REVIEW THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NOTES

____1. The brain and the spinal cord are the a. peripheral nervous system c. central nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system

____2. What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system? a. cell body b. reflex arc c. neuron d. neutron

____3. Which of the following is true? a. Dendrites carry information toward the cell body. c. Axons carry information toward the cell body. b. Dendrites carry information away from the cell body. d. None of the above

____4. Neurons carry information through the body in the form of a. nerve impulses. b. dendrites. c. axons. d. nerve fibers.

____5. Which neurons conduct information toward the central nervous system? a. sensory neurons b. motor neurons c. interneurons d. none of the above

____6. Neurons with myelin sheath conduct nerve impulses a. faster than neurons without myelin sheaths. c. slower than neurons without myelin sheaths. b. at the same speed as neurons without myelin sheaths. d. in greater numbers than neurons without myelin sheaths.

____7. Messages take the form of electrical signals, and are known as a. sensory neurons b. nerve impulses c. motor neurons d. reflex arc

____8. The depolarization and repolarization of a neuron membrane is called a. action potential b. resting potential c. excitability d. propagation

____9. What are the spaces between adjacent neurons called? a. reflex arc b. effector c. synaptic cleft d. resting potential

____10. What is the function of neurotransmitters? a. hurl neurons through synapses to create new nerve impulses b. chemically link neurons across the synapse to conduct impulses c. receive and transmit ultrasound waves across synapses d. none of the above

____11. For a neuron to return to its resting potential, it must a. lose negative charge b. lose positive charge c. gain negative charge d. gain more sodium ions

____12. A change in the environment that may be of sufficient strength to initiate an impulse is called a(an) a. excitability b. stimulus c. polarized d. potential

____13. When a neuron is depolarized, the inside of the membrane temporarily becomes a. more negative than the outside c. more positive than the outside b. neutral compared to the outside. d. None of the above

____14. The minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a neuron is called the a. action potential b. threshold c. resting potential d. enzymes

____15. The long fiber that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body is a (n) a. dendrite b. interneuron c. axon d. axon terminal

____16. The action that restores a neuron to its resting potential is a. polarization b. action potential c. depolarization d. refractory period

____17. When a nerve cell is polarized, the inside of the cell membrane is a. positively charged and the outside is positively charged. b. positively charged and the outside is negative charged. c. negatively charged and the outside is negatively charged. d. negatively charged and the outside is positively charged.

____18. Which description does not apply to all nerve impulses? a. They follow an all-or-none principle. c. They jump from node to node. b. They flow at various speeds. d. They flow in only one direction.

____19. If you accidentally touch a hot stove, you pull your finger away before the impulse is relayed to the a. spinal cord b. effector c. brain d. receptor

____20. The somatic nervous system regulates activities that are a.unconscious control b. involuntary c. conscious control d. automatic

21. For a neuron to achieve Resting Potential, it must move _____________________________ ions out of the cell, and actively pump _____________________________ ions into the cell.

22. At the beginning of an impulse, the ______________________________ gates open.

23. Action Potential is another name for a (an) _______________________________________.

24. A(n) _________________________________ is an automatic response to a stimulus.

25. Subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle and of glands; also called the involuntary nervous system. ___________________________________ nervous system.

26. Nerves that carry messages from the body to the central nervous system make up the ________________________________________ nervous system.

27. What are the two major division of the peripheral nervous system? _____________________________________&_____________________________________

28. Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord. __________________________________________ nervous system.

29. Messages take the form of electrical signals, and are known as________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________.

30. The ________________________ is the basic functional unit of the nervous system.

31. _________________________ neurons carry impulses from the spinal cord to the effectors.

32. Within the spinal cord, motor and sensory neurons are connected by ________________________________________________.

33. A major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as the communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS.__________________________________ nervous system.

34. The ________________________________________ nervous system does not come in contact with the environment.

35. The autonomic nervous system is divided into TWO divisions, they are ______________________________________&____________________________________

36. The above two divisions have a(n) ______________________________________ effects on the organs they control.

37. A(n) _____________________________________________ is a chemical substance that is used by one neuron to signal another.

38. The point of contact at which impulses are passed from one cell to another are known as a(n) ______________________________________________________________.

39.What two ions are moved across a neuron’s membrane giving it electric potential? _____________________________________&_____________________________________

40. The Human Nervous System is divided into TWO Major Divisions, list them: ____________________________________&______________________________________

41. _________________________ neurons carry impulses from receptors to the spinal cord.

42. The depolarization and repolarization of a neuron’s membrane is called a (n) _________________________________________________________

43. What are the spaces between adjacent neurons called? ______________________________________________________

44. A change in the environment that may be of sufficient strength to initiate an impulse is called a(an) ______________________________________________________________________.

