Review parts of speech

Review – the Parts of Speech

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Determiners

Prepositions

Conjunctions

Pronouns

Adverbs

(Auxiliaries)

Identifying parts of speechMost important rule:

You do not need to guess!!!

Parts of speech are identified based on…

Distribution!

The distribution of NounsI. Nouns may follow determiners –

The house, most people, some ideas, few years, each person, their dog

II. Nouns may follow adjectives –

Nice house, hungry people, great ideas, good years

The distribution of NounsI. Proper Nouns are simply names, and they do NOT follow determiners –

John, Queens College, U.S.A

II. Count Nouns follow “many” –

many houses, many people, many ideas

III. Noncount Nouns follow “much” –

much water, much money, much soup

QuestionHow many nouns are below? 1. John knows a lot of people. a bunch of people.

a number of people.

QuestionWhy are the following sentences starred? 1. *John ate many rice. 2. *The New York is a great city. 3. *I have now few money than before. 4. *She needs to get a furniture.

The distribution of VerbsI. Verbs may follow auxiliaries –

should go, must do, will come, is studying, have eaten

II. Verbs may follow infinitive to –

to go, to do, to have, to believe

III. Verbs may follow NPs –

John left, the computer crashed, he ate

The distribution of VerbsI. Linking Verbs may be followed by Adj.

is thirsty, was cold, feels great

II. Transitive Verbs are followed by NPs

Met Sam, saw a movie, sold her car,

III. Intransitive Verbs can NOT be followed by NPs –

John left, they ate, she slept, it rained

QuestionWhy are the following sentences starred? 1. *John bought. 2. *Mary slept her child. 3. *He loves great. 4. *She washed tired.5. *He loves to me. 6. *Who did you die? 7. *What did you laugh?

The distribution of AdjectivesI. Adjectives may come between a determiner and a noun –

a nice boy, the perfect time, one lovely afternoon, that incredible book

II. Adjectives may follow linking verbs – is happy, seems tired, tastes wonderful, smells great, sounds good, were sad

QuestionWhy are the following phrases starred? 1. *these kids happy. 2. *the lovely.

The distribution of DeterminersDeterminers are followed by nouns –

a boy, the desk, one afternoon, that book, his laughter, those chairs, these movies, some people, every summer

QuestionWhy are the following phrases starred? 1. *the. 2. *an.

The distribution of Prepositions

Prepositions are followed by NPs –

for the man, around that time, with her, by my side, up the hill, from Mary, over the rainbow, at school, before class, across the street, on your shirt, in her apt., out the door, near this lake.

The NP that follows the preposition is:

The Object of the Preposition!

QuestionWhy are the following sentences starred? 1. *She asked for. 2. *He lives in. 3. *We believe in so. 4. *I put it on table. 5. *it’s around corner

The distribution of ConjunctionsConjunctions must relate constituents of the same category:

relating nouns: John and Mary

relating adjectives: sad but true

Relating verbs: eat or drink

relating clauses: [He thinks] that [he is smart]

[Mary slept] while [John studied].

[She ate] after [she ran].

[I’m tired] so [I’ll go].

QuestionWhy are the following phrases starred? 1. *apples and happy. 2. *He reads while he.

The distribution of PronounsPronouns have the distribution of NPs!

Subject Pronouns:

Can only be the subject of a sentence –

I, we, you, he, she, it, they

Object Pronouns:

Can be the object of a verb or of a Prep.:

Me, us, you, him, her, it, them

The distribution of PronounsReflexive Pronouns:

Must have an antecedent in their clause-

myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves

Demonstrative Pronouns:

Can NOT be followed by a Noun –

This, that, these, those

The distribution of PronounsPossessive Pronouns:

Can NOT be followed by a Noun –

mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs

Interrogative Pronouns:

Are used to ask a question –

how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why

The distribution of PronounsRelative Pronouns:

Follow a NP (which they replace) and start a relative clause (which describes the NP)-

The man [who lives here]…

That book [which you told me about]…

A woman [that I met]…

QuestionWhy are the following sentences starred? 1. *Him loves she. 2. *Mary is proud of himself. 3. *Yours laptop works well. 4. *Sam believes in he. 5. *They live near she. 6. *He saw they in the street.

The distribution of AdverbsI. Adverbs may follow verbs –

Eat quietly, sleep peacefully, speak well

II. Adverbs may precede adjectives –

very happy, so tired, quite wonderful

III. Adverbs may precede adverbs –

Very quietly, so peacefully, rather well

QuestionWhy are the following sentences starred? 1. *He speaks English good. 2. *She runs quick. 3. *You are very intelligence.

