RISE AND DECLINE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Monday, Oct. 24th

• Global Studies 10:

• Organizer #9 check• Ottoman MAP exercise• Library: Term Paper research

• HW: Org’r #10, Topics due Wednesday

• Global Studies 9:

• Organizer #9 check• Venn Diagram• Ottoman MAP exercise• Discussion/Group Activity: How do you rule the world? Rise and Fall of Ottomans

• HW: Org’r #10

How can maps tell a story?

Wednesday, October 26th• Organizer #10 check• Group Activity: How do you rule the world? The rise and

fall of the Ottoman Empire• Notes: Ottoman decline, cont: Imperialism and

Nationalism• HW: Organizer #11 for Friday

Ottoman Empire Notes

Question: How do you rule the world?

Group Activity

Prepare a 5-minute class presentation for your category:

“The Sultanate of Rome”

Vs.

“The Sick Man of Europe”

10 pt. Daily Participation Grade:

5pts: Thoroughness of content

5pts: Clarity of presentation/analysis

Ottoman Empire Groups: Pd. 1• Good Army: Danny, Robert, Georgina• Cntl Conquered people: Harvey, Taylor, Joby• Good, stable Govt: Alexandra, Austin, Richard• Leaders/Succession: Jack, Ben, Dana• Unifying Identity: Moses, Kent, Shakira• Controlling elites and rulers: Nathaniel, James

Ottoman Empire Groups, Pd. 3• Good Army: Anthony, Joanne, Aaliyah, Afnan• Cntl Conquered people: Purnima, Lucy, Carrie, Tallie• Good, stable Govt: Taylor, La-Kiesha, Margaret, Wyatt• Leaders/Succession: Helen, Debbie, Augusty• Unifying Identity: Avery, Duncan, Corey, Keeshawn• Controlling elites and rulers: Pranay, Tierney, Elena

Good Army and Superiority over other Powers – pd1

Rise

Conquered Constantinople 1453

Suleiman- 13 campaigns

Devishirme System- able bodied –Jannissaires

Decline• No heavy artillery• Lost battle of Hapsburg 1683 – beginning of end

• No industrial revn- no access b/c not on trade rts.

• Capitulations• Bad treaties signed

Way of Controlling Conquered people- pd1

• Tolerant to non-muslims: tax

• Welcomed others in military- Devishirme

• Open minded- welcomed western technology

• Good at spreading Islam

• Kanuns = fair laws

• Millets…separate…could cause probs? Nationalism?

• Perceived corruption: ex: Wahhabis (Arabian Pen.)

• Became more pro-Muslim, pro-Turk

• Lack of cultural appreciation

Strong, Organized Government-pd1

• Jannissaries• Sultan:Osman, Mehmet

II, Selim the Grim, Suleiman

• Pashas = regional governors

• Alliance with France• Beys = head of province

(vs Sultan)• Tax farming supported

by conquests

• Tax farming declined b/c no conquest

• Sultans deteriorate• Jannissaries take over

power• Governors make quick

money, raise $ harshly

Strong Leaders and Succession Mechanisim= pd1

• Mehmet II- Const’ple 1453

• Selim the Grim- conqueror

• Suleiman the Magnificient: quick expansion, culture, lawgiver,

• Great income with trade: $80M vs. $150K

• Succession: train heirs

• Stop training heirs: drunk dumb exhausted

• Decline after Suleiman• Jannissaries revolt, corrupt

• All reforms meet with resistance, failure

• Abdul Azziz and Pasha- later Sultans, probs w/ reform

Unifying Identity- pd1

• Huge, unified• Absorbed people• Gained respect of Muslims by conquering Const’ple in 1453

• Combined force of Serbs and Bosnians

• Constp’le new capital

• French Revn = nationalism• Greek indept

Serbian, Romania, Bulgaria

Ismael Pasha – Egyptian

Young Turks = closed minded, racist, Armenian genocide

Controlled, Loyal Elites and Rulers- pd1

• Jannissaries= slaves, elite army• Can’t marry• Can’t have property• Loyal to Sultan• Opp. For advancement

• Eliminated influence of old turkish families

• Ruling class receives land, but Sultan owns

• Bad sultans• Jannissaries revolt, take over, establish hereditary positions, land, marry = feudal class

• Pashas= governors= corrupt, too much tax

Economy- pd1

• Trade- routes

Conquered rich Roman provinces

Tax farming= each pasha has quota to Sultan, then distribute

Conquering

• Trade routes change• Age of Exploration• Age of Imperialism

• Europe has own colonies

• Industrial Revn. In Europe (Britain) – no longer buying finished goods from Otto. Empire

• Losing land b/c losing battles b/c technical inferiority (out of loop, arrogant)

Good, superior military- pd 3

• Jannissaries- slaves, loyal, no priviledges= no distractions, based on merit

• All muslim males in army

• Hungarians gave raw materials, weapons

• Hired mercenaries (trained)