45. The minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a neuron is called the __________________________________________________________________________.

46. The long fiber that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body is a (n) ____________________________________________________________________________.

47. The action that restores a neuron to its resting potential is called ____________________________________________________________________________.

48. Which type of neurons conduct information toward the central nervous system? ____________________________________________________________________________.

49. The somatic nervous system regulates activities that are under _________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

50. The brain and the spinal cord make up the ________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________.

51. What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system? _____________________________ _________________________________________________________________________.

52. Subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles. ______________________________________________________.

For questions 53-58, match the following answers to one of the statements below.

A. Resting Potential D. Sodium-potassium pump B. Action Potential E. Depolarization C. Repolarization F. Refractory Period

____ 53. K+ moves out of the axon ____ 54. Charges inside the axon change positive. ____ 55. Active transport system. ____ 56. Axon is not conducting an impulse. ____ 57. Time when the axon cannot conduct an impulse. ____ 58. Axon is depolarized, then repolarized.

1. What is the relationship between afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons?

2. What role does the sodium-potassium pump play in the restoration of the membrane potential?

3. Explain the difference between an afferent neuron and an efferent neuron.

4. Describe how the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex operates.

5. What are the functions of the Nervous System that enables the body to respond quickly?

6. Explain how the relative concentrations of sodium ions and potassium ions inside and outside a neuron change during an action potential.

7. Describe the process of the nerve impulse from the point at which the nerve has been stimulated.

8. Most organs in the body are stimulated by both the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Explain how this helps maintain homeostasis and what each division does.

9. A neuron consists of three main parts, List Them and their Main Function:

10. How does the autonomic nervous system work to maintain homeostasis?

11. Describe the role of neurotransmitters in transmitting a signal across a synaptic cleft.

12. Explain how a signal in the nervous system is transmitted between adjacent neurons?

13. Contrast resting potential with action potential.

14. Explain the importance of the refractory period and what occurs during the refractory period.

15. Describe the anatomy of a neuron.

1. What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system? _____________________.

2. The nervous system ________________ and __________________ all essential functions of the human body.

3. The nervous system ____________________ and ________________ information about activities within the body and monitors and responds to _________________ and _____________________ changes.

4. What are the Four Functions of the nervous system? A._________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C. __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D. __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

5. The cells that carry messages throughout the nervous system are called ____________________________.

6. Messages take the form of electrical signals, and are known as __________________.

7. Neurons can be classified into THREE Types and Describe each type. A._______________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ B._______________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ C._______________________________ ____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

8. What are the THREE main parts of a Neuron and their function? A.____________________________ _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

____ B.____________________________ _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ C.___________________________ _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

9. The difference in charge across a nerve cells membrane resulting from the negative charge on the inside and the positive charge on the outside is known as ____________________ _______________________.

10. As a result of resting potential, the neuron is said to be _______________________.

11. A _____________________ is a change in the environment that may be of sufficient strength to initiate an impulse.

12. The ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse is known as _________________________________.

13. What two ions move across a neuron giving it electric potential? ____________________ and _______________________

14. The depolarization and repolarization of a membrane produces a(n) _______________________ __________________________.

15. _________________________ returns the neuron back to its resting potential.

16. ___________________ _____________________ is another name for a Nerve Impulse.

17. __________________ improves the rate of impulses along an _______________.

18. The minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a neuron is called the __________________________________.

19. A _________________________ is a chemical substance that is used by one neuron to signal another.

20. The point of contact at which impulses are passed from one cell to another are known as a __________________________ __________________________.

21. The Human Nervous System is divided into TWO major divisions, list them: A. ________________________________________________ B. ________________________________________________

22. _________________________ neurons carry impulses from receptors to the spinal cord.

23. ____________________________ neurons carry impulses from the spinal cord to the effectors.

24. Within the spinal cord, motor and sensory neurons are connected by _______________________________.

25. All of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord is known as the ___________________________ nervous system.

26. The _____________________________ nervous system does not come in contact with the environment.

27. The autonomic nervous system is divided into TWO parts, they are A. _________________________________________________ B. _________________________________________________

28. The above two parts have _________________________________ effects on the organs they control.

29. For a neuron to achieve Resting Potential, it must move _________________ ions out of the cell, and actively pump ______________________ ions into the cell.

