Joint Diseases • Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis,

A strain or sprain.

By Grant White, Lindsey Friess, Keya Klebba, and Zakk Mapes

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints or tissue surrounding the joint.

Signs And SymptomsDepending on the degree of tissue inflammation symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis can come and go. When the disease is active symptoms may include: FatigueLoss of energy Lack of appetite Low grade feverMuscle of joint aches and stiffness The joint also tends to be red, swollen, and often painful and tender.

Treatment Measures

There is no cure for Rheumatoid Arthritis but medication like aspirin and cortisone help to reduce pain and inflammation. Medications like methotrexate and plaxuenil promote disease relapse and prevent joint destruction.

PRECAUTION MEASURES

There is no precaution measures for Rheumatoid Arthritis other than trying to stay healthy because there is no cure for this disease.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is…

• Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventually lose of the cartilage of one or more joints. It commonly affects the hands, feet, spine, and large weight- bearing joints.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Deep aching pain on the joint that worsens after physical stress on the joint. Grating of the joint with motion Joint pain in rainy weather Joint swellingMorning stiffnessLimited movement

Treatment Cures Medication like (aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen) this would be like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Steroids that are injected right into the joint. Artificial joint fluid. Over the counter remedies like glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate.

Prevention Measures

Exercise like swimming Staying in shape or losing weight if overweight Eating a health balanced diet wearing splints and braces when on problem area during physical activities.

Strains And Sprains

WHAT EXACTLY IS A STRAIN OR A SPRAIN?

oA sprain is an injury to the ligament; the tough, fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones. The sprain is caused by the overstretching or tearing of the ligament.oA strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon; the tissue that connects muscle to the bone. The strain is caused by the simply overstretching of the muscle or tendon or the complete or partial tear in the muscle or tendon.Sprained joint

Signs and symptomsof sprains.

Usual signs and symptoms of a sprain include: mild or severe pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of movement. The signs and symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the injury.To further aid one’s self it the diagnoses of the severity of the sprain, sprains are characterized into three grades from number one being mild to number three being the most sever.Grade 1: It is caused by overstretching or a slight tear in the ligament with no joint instability.

Symptoms: minimal pain, swelling, and little or no loss in motion.Grade 2: It is caused by partial tearing in the ligament in which an X-ray or MRI may be needed.

Symptoms: bruising, moderate pain, swelling, and some loss in motion.Grade 3: It is caused by a complete tear or rupture of the ligament in which an X-ray will be taken to rule out a broken bone and the possibility of surgery will arise.

Symptoms: severe pain and bruising and the patient will not be able to put any weight on the injured area.

Signs and Symptoms of strains.

Usual sings and symptoms of a strain include: mild or sever pain, muscle spasms and weakness, swelling, and inflammation.Along with sprains, strains are also characterized into 3 grades to further aid one’s self on diagnosis.Grade 1: It is caused by some damaging of either the muscle or tendon fibers.Grade 2: It is caused by more sever damaging of the muscle or tendon fibers, but the muscle or tendon has not been completely torn or ruptured.Grade 3: It is caused but the complete rupture or tear or of the muscle or tendon.

TREATMENT MEASURESTreatment Measures:For both sprains and strains the first stage in treatment is the R.I.C.E therapy for the first 24-48 hours after the injury.The second stage of treating sprains and strains is rehabilitation to restore normal movement to the injured area. At this point the doctor will set a series of low impact exercise or will set up an appointment for a patient.The third and final stage is surgery to reattach the muscle or tendon in the case of a strain, or the ligament in the case of a sprain.

R.I.C.E THERAPY

Rest- Reduce as much physical activity/stress as possible that involves the use of the injured

area.Ice- Apply ice wrapped in a towel or cloth to the

injured area for no more than 20 minutes 8 times a day.

Compression- Securely wrap the injured area to help reduce swelling and unnecessary

movement.Elevation- Keep the injured area elevated above the level of the heart (if possible) to further aid

in the reduction of swelling.

Prevention Measures•Perform balance and proprioception exercises.•Stretch before any physical activity.•Always use the proper equipment including the right type of shoes.•Ease into a fitness routine.•Run on an even surface.•Avoid exercises or playing sports when tired or in pain.•Warm up•Replace old worn out equipment.•Wear equipment that fits properly.•Wear protective equipment when participating in a sport. Ankle braces, wrist braces ect.

Vocabulary To KnowArticulation- a joint between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate.Arthrology- the scientific study of joints.Kinesiology- the study of movement of the human body.Rheumatology- field of medicine devoted to joint diseases and related conditions.Dislocation- displacement of the articulating bones from their normal positions.

The structural and functional classes

of joints.

Structural JointsThere are three structural joint classes.Fibrous Joints- These fixed joints are held together by fibrous connective tissue. The joints are often immovable and sometimes slightly movable. No joint cavity is present within this joint. Sutures are an example of a fibrous joint. Cartilaginous joints- usually found in the body of the skeleton. These joints are held in place by cartilage, more specifically, hyaline or fibrocartilage. Like fibrous joints, these joints have no joint cavity and are immovable or slightly movable.Synovial joints- Located throughout the body. These joints are characterized by a joint cavity (synovial) containing synovial fluid. Synovial joints are unlike fibrous and cartilaginous because they are freely movable. They represent most joints of the body.

