offensive ballistic missile program. For example, during the 1980s, India conducted aseries of space launches using the solid-fueled SLV-3 booster. Most of these launches putlight satellites into near-earth orbit. Elements of the SLV-3 were subsequently incorporatedinto two new programs. In the first, the new polar-space launch vehicle (PSLV) was equippedwith six SLV-3 motors strapped to the PSLV's first stage. The Agni IRBM technologydemonstrator uses the SLV-3 booster as its first stage.

[edit] Prithvi

The Prithvi (Sanskrit: "Earth") I is mobile liquid-fueled 150 kilometer tactical missilecurrently deployed with army units. It is claimed that this missile is equipped only withvarious conventional warheads (which stay attached to the missile over the entire flight path).The missile is of particular interest to the United States (and potential buyers) in that has thecapability of maneuvering in flight so as to follow one of several different pre-programmedtrajectories. Based on the same design, a modified Prithvi, the Prithvi II, is essentially alonger-ranged version of the Prithvi I except that it has a 250-kilometer range and a lighter

payload. It is suspected that any nuclear missions will be executed by the Prithvi II.

Currently, the Prithvi II has completed development and is now in production. When fielded,
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it will be deployed with air force units for the purpose of deep target attacking maneuversagainst objectives such as air fields.

Prithvi I Army Version (150 km range with a payload of 1,000 kg) Prithvi II Air Force Version (250 km range with a payload of 500 kg)

Prithvi III Naval Version (350 km range with a payload of 500 kg)

The Prithvi missile project encompassed developing 3 variants for use by the Indian Army,Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy. The initial project framework of the Integrated GuidedMissile Development Program outlines the variants in the following manner. in October 2009India conducted 2 simultenous user trials of 350 km extended range Prithvi II to be used forstrategic purposes.

[edit] Dhanush

Dhanush (Sanskrit: Bow) is a naval variant of the Prithvi missile.[36] It can fire either the 250

km or the 350 km range missiles. Supposedly it is a customised version of the Prithvi and thatthe additional customizations in missile configuration are to certify it forseaworthiness.Dhanush has to be launched from a hydraulically stabilized launch pad. Its low range actsagainst it and thus it is seen a weapons either to be used to destroy an aircraft carrier or anenemy port. Indian Navy's K-15 Sagarikasubmarine-launched ballistic missile is reported to

be a variant of the Dhanush missile.[37]

The ship launched Dhanush Ballistic Missile was tested from INS Subhadra of the Sukanyaclass patrol craftin 2000. INS Subhadra is a vessel which was modified and the missile waslaunched from the reinforced helicopter deck. The 250 km variant was tested but the testswere considered partially successful.[38]In 2004, the missile was again tested from the INSSubhadra and was this time successful.[39] Then the following year in December the missile's350 km version was tested from the INS Rajput and hit the land based target.[40]

[edit] Agni

The Agni (Sanskrit: Fire) missile system comprises six missiles:

Agni I Agni II Agni III

Agni IV Agni V Agni VI[41]

The Agni-I uses the SLV-3 booster (from India's space program) for its first stage and aliquid-fueled Prithvi for its second stage.[42]

Nuclear-capable Agni-II missiles have a range of up to 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) and cancarry a payload of 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb).[43] Unlike the Agni-I, the Agni-II has a solid-fueled second stage.[44]

In July 2006, India successfully test-fired an Agni-III,[45] a two-stage nuclear-capable ballisticmissile with a range of 3,000 km. [46]Both stages of the Agni-III utilize solid-fuel propellants;
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its range can be extended to 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi).[47] The missile is capable of carryinga nuclear payload within the range of 600 to 1,800 kilograms (1,300 to 4,000 lb) includingdecoys and other anti-ballistic counter-measures.[48][full citation needed]

India'sDRDO is also working on a submarine-launched ballistic missile version of the Agni-

III missile, known as the Agni-III SL. This missile is expected to provide India with acredible sea-based second strike capability. According to Indian defense sources, the Agni-IIISL will have a range of 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi).[49]In addition, the 5,500-kilometre(3,400 mi) range Agni-V ICBM was tested successfully on 19 April 2012.[50][51]

[edit] Surya

The report ofSurya ICBM (Sanskrit: Sun) has not been confirmed by officials of the Indiangovernment and have repeatedly denied the existence of the project.The Surya ICBM is anICBM program that has been mentioned repeatedly in the Indian press . [52] Surya (meaningSun in Sanskrit and many other Indian languages) is the codename for the first

Intercontinental Ballistic Missile that India is reported to be developing. The DRDO isbelieved to have begun the project in 1994.