30. At the beginning of an impulse, the ____________________ gates open.

31. Action Potential is another name for a (an) ___________________ ___________________.

32. The brain and the spinal cord are the _____________________________________.

33. Neurons carry information through the body in the form of __________________ __________________________.

34. Which type of neuron conducts information toward the central nervous system? ________________ _________________

35. Neurons with myelin sheath conduct nerve impulses ___________________ than neurons without myelin sheath.

36. Messages take the form of electrical signals, and are known as _________________ _______________________

37. What are the spaces between adjacent neurons called? ________________________ _________________

38. The long fiber that carries impulses away from the nerve body is a(n) ____________________.

39. The action that restores a neuron to its resting potential is _______________________.

40. The autonomic nervous system regulates activities that are ________________________, or ___________________________.

41. The __________________ _____________ acts as a communication link between the brain and the PNS.

42. A ___________________ is the simplest response to a stimulus.

43. The ___________________ Nervous System regulates activities that are under conscious control.

44. The sympathetic nervous system generally ____________________ organs.

45. The parasympathetic nervous system generally ________________ organs.

46. The period after an impulse, in which a neuron is unable to conduct a nerve impulse is called ________________________ _____________________.

For questions 47-52, match the following answers to one of the statements below.

A. Depolarization D. Resting Potential B. Sodium-potassium pump E. Refractory Period C. Action Potential F. Repolarization

_____47. Charges inside the axon change positive. _____48. Active transport system. _____49. Axon is not conducting an impulse. _____50. Time when the axon cannot conduct an impulse. _____51. Axon is depolarized, then repolarized. _____52. K+ moves out of the axon

1. Describe the process of the nerve impulse from the point at which the nerve has been stimulated.

2. How is the signal in the nervous system transmitted between adjacent neurons?

3. Explain the difference between an afferent neuron and an efferent neuron.

4. Describe the structure of a neuron.

5. What functional advantage does a neuron with several dendrites have over a neuron with only one dendrite?

6. Identify the two main organs that make up the central nervous system.

7. Why does the nervous system consume a large amount of energy?

8. Most organs in the body are stimulated by both the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Explain how this helps maintain homeostasis.

9. How do the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system differ?

10. Describe how the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex operates.

11. What is a neurotransmitter? Describe two possible effects that neurotransmitters may have at a synapse.

12. Briefly explain how the relative concentrations of sodium ions and potassium ions inside and outside a neuron change during an action potential.

13. Distinguish between sensory receptors, motor neurons, and interneurons.

14. What role does the sodium-potassium pump play in the restoration of the membrane potential?

15. Contrast resting potential with action potential.

16. Explain the importance of the refractory period and what occurs during the refractory period.

17. Describe the role of neurotransmitters in transmitting a signal across a synaptic cleft.

____1. The Brain is wrapped in three layers A. Cerebellum of connective tissue know as B. Corpus Callosum C. Gray Matter

____2. Responsible for all voluntary activities D. Cerebral Cortex of the body. E. Hypothalamus F. Brain Stem ____3. Controls involuntary functions like G. Pons breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate. H. White Matter I. Cerebral Medulla ____4. The hemispheres of the cerebrum are J. Lobes connected in a region know as. K. Tract L. Thalamus ____5. Unmyelinated neurons. M. Cerebrum N. Meninges ____6. Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is O. Medulla Oblongata divided into regions called_________. P. Midbrain

____7. Maintains life support systems or controls vital body processes.

____8. This area is involved in hearing and vision.

____9. Means "Bridge".

____10. The switching station for sensory input.

____11. Tells each half of the brain what the other is doing.

____12. Controls balance, posture and coordination.

____13. Myelinated neurons.

____14. Outer surface of the cerebrum.

____15. Control center for hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature.

____16. The inner surface of the cerebrum.

17. The ____ is part of the brain that controls balance, posture, and coordination. a) cerebrum b) cerebellum c) medulla oblongata d) hypothalamus

18. The hypothalamus a) lies below the medulla oblongata in the brain stem c) lies above the cerebellum b) lies below the thalamus d) is important in maintaining balance e) None of the above.

19. The cerebral cortex a) is located deep in the brain c) is the folded outer covering of the brain b) is the lobed, highly folded structure at the back of the brain d) contains the reticular formation

20. The body's left side is controlled by the cerebrum's a) left side b) right side c) both left and right sides d) front half

21. The gray matter of the brain consists of a) unmyelinated neurons b) myelinated neurons c) axons d) only synapses

22. The cerebellum is important in a) coordinating motor responses and maintaining posture b) controlling hormone levels and maintaining homeostasis c) protecting the brain and spine d) processing olfactory and taste information e) None of the above.

