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Review Session 6 A long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience Can best be measured...
Transcript of Review Session 6 A long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience Can best be measured...
Review Session 6
A long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experienceCan best be measured through changes in
behavior Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning
Ivan Pavlov- studying digestive secretions in dogs
People and animals can learn to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce involuntary responses and will learn to respond similarly to a new stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)- elicits a certain predictable response without previous training (food)
Unconditioned response (UCR)- automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus (salivation)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)- a once neutral response that elicits a given response after a period of training in which is has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (tuning fork sound)
Conditioned response (CR)- the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (salivating to the tuning fork)
Acquisition- the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened- timing and order matter!Works best with delayed conditioning-
the bell is rung and while it is still ringing, the dogs are presented with the food
Presenting the US and then the CS is very ineffective (called backward conditioning)
Extinction- diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when a UCS does
not follow a CS Dog no longer salivates to the bell
Spontaneous Recovery- reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
Dog begins to salivate to the bell again
Generalization tendency for a stimuli
similar to CS to evoke similar responses
Discrimination in classical conditioning,
the ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal and UCS
UCS CS UCR CR
Drill Dentist/Sound of Drill
Tension Tension
Catchy jingle
Product (Coke)
Favorable feeling
Favorable feeling
Speeding ticket
Flashing lights
Distress Distress
Little Albert Study John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
conditioned a boy to fear a white ratGeneralize d the fear to a variety of other
white, fluffy thingsAversive conditioning- conditioned to
have a negative response to something
Animals and humans are biologically prepared to make some connections easier than othersLearned taste aversions- can result
based on a single UCS/CS pairingMost common with a salient CS- must be
easily noticeable (strong and unusual)
Garcia and Koelling- rats more readily make some associations than others
Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement
or diminished if followed by punishment
Edward ThorndikeCat in a puzzle box, locked in its cage next
to its foodThe amount of time needed to get out of
the puzzle box decreased graduallyNo mental activity- simply connecting a
stimulus and a response
Law of EffectThorndike’s principle that
behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely (S-R connection strengthened)
behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely (S-R connection weakened)
Instrumental learning- consequence is instrumental in shaping future behaviors
B.F. Skinner- coined the term “operant conditioning” Invented the
Skinner Box, which has a way to deliver food to an animal and a lever to press or a disk to press in order to get the food
Reinforcer any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Positive Reinforcement Something wanted is added after an action
Social approval Money Tokens
Negative reinforcement Something unpleasant is taken away after an
action Taking aspirin to relieve a headache Fanning oneself to escape the heat Leaving the movie theatre if the movie is bad Putting on a seatbelt to avoid the irritating buzz
Escape conditioning- allows one to terminate an aversive stimulus
Avoidance conditioning- enables one to avoid the unpleasant stimulus altogether
Punishmentaversive event that decreases the behavior
that it followspowerful controller of unwanted behaviorPositive punishment- adding something
unpleasant Spanking Detention
Negative punishment- taking away something positive Losing cell phone privileges Grounding
Punishment is most effective if delivered immediately after the unwanted behavior and it is harshMay result in fear and angerShould be used sparingly
Shapingconditioning procedure in which reinforcers
guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal
Successive Approximations reward behaviors that increasingly
resemble desired behavior Chaining
Learning how to perform a number of responses successively to get a reward
Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulussatisfies a biological need
Secondary Reinforcerconditioned reinforcer learned through association with primary
reinforcerGeneralized reinforcer- money
Can be traded for virtually anythingToken economies
The terms acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, discrimination and generalization can also be used in operant conditioning
Premack Principle- the reinforcing properties of something depend on the situation
Interval- time, Ratio- number Variable are more resistant to extinction than fixed Partial are more resistant to extinction than
continuous
Limits exist to what animals can learn to do Instinctive drift- go back to typical patterns
of behavior
Cognitive theorists believe that there is a cognitive component as well
Learning by observing and imitating othersModeling-
observation + imitation
Bandura’s Social Learning TheoryBobo Doll Study
Children learn violent behaviors from adults
Learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Edward TolmanRats formed cognitive maps of a maze
1) Try as you might, you are unable to teach your dog to do a somersault. He will roll around on the ground, but he refuses to execute the gymnastics move you desire because of Instinctive driftPreparednessEquipotentialityChainingShaping
2) Tina likes to play with slugs, but she can find them by the shed only after it rains. On what kind of reinforcement is Tina’s slug hunting?ContinuousFixed-intervalFixed-ratioVariable-intervalVariable-ratio
3) Before his parents will read him a bedtime story, Charley has to brush his teeth, put on his pajamas, kiss his grandmother goodnight, and put away his toys. This example illustratesShapingAcquisitionGeneralizingChainingA toke economy
4) Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?Buying a child a video game after she
throws a tantrumGoing inside to escape a thunderstormAssigning a student detention for fightingGetting a cavity filled at the dentist to halt a
toothacheDepriving a prison inmate of sleep
5) Just before something scary happens in a horror film, they often play scary sounding music. When I hear the music, I tense up in anticipation of the scary event. In this situation, the music serves as a USCSURCRNR
6) Just before the doors of the elevator close, Lola, a coworker that you despise, enters the elevator. You immediately leave, mumbling something about having forgotten something. Your behavior results inPositive reinforcementA secondary reinforcerPunishmentNegative reinforcementOmission training
7) Many psychologists believe that children of parents who beat them are more likely to beat their own children. One common explanation for this phenomenon is ModelingLatent learningAbstract learning Instrumental learningClassical conditioning
8) With which statement would B.F. Skinner most likely agree?Pavlov’s dog learned to expect the food
would follow the bell.Baby Albert though the white rate meant
the loud noise would soundAll learning is observablePigeons peck disks knowing that they will
receive food.Cognition plays an important role in
learning