Revolution The Industrialbringingthepayne.weebly.com/uploads/8/5/7/2/85724068/11...The American...
Transcript of Revolution The Industrialbringingthepayne.weebly.com/uploads/8/5/7/2/85724068/11...The American...
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 11 Section 1p. 382
Section FocusHow did the new technology of the Industrial Revolution change the way
Americans lived?
Then vs. Now● Up until this point:
● Most people worked as farmers
● Men worked in the fields to produce food for their families
● Women helped in the fields and made simple goods at home
● This is all about to change with the Industrial Revolution
A Revolution in Technology● In the 1700s, a great change began that is known as the Industrial
Revolution
● The Industrial Revolution is the gradual replacement of many hand
tools by machines. Much of the power once provided by man and horse
began to be replaced, first by flowing water and then by steam engines
● This revolution began in England in the textile (cloth-making) industry
● Since making cloth was so time consuming, they wanted to figure out a
faster way
Machines and Factories● In the 1760s, the spinning jenny speeded up the thread-making process
● This allowed one person to spin
many strands at once
● However, it is still being done by
hand
● In 1764, Richard Arkwright
invented something new...
Machines and Factories● This invention, the water frame, used running water rather than human
energy
● Other inventions began speeding up
the process
● Since these machines were so large,
manufacturers began building
textiles mills on the banks of rivers
Machines and Factories● The new mills created a new way of working, known as the factory
system
● The factory system brings workers and machinery together in one place
● Instead of working at home, workers had to go to textile factories and
work specific time frames
● They had to keep up with their machines instead of working at their own
pace
Machines and Factories● Because of the expenses of new buildings and new machines, owners of
the mills turned to capitalists for money investment
● A capitalist is a person who invests capital, or money, in a business to
earn a profit in return
● This proved to be a good investments as workers began producing 24
times as much thread as they had in previous years
● Here is why that is a good thing...
Machines and Factories$$ Invested into
infrastructure and equipment
Job opportunities
People Make money
People buying products
Businesses/ Investors
making money
Steam Power
Steam Power● Building factories on riverbanks had disadvantages also...
● In dry seasons, the machines had no power
● Most factories were in rural areas, far
away from cities and the population
● In 1790, Arkwright built the first
steam-powered textile plant
Steam Power● This invention allowed factories to be built away from riverbanks
● Now they could build in cities, where young women and children
provided cheap labor
● This invention allowed factories to be built away from riverbanks
● Britain did not allow their workers to talk about the secrets of their
industrial success and the skilled workers were not allowed to leave the
country
● How did the Industrial Revolution change
the way work was performed?
● How did the factory system work?
● Who was the great inventor of water
powered machines and steam powered
machines?
● What advantage would the steam engine
have given to a manufacturer over
competitors who depended on water
power to operate their machinery?
The American Industrial Revolution● In 1789, a young apprentice in one of Arkwright’s factories decided to
immigrate to the United States
● Samuel Slater knew that his knowledge of Arkwright’s machines could be
worth a fortune
● He studied and memorized the plans and boarded a ship for New York
● Once in the U.S., Slater joined forces with Moses Brown, a wealthy
merchant who was already renting a textile mill
● Based on memory alone, Slater constructed a spinning machine and
began producing cotton thread at an unheard of rate in the U.S.
The American Industrial Revolution
American Industry Grows● The success of Slater’s mill marked the beginning of American
industrialization
● Industrialization began in the Northeast U.S.
● This was home to many people (Capitalists) who had enough money to
invest into factories and buy raw materials
● It wasn’t until after the War of 1812 that American industry began to
grow
The Lowell Mills● Francis Cabot Lowell was another pioneer of the American industrial
revolution
● Before the War of 1812, he had visited England and seen the latest
machinery
● Upon his return, he and his associates set out to build an improved
version of the English machines
● Along with several other capitalists, he opened a mill in Waltham,
Massachusetts
The Lowell Mills
The Lowell Mills● This mill was organized in a more efficient way
● Instead of different buildings, Lowell’s factory brought together spinning
and weaving into one building
● Upon his death, his cohorts decided to expand the business and built a
new town around the factory
● The town was to better the lives of the employees and included boarding
houses, a library, and a hospital
● The town was named Lowell
Lowell Girls● The new factories were staffed with young
women from nearby farms
● They were deemed “Lowell Girls” and lived in the boarding houses under strict supervision
● After work, they could attend lectures or visit libraries
● One positive is that they were becoming more educated than they would have on family farms
● Why did Samuel Slater have to build his
machines from memory?
● What sparked the growth of industry in
the United States after the War of 1812?
● Why did Lowell’s mill town have boarding
houses, a library, and a hospital for it’s
workers?
● How was the Lowell factory system
different from the European factory
system?
The Revolution Takes Hold● Americans were ready to begin experimenting with new methods of
manufacturing
● One of the most important developments was mass production
● Mass production is the rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical
objects
● Before this point, manufactured goods were handcrafted which required
extra time and effort to create and maintain
The Revolution Takes Hold● In the 1790s, American inventor Eli Whitney devised a system to cut
some of this time called interchangeable parts
● Interchangeable parts are identical pieces that could be assembled
quickly by unskilled workers
● These parts contributed to more efficiency when manufacturing
products and caused the prices of the goods to drop
Cheaper Prices
More customers
More Money
Business expansion
More Jobs
Child Labor● On the surface, the idea of mill towns seem to be a positive for the
worker; unfortunately, that was not always the case
● Just as the women had done, children (who worked on family farms
previously) were being employed in the mills as cheap labor
● Being employed at as young as 7 or 8, these children had no opportunity
for education
● These children were also
exposed to very unsafe
working conditions
Child Labor
Factory Conditions● Working conditions in the factories were appalling!
● Poorly lit● No fresh air● Unsafe equipment
● As a result, there were many injuries on the job
● There was no protection/compensation by the employer if the employee
was injured on the job
● Long work days
● What were some advantages of
interchangeable parts?
● What do you think craftspeople thought
of mass production?
● What problems did workers in factories
face?
● Why do you think people were willing to
work in such poor conditions?
Homework● Check Your Progress● p. 387● 1-5