23. The gray matter of the brain a) is called the cerebral medulla c) is called the cerebral cortex c) is called the cerebellum d) is called the medulla oblongata

24. The thalamus and hypothalamus make up the a) lower brain stem b) cerebrum c) cerebellum d) diencephalon

25. The part of the brain that controls conscious activities, memory, language, and the senses is the a) medulla oblongata b) cerebrum c) cerebellum d) thalamus

26. This area of the brain plays an important role in emotion, memory, and motivation. a) brain stem b) cerebrum c) limbic system d) cerebellum

27. Most sensory impulses pass through the _______ on their way to the cerebrum. a) cerebellum b) pituitary c) motor neurons d) thalamus

28. The _____ is the area of the brain that controls activities related to homeostasis, such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.

a) cerebrum b) cerebellum c) medulla oblongata d) hypothalamus

29. The right and left cerebrum hemispheres are linked by a bundle of neurons called a _____________________________________________________________.

30. What are the three main parts of the human brain?

31. The brain stem connects the _______________________________________ to the __________________________________________________________.

32. The cerebrum hemispheres are connected in a region known as the _________________________________________________________________________.

33. _______________________________ means bridge.

34. The _________________________________________________ coordinates and balances the actions of muscles so that the body can move gracefully and efficiently.

35. The cerebrum is divided into two __________________________________________.

36. What are the main parts (divisions) of the lower brain stem?

37. What are the names of the lobes of the cerebrum?

38. The _____________________________________ is the control center of the brain.

39. The brain is wrapped in three layers of _________________________________________ tissue known as the _____________________________________________. The outer layer is called the _____________________________________________ The middle layer is called the ____________________________________________, The inner layer is called the ______________________________________________. _______________________________________________________________ separates the middle and inner layers.

40. The control center for hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature is the _______________________________________________________.

41. The ______________________________________________ controls involuntary functions that include breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, swallowing, and coughing.

____ 1. MIDBRAIN

____ 2. CCALLOSU

ORPUSM

____ 3. SPINAL

____ 4. MUS

____ 5. RY

____ 6. AL

____ 7. ALAM

CORD

THALA

PITUITAGLAND

CEREBRCORTEX

HYPOTHUS

____ 8. PONS

____ 9. CEREBELLUM

____ 10. CEREBRAL MEDULLA

____ 11. MEDULLA OBLONGATTA

____ 12. BRAIN STEM

_1. The portion of the brain that receives most sensory information is the a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. cerebrum d. cerebellum

____2. High-pitched sounds cause hairs in the base of the ____________ to vibrate. a. semicircular canal b. stapes c. incus d. cochlea

____3. Chemicals acting on hairlike nerve endings in the upper portion of the nose initiate impulses in the a. hairs b. axons c. dendrites d. synapse

____4. The _______ of the eye is a solid structure that focuses light on the back of the eye. a. pupil b. lens c. iris d. cornea

____5. Receptors that detect changes in temperature, touch, pressure, and pain are located in large numbers in the a. bones b. spinal cord c. muscles d. skin

____6. The part of the brain that controls conscious activities, memory, language, and the senses is the a. medulla oblongata b. cerebrum c. cerebellum d. thalamus

____7. Cells found in the retina called ________ are adapted for detecting color and for sharp vision. a. rods b. iris c. photons d. cones

____8. The _______ is the area of the brain that controls activities related to homeostasis. a. hypothalamus b. cerebrum c. thalamus d. cerebellum

____9. The movement of the hairs in the inner ear starts a depolarization of the _______ nerve. a. optic b. auditory c. olfactory d. facial

____10. Sensory impulses pass through the __________ on their way to the cerebrum. a. cerebellum b. pituitary c. motor neurons d. thalamus

____11. The layer of nerve tissue at the back of the eye made up of cells that respond to light energy is the a. pupil b. iris c. cornea d. retina

____12. The ________ is the area of the brain that controls activities related to homeostasis, such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep. a. cerebrum b. cerebellum c. medulla oblongata d. hypothalamus

____13. The _________ is a snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that is filled with fluid, lined with hair cells, and connected to the auditory nerve. a. incus b. cochlea c. stapes d. semicircular canals

____14. The _________ is part of the brain that controls balance, posture, and coordination. a. cerebrum b. cerebellum c. medulla oblongata d. hypothalamus

____15. When energy in the form of sound waves is converted into a nerve impulse in the inner ear, the response is known as a. thermoreception b. chemoreception c. mechanoreception d. photoreception

____16. When chemicals acting on the hairlike ending located in your nose initiate impulses in the olfactory nerve, the response is called a. thermoreception b. chemoreception c. mechanoreception d. photoreception

____17. Which part of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of neurons? a. gray matter b. dorsal root c. ventral root d. white matter

____18. The cerebellum is important in a. coordinating motor responses and maintaining posture b. controlling hormone levels and maintaining homeostasis c. protecting the brain and spine d. processing olfactory and taste information