Functional JointsFunctional classification is based on the degree to which the joint permits movement. Also contains three types. A synarthrosis joint- permits no movement. Structurally, it can be represented by either a fibrous or cartilaginous joint.An amphiarthrosis joint- permits slight movement. Structurally is the same as a synarthrosis is always a synovial joint.A diarthrosis joint- a freely moveable joint. Structurally is always a synovial joint.

The structure and function of Fibrous Joints.

•The fibrous joints are divided into three types…•Sutures- found between the bones of the skull. They are bound together. A tiny amount of movement, if any, is allowed with sutures. They function to protect the brain from harm and to make the skull stronger.•Syndesmosis- found between long bones of the body, such as the radius or ulna of the forearm. These are slightly movable. They function to make it easier to move certain parts of the body, such as the leg.•Gomphosis- a joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets of the maxilla and mandible. The movement of this joint is very minimal. Its function is to keep facial bones and teeth in place and to reduce problems with the jaw, chin, and cheek bones.

The structure and function of Cartilaginous joints.

The cartilaginous joints are divided into two types…Synchondrosis- This is where the connecting medium of a joint is cartilage. This is a temporary form of joint, because the cartilage will become bone before adult life. Found between the epiphyses and bodies of long bones. The synchondrosis functions to protect the more fragile bones of the body.Symphysis- Is a fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones. Unlike synchondroses, symphysises are permanent. This functions to keep bones from rubbing together and causing pain.

The structure of a typical synovial joint.

•Synovial joints are made up of five main tissue parts:•Bone •Cartilage •Synovium•Synovial Fluid •Tensile Tissue; ligaments and tendons

The bone that is adjacent to the joint is made of a framework of spongy bone and calcified cartilage, with a harder outer shell casing. Below the calcified cartilage is a subchondral bony plate that is typically very thin.

The Bone

CARTILAGE

•There are two types of cartilage:

•Hyaline Cartilage- A thin layer, that appears

in most all joints; generally enable to

restore or produce more after being

damaged.

•Fibrocartilage- Is the cartilage that forms

intervertebral discs, discs, menisci, and the

ring pads in peripheral joints; has

regenerative properties, allowing it to fill in

spaces if needed. (ex. Meniscus in the knee)

Synovium

The Synovium is the soft tissue that lines the joint cavities, tendon sheaths and even bursae. It is composed of fatty, areoler and fibrous tissue. Since the surface of the Synovium is permeable to water, it is able to trap the synovial fluid inside.•The synovial fluid is usually noticeably clear and colorless, and thick and stringy like egg whites.

Tensile Tissue•Tensile Tissue is made up of tendon sheaths

and bursae, or tendons and ligaments.

oTendon sheaths and bursae are

present at narrow openings and

between deeper tissues. Also, bursa

appears at areas of high friction.

oTendons and ligaments are used to

connect muscle to bone. Appearing at

joints such as the shoulder and

sacroiliac joint.

Fun Fact!! When joints are suddenly stretched, the fluid is enable to fill the spaces and the lining of the Synovium is vacuumed into the spaces causing the “crack”, such as someone cracking their fingers.

THE 6 TYPES OF SYNOVIAL

JOINTS.

HINGEHinge- the hinge joints allow for extension and retraction of appendages. In hinged joints one bone must be concave, and the other convex at the point of articulation, allowing the extensive movement.

Saddle- allows for up and down movements, as well as back and forth movements. Saddle joints articulate concave and a convex bone that fit snugly together. an example would be the thumb, this gives the thumb its ability to have a wider range of motions that other fingers do not have.

Saddle

Ball and socket- ball and socket joints allow for radial movement in any direction and are found primarily in the hips and shoulders. Ball and socket joints articulate both a rounded or convex bone, with a cupped depression.

Ball and Socket

•Ellipsoid- ellipsoid joints allow for radial movements but at a lesser magnitude than that of a ball and socket joint, found in wrists and ankles.

Ellipsoid

•Pivot- Pivot joints allow for rotation around an axis, pivot joints are found in the neck, radius and ulna, and the forearms. Pivot joints in areas of articulated depressed bone and a cone shaped bone which allows for its ability to twist and rotate.

PIVOT

•Gliding- gliding joints allow for bones to freely move past one another, these types of joints are found in midcarpals and midtarsals, or the vertebrae.

Gliding

The Many Types of movementIn a Synovial Joint.

oThere are 18 total movements that joints can make classified below:

•Gliding – flat bones gliding over and past one another.•Flexion – decreasing the angle of a joint. •Extension – increasing the angle of a joint. •Hyperextension – excessive extension that goes past the normal anatomical position. •Abduction – moving appendage away from midline. •Adduction - moving appendage near the midline. •Circumduction – moving distal part of appendage in circular motions. •Rotation – turning on a pivot with a circular motion. •Elevation – upward movement raising body vertically. •Depression – downward movement lowering the body vertically. •Protraction – moving body part forward on a horizontal plane. •Retraction – moving the body backwards/posterior. •Supination – turning the palm or hand to face forward. Pronation – turning the hand or palm to face backwards. Inversion – turning foot or sole inward. •Aversion – turning foot or sole outward. •Dorsiflexion – standing on heels with toes up.•Plantar flexion – raising heels with toes down