Review Prologue The Parthenon Two Categories of Government Democracy – Government by the people /...
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Transcript of Review Prologue The Parthenon Two Categories of Government Democracy – Government by the people /...
Review Prologue
The ParthenonThe Parthenon
Two Categories of Government• Democracy – Government by the
people / Decisions made by the people
• Autocracy - Government by one person (King / Queen / Emperor / Pharaoh)
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
Pericles• Led Athens in Golden Age
461-429 B.C– Established Direct
Democracy– Increased number of
public officials– Poorer citizens were able
to participate
Great Athenian Philosophers
Great Athenian Philosophers
Socrates
Know thyself!
question everything
only the pursuit of goodnessbrings happiness.
$ Plato
$ The Academy
The world of the FORMS
The Republic philosopher-king
Republic
• Rule by People’s Representative
• Created in Ancient Rome
–Senator = Representative
Roman Law
Twelve Tables step toward fair government
Complied into “Justinian Code”
“government of laws not men”
The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE
The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE
Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.
Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem
Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem
Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)
Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)
The Byzantine Emperor The Byzantine Emperor Justinian-Written Justinian-Written
legal codelegal code
The Byzantine Emperor The Byzantine Emperor Justinian-Written Justinian-Written
legal codelegal code
The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome
The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government
Roman Law-based on principles Roman Law-based on principles of reason and justiceof reason and justice
Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural Style Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering
• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch
Influences of Western World
• = treatment under law
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Burden of proof with the accuser
Legacy of Monotheism
• Duty to to combat oppression
• Worth of individual
• = of people before God
Renaissance
• Renewed interest in Classical Culture
• Humanism
• Italian vs. Northern Renaissance
• Spread of Ideas through Printing Press
Reformation
• Martin Luther’s 95 Theses– indulgences– Individuality and freedom from
Church– Bible alone– Faith alone– Priesthood of all believers
• England’s Protestant Revolution• Calvinism• Catholic Reformation
Legacy of Ren and Ref
• Growth of democracy by challenging monarchs and popes.
• Ind important
England’s Medieval Democratic Developments
• Henry II– Jury System– Common law
• precedents
• King John-– Magna Carta (Great Charter)
• Contract between King and Nobles• Limited the power of the king• Governance according to law-not anyway they choose• Due Process of Law• Consent of Governed (Parliament)• Power of purse
England’s Civil War• King James I and Divine Right
– Star chamber-royal court
Civil War (1621-1649)
Royalists(Cavaliers)Royalists(Cavaliers)
Parliamentarians(Roundheads)
Parliamentarians(Roundheads)
a House of Lords
a Aristocracy
a Large landowners
a Church officials
a More rural, less prosperous
† House of Commons
† Puritans
† Merchants
† Townspeople
† More urban , more prosperous
The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688
a Whig & Tory leaders offered the throne jointly to James II’s daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange.
He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV.
He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause.
English Bill of Rights [1689]
a It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament.
a It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights.
a It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in England.
Legacy
• Rule of law
• Parliamentary rule
• Ind rights
• Constitutional monarchy
Enlightenment
• Bringing the light of knowledge to their ignorant fellow creatures.
• What is the meaning of life, God, human nature, good and evil, and cause and effect
Enlightenment• Scientific Revolution based on Reason and
Order• Scientific Revolution inspired philosophers
to rethink long held beliefs about–Human Condition–Rights and Liberties–Role and Purpose of Government
• This “Revolution” is known as The Enlightenment or Age of Reason
The “Great Debate”
Reason& LogicReason& Logic
Traditionsand
Superstitions
Traditionsand
Superstitions
rationalismrationalism empiricismempiricism tolerancetolerance skepticismskepticism DeismDeism
nostalgia nostalgia for the pastfor the past
organized organized religionsreligions
irrationalisirrationalismm
emotionalisemotionalismm
• Renaissance= Renewed Interest in Learning
• Reformation= New ways of thinking about god and salvation
• Scientific Revolution= New ways to view the natural world
• Enlightenment= Intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought and power of the individuals to solve problems
Beginnings of Enlightenment• Following English Civil War two English
thinkers come to different conclusions on individual rights and the role and purpose of government.
– Thomas Hobbes “Leviathan”
– John Locke “Treatise on Government”
Thought Question
The Scientific Revolution is considered a major cause of the new way of thinking about Human Rights and the role of government of the mid 1700’s known as the “Enlightenment” or “Age of Reason.”
• How do you think a revolution based on science could effect thoughts on government?