____19. The thalamus a. lies below the hypothalamus in the lower brain stem c. controls homeostasis b. directs sensory information to the proper regions of the cerebral cortex d. is important in maintaining balance

____20. The cerebral cortex a. is located deep in the brain c. is the folded outer covering of the brain b. is the lobed, highly folded structure at the back of the brain d. contains the reticular formation

____21. Photoreceptors are stimulated by a. heat b. pressure c. chemicals d. light

____22. Mechanoreceptors are stimulated by a. heat b. pressure c. chemicals d. light

____23. The body's left side is controlled by the cerebrum's a. left side b. right side c. both left and right sides d. front half

____24. Loud noises can damage hairlike cells in the a. eardrum b. ear canal c. cochlea d. stirrup

____25. Which of the following is NOT one of the four tastes we detect on our tongues? a. sweet b. hot c. salty d. bitter

____26. All messages received by the eyes are interpreted by the a. optic nerve b. retina c. brain d. lens

____27. The message of smell is carried to the brain by the a. nasal chamber b. auditory nerve c. olfactory nerve d. nostrils

____28. The gray matter of the brain consists of a. cell bodies of neurons b. only synapses c. myelin d. nodes

____29. Sensory receptors a. link interneurons with motor neurons c. are found only in the brain b. are found only in the spine d. respond to stimuli

____30. Which part of the spinal cord contains motor neurons? a. gray matter b. dorsal root c. ventral root d. All of the above.

1. Nerves that control breathing, swallowing, heartbeat, and the diameter of the blood

vessels are found in the __________________________ ______________________________.

2. The cells (receptors) that are stimulated by chemicals are called ___________________________.

3. The brain is wrapped in three layers of ______________________ tissue known as the ____________________________. The outer layer is called the _________________________, the middle layer is called the ___________________________, and the inner layer is called the _____________________________________. _________________________________ _____________________ separates the middle and inner layers.

4. The brainstem connects the ________________________ to the ______________________ _________________.

5. The _____________________________________ is the control center of the brain.

6. The ___________________________________ _________________________ and the two tiny sacs behind them help us to sense balance or equilibrium.

7. The thalamus, hypothalamus, and cells deep within the gray matter of the brain make up the _________________________ system which helps regulate emotions.

8. The sense organ that detects taste are the ____________________ ______________.

9. What are the THREE main parts of the brain? a. ______________________________________ b._______________________________________ c._______________________________________

10. The Cerebrum is divided into TWO _____________________________.

11. The sense of smell is a _______________________ sense.

12. The largest sense organ is your ____________________________.

13. The cerebrum hemispheres are connected in a region known as the ________________________________ ________________________________.

14. The right and left cerebrum hemispheres are linked by a bundle of neurons called a _________________________________.

15. What are the names of the FOUR lobes of each cerebrum hemisphere? ____________________________, _____________________________, _____________________________, ___________________________

16. The ________________________ coordinates and balances the actions of muscles so that the body can move gracefully and efficiently.

17. What are the THREE main parts of the LOWER Brainstem? a.____________________________________________ b.____________________________________________ c.____________________________________________

18. What are the FOUR main kinds of tastes that humans can detect? _________________, ______________________, ______________________, ____________________

19. ___________________ means bridge.

20. The control center for hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature is the _______________________________________.

21. The ____________________ ____________________ controls involuntary functions that include breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, swallowing, and coughing.

22. The _______________ is the portion of the eye that gives your eye its color.

23. The outer surface of the cerebrum is called the ________________ _________________ and consists of ___________________________ neurons.

24. Impulses leave the eye by way of the _______________ ________________.

25. Nerve impulses from the ear are carried to the brain by the ____________________ _________________.

26. The most touch sensitive areas are the _______________, _________________, and _________________.

27. The largest and most prominent part of the brain is the ___________________________.

27. The inner surface of the cerebrum is called the _________________ _________________, which is made up of bundles of _________________________ axons.

29. What is the upper brainstem called? __________________________________ And what two parts of the brain are found there? ______________________________ and the _____________________________________.

30. The _____________________________________________ is the area of the brain that controls activities related to homeostasis, such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.

31. The __________________________________________ is part of the brain that controls balance, posture, and coordination.

32. The _________________________________________ is a snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that is filled with fluid, lined with hair cells, and connected to the auditory nerve.

33. When chemicals acting on the hair-like ending located in your nose initiate impulses in the olfactory nerve, the response is called __________________________________________.

34. Photoreceptors are stimulated by ___________________________________________.

35. The body's left side is controlled by the cerebrum's ___________________________________ _________________________________________________.