• Jannissaries become corrupt, hereditary, less able

• Govt tried to reform with Tanzimat/H. H. = probs

• Lose technological edge- no industrial revn. – don’t accept western ideas, see as inferior and corrupt

• Lost provinces• Russo-Turkish War• Crimean War• Balkan Wars

Way of controlling conquered people- pd 3

• Jannissaries/Devshirme system- conquers Christians boys, convert to Islam, controlled (can’t marry, can’t inherit property)

• Millets = each religious minority group has own leader, govt, court system = organized, not mixing

• Could pay tax if not in army (freedoms)

• Tanzimat – reforms- gives minorities too much power

• Young Turks (1908-1918) – too anti-minority

• Foreign Invaders convince minorities to rebel, Ottomans lose cntl• Egypt (autonomous),

Greece, Tunisia, Libya

• Nationalism- French Revn.

Strong, organized government

• Sultan- has all property, so no feudalism

• Strong legal system: Suleiman “the lawgiver” – reforms corruption

• Pyramid structure: strong sultan, trickle down

• Jannissaries maintain order, controlled

• Millets help with organization, control

• Pashas = regional governors (loyal to Sultan, give back land when die): tax farming = give $ to Sultan from taxes in province

• Capitulations• Jannissaries get too much

power (marry, inherit land)• Selim the Sot- Vizier

(advisor) does work• Incompetent rulers• Tanzimat- reforms, actually

backfire• Structure relies too heavily

on Sultan • Pashas become corrupt, no

new territory, so less $, higher taxes

Good Economy

• Trade routes! No competition ($80M vs. $150K)

• Routes to Asia and Africa

• Within empire (Egypt: Muhammad Ali, textiles)

• Expansion = more taxes

• Age of Exploration: Europe bypasses Ottoman Empire

• Industrial Revn: Britain buys raw materials, finishes it abroad, sells back cheaper

• Age of Imperialism: trade shifts to colonies

• Lose wars:• Crimeans Wars, Russo-Turkish,

Balkan

• Too many taxes b/c fewer terrotories

• WWI = bad!

Strong leaders and succession mechanism

• Osman• Mehmet II = Constantinople

(1453)• Selim the Grim: warrior,

bloodthirsty• Suleiman the magnificent

(1520-1566): the lawgiver, expansion to height, reforms finances, bureaucracy, cultural revival, gives to public, popular

• Fair, influential law code

• Lose experience on battlefield• Jannissaries become

hereditary = too much power• No fixed way to choose

Sultan, so infighting• Too much meddling in harems• Later…Ismael Pasha tried

reforms, borrowed $...debt = capitulations!

• Later Sultans become “figureheads”, Europeans keep, manipulate (“puppets”)

Controlled, loyal, capable elites

• Jannissaries – given better life by Sultan, so loyal• Can’t marry so no kids

• Pashas = title of honor bestowed by Sultan, so loyal to him

• Constantinople gives glory to Sultan

• Jannisarries allowed to marry

• Weak rulers, so Jan. bribe, get power, posts are hereditary

• Sultan heirs denied role in govt, weak, incapable, insane

Friday, October 28th • Organizer #11 check• GS 10: Turn in topics• NOTES: The Role of Imperialism and Nationalism in the

Modern Middle East: Who, why, how?• HW: work on Project due Wednesday!

• Read Persepolis!• Work on Modern Iran “organizer” part

• Website: my typed up notes• Reading from organizers already given• Textbook, websites for basic info

• Prepare a 3-minute synopsis or YOUR current events situation to share with the class when the time comes (15 pts- project, 2nd 9 weeks)

Monday, October 31st• Ottoman Empire and Nationalism notes

• Def’n, pros, and cons• Where why and how?• Turkey: 1820 to modern day!

• Armenian Genocide: reading, video• Discussion (10 pt- daily)

• HW: Iran and Persepolis Project Wednesday!!!!

Armenian Genocide Video discussion questions:

1. What examples of human rights abuses can you ID?

2. In what ways did the “Forgotten Genocide” help Hitler?

3. How did the Young Turks’ “pan-Turkic” ideology affect the Armenian in the Ottoman Empire?

4. What were the Ottoman government’s reasons for eliminating the Armenians?

5. What was the Ottoman govt’s plan for destroying the Armenian people?

6. Who was Armin Wegner? His significance?

Wednesday, November 2nd• Turn in Project WITH rubric• 10-pt. “organizer check” on Iran questions• Notes/Discussion on Iran: Safavid Dynasty

to modern day!

• Persepolis Discussion:• “Socratic Seminar” format: no leader, no domination or attacks, good

flow, everyone helps everyone else participate, don’t belabor points• Students use 3 questions to guide discussion• Teacher sits, takes notes on participation, knowledge of material,

knowledge of book• Students turn in questions at end of period

• HW: Org’r #12 (easy), Article Reviews