As the missile is yet to be developed, the specifications of the missile are not known and theentire program continues to remain highly speculative.[53] Estimates of the range of thismissile vary from 5,000 km[54] to 10,000 km.[55] It is believed to be a three-stage design, withthe first two stages using solid propellants and the third-stage using liquid. In 2007, the Timesof India reported that the DRDOis yet to reveal whether India's currently proposed ICBMwill be called Agni-V (or Surya-1).[54] As of 2009 it was reported that the government had notconsidered an 8,000-km range ICBM.[52]

Four decades of investments in a missile-related design, development, and manufacturinginfrastructure have also made this sector less vulnerable to long-term disruption bytechnology denial regimes. More significantly, India's sophisticated civilian satellite launchcapability makes it one of the few developing states theoretically capable of building anintercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).[56]

[edit] Shaurya

The Shaurya missile (Sanskrit: Valour) is a short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missiledeveloped by DRDOof India for use by the Indian Army. It has a range of 600 km and is

capable of carrying a payload of one-tonne conventional or nuclear warhead. The Shauryamissile provides India with a significant second strikecapability.[57]Shaurya Missile isconsidered a land version of the Sagarika. This missile is stored in a composite canister justlike the BrahMossupersonic cruise missile. The composite canister makes the missile mucheasier to store for long periods without maintenance as well as to handle and transport. It alsohouses the gas generator to eject the missile from the canister before its solid propellantmotors take over to hurl it at the intended target. Shaurya missiles can remain hidden orcamouflaged in underground silos from enemy surveillance or satellites till they are firedfrom the special storage-cum-launch canisters. DRDO Defence scientists admit that givenShaurya's limited range at present, either the silos will have to be constructed closer to India's

borders or longer-range missiles will have to be developed. The Shaurya system will require

some more tests before it becomes fully operational in two-three years. Moreover, defensescientists say the high-speed, two-stage Shaurya has high maneuverability which also makes
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it less vulnerable to existing anti-missile defense systems.[58] When Anti-Ballistic MissileSystems Advanced Air Defence (AAD) and Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) are to be tested again,the Shaurya invulnerability to anti-missile systems will be tested. The DRDO scientists alsohave said that if Shaurya is successful and manages to avoid anti ballistic missile radars thenthe missile can even be used to improve the AAD and PAD systems.

[edit] Sagarika

Sagarika (Sanskrit: Wave / Born from the Ocean) is a nuclear capable submarine-launchedballistic missile with a range of 750 km. This missile has a length of 8.5 meters, weighs seventonnes and can carry a pay load of up to 500 kg.[59]The development of this missile started in1991. The first confirmation about the missile came in 1998.[60] The development of theunderwater missile launcher known as the Project 78 (P78) was completed in 2001. This washanded over to the Indian Navy for trials. The missile was successfully test fired thrice. TheIndian Navy plans to introduce the missile into service by the end of 2010. Sagarika missile is

being integrated with the Arihant class submarine that is expected to begin sea trials by 2009.[61] Sagarika will form part of the triad in India's nuclear deterrence and will provide withretaliatory nuclear strike capability.[62]

Sagarika has already been test-fired from an underwater pontoon, but now DRDOis planninga full-fledged test of the missile from a submarine and for this purpose may use the servicesof a Russian sub-marine.[63] Eventually it could be introduced into as many as 5 ballisticmissile submarines.