36. All messages received by the eyes are carried to the brain by the _______________________ _____________________________________________________.

37. The message of smell is carried to the brain by the ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________________.

38. Mechanoreceptors are stimulated by _____________________________________________.

39. The _________________________________________ is the area of the brain that controls activities related to homeostasis.

40. The movement of the hairs in the inner ear starts a depolarization of the ____________________________________________ nerve.

41. Most sensory impulses pass through the _______________________________________ on their way to the cerebrum.

42. The layer of nerve tissue at the back of the eye made up of cells that respond to light energy is called the __________________________________________.

43. The ___________________________________ of the eye is a solid structure that focuses light on the back of the eye.

44. The portion of the brain that receives most sensory information is the ___________________ ________________________________________________________________.

45. Cells found in the retina called _____________________________________ are adapted for detecting color and for sharp vision.

46. Receptors that detect changes in temperature, touch, pressure, and pain are located in large numbers in the _________________________________________________.

47. The part of the brain that controls conscious activities, memory, language, and the senses is the ___________________________________________________________.

48. The ______________________________________________________________ and the two tiny sacs behind them help us to sense balance or equilibrium.

49. Tiny pieces of calcium carbonate in the ear called ______________________________ help the body maintain its balance.

50. The _________________________________ is the light-sensing portion of the eye.

51. When light enters the eye, it first passes through the ____________________________.

52. The specialized hearing receptors found in the cochlea are _____________________________ cells.

53. The ______________________________________________ is a small, snail-shaped structure in the ear lined with hair cells.

54. The _____________________ is the light-sensing portion of the eye.

55. When chemicals acting on the hair-like endings located in your nose initiate impulses in the olfactory nerve, the response is called __________________________________________.

56. Mechanoreceptors are stimulated by _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.

57. Tiny pieces of calcium carbonate in the ear called ______________________________ help the body maintain its balance.

58. Impulses from the eye go to what part of the cerebrum? ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________

59. Ventral-root axons carry information to __________________________________, while dorsal-root axons carry information to ______________________________________.

60. The division of the nervous system that controls stimulation of internal organs during routine conditions is called the _________________________________ nervous system.

61. Sensory receptors that respond to tissue damage are called __________________________ receptors.

1. Why is the ear really TWO sense organs in one?

2. What are Two functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

3. What are the Five kinds of sensory receptors and the type of stimuli they respond to?

4. How is the brain protected from injury? (Be specific)

5. How do the functions of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem differ?

6. Why is important to have the pons bridge the Cerebrum and Cerebellum?

7. How is taste detected? What type of sensory receptor is involved with the perception of taste?

8. Explain how sound vibrations are transmitted through the ear?

____ 1. The central nervous system consists of a. the brain and spinal cord. c. the brain stem and cerebellum. b. the spinal nerves only. d. the cerebrum and spinal cord.

____ 2. Gray matter includes a. cell bodies of neurons. c. myelin. b. synapses. d. nodes.

____ 3. Refer to the illustration above. Structure 2 in the diagram is the a. reticular formation. c. cerebellum. b. brain stem. d. cerebrum.

____ 4. limbic system : processing information about emotions and memory :: a. cerebellum : maintaining balance and posture b. brain stem : providing nerve connections for consciousness c. hypothalamus : connecting the brain to the spinal cord d. reticular formation : regulating body temperature and blood pressure

____ 5. Which part of the spinal cord contains dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and the cell bodies of neurons? a. gray matter c. ventral root b. dorsal root d. white matter

____ 6. Which part of the spinal cord contains motor neurons? a. gray matter c. ventral root b. dorsal root d. All of the above

____ 7. Information is carried from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland by a. sensory neurons. c. reticular neurons. b. afferent neurons. d. motor neurons.

____ 8. Sensory neurons transmit messages a. from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland. b. from the brain to the spinal cord. c. from the environment to the spinal cord or brain. d. within the brain.

____ 9. Motor neurons transmit messages a. from the environment to the brain. b. from the environment to the spinal cord. c. from the spinal cord to the brain. d. from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland.

____ 10. The peripheral nervous system a. is not linked to the central nervous system. b. provides pathways to and from the central nervous system. c. consists of the cerebellum and spinal cord. d. is composed only of motor neurons.

____ 11. The autonomic nervous system controls a. reflexes. b. voluntary movement. c. involuntary functions of the internal organs. d. locomotion.

____ 12. The body’s response to a physical threat involves activity of the a. autonomic nervous system. c. sympathetic nervous system. b. peripheral nervous system. d. All of the above

____ 13. A reflex a. may involve two or three neurons. c. is not under conscious control. b. is not learned. d. All of the above

____ 14. Extensions at one end of a neuron’s body that receive input are called a. axons. b. synapses. c. cell bodies. d. dendrites.