The distribution of AuxiliariesAuxiliaries precede verbs, or other Aux.

Modals precede verbs in Base Form:

Should eat, will have, must see

Have precedes verbs in Past Participle:

Have eaten, has seen, have been

Be precedes verbs in Progressive Form:

Is eating, was laughing, am drinking

QuestionWhy are the following sentences starred? 1. *John should coffee. 2. *Mary must beautiful. 3. *They will at. 4. *John has ate. 5. *She is sing. 6. *I have drove. 7. *Bill may coming to the party.

Question: What part of speech is the word “fax”? Answer: It depends! If the preceding word is “the”, then “fax” is…NounBut if the preceding word is “to”, then “fax” is…VerbIf the following word is “machine”, then “fax” is…Adjective

Conclusion: To tell what part of speech a word is, you must know what words come before and after it.

Distribution exists only in context

Question: What part of speech is “that”?

1. John likes that movie. Determiner 2. John thinks that the movie is good. Conjunction3. The man that lives here is nice. Relative Pronoun4. John likes that. Demonstrative Pronoun

Distribution is relevant only in context

Question: What part of speech is “when”?

1. John knows when the movie is over. Conjunction 2. When are you coming? Interrogative Pronoun3. That time when you came over was great. Relative Pronoun


Question: What part of speech is “before”?

1. John studies before he watches T.V. Conjunction 2. We had lunch before our long class. Preposition3. I never realized this before. Adverb


Question: What part of speech is “book”?

1. I love this book. Noun 2. Can I please book a flight to Denver? Verb3. Mary enjoys attending her book club. Adjective


Question: What part of speech is “who”?

1. Who is the best one here? Interrogative Pronoun 2. I wonder who is the best one here? Conjunction3. The student who is absent is sick. Relative Pronoun


Question: What part of speech is “since”?

1. We didn’t see you since last year. Preposition 2. Let’s order lunch since we’re both hungry. Conjunction


Question: What part of speech is “why”?

1. We don’t know why you even came here. Conjunction 2. Why did you even come here? Interrogative Pronoun3. The reason why he came here is unclear. Relative Pronoun


Question: What part of speech is “have”?

1. They have so much homework to do. Verb 2. Have you ever been to Disneyland? Auxiliary


Question: What part of speech is “on”?

1. The lights are on. Adjective 2. You’ll see the supermarket on Elm street. Preposition


Question: What part of speech is “out”?

1. The birds flew out the window. Preposition 2. John went out. Adverb3. Silly John, you came in through the out door. Adjective


Question: What part of speech is “were”?

1. They were homesick. Verb 2. Sam and Rachel were traveling together. Auxiliary3. Weren’t you going to the movies tonight? Auxiliary


Question: What part of speech is “home”?

1. They miss their home in Chicago. Noun 2. Sam is going home now. Adverb3. I work from home. Noun4. She has been home all day. Adverb


Question: What part of speech is “did”?

1. They did their homework. Verb 2. Sam didn’t laugh at that joke. Auxiliary3. Did you see me on T.V? Auxiliary4. You are wrong, Mary did do her homework. Auxiliary


Combining categoriesThese are the word categories:

N, V, Adj., D, P, Conj., Pro., Adv., Aux.

- List 12-15 possible combinations of categories.- Give two example sentences for each

combination. Example: N – Aux. – V – D – NJohn should eat an apple.

Identify the part of speech of all words1. He is sitting in the grand library.2. Valerie was uncomfortable in that situation.3. His confession is surprising.4. The experienced physician made a correct

diagnosis.5. Charles stopped at the garage outside.6. I have seen the Eiffel Tower last year.7. Her sister resembles her.8. Children usually like ice cream.9. Has the board made a decision yet?10. She will find a useful answer tomorrow.

Identify the part of speech of all words1. Do you worry about their actions?2. Teachers who have large classes have assistants.3. He had worked at a mortgage company in Texas.4. That aqueduct has been bringing water to the city

for many years.5. They had dinner after he arrived.6. Melissa received good nursing care as a child.7. I can’t decide between those two options.8. The man at the airport carried the luggage up.9. The horse which won the race was very quick.10. His house is near the school, around that corner.

Review parts of speech

Technology

Transcript of Review parts of speech