[edit] Cruise missiles

India has a number ofMoskit supersonic nuclear capable cruise missile

P-70 Ametist cruise missile

[edit] Nirbhay

Nirbhay (Sanskrit "Fearless") is a long range, subsoniccruise missile being developed inIndia. The missile will have a range of 1,000 km and will arm three services, the Indian

Army, Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force.[64]The Nirbhay will be able to be launchedfrom multiple platforms on land, sea and air. The first test flight of the missile is expected in
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the year 2012. Nirbhay will be a terrain hugging, stealth missile[65] capable of delivering 24different types of warheads depending on mission requirements and will use inertialnavigation system for guidance.[66] There are plans to arm the IL-76MDs with the aerialversion of the missile.[67]

[edit] 3M-54 Klub

India has acquired around 200 3M-54 Klub for arming Talwar class frigate,Shivalik classfrigate,Kolkata class destroyerandSindhughosh class submarine.[68]The Russian 3M-54Klub is a multi-role missile system developed by the Novator Design Bureau (OKB-8) with arange of 250 km-300 km and an average speed of .8 Mach with a maximum of 2.9 Mach .[69]

India has both the Klub-N and Klub-S variant to be used for Ships and Submarinesrespectively.[70] Both the Klub-N and Klub-S have been tested successfully. India currentlyhas the 3M-54E, 3M-54E1, 91RE1 and 91RE2 variants. In addition the Navy has plans toarm the Tu-142 and Tu-22M with an air-launched version. Due to Klub's longer range thanBrahMos it may also be used in the Mirage 2000 and Su-30 MKI too. The Navy has shown

interest in buying more Klubs which would be incorporated on to the S-1000submarine ifbought by India. India is also keen on other Former Soviet cruise missile such as theP-700Granit and P-500 Bazalt.

[edit] P-70 Ametist

India has Soviet P-70 Ametistsubmarine-launched cruise missiles.[71]The missile weremostly probably bought in the early 90s and may be used today as canistered launched land

based cruise missiles instead of submarine launched cruise missiles. The missiles can carrynuclear warheads and have a range of 5065 km. Although they are extremely old andincompetent due to their low range and speed, there are still reports that they are kept inreserve and can still be used due to their upgrades in the late 90s.[72]

[edit] Moskit

India has a number of operationalMoskits.[71] The P-270 Moskit is a Russiansupersonicramjet powered cruise missile capable of being launched from land and ships. India has most

probably bought both land and ship variants which have a range of 120 km. India boughtaround 200 Klub missiles and now it is believed that the Moskit have been kept in reserve butcan still be used.

[edit] Brahmos

BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, aircraftor land. It is a joint venture between India's Defence Research and Development Organisation(DRDO) and Russia's NPO Mashinostroeyenia who have together formed the BrahMosAerospace Private Limited.[73]It travels at speeds of Mach 2.5 to 2.8 and is the world's fastestcruise missile. It is about three-and-a-half times faster than the U.S.A's subsonic Harpooncruise missile. A hypersonic version of the missile is also presently under development (LabTested with 5.26 Mach Speed). BrahMos claims to have the capability of attacking surfacetargets as low as 10 meters in altitude. It can gain a speed of Mach 2.8, and has a maximumrange of 290 km.[74] The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead,

whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead. It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid-
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fueled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion ismuch more fuel-efficient than rocket propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a

pure rocket-powered missile would achieve.

The high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than

lighter subsonic cruise-missiles such as the Tomahawk. Being twice as heavy and almost fourtimes faster than the Tomahawk, the BrahMos has almost 32 times the initial kinetic energyof a Tomahawk missile (although it pays for this by having only 3/5 the payload and afraction of the range despite weighing twice as much, suggesting a different tactical paradigmto achieve the objective).

Although BrahMos is primarily an anti-ship missile, it can also engage land based targets. Itcan be launched either in a vertical or inclined position and is capable of covering targetsover a 360 degree horizon. The BrahMos missile has an identical configuration for land, sea,and sub-sea platforms. The air-launched version has a smaller booster and additional tail finsfor added stability during launch. The BrahMos is currently being configured for aerial

deployment with the Su-30MKI as its carrier. India has produced more than 110 Brahmos byMarch 2011 as per SIPRI, inducted 1 regiment of Brahmos Type-I GLCM with 67 missiles.

[edit] Surface to air missile

Akash SAM

[edit] Akash

Akash (Sanskrit: Sky) is India's medium rangesurface-to-air missile defense system Themissile can target aircraft up to 30 km away,

India and Weapons of Mass Destruction

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