____ 15. Nodes of Ranvier a. strengthen axons. c. occur in dendrites. b. slow the nerve impulse. d. are gaps in the myelin sheath.

____ 16. The myelin sheath a. transmits impulses from one neuron to another. b. insulates the synapses. c. nourishes the neurons. d. insulates the axons.

____ 17. The sodium-potassium pump a. rebuilds axon fibers. b. restores resting potential. c. creates a stimulus. d. is found only in the peripheral nervous system.

____ 18. Which statement about the resting potential of a neuron is true? a. There are many times more sodium ions outside the neuron’s membrane than inside. b. Sodium ions are in balance inside and outside the neuron’s membrane. c. There are fewer potassium ions inside the neuron’s membrane than outside. d. Potassium and sodium ions are equal on both sides of the neuron’s membrane.

____ 19. Refer to the illustration above. When a neuron is at rest, a. sodium ions are found mostly on the outside of the cell. b. potassium ions are found mostly on the inside of the cell. c. the inside of the cell is negatively charged. d. All of the above

____ 20. Refer to the illustration above. The diagrams show a nerve impulse a. moving from the inside to the outside of an axon. b. moving from the outside to the inside of an axon. c. moving an action potential along a neuron. d. moving slowly.

____ 21. Refer to the illustration above. When an impulse moves down the axon, a. sodium ions first rush out of the cell. b. a small part of the axon momentarily reverses its polarity. c. the resting potential of the cell does not change. d. potassium ions are pumped into the axon.

____ 22. Refer to the illustration above. An action potential may be best described as a. an electrical impulse. b. an electromagnetic message. c. a chemical message. d. a chemical change occurring in the brain.

____ 23. Electrical changes in a neuron create a. a stimulus. c. an action potential. b. an electrical shock. d. light and sound.

____ 24. Refer to the illustration above. In the diagram, the structure labeled “X” is a a. neurotransmitter molecule. b. neuromodulator molecule. c. receptor protein molecule. d. psychoactive drug molecule.

____ 25. Refer to the illustration above. If neurotransmitters could not be cleared out of a synapse after transmitting a message, a. the second neuron would continue to be stimulated for an indefinite period of time. b. the first neuron could not pass on its impulse. c. neuromodulators would be formed in the synapse. d. the neurotransmitter would magnify the effect of a psychoactive drug.

____ 26. Neurotransmitters are a. electrical impulses. b. found only in neurons with myelin sheaths. c. released at synapses. d. produced by muscles.

____ 27. Some neurotransmitters cross a synaptic cleft and open sodium channels in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron, causing a. inhibition of impulses in the neuron. b. the death of the neuron. c. initiation of an impulse in the neuron. d. the formation of protein receptors in the neuron.

____ 28. When a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, neurotransmitters a. become enzymes in the space between the neurons. b. are released into the synaptic cleft. c. cover the membrane of the axon. d. cause the cell body of the next neuron to enlarge.

____ 29. The layer of photoreceptors and other neurons at the back of the eye is called the a. retina. b. iris. c. cochlea. d. optic nerve.

____ 30. The ____ respond(s) to dim light coming into the eye. a. cones b. cornea c. lens d. rods

____ 31. Colorblindness is caused by faulty or missing a. blood vessels. b. cones. c. rods. d. glands.

____ 32. iris : amount of light entering the eye :: a. rod : amount of light entering the eye b. cornea : shape of the lens c. lens : point of focus on the retina d. retina : movement of iris muscle

____ 33. Sensory receptors essential for balance are located in the a. sclera. c. cochlea of the inner ear. b. eardrum. d. semicircular canals.

____ 34. Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect a. motion of the head. c. loudness. b. the direction of gravity. d. the direction of sounds.

____ 35. Ears a. function to detect sounds. b. maintain your balance and sense of where you are in space. c. detect only internal stimuli. d. Both a and b

____ 36. Specialized hearing receptors are found in the a. cornea. c. cochlea. b. semicircular canals. d. cerebellum.

____ 37. When we hear a sound, a. sound waves enter the ear canal and strike the eardrum. b. the fluid in the cochlea moves. c. the auditory nerve carries nerve impulses to the brain. d. All of the above

____ 38. When tobacco is inhaled, nicotine a. is absorbed into the bloodstream through the mouth and lungs. b. is transported throughout the body. c. increases blood pressure and heart rate. d. All of the above

____ 39. Tars a. cause an increase in heart rate. c. are neurotransmitters. b. paralyze cilia. d. All of the above

____ 40. Smoking can cause a. lung cancer. c. stains on the teeth. b. cancer of the mouth and larynx. d. All of the above

____ 41. Drinking alcohol, smoking, or using other drugs during pregnancy can cause a. birth defects. c. mental retardation. b. low birth weight. d. All of the above

____ 42. Stimulants and depressants are named for their effects on a. the respiratory system. b. the digestive system. c. behavior. d. the central nervous system.

____ 43. Which of the following is not an effect of a depressant drug? a. impaired coordination c. increased heart rate b. slowed reaction time d. decreased respiration rate

____ 44. Fetal alcohol syndrome a. results when babies are allowed to drink alcohol. b. is a cluster of physical and mental defects associated with exposure of a fetus to alcohol. c. is likely to occur only when pregnant women become drunk. d. All of the above

____ 45. Which of the following definitions is incorrect? a. An effective dose is a dose that causes a desired effect. b. A lethal dose is a dose that results in death. c. Withdrawal is a response to the lack of a drug. d. Tolerance means that decreasing amounts of a drug are needed to be effective.

____ 46. When a drug blocks removal of neurotransmitters for a prolonged period, a. receptors across the synapse are flooded with excess neurotransmitters. b. the receiving nerve lowers the number of its receptors in the synapse. c. the only way to maintain normal functioning of the nerve pathway is to continue taking the drug. d. All of the above

____ 47. When an addict stops taking cocaine, the addict’s body will not function normally until a. the number of receptors in the affected synapses has had time to readjust. b. the amount of cocaine has been reduced to a safe level.

c. narcotics are prescribed by a physician. d. All of the above

____ 48. Cocaine a. mimics neurotransmitters. b. inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters. c. degrades neurotransmitters. d. All of the above

____ 49. Cocaine a. affects the central nervous system by changing the activity of synapses. b. inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters. c. overstimulates nerve pathways. d. All of the above

Complete each statement.

1. Nerves that control breathing, swallowing, heartbeat, and the diameter of blood vessels are found in the ____________________.

2. The thalamus, the hypothalamus, and cells deep within the gray matter of the brain make up the ____________________ system, which helps regulate emotions.

3. Ventral-root axons carry information to ____________________ and glands, while dorsal-root axons carry information to the ____________________ system.

4. The part of the nervous system that does not include the spinal cord and brain is called the ____________________ nervous system.

5. The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls internal organs is called the ____________________ nervous system.

6. A sudden, involuntary movement in response to a stimulus is called a(n) ____________________.

7. A(n) ____________________ is the basic unit of communication of the nervous system.

8. Cytoplasmic extensions called ____________________ allow a neuron to receive information simultaneously from many different sources.

9. Some axons are surrounded by an insulating structure called a(n) ____________________.

10. A neuron transmits a nerve impulse as a wave of ____________________ charge.

11. The electrical charge across the membrane of a neuron is caused by different concentrations of sodium and ____________________ ions inside and outside the cell.

12. Messages are carried across synapses by _________________________.

13. The junction of a neuron with another neuron or with a muscle cell is called a(n) ____________________.

14. Sensory receptors that respond to tissue damage are called ____________________ receptors.

15. Peripheral nerve cells that receive information from both internal and external stimuli are called ____________________.

16. The ____________________ is the light-sensitive inner layer of the eye.

17. When light enters the eye, it activates photoreceptors called ____________________, which respond to dim light, and ____________________, which respond to bright light and colors.

18. The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the ____________________.

19. When light enters the eye, it passes first through the ____________________.

20. The ____________________ is a small, snail-shaped structure lined with hair cells.

21. The specialized hearing receptors found in the cochlea are ____________________ cells.

22. A(n) ____________________ is a globular cluster of cells specialized to detect chemicals found in foods.

23. High concentrations of pain receptors are located in the mouth and ____________________.

24. ____________________ are complex mixtures of chemicals and smoke particles produced by burning tobacco.

25. Drugs that decrease the activity of the central nervous system are known as ____________________.

26. ______________________________ (BAC) is a measurement of the amount of alcohol in the blood.

27. Abuse of psychoactive drugs often leads to a state of uncontrollable physical or psychological dependence called ____________________.

28. Drugs that affect the functioning of the central nervous system are called ____________________ drugs.

Essay

1. Explain why you cannot hold your breath indefinitely.

2. How is a signal transferred from one neuron to another neuron?

3. Briefly describe how sensory receptors help you maintain posture and keep your balance.

4. What are the effects of nicotine on the body?

5. Explain why addiction to mood-altering drugs is said to have a physiological basis.

6. Describe the action of cocaine at the synapse and the effects of long-term cocaine use